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The 19th century began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
. During the 19th century, the Spanish
Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
, Portuguese
Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
, Chinese
Late Imperial China

Late Imperial China refers to the period between the end of Mongol rule in 1368 and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 and includes the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty Dynasties....
, and Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 empires began to crumble, the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
 was dissolved, and the Mughal
Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
 empire collapsed.

After the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
, the British Empire
British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
 became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica
Pax Britannica

Pax Britannica was the List of wars 1800?1899 in Europe when the British Empire controlled most of the key naval trade routes and enjoyed Royal Navy#1500.E2.80.931707....
, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy
Piracy

Piracy is a warlike act committed by a foreign nonstate actor, especially robbery or crime committed at sea, on a river, or sometimes on shore, either from a vessel flying no national flag, or one flying a national flag but without authorization from a nation....
.






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The 19th century began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
. During the 19th century, the Spanish
Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
, Portuguese
Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
, Chinese
Late Imperial China

Late Imperial China refers to the period between the end of Mongol rule in 1368 and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 and includes the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty Dynasties....
, and Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 empires began to crumble, the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
 was dissolved, and the Mughal
Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
 empire collapsed.

After the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
, the British Empire
British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
 became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica
Pax Britannica

Pax Britannica was the List of wars 1800?1899 in Europe when the British Empire controlled most of the key naval trade routes and enjoyed Royal Navy#1500.E2.80.931707....
, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy
Piracy

Piracy is a warlike act committed by a foreign nonstate actor, especially robbery or crime committed at sea, on a river, or sometimes on shore, either from a vessel flying no national flag, or one flying a national flag but without authorization from a nation....
. During this time the 19th century was an era of widespread invention and discovery, with significant developments in the understanding or manipulation of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy largely setting the groundworks for the comparably overwhelming and very rapid technological innovations which would take place the following century.

Modest advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention were also applicable to the 1800s, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. The introduction of railroads
Rail transport

Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles running along railways . Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates international trade and economic growth....
 provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, and their placement and application radically altered the ways people could live and rapidly and reliably obtain necessary commodities, fueling major urbanization
Urbanization

Urbanization is the physical growth of rural or natural land into urban areas as a result of population im-migration to an existing urban area....
 movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of 1,000,000 or more during this century. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, largely pacific island chains and atolls, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s.

Slavery
Slavery

Slavery is a form of forced labor where a person is compelled to Labor for another . Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive Remuneration in return for their labor....
 was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti
Haďtian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution was the only successful slave revolt in history. It established Haiti as the first republic ruled by blacks. At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as Saint-Domingue and was a colony of France....
, Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
 forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain
Slavery Abolition Act

The 'Slavery Abolition Act 1833' was an 1833 Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing slavery throughout the majority of the British Empire ...
, and charged its navy
Royal Navy

The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British Armed Forces . From the mid-18th century until well into the 20th century, it was the most powerful navy in the world, playing a key part in establishing the British Empire as the dominant world power from 1815 until the early 1940s....
 with ending the global slave trade. Britain abolished slavery in 1834, America's 13th Amendment
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime....
 following their Civil War
Civil war

A civil war is a war between organized groups to take control of a nation or region, or to change government policies. It is high-intensity conflict, often involving Regular Army, that is sustained, organized and large-scale....
 abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil
Lei Áurea

The Lei ?urea , adopted on May 13, 1888, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil in Brazil. It was preceded by the Rio Branco Law of September 28, 1871, which freed all children born to slave parents, and by Law Saraiva-Cotegipe, of September 28, 1885....
 slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism
Abolitionism

File:BLAKE10.JPGAbolitionism was a movement to end the slave trade and emancipate slaves in western Europe and the Americas. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century, when rationalist thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment criticized it for violating the rights of man, and Quaker and other evangelical religious groups con...
). Similarly, serfdom
Serfdom

Serfdom is the socio-economic status of unfree peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of Debt bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe....
 was abolished in Russia.

The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia
Australasia

Australasia is a region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term was coined by Charles de Brosses in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes ....
, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century.

Eras

  • Industrial revolution
    Industrial Revolution

    The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
  • British Regency, Victorian era
    Victorian era

    The Victorian Era of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the period of Victoria of the United Kingdom reign from June 1837 to January 1901....
     (UK, British Empire
    British Empire

    The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
    )
  • Bourbon Restoration
    Bourbon Restoration

    Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814, the Allies restored the House of Bourbon to the France throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics....
    , July Monarchy, French Second Republic
    French Second Republic

    The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the Revolutions of 1848 in France and the coup by Napoleon III of France which initiated the Second French Empire....
    , Second French Empire
    Second French Empire

    The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the French Second Republic and the French Third Republic, in France....
    , French Third Republic
    French Third Republic

    The French Third Republic was the political regime of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy France. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on 4 September 1870 following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III of France in the Franco-Prussian War....
     (France
    France in the nineteenth century

    The History of France from 1789 to 1914 extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes:*French Revolution *French First Republic ...
    )
  • Belle Époque
    Belle Époque

    The Belle ?poque was a period in history of Europe that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War I. Occurring during the time of the French Third Republic and the German Empire, the "Belle ?poque" was named in retrospect, when it began to be considered a "golden age" for the upper classes, as peace prevailed among the m...
     (Europe
    Europe

    Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
    )
  • Edo period
    Edo period

    The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu....
    , Meiji period
    Meiji period

    The , or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running, in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status....
     (Japan)
  • Qing Dynasty
    Qing Dynasty

    The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
     (China)
  • Tanzimat
    Tanzimat

    The Tanzimat , meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876....
    , First Constitutional Era
    First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)

    The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Kan?n-i Es?s? , written by members of the Young Ottomans, on 23 November 1876 until 13 February 1878....
     (Ottoman Empire
    Decline of the Ottoman Empire

    The decline of the Ottoman Empire refers to the era between 1828 to 1908 where the empire experienced several economic and political setbacks. Directly affecting the Empire at this time was Russian imperialism....
    )
  • Russian Empire
    Russian Empire

    File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
  • American Manifest Destiny
    Manifest Destiny

    Manifest Destiny is the historical belief that the United States was destined and divinely ordained by God in Christianityto expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean....


Events

British Empire 1897

1800–1809

  • 1800: The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter
    Royal Charter

    A royal charter is a charter granted by a Monarch to create institutions or other forms of incorporated bodies . In the United Kingdom legal tradition a royal charter is in the form of letters patent....
     and became The Royal College of Surgeons of England
    Royal College of Surgeons of England

    The Royal College of Surgeons of England is an independent professional body and registered charity committed to promoting and advancing the highest standards of surgery care for patients, regulating surgery, including dentistry, in England and Wales....
    .
  • 1800: The inception of the Second Great Awakening
    Second Great Awakening

    The Second Great Awakening   was a period of great religious revival that extended into the antebellum period of the United States, with widespread Christian evangelism and conversions....
     for the United States.
  • 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain
    Kingdom of Great Britain

    The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a country in North-West Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801....
     and the Kingdom of Ireland
    Kingdom of Ireland

    The Kingdom of Ireland was the name given to the Irish state from 1541, by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. It was based on the contested legitimacy of the right of conquest....
     merge to form the United Kingdom
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
    .
  • 1801: Ranjit Singh
    Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)

    Maharaja Ranjit Singh , Sher-e-Punjab . He was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire....
     crowned as King
    King

    King is a title for a head of state.King may also refer to:...
     of Punjab.
  • 1801–15: Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa
    North Africa

    North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
  • 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase
    Louisiana Purchase

    The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of America of of the French territory Louisiana in 1803. The U.S. paid 60 million French franc plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs , a total cost of $15,000,000 for the Louisiana territory....
    . This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny
    Manifest Destiny

    Manifest Destiny is the historical belief that the United States was destined and divinely ordained by God in Christianityto expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean....
     which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
  • 1803: Saudi Wahhabists
    First Saudi State

    The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 when Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab settled in Diriyah and Prince Muhammad ibn Saud agreed to support and espouse Wahhab's cause, with a view of cleansing the Islamic faith from what they considered to be distortions of Islamic practice ....
     conquered Mecca
    Mecca

    Mecca , also spelled Makkah , Makka is a city in Saudi Arabia. Home to the Masjid al-Haram, it is the holy city in Islam and plays an important role in the faith....
     and destroyed various shrines.
  • 1804: Haiti
    History of Haiti

    The recorded history of Haiti began on December 5, 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean Sea....
     gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic.
  • 1804: Austrian Empire
    Austrian Empire

    The Austrian Empire was a periodization successor state empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867....
     founded by Francis I
    Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

    Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon I of France at the Battle of Austerlitz....
    .
  • 1804–10: Fulani Jihad
    Fulani War

    The Fulani War of 1804-1810, also known as the Fulani Jihad or Jihad of Usman dan Fodio, was a military conquest in present day Nigeria and Cameroon....
     in Nigeria
    Nigeria

    Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federation constitutional republic comprising States of Nigeria and one Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria....
    .
  • 1804–15: Serbian revolution
    Serbian revolution

    Serbian revolution or Revolutionary Serbia refers to the R?volution nationale and social revolution of the Serbs between 1804 and 1817, during which Serbia managed to fully emancipate from the Ottoman Empire and exist as a sovereign European nation-state....
     erupts against the Ottoman
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     rule. Suzerainty
    Suzerainty

    Suzerainty is a situation in which a region or nation is a tributary state to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic Wiktionary:autonomy to control its foreign affairs....
     of Serbia recognized in 1817.
  • 1805–48: Muhammad Ali
    Muhammad Ali of Egypt

    Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha , Muhamed Ali Pasha in Albanian language or Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasa in Turkish language, , was Wali of Egypt and Sudan, and is regarded as the "founder of modern Egypt"....
     modernizes Egypt
    Egypt

    Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
    .
  • 1806: Holy Roman Empire
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
     dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Lunéville
    Treaty of Lunéville

    The Treaty of Lun?ville was signed on February 9, 1801 between the French First Republic and the Holy Roman Empire by Joseph Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, respectively....
    .
  • 1807: Kingdom of Great Britain
    Kingdom of Great Britain

    The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a country in North-West Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801....
     declares the Slave Trade illegal.
  • 1808–09: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War
    Finnish War

    The Finnish War was fought between Kingdom of Sweden and Russian Empire from February 1808 to September 1809. As a result of the war, the eastern third of Sweden was established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire....
    .
  • 1808–14: Spanish
    Spanish people

    Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
     guerrilla
    Guerrilla warfare

    Guerrilla warfare is the Irregular warfare warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile Military tactics to combat a larger and less mobile formal army....
    s fight in the Peninsular War
    Peninsular War

    The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence was a contest between First French Empire and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Kingdom of Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars....
    .
  • 1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights
    Teutonic Knights

    The Order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem , or for short the Teutonic Order was a Germans Roman Catholic religious order....
     of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim
    Bad Mergentheim

    Bad Mergentheim is a town in the Main-Tauber district in the Germany state of Baden-W?rttemberg....
    .


1810s

Kingshaka
* 1810: The University of Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin is Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt, whose university model has strongly influenced other European and Western universities....
, the world's first research university, is founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German people philosopher, and with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the creators of German idealism....
, Marx
Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
, and Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Sch?nhausen, Duke of Lauenburg, Prince of Bismarck, , was a Kingdom of Prussia and Germany statesman and aristocrat of the 19th century....
. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities
History of European research universities

European research University have a long history that arguably dates back to the founding of the University of Bologna in 1088, although the University of Paris and the University of Magnaura are other contenders for this position....
).
  • 1810s–20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish
    Spanish Empire

    The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
     and Portuguese Empire
    Portuguese Empire

    The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
    s after the Mexican War of Independence
    Mexican War of Independence

    Mexican War of Independence , was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on 16 September 1810....
     and the South American Wars of Independence
    South American Wars of Independence

    The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in the Latin American region....
    .
  • 1812: The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars
    Napoleonic Wars

    The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
    .
  • 1812–15: War of 1812
    War of 1812

    The War of 1812, between the United States of America and the British Empire , was fought from 1812 to 1815.There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S....
     between the United States and the United Kingdom
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
  • 1813–1907: The contest between the British Empire
    British Empire

    The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
     and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia
    Central Asia

    Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
     is referred to as the Great Game
    The Great Game

    File:Persia 1814.jpgThe Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia....
    .
  • 1815: The Congress of Vienna
    Congress of Vienna

    The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815....
     redraws the European map. The Concert of Europe
    Concert of Europe

    The Concert of Europe was the Balance of power in international relations that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon to the outbreak of World War I....
     attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent.
  • 1815: Napoleon's
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
     defeat at Waterloo
    Battle of Waterloo

    In the Battle of Waterloo forces of the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Bl?cher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington....
     brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars
    Napoleonic Wars

    The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
     and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica
    Pax Britannica

    Pax Britannica was the List of wars 1800?1899 in Europe when the British Empire controlled most of the key naval trade routes and enjoyed Royal Navy#1500.E2.80.931707....
     which lasts until 1870.
  • 1816: Year Without a Summer
    Year Without a Summer

    The Year Without a Summer was 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities destroyed crops in Northern Europe, the Northeastern United States and eastern Canada....
    : Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora
    Mount Tambora

    Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on Sumbawa island, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zones beneath it....
    .
  • 1816–28: Shaka
    Shaka

    Shaka was the most influential leader of the Zulu Empire.He is widely credited with uniting many of the Northern Nguni people, specifically the Mthethwa Paramountcy and the Ndwandwe into the Zulu kingdom, the beginnings of a nation that held sway over the large portion of southern Africa between the Phongolo River and Mzimkhulu River river...
    's Zulu
    Zulu

    The Zulu are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa....
     kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa
    Southern Africa

    Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics, consisting of numerous territories....
    .
  • 1817: Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
    . Officially independent in 1867.
  • 1819: The modern city of Singapore
    Singapore

    Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country microstate located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It lies 137 kilometres north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands....
     is established by the British East India Company
    British East India Company

    The East India Company was an early England joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the Indies, but that ended up trading with the Indian subcontinent and China....
    .
  • 1819; Théodore Géricault
    Théodore Géricault

    Th?odore G?ricault was an important French painter and lithographer, known for The Raft of the Medusa and other paintings. Although he died young, he became one of the pioneers of the Romanticism....
     paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre
    Louvre

    The Louvre Museum , located in Paris, is a historic monument, and a national museum of France. It is a central landmark, located on the Rive Droite of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement of Paris ....
    .


1820s

  • 1820: Liberia
    History of Liberia

    Liberia was set up by citizens of the United States as a colony for former African-American slaves.There is only one other state in the world that is started by citizens of a political power as a settlement for former slaves from the same political power: Sierra Leone, begun for that same purpose by United Kingdom....
     founded by the American Colonization Society
    American Colonization Society

    The American Colonization Society was an organization that helped in founding Liberia, a colony on the coast of West Africa. In 1821 Black Americans traveled there from the United States....
     for freed American slaves.
  • 1821: Peru
    Peru

    Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
     declares its independence from Spain
  • 1821–27: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     after the Greek War of Independence
    Greek War of Independence

    The Greek War of Independence was a successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829, with later assistance from several Europe powers, against the Ottoman Empire, who were assisted by their vassal state, the Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors....
    .
  • 1822: Prince Pedro of Portugal proclamated the Brazilian independence on September 7. On December 1, he was crowned as Emperor Dom
    Dom (title)

    Dom is a title of respect ? derived from Latin "Dominus" ? for certain Benedictine and Carthusian monks, for example those of the English Benedictine Congregation , the female equivalent being "Dame" ....
     Pedro I of Brazil
  • 1823–87: The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars.
  • 1825: Erie Canal
    Erie Canal

    The Erie Canal is a man-made waterway in New York state that runs about 365 miles from Albany on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes....
     opened connecting the Great Lakes
    Great Lakes

    The St. Lawrence River Great Lakes are a chain of fresh water lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada ? United States border. Consisting of Lakes Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth....
     to the Atlantic Ocean.
  • 1826–28: After the final Russo-Persian War
    Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828

    The Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Qajar dynasty.After the Treaty of Gulistan concluded the previous Russo-Persian War in 1813, peace reigned in the Caucasus for thirteen years....
    , the Persian Empire
    Persian Empire

    The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
     took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war.
  • 1825–28: The Argentina-Brazil War
    Argentina-Brazil War

    The Argentina-Brazil War was an armed conflict over an area known as History_of_Uruguay#Struggle_for_independence or "Eastern Strip" in the 1820s between the United Provinces of the R?o de la Plata and Empire of Brazil in the aftermath of the United Provinces' emancipation from Spain....
     results in the independence of Uruguay
    Uruguay

    Uruguay is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.46 million people, of whom 1.7 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area....
    .


1830s

  • 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
    Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

    The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest Religious denomination originating from the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., on April 6, 1830....
     is established on April 6, 1830.
  • 1830: July Revolution in France.
  • 1830: The Belgian Revolution
    Belgian Revolution

    The Belgian Revolution was the conflict which led to the secession of the Southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium....
     in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
    United Kingdom of the Netherlands

    United Kingdom of the Netherlands was the unofficial name used to refer to a new unified European state created from part of the First French Empire during the Congress of Vienna in 1815....
     led to the creation of Belgium.
  • 1830: Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia
    Colombia

    Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean....
     (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador
    Ecuador

    Ecuador , officially the , literally, "Republic of the equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west....
    , and Venezuela
    Venezuela

    Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a country on the northern coast of South America.The country comprises a continental mainland and numerous islands located off the Venezuelan coastline in the Caribbean Sea....
     took its place.
  • 1830 November Uprising in Poland against Russia.
  • 1831: France invades and occupies Algeria
    French rule in Algeria

    French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European ethnic groups immigrants, known as colons and later, as pied-noirs....
    .
  • 1833: Slavery Abolition Act
    Slavery Abolition Act

    The 'Slavery Abolition Act 1833' was an 1833 Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing slavery throughout the majority of the British Empire ...
     bans slavery throughout the British Empire
    British Empire

    The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
    .
  • 1833–76: Carlist Wars
    Carlist Wars

    The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. Several times during the period from 1833 to 1876 the Carlism ? followers of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina and his descendants ? rallied to the cry of "God, Country, and King" and fought for the cause of Spanis...
     in Spain.
  • 1834: Spanish Inquisition
    Spanish Inquisition

    The Spanish Inquisition was an ecclesiastical tribunal established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile....
     officially ends.
  • 1834–59: Imam Shamil
    Imam Shamil

    Imam Shamil was an Caucasian Avars political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian Empire resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya ....
    's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus
    Caucasus

    The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
    .
  • 1835–36: The Texas Revolution
    Texas Revolution

    The Texas Revolution or Texas War of Independence was fought from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836 between Mexico and the Mexican Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas....
     in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas
    Republic of Texas

    The Republic of Texas was a sovereignty nation in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to 1846.Formed as a break-away republic from Mexico by the Texas Revolution, the nation claimed borders that encompassed an area that included all of the present U.S....
    .
  • 1836: The Battle of the Alamo
    Battle of the Alamo

    The Battle of the Alamo is the most famous battle of the Texas Revolution. After a revolutionary army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States drove all Mexican troops out of Mexican Texas, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led an invasion to regain control of the area....
    .
  • 1837–1838: Rebellions of 1837
    Rebellions of 1837

    The Rebellions of 1837 were a pair of Canada armed rebellion that occurred in 1837 and 1838 in response to frustrations in political reform and ethnic conflict....
     in Canada.
  • 1837–1901: Queen Victoria
    Victoria of the United Kingdom

    Victoria was from 20 June 1837 the Queen regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and from 1 May 1876 the first Empress of India of the British Raj until her death....
    's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire
    British Empire

    The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
     and is referred to as the Victorian era
    Victorian era

    The Victorian Era of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the period of Victoria of the United Kingdom reign from June 1837 to January 1901....
    .
  • 1838-40: Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America
    Federal Republic of Central America

    The Federal Republic of Central America, also known as the United Provinces of Central America, was a short-lived state in Central America, which consisted of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala....
     led to the foundings of Guatemala
    Guatemala

    Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast....
    , El Salvador
    El Salvador

    El Salvador is the smallest country in the Americas and Central America by size, and the most densely populated nation in Central America. It borders on the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras....
    , Honduras
    Honduras

    Honduras is a democratic republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras ....
    , Nicaragua
    Nicaragua

    Nicaragua officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is a representative democracy republic. It is the largest state in Central America with an area of 130,000 km2, about the size of the state of New York....
    , and Costa Rica
    Costa Rica

    Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the east and south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
    .
  • 1839-51: Uruguayan Civil War
    Uruguayan Civil War

    The Uruguayan Civil War, also known as "Guerra Grande", was a series of armed conflicts that took place between the Colorado Party at Montevideo and National Party at Cerrito in Uruguay from 1839 to 1851....
  • 1839-60: After two Opium Wars
    Opium Wars

    The Opium Wars , also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860, the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire....
    , France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty
    Qing Dynasty

    The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
    .
Samuel F B Morse Project Gutenberg Etext 15161

1840s

  • 1840: New Zealand is founded, as the Treaty of Waitangi
    Treaty of Waitangi

    The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the United Kingdom The Crown, and various Maori chiefs from the northern North Island of New Zealand....
     is signed by the Maori
    Maori

    The Maori are the indigenous people Polynesian people of Aotearoa . The group probably arrived in south-western Polynesia in several waves at some time before 1300....
     and British.
  • 1843: Major Jasper Whitlock is born in Houston, Texas
    Houston, Texas

    Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States of America and the largest city within the state of Texas. As of the 2007 U.S. Census estimate, the city has a population of 2.2 million within an area of 600 square miles ....
    .
  • 1844: First publicly funded telegraph line in the world - between Baltimore and Washington - sends demonstration message on May 24, ushering in the age of the telegraph.
  • 1844: Millerite
    Millerites

    The Millerites were the followers of the teachings of William Miller who, in 1833, first shared publicly his belief in the coming Second Coming of Jesus in roughly the year 1843....
     movement awaits the Second Advent of Jesus Christ on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the Great Disappointment
    Great Disappointment

    The Great Disappointment was a major event in the history of the Millerites, a 19th century United States of America Christian denomination. William Miller , a Baptist preacher, prophesied that Jesus would return to the earth during the year 1844....
    .
  • 1844: Persian Prophet the Báb
    BAB

    BAB may refer to:* Barbara Ann Brennan, an American author and spiritual healer* Back-arc basin, a geologic feature which submarine basin associated with island arc and subduction zone...
     announces his revelation, founding Bábísm. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest
    He whom God shall make manifest

    He whom God shall make manifest is a messianic figure in the religion of Babism. The messianic figure was repeatedly mentioned by the B?b, the founder of Babism, in his book, the Bay?n ....
    ." He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh
    Bahá'u'lláh

    Bah?'u'll?h , born M?rz? usayn-`Al? Nuri , was the founder of the Bah?'? Faith. He claimed to be the prophetic fulfilment of B?bism, a 19th-century outgrowth of Shia Islam, but in a broader sense claimed to be a Manifestation of God referring to the fulfilment of the eschatology expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major rel...
    , the founder of the Bahá'í Faith
    Bahá'í Faith

    The 'Bah?'? Faith' is a monotheism religion founded by Bah?'u'll?h in nineteenth-century Persian Empire#Persia and Europe , emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind....
    .
  • 1844: Dominican War of Independence
    Dominican War of Independence

    Dominicans Rock dUdE!!=]The Dominican Independence War gave the Dominican Republic independence from Haiti. Prior to the war, the whole island of Hispaniola had been Haitian for 22 years when Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo the newly independent state of Spanish Haiti....
     from Haiti
    Haiti

    Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Haitian Creole language- and French language-speaking Caribbean country. Along with the Dominican Republic, it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago....
    .
  • 1845: Unification of the Kingdom of Tonga
    Tonga

    The Kingdom of Tonga in the south Pacific Ocean comprises an archipelago of 171 islands, 48 of them inhabited, stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres in a north-south line....
     under Taufa?ahau
    George Tupou I of Tonga

    George Tupou I, King of Tonga, originally known as Taufaahau I with some extra names: Tupou Maeakafaua Ngininginiofolanga , but took the name Siaosi when baptised in 1831....
     (King George Tupou I)
  • 1845-72: The New Zealand Land Wars
    New Zealand land wars

    The New Zealand Wars, sometimes called the Land Wars and also once called the Maori Wars, were a series of armed conflicts that took place in New Zealand between 1845 and 1872....
  • 1845–49: The Irish Potato Famine led to the Irish diaspora
    Irish diaspora

    The Irish diaspora consists of Irish people emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Mexico, South Africa, Brazil and states of the Caribbean and continental Europe....
    .
  • 1846–48: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States
    Southwestern United States

    The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit, such as the 37th parallel north, 38th parallel north, 39th parallel north, or 40th parallel north line....
    .
  • 1846–47: Mormon
    History of the Latter Day Saint movement

    The Latter Day Saint movement is a religious movement within Christianity Restorationism, beginning in the early 19th century, that led to the set of doctrines, practices, and cultures called Mormonism and to the existence of numerous Latter Day Saint churches....
     migration to Utah
    Utah

    The State of Utah is a western United States U.S. state of the United States. It was the List of U.S. states by date of statehood admitted to the United States on January 4, 1896....
    .
  • 1847–1901: The Caste War of Yucatán
    Caste War of Yucatán

    The Caste War of Yucat?n began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucat?n against the population of European descent in political and economic control....
    .
  • 1848: The Communist Manifesto
    The Communist Manifesto

    Manifesto of the Communist Party , often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848, and is one of the world's most influential Politics manuscripts....
     published.
  • 1848: Revolutions of 1848
    Revolutions of 1848

    The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent....
     in Europe
  • 1848: Seneca Falls Convention
    Seneca Falls Convention

    The Seneca Falls Convention, was held in Seneca Falls , New York, New York. It was the first women's rights convention held in the United States....
     is the first women's rights convention in the United States and leads to the battle for suffrage
    History of women's suffrage in the United States

    Women's suffrage in the United States was achieved gradually, at state and local levels, during the 19th Century and early 20th Century, culminating in 1920 with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the...
     and women's legal rights
    Women's rights

    The term women's rights refers to Freedom and entitlements of women and girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, local custom, and behavior in a particular society....
    .
  • 1848-58: California Gold Rush
    California Gold Rush

    The California Gold Rush began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California, California....


1850s

Catonwoodvillelightbrigade
  • 1850: The Little Ice Age
    Little Ice Age

    The Little Ice Age was a period of cooling occurring after a warmer North Atlantic era known as the Medieval Warm Period or Medieval Climate Optimum....
     ends around this time.
  • 1851: The Great Exhibition in London was the world's first international Expo or World's Fair.
  • 1851–60s: Victorian gold rush
    Victorian gold rush

    The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria , Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s.During this era Victoria dominated the world's gold output....
     in Australia
  • 1851–64: The Taiping Rebellion
    Taiping Rebellion

    The Taiping Rebellion was a large-scale revolt in China from 1850 to 1864, during the Qing Dynasty, by an army led by Heterodoxy Christianity convert Hong Xiuquan....
     in China is the bloodiest conflict of the century.
  • 1854: The Convention of Kanagawa
    Convention of Kanagawa

    On March 31, 1854, the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States Navy and the Empire of Japan. The treaty opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda, Shizuoka and Hakodate to United States trade, guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked U.S....
     formally ends Japan's policy of isolation
    Sakoku

    was the foreign relations policy of Japan under which no foreigner could enter or Japanese could leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633-1639 and remained in effect until 1853 with the arrival of Matthew C....
    .
  • 1854–56: Crimean War
    Crimean War

    The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Oriental War was fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other....
     between France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     and Russia
  • 1855: Bessemer process
    Bessemer process

    The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855....
     enables steel
    Steel

    Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight , depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten....
     to be mass produced.
  • 1856: World's first oil refinery
    Oil refinery

    An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas....
     in Romania
    Romania

    Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
  • 1857–58: Indian Rebellion of 1857
    Indian Rebellion of 1857

    The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of British Honourable East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pr...
  • 1859: The Origin of Species
    The Origin of Species

    Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species is a seminal work in scientific literature and a landmark work in evolutionary biology. The book's full title is On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life....
     published.


1860s

Suezcanalkantara
  • 1861–65: American Civil War
    American Civil War

    The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
     between the Union
    Union (American Civil War)

    During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the Federal government of the United States of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three states which were not part of the secession attempt by the 11 states that formed the Confederate States of America....
     and seceding Confederacy
    Confederate States of America

    The Confederate States of America formed as the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern United States U.S. state of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S....
  • 1861: Russia abolishes serfdom.
  • 1861–67: French intervention in Mexico
    French intervention in Mexico

    The French intervention in Mexico, also known as the Maximilian Affair and The Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by the United Kingdom and Spain....
  • 1862–1877: Muslim Rebellion
    Dungan revolt

    The Dungan Revolt was a religious war in 19th-century China. It is also known as the Hui Minorities' War and the Muslim Rebellion. The term is sometimes used to refer to the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan as well....
     in northwest China.
  • 1863: Bahá'u'lláh
    Bahá'u'lláh

    Bah?'u'll?h , born M?rz? usayn-`Al? Nuri , was the founder of the Bah?'? Faith. He claimed to be the prophetic fulfilment of B?bism, a 19th-century outgrowth of Shia Islam, but in a broader sense claimed to be a Manifestation of God referring to the fulfilment of the eschatology expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major rel...
     declares His station as "He whom God shall make manifest
    He whom God shall make manifest

    He whom God shall make manifest is a messianic figure in the religion of Babism. The messianic figure was repeatedly mentioned by the B?b, the founder of Babism, in his book, the Bay?n ....
    ". This date is celebrated in the Bahá'í Faith
    Bahá'í Faith

    The 'Bah?'? Faith' is a monotheism religion founded by Bah?'u'll?h in nineteenth-century Persian Empire#Persia and Europe , emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind....
     as The Festival of Ridván
    Ridván

    Ri?v?n is a twelve-day festival in the Bah?'? Faith, commemorating the commencement of Bah?'u'll?h's prophethood. It begins at sunset on April 20 and continues until sunset, May 2....
    .
  • 1863: Formation of the International Red Cross
    International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

    The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international Humanitarianism movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide which started to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for the human being, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering, without any discrimination based on nationality, Race , relig...
     is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention
    First Geneva Convention

    The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864....
     in 1864.
  • 1863–1865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire
    Russian Empire

    File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
    .
  • 1864-66: The Chincha Islands War
    Chincha Islands War

    The Chincha Islands War was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru and Chile from 1864 to 1866, that began with Spain's seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands, part of a series of attempts by Isabel II of Spain to reassert her country's lost influence in its former South American empire....
     was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
  • 1864-70: The War of the Triple Alliance
    War of the Triple Alliance

    The War of the Triple Alliance, also known as the Paraguayan War, and the Great War in Paraguay itself, was fought from 1864 to 1870, and caused more deaths than any other South American war....
     ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
  • 1865-77: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
    Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

    The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime....
    .
  • 1865-April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee
    Robert E. Lee

    Robert Edward Lee , was a career United States United States Army officer , an engineer, and among the most celebrated generals in American history....
     surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia
    Army of Northern Virginia

    The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War of the American Civil War....
     (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant
    Ulysses S. Grant

    Ulysses S. Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant , was an United States general and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States ....
     at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War
    American Civil War

    The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
    .
  • 1865-April 15, 1865, United States President
    President

    President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, company, trade unions, university, and country. Etymology, a "president" is one who Wiktionary:Preside, who sits in leadership ....
     Abraham Lincoln
    Abraham Lincoln

    Abraham Lincoln was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery....
     is assassinated while attending a performance at Fords theater, Washington, D.C.
    Washington, D.C.

    Washington, D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the Capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790....
    .
  • 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable
    Transatlantic telegraph cable

    The transatlantic telegraph cable was the first cable used for telegraph communications laid across the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. It crossed from Foilhommerum, Valentia Island in western Ireland to Heart's Content, Newfoundland and Labrador in eastern Newfoundland ....
     follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
  • 1866: Austro-Prussian War
    Austro-Prussian War

    The Austro-Prussian War was a war fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Kingdom of Italy on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states....
     results in the dissolution of the German Confederation
    German Confederation

    The German Confederation was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806....
     and the creation of the North German Confederation
    North German Confederation

    The North German Confederation , came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state....
     and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy
    Austria-Hungary

    Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Kaiserlich und k?niglich Monarchy was a state in Central Europe ruled by the House of Habsburg, constitutionally a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary....
    .
  • 1866-1868: Famine in Finland
    Finnish famine of 1866-1868

    The Famine of 1866?1868 was the last famine in Finland and northern Sweden, and the last major naturally caused famine in Europe. In Finland the famine is known as "the great hunger years", or suuret n?lk?vuodet....
    .
  • 1866-69: After the Meiji Restoration
    Meiji Restoration

    The , also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure....
    , Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization
    Modernization

    The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard evolutionary pattern, as described in the social evolutionism theories....
    .
  • 1867: The United States purchased Alaska
    Alaska purchase

    The Alaska Purchase by the United States from the Russian Empire occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William H. Seward. The territory purchased was 586,412 square miles of the modern state of Alaska....
     from Russia.
  • 1867: Canadian Confederation
    Canadian Confederation

    Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federalism Dominion of Canada was formed beginning July 1, 1867 from the provinces, colony and Territory of British North America....
     formed.
  • 1867: Principality of Serbia passes the Constitution
    Constitution

    A constitution is a system for government — often codified as a written document — that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity....
     which defines its independent
    Independence

    Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty....
     from Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
    . International recognition followed in 1878.
  • 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad
    First Transcontinental Railroad

    The First Transcontinental Railroad is the popular name of the United States rail transport line completed in 1869 between Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska and Alameda, California....
     completed in United States.
  • 1869: The Suez Canal
    Suez Canal

    The Suez Canal is a canal in Egypt. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa or carrying goods overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea....
     opens linking the Mediterranean
    Mediterranean Sea

    The Mediterranean Sea is a sea or Ocean off the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia....
     to the Red Sea
    Red Sea

    The Red Sea is a salt water inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb sound and the Gulf of Aden....
    .


1870s

1876 Bell Speaking Into Telephone
  • 1870-71: The Franco-Prussian War
    Franco-Prussian War

    The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between Second French Empire and Kingdom of Prussia, while Prussia was backed by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Grand Duchy of Baden, History of W?rttemberg#The Kingdom...
     results in the unifications of Germany
    German Empire

    The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of William I, German Emperor as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became Weimar republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of William II, German Emperor ....
     and Italy
    Italian unification

    Italian Unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century....
    , the collapse of the Second French Empire
    Second French Empire

    The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the French Second Republic and the French Third Republic, in France....
    , the breakdown of Pax Britannica, and the emergence of a New Imperialism
    New Imperialism

    New Imperialism refers to the colony expansion adopted by Europe's power and, later, Japan and the United States, during the 19th and early 20th centuries; approximately from the Franco-Prussian War to World War I ....
    .
  • 1871-1872: Famine
    List of famines

    This is an incomplete list of known major famines, ordered by date....
     in Persia
    Iran

    Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
     is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
  • 1871-1914: Second Industrial Revolution
    Second Industrial Revolution

    The Second Industrial Revolution, typically dated between 1870 and 1914, was a second phase of the Industrial Revolution, involving several developments within the chemical industry, electrical industry, petroleum industry, and steel industry....
  • 1870s-90s: Long Depression
    Long Depression

    The Long Depression was a depression that affected much of the world and was contemporary with the Second Industrial Revolution. At the time it was regarded as the Great Depression, remaining so until the Great Depression of the 1930s....
     in Western Europe and North America
  • 1872: Yellowstone National Park
    Yellowstone National Park

    Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress as a national park on March 1, 1872, is located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, though it also extends into Montana and Idaho....
     is created.
  • 1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
    A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism

    A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is an 1873 textbook on electromagnetism written by James Clerk Maxwell.These equations are compiled to two sets....
     published.
  • 1874: The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known today as the Impressionists organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer Nadar
    Nadar (photographer)

    Nadar was the pseudonym of Gaspard-F?lix Tournachon , a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist and balloon ....
    .
  • 1874: The British East India Company
    British East India Company

    The East India Company was an early England joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the Indies, but that ended up trading with the Indian subcontinent and China....
     is dissolved.
  • 1874-1875: First Republic
    First Republic

    Around the world there have been a number of First Republics:...
     in Spain.
  • 1875-1900: 26 million Indians perished in India due to famine
    Famine in India

    File:Starved child.jpgThere were 14 famines in History of India between 11th and 17th century . For example, during the 1022-1033 Great famines in India entire provinces were depopulated....
    .
  • 1876: The Bulgarian revolt against Ottoman
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     rule.
  • 1876-1879: 13 million Chinese died of famine
    Famine

    A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any faunal species, which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased death....
     in northern China.
  • 1876-1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age
    Gilded Age

    The Gilded Age was a time period when some activity or skill was at its peak. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion.The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeastern United States with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnica...
    .
  • 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike
    Strike action

    Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to perform labour . A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances....
    .
  • 1877-78: The Treaty of Berlin
    Treaty of Berlin, 1878

    The Treaty of Berlin was the final act of the Congress of Berlin , by which the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Austria-Hungary, French Third Republic, German Empire, Kingdom of Italy , Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire under Abdul Hamid II revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year....
     recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro
    Montenegro

    Montenegro , Montenegrin language/Serbian language: ???? ????, Crna Gora , ) is a country located in Balkans. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Kosovo to the east and Albania to the south....
     and Romania
    Romania

    Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
    . Bulgaria
    Bulgaria

    The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
     becomes autonomous.
  • 1878: First commercial telephone exchange
    Telephone exchange

    In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls....
     in New Haven, Connecticut
    New Haven, Connecticut

    New Haven is the third largest municipality in Connecticut, after Bridgeport, Connecticut and Hartford, with a core population of about 124,000 people....
    .
  • 1879: Anglo-Zulu War
    Anglo-Zulu War

    The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region....
     in South Africa.
Thomas Edison, 1878
*1879-83: Chile
Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean....
 battles with Peru
Peru

Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
 and Bolivia
Bolivia

The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west....
 over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific
War of the Pacific

The War of the Pacific, occurring from 1879-1883, was a conflict between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru. Also known as the "Sodium nitrate War", the war arose from disputes over the control of territory that contained substantial mineral-rich deposits....
.

1880s

  • 1880-1881: the First Boer War
    First Boer War

    The First Boer War also known as the First Anglo-Boer War or the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881....
    .
  • 1881: First electrical power plant and grid
    Electricity distribution

    File:Electricity grid simple- North America.svg|thumb|380px|right|Simplified diagram of AC electricity distribution from generation stations to consumers...
     in Godalming
    Godalming

    Godalming is a town in the Waverley, Surrey district of the county of Surrey, England, south of Guildford. It is built on the banks of the River Wey and is a prosperous stockbroker belt commuter town for London....
    , Britain.
  • 1881-1899: The Mahdist War
    Mahdist War

    The Mahdist War was a colonial war of the late 19th century. It was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese and the Egyptian and later United Kingdom forces....
     in Sudan
    Sudan

    Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
    .
  • 1883: Krakatoa
    Krakatoa

    Krakatoa , also spelled Krakatao, is a Island#Oceanic islands in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole....
     volcano explosion.
  • 1884-85: The Berlin Conference
    Berlin Conference

    The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 regulated colonialism and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power....
     signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa
    Scramble for Africa

    The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and the World War I in 1914....
    ". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves.
  • 1884-85: The Sino-French War
    Sino-French War

    The Sino-French War was a limited conflict fought between August 1884 and April 1885 to decide whether France should replace China in control of Tonkin ....
     led to the formation of French Indochina
    French Indochina

    French Indochina was the part of the French colonial empire in Indochina in southeast Asia. A federation of the three Vietnamese regions, Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina, as well as Cambodia, was formed in 1887....
    .
  • 1885 : "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
  • 1886: Russian-Circassian War
    Russian-Circassian War

    The Russian-Circassian War refers to a series of battles and wars in Circassia, the northwestern part of the Caucasus, which were part of the Russian Empire's conquest of the Caucasus lasting approximately 150 years, starting under the reign of Tsar Peter the Great and being completed in 1864....
     ended with the defeat and the exile of many Circassian
    Circassian

    The term Circassian may refer to:*Circassians, term used to designated various peoples of the north Caucasus.* Northwest Caucasian languages, specifically:...
    s. Imam Shamil
    Imam Shamil

    Imam Shamil was an Caucasian Avars political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian Empire resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya ....
     defeated.
  • 1888 (August): Jack the Ripper is believed to have begun murdering
    Mary Ann Nichols

    Mary Ann Nichols was one of the The Whitechapel Murders . Her death has been attibuted to the notorious unidentified serial killer named Jack the Ripper who killed and mutilated several women in the Whitechapel area of London from late August to early November 1888....
    .
  • 1888 (November): Jack The ripper is believed to have murdered his last victim
    Mary Jane Kelly

    Mary Jane Kelly , also known as Marie Jeanette Kelly, Fair Emma, Ginger and Black Mary, is widely believed to be the fifth and final victim of the notorious unidentified serial killer Jack the Ripper, who killed and mutilated prostitutes in the Whitechapel area of London from late August to early November 1888....
    .
  • 1888: Slavery banned in Brazil
    Lei Áurea

    The Lei ?urea , adopted on May 13, 1888, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil in Brazil. It was preceded by the Rio Branco Law of September 28, 1871, which freed all children born to slave parents, and by Law Saraiva-Cotegipe, of September 28, 1885....
    .
  • 1889: Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
    Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

    Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a controversial Indian religious figure and founder of the Ahmadiyya. He claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th Islamic calendar, the Promised Messiah , the Mahdi awaited by the Muslims in the latter-days, and a "Prophethood ", with some qualifications....
     establishes the Ahmadi Muslim Community.
  • 1889: End of the Brazilian Empire
    Brazilian Empire

    The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I of Brazil and his son Pedro II of Brazil....
     and the beginning of the Brazilian Republic
    History of Brazil (1889-1930)

    The period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 is commonly called the Rep?blica Velha . The Rep?blica Velha ended in 1930 with a military coup that installed a dictator....


1890s

  • 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre
    Wounded Knee Massacre

    In the Wounded Knee Massacre, on December 29, 1890, 500 troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment, supported by four Hotchkiss guns , surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou Sioux and Hunkpapa Sioux ....
     was the last battle in the American Indian Wars
    Indian Wars

    Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the colonial or federal government and the indigenous peoples of North America....
    . This event represents the end of the American Old West
    American Old West

    For cultural influences and their development, see Western .The American Old West or Wild West comprises the history, geography, peoples, lore, and cultural expression of life in the Western United States , most often referring to the period of the latter half of the 19th century, between the American Civil War and the end of th...
    .
  • 1894-95: After the First Sino-Japanese War
    First Sino-Japanese War

    The First Sino-Japanese War was a war fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji period Imperial Japan over the control of Korea. The Sino-Japanese War would come to symbolize the degeneration and enfeeblement of the Qing Dynasty and demonstrate how successful modernization had been in Japan since the Meiji Restoration as compared with the...
    , China cedes Taiwan
    Taiwan

    Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
     to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.
  • 1895-1896: Ethiopia
    Ethiopia

    Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
     defeats Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War.
  • 1896: Olympic games
    Olympic Games

    The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event established for both summer and winter sports. There have been two generations of the Olympic Games; the first were the Ancient Olympic Games held at Olympia, Greece, Greece....
     revived in Athens
    Athens

    Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
    .
  • 1896: Klondike Gold Rush
    Klondike Gold Rush

    The Klondike Gold Rush, sometimes referred to as the Yukon Gold Rush or Alaska Gold Rush, was a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century....
     in Canada.
  • 1897: Gojong, or Emperor Gwangmu, proclaims the short-lived Korean Empire
    Korean Empire

    The Greater Korean Empire was a former empire of Korea that succeded the Joseon Dynasty that ruled the nation over the past 500 years.In 1897, Emperor Gojong of Korea proclaimed the new entity at Deoksugung Palace and oversaw the partially successful modernization of the military, economy, real property laws, education system, and various...
    : lasts until 1910.
  • 1898: The United States gains control of Cuba
    Cuba

    The Republic of Cuba is a country in the Caribbean. It consists of the island of Cuba , the island of Isla de la Juventud, and several adjacent small islands....
    , Puerto Rico
    Puerto Rico

    Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is a Autonomy Territories of the United States of the United States located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands....
    , and the Philippines
    Philippines

    The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
     after the Spanish-American War
    Spanish-American War

    The Spanish?American War was an armed military conflict between Spain and the United States that took place between April and August 1898, over the issues of the liberation of Cuba....
    .
  • 1898-1900: The Boxer Rebellion
    Boxer Rebellion

    The Boxer Rebellion, or more properly Boxer Uprising, was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement by the "Righteous Fists of Harmony,? Yihe tuan or Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists in China....
     in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance
    Eight-Nation Alliance

    The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance made up of Austria-Hungary, French Third Republic, German Empire, Kingdom of Italy , Empire of Japan, Imperial Russia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the United States whose armies invaded China while putting down the Boxer Rebellion in Qing Dynasty in August 1900....
    .
  • 1898-1902: The One Thousand Days war in Colombia
    Colombia

    Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean....
     breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores," culminating with the loss of Panama
    Panama

    Panama, officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America and, in turn, North America. Situated on an isthmus connecting North and South America, some categorize it as a transcontinental nation....
     in 1903.
  • 1899: Second Boer War
    Second Boer War

    The Second Boer War , commonly referred to as The Boer War and also known as the South African War , the Anglo-Boer War and in Afrikaans as the Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog , was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Fre...
     begins (-1902); Philippine-American War
    Philippine-American War

    The Philippine?American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the Philippines, which arose from the First Philippine Republic struggle against U.S....
     begins (-1913).


Significant people

  • Clara Barton
    Clara Barton

    Clarissa Harlowe Barton was a pioneer American teacher, nurse, and humanitarian. She has been described as having a "strong and independent spirit" and is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross....
    , nurse, pioneer of the American Red Cross
    American Red Cross

    The American Red Cross is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education inside the United States, and is the designated U.S....
  • Sitting Bull
    Sitting Bull

    Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota people Sioux holy man, born near the Grand River in South Dakota and killed by reservation police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him and prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement....
    , a leader of the Lakota
  • John Burroughs
    John Burroughs

    John Burroughs was an United States natural history and essayist important in the evolution of the U.S. conservation movement. According to biographers at the American Memory project at the Library of Congress,...
    , Naturalist, conservationist, writer
  • Davy Crockett
    Davy Crockett

    David Stern Crockett was a celebrated 19th-century United States folk hero, Frontier#American frontier, soldier and politician; referred to in popular culture as Davy Crockett and often by the popular title ?King of the Wild Frontier.? He represented Tennessee in the U.S....
    , King of the wild frontier, folk hero
    Folk hero

    A folk hero is type of hero, real or mythology. The single salient characteristic which makes a character a folk hero is the imprinting of the name, personality and deeds of the character in the popular consciousness....
    , frontiersman
    Frontier

    A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a Border....
    , soldier
    Soldier

    A soldier is a general English term that refers to a land component of national armed forces.In most societies of the world, "soldier" is also a general term for any member of the land forces including Commissioned officer and non-commissioned officers....
     and politician
    Politician

    A politician is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of politics or a person who influences the way a society is governed....
  • Jefferson Davis
    Jefferson Davis

    Jefferson Finis Davis was an United States politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War....
    , Confederate States President
  • William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
  • Baron Haussmann
    Baron Haussmann

    Georges-Eug?ne Haussmann , who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a France civic planner whose name is associated with the Haussmann's renovation of Paris....
    , civic planner
  • Franz Joseph I of Austria
    Franz Joseph I of Austria

    Franz Joseph I Karl of the Habsburg was Emperor of Austrian Empire, Apostolic King of Kingdom of Hungary from 1848 until 1916 ....
    , Emperor of Austria
    Austrian Empire

    The Austrian Empire was a periodization successor state empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867....
  • Chief Joseph
    Chief Joseph

    Chief Joseph was the Tribal chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain band of Nez Perce Native Americans in the United States during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to Indian Removal his Band societies and the other "non-treaty" Indians to a Indian reservation in Idaho....
    , a leader of the Nez Percé
    Nez Perce

    The Nez Perce are a tribe of Native Americans in the United States who live in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is estimated that at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition the native people had been in the area for over 10,000 years....
  • Ned Kelly
    Ned Kelly

    Edward "Ned" Kelly was an Australian bushranger, and, to some, a folk hero for his defiance of the Colony authorities. Kelly was born in Victoria to an Irish Convictism in Australia father, and as a young man he clashed with the police....
    , Australian folk hero, and outlaw
  • Elizabeth Kenny
    Elizabeth Kenny

    Elizabeth Kenny was an Australian pioneering physical therapist....
    , Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio
  • Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibet
    Tibet

    Tibet is a Tibetan Plateau in Asia, north of the Himalayas, and the home to the indigenous Tibetan people and its related ethnic groups. With an average elevation of 4,900 metres , it is the highest region on Earth and has in recent decades increasingly been referred to as the "Roof of the World"....
    an culture
    Tibetan culture

    Tibetan Buddhist practices often come from the ancient Tibetan religion of B?n. Likewise, Tibet also borrows a few elements of culture from its neighbors....
  • Abraham Lincoln
    Abraham Lincoln

    Abraham Lincoln was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery....
    , United States President
  • Fitz Hugh Ludlow
    Fitz Hugh Ludlow

    Fitz Hugh Ludlow, sometimes seen as ?Fitzhugh Ludlow,? was an American author, journalist, and explorer; best-known for his autobiographical book The Hasheesh Eater ....
    , writer and explorer
  • John Muir
    John Muir

    John Muir was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of U.S. wilderness. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California, have been read by millions and are still popular today....
    , Naturalist, writer, preservationist
    Preservationist

    A preservationist generally refers to one who wishes to preserve a historic structure from demolition or degradation.Persons who work to preserve ancient or endangered languages are also referred to as preservationists....
  • Florence Nightingale
    Florence Nightingale

    Florence Nightingale, Order of Merit , Royal Red Cross , who came to be known as "The Lady with the Lamp", was a pioneering nurse, writer and noted statistician....
    , nursing pioneer
  • Napoleon I
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
    , First Consul and Emperor of the French
  • Commodore Perry, U.S. Naval commander, opened the door to Japan
  • Dr. Jose P. Rizal
    José Rizal

    Jos? Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda , was a Philippines polymath, nationalist and the most prominent advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era....
    , Filipino hero, novelist, liberator
  • Sacagawea
    Sacagawea

    For the Sacagawea $1 coin, see Sacagawea dollar.Sacagawea Reliable historical information about Sacagawea is extremely limited, but she has become an important part of the Lewis and Clark mythology in the American public imagination....
    , Important aide to Lewis&Clark
  • Ignaz Semmelweis
    Ignaz Semmelweis

    Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungary physician who discovered in 1847 that cases of puerperal fever, also known as childbed fever could be drastically cut if doctors Hand washing#Medical hand washing in a chlorine solution before gynaecological examinations....
    , proponent of hygienic practices
    Hygiene

    Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. Such practices vary widely and what is considered acceptable in one culture may be unacceptable in another....
  • Dr. John Snow
    John Snow (physician)

    John Snow was a British physician and a leader in the adoption of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered to be one of the fathers of epidemiology, because of his work in tracing the source of a 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak....
    , the founder of epidemiology
    Epidemiology

    Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine....
  • F R Spofforth
    Fred Spofforth

    Frederick Robert "Fred" Spofforth , also known as "The Demon Bowler", was arguably the Australian cricket team's finest Fast bowling of the nineteenth century....
    , Australian cricket
    Cricket

    Cricket is a Bat-and-ball games team sport that originated in southern England. The earliest definite reference is dated 1598, and it is now played in more than 100 countries....
    er
  • Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
  • William Wilberforce
    William Wilberforce

    William Wilberforce was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland politician, a philanthropist and a leader of the movement to abolish the Atlantic slave trade....
    , Abolitionist, Philanthropist
  • Hong Xiuquan
    Hong Xiuquan

    H?ng Xi?qu?n , born Hong Renkun , courtesy name Huoxiu , was a Hakka China who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping tien-quo "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Tian Wang" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ....
     inspired China's Taiping Rebellion
    Taiping Rebellion

    The Taiping Rebellion was a large-scale revolt in China from 1850 to 1864, during the Qing Dynasty, by an army led by Heterodoxy Christianity convert Hong Xiuquan....
    , perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history
Franzboas

Show business and theatre

Sarah Bernhardt Project Gutenberg Etext 19955
*David Belasco
David Belasco

David Belasco was an United States of America playwright, impresario, theatre director and theatrical producer....
, actor, playwright, theatrical producer
  • Sarah Bernhardt
    Sarah Bernhardt

    Sarah Bernhardt was a French stage actress, and has been referred to as "the most famous actress in the history of the world". Bernhardt made her fame on the stages of Europe in the 1870s, and was soon in demand in Europe and the Americas....
    , actress
  • Edwin Booth
    Edwin Booth

    Edwin Thomas Booth , was a famous 19th century United States actor. He was born near Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland into the English American theatrical Booth family....
    , actor
  • Dion Boucicault
    Dion Boucicault

    Dionysius Lardner Boursiquot was an Irish people actor and playwright famed for his melodramas. By the later part of the 19th century, Boucicault had become known on both sides of the Atlantic as one of the most successful actor-playwright-managers then in the English speaking theatre, eventually heralded by The New York Times in his o...
    , playwright
  • Mrs Patrick Campbell
    Mrs Patrick Campbell

    Mrs Patrick Campbell was a British people stage actor....
    , actress
  • Anton Chekhov
    Anton Chekhov

    Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian Short story writer, playwright and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers in world literature....
    , playwright
  • Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild West legend, and showman
  • Baptiste Deburau
    Jean-Gaspard Deburau

    Jean-Gaspard Deburau was a Bohemian#Bohemian as an ethnic and geographical term-France actor and Mime artist.Born in Kol?n, Bohemia , he adapted the conventions of Italian commedia dell'arte to Parisian tastes....
    , Bohemian
    Bohemian

    Bohemians are the people of Bohemia, in the Czech Republic, inhabitants of the former Kingdom of Bohemia, located in the modern day Czech Republic....
    -French
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
     actor
    Actor

    An actor or actress is a person who acting in a dramatic production and who works in film, television, theatre, or radio programming in that capacity....
     and mime
    Mime artist

    A mime artist is someone who uses mime as a theatrical medium or as a performance art, involving the acting out a story through body motions, without use of speech....
    .
  • Eleonora Duse
    Eleonora Duse

    Eleonora Duse , was an Italian people actress, often known simply as Duse....
    , actress
  • Henrik Ibsen
    Henrik Ibsen

    Henrik Johan Ibsen was a major Nineteenth-century theatre Norway playwright of realism drama and poet. He is often referred to as the "father of modern drama" and is one of the founders of modernism in the theatre....
    , playwright
  • Edmund Kean
    Edmund Kean

    Edmund Kean was an England actor, regarded in his time as the greatest ever. For many years he lived at Keydell House, Horndean....
    , actor
  • Charles Kean
    Charles Kean

    Charles John Kean , was born at County Waterford, the son of the actor Edmund Kean.After preparatory education at Worplesdon and at Greenford, near Harrow, London, he was sent to Eton College, where he remained three years....
    , actor
  • Frédérick Lemaître
    Frédérick Lemaître

    Fr?d?rick Lema?tre, was a France actor and playwright. The son of an architect, he was born Antoine Louis Prosper Lema?tre at Le Havre, Seine-Maritime but adopted the first name Fr?d?rick as a stage name....
    , actor
  • Jenny Lind
    Jenny Lind

    Johanna Maria Lind , better known as Jenny Lind, was a Sweden opera singer, often known as the "Swedish Nightingale". One of the best regarded singers of the 19th century, she is known for her performances in soprano roles in Sweden and the rest of Europe, and for an extraordinarily popular concert tour of America beginning in 1...
    , opera singer called the Swedish Nightingale
  • Céleste Mogador, dancer
  • Lola Montez
    Lola Montez

    Eliza Rosanna Gilbert , better known by the stage name Lola Montez, was an Ireland-born dancer and actress who became famous as a Spanish dancer, courtesan and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who made her Countess of Landsfeld....
    , exotic dancer
    Exotic dancer

    The terms wiktionary:Exotic dancer and exotic dance can have different meanings in different parts of the world and depending on context....
  • Adelaide Neilson
    Adelaide Neilson

    Lilian Adelaide Neilson , born Elizabeth Ann Brown, was an English people stage actress....
    , actress
  • Annie Oakley
    Annie Oakley

    Annie Oakley was an United States Marksman and exhibition shooting. Oakley's amazing talent and timely rise to fame led to a starring role in Buffalo Bill show, which propelled her to become the first American female superstar....
    , Wild West, sharp-shooter
  • George Bernard Shaw
    George Bernard Shaw

    George Bernard Shaw, was an Irish people playwright.Although Shaw's first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, his talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays....
    , playwright
  • Edward Askew Sothern
    Edward Askew Sothern

    Edward Askew Sothern was an English people actor known for his comedy roles in Britain and America, particularly Lord Dundreary in Our American Cousin....
    , actor
  • Ellen Terry
    Ellen Terry

    Dame Ellen Terry, Order of the British Empire was an English people stage actor. Terry became the leading Shakespearean actress in Britain....
    , actress


Athletics

John L Sullivan
*Cap Anson
Cap Anson

Adrian Constantine Anson , known by the nicknames "Cap" and "Pop", was a professional baseball player in the National Association of Professional Baseball Players and Major League Baseball....
, baseball player
  • Gentleman Jim Corbett
    James J. Corbett

    James John "Gentleman Jim" Corbett was a List of Heavyweight Champions, best known as the man who defeated the great John L. Sullivan. He also coached boxing at the Olympic Club in San Francisco....
    , heavyweight boxer
  • Big Ed Delahanty
    Ed Delahanty

    Edward James Delahanty , nicknamed "Big Ed", was a Baseball Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player from 1888 to 1903 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Cleveland Infants and Washington Senators , and was known as one of the early great power hitters in the game....
    , baseball player
  • Bob Fitzsimmons
    Bob Fitzsimmons

    Robert James "Bob" Fitzsimmons , a British boxer, made boxing history as the sport's first three-division world champion. He also achieved fame for beating Gentleman Jim Corbett, the man who beat the great John L....
    , heavyweight boxer
  • Pud Galvin
    Pud Galvin

    James Francis "Pud" Galvin , an United States professional baseball pitcher, was Major League Baseball's first 300 win club. The nickname "Pud" supposedly originated because he made the hitters "look like Pudding"....
    , baseball player
  • Olympic Games
    Olympic Games

    The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event established for both summer and winter sports. There have been two generations of the Olympic Games; the first were the Ancient Olympic Games held at Olympia, Greece, Greece....
    , 1894 the IOC is formed, and the first Summer Olympics games are held in Athens, Greece in 1896
  • Peter Jackson
    Peter Jackson (boxer)

    Peter "Black Prince" Jackson was a Boxing from Australia.Jackson was born in Christiansted, Saint Croix, U.S Virgin Islands. Standing at the Height of 6' 1 1/2" tall and weighing in at 192-210 lbs he became the winner of the Australian Heavyweight championship in 1886....
    , heavyweight boxer
  • James J. Jeffries
    James J. Jeffries

    James Jackson Jeffries was a List of Heavyweight Champions.His greatest assets were his enormous strength and stamina. Using a technique taught to him by his trainer, former welterweight and middleweight champion Tommy Ryan, Jeffries fought out of a crouch with his left arm extended forward....
    , heavyweight boxer
  • Old Hoss Radbourn
    Charles Radbourn

    Charles Gardner "Old Hoss" Radbourn was a pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1880 to 1891. He was born in Rochester, New York.As a starting pitcher for the Providence Grays , Atlanta Braves , Boston Reds and Cincinnati Reds , Radbourn compiled a 309-195 career record....
    , baseball player
  • Tom Sharkey
    Tom Sharkey

    "Sailor" Tom Sharkey was a boxer who fought two fights with heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries. Sharkey's recorded ring career spanned from 1893 to 1904....
    , heavyweight boxer
  • John L. Sullivan
    John L. Sullivan

    John Lawrence Sullivan was recognized as the first heavyweight champion of Boxing from February 7 1882 to 1892, and is generally recognized as the last heavyweight champion of bare-knuckle boxing under the London Prize Ring rules....
    , heavyweight boxer
  • John Montgomery Ward
    John Montgomery Ward

    John Montgomery Ward was a 19th century Major League Baseball star starting pitcher, shortstop and manager . Ward was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Renovo, Pennsylvania....
    , baseball player
  • Evangelos Zappas
    Evangelos Zappas

    File:Evaggelos Zappas statue Athens.jpgEvangelis Zappas , aka Evangelos Zappas, was a wealthy Greek patriot, philanthropist, and Entrepreneur of the modern international Olympic Games....
    , Founder of the International Modern Olympic Games


Business

  • John Jacob Astor III
    John Jacob Astor III

    John Jacob Astor III was the elder son of William Backhouse Astor, Sr. and the wealthiest member of the Astor family in his generation....
    , Real Estate
  • Andrew Carnegie
    Andrew Carnegie

    Andrew Carnegie was a Scotland-born United States industrialist, List of business people, and a major philanthropist. He was an immigrant as a child with his parents....
    , Industrialist, philanthropist
  • Jay Cooke
    Jay Cooke

    Jay Cooke , United States financier, was born at Sandusky, Ohio, the son of Eleutheros Cooke , a pioneer Ohio lawyer and Whig Party member of Congress from that state in 1831-1833 and member of the Ohio General Assembly....
    , Finance
  • Henry Clay Frick
    Henry Clay Frick

    Henry Clay Frick was an United States Robber baron and art patron, once known as "America's most hated man"....
    , Industrialist, art collector
  • Jay Gould
    Jay Gould

    Jason "Jay" Gould was an American financier who became a leading American railroad developer and speculator. Although he was long vilified as an archetypal Robber baron , modern historians have discounted various myths about him and evaluated his career more positively....
    , Railroad developer
  • Meyer Guggenheim
    Meyer Guggenheim

    Meyer Guggenheim was the patriarch of what became known as the Guggenheim family. He was born in Lengnau, Aargau, Aargau, Switzerland, was of German Jewish ancestry and emigrated to the United States in 1847....
     Family patriarch, mining
  • Daniel Guggenheim
    Daniel Guggenheim

    Daniel Guggenheim was an American industrialist and philanthropist, and a son of Meyer Guggenheim....
     (copper)
  • E. H. Harriman
    E. H. Harriman

    Edward Henry Harriman was an American railroad executive....
    , Railroads
  • Henry O. Havemeyer
    Henry O. Havemeyer

    Henry Osborne Havemeyer was an American entrepreneur who founded the American Sugar Refining Company in 1891. He was chosen vice president and afterward its president....
     (sugar), art collector
  • George Hearst
    George Hearst

    George Hearst was a wealthy United States businessman and United States Senator, and the father of newspaperman William Randolph Hearst....
    , Gold
  • James J. Hill
    James J. Hill

    James Jerome Hill , was a noted Canadian-American railroad executive. He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway , which served a substantial area of the Upper midwestern United States, the northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest....
     (railroads) - The Empire Builder
  • Andrew W. Mellon
    Andrew W. Mellon

    Andrew William Mellon was an United States banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and United States Secretary of the Treasury from March 4 1921 until February 12 1932....
    , Industrialist, philanthropist, art collector
  • J.P. Morgan, banker, art collector
  • George Mortimer Pullman (railroads)
  • Charles Pratt
    Charles Pratt

    Charles Pratt was a United States capitalism, businessman and philanthropist.Pratt was a pioneer of the U.S. petroleum industry, and established his kerosene refinery Astral Oil Works in Brooklyn, New York....
     Oil, founder of the Pratt Institute
    Pratt Institute

    Pratt Institute is a specialized, private college in New York City with campuses in Manhattan and Brooklyn, as well as in Utica, New York. Pratt is one of the leading art schools in the United States and offers programs in art, architecture, fashion design, illustration, interior design, digital arts, creative writing, library science, and o...
  • John D. Rockefeller
    John D. Rockefeller

    John Davison Rockefeller was an United States industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy....
    , Oil, Business tycoon, philanthropist
  • Levi Strauss
    Levi Strauss

    Levi Strauss, born L?b Strau? was a Germany-Jewish immigrant to the United States who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans....
    , clothing manufacturer
  • Cornelius Vanderbilt
    Cornelius Vanderbilt

    Cornelius Vanderbilt , also known by the sobriquets Commodore or Commodore Vanderbilt, was an United States entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and Rail transport and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family....
    , Shipping, Railroads


Famous and infamous personalities

Wyattearpbatmasterson
*William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the kid
Billy the Kid

Henry McCarty , better known as Billy the Kid, but also known by the aliases Henry Antrim and William H. Bonney, was a 19th-century American frontier outlaw and gunman who participated in the so-called Lincoln County War....
, Wild West, outlaw
  • John Wilkes Booth
    John Wilkes Booth

    John Wilkes Booth was an American stage actor who assassinated President of the United States Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865....
    , assassin
  • James Bowie, Soldier, Texan who died at the Alamo
    Alamo

    The word Alamo, from the Spanish word for the cottonwood tree, may refer to:*The Battle of the Alamo, a battle fought during the Texas Revolution...
    , invented the Bowie knife
    Bowie knife

    Bowie knife specifically refers to a style of knife popularized by Colonel Jim Bowie and first made by James Black , although its common use refers to any large Scabbard knife with a clip point....
  • Jim Bridger
    Jim Bridger

    James or Jim Bridger was among the foremost Mountain Men, Animal trapping, scouts and guides who explored and trapped the Western United States during the decades of 1820-1840....
    , Wild West, Mountain man
    Mountain man

    Mountain men were trappers and Explorations who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s. Although primarily of Canadian or American origin, mountain men were of many ethnic, social and religious backgrounds....
  • John Brown
    John Brown (abolitionist)

    John Brown was an United States abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859....
    , a fanatical abolitionist who led an armed insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia
    Virginia

    The Commonwealth of Virginia is an United States U.S. state on the East Coast of the United States of the Southern United States. The state is known as the "Old Dominion" and sometimes as "Mother of Presidents", because it is the birthplace of Lists of United States Presidents by place of birth#By state....
    , in 1859.
  • Kit Carson
    Kit Carson

    Christopher Houston "Kit" Carson was an United States frontiersman. Carson left home at an early age and became a trapper. He gained notoriety for his role as John C....
    , Wild West, frontiersman
  • Cochise
    Cochise

    Cochise was a chiefdom of the Chokonen band of the Chiricahua Apache and the leader of an uprising that began in 1861. Cochise County, Arizona is named after him....
    , Chiricahua Apache leader
  • George Armstrong Custer
    George Armstrong Custer

    George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war....
    , soldier, whose last stand was in the Wild West
  • Wyatt Earp
    Wyatt Earp

    Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was an United States farmer, teamster, sometime American Bison hunter, officer of the law in various American Old West frontier towns, gambler, bar -keeper, miner and boxing referee....
    , Wild West, lawman
  • Pat Garrett
    Pat Garrett

    Patrick "Pat" Floyd Garrett was an American Old West lawman, bartender, and customs agent who was best known for killing Billy the Kid. He was also the sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico....
    , Wild West, lawman
  • Charles J. Guiteau
    Charles J. Guiteau

    Charles Julius Guiteau was an United States lawyer who assassinated President of the United States James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was executed by hanging....
    , assassin
  • Jack The Ripper
    Jack the Ripper

    Jack the Ripper is an pseudonym given to an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London, England, in late 1888....
    , Serial Killer
    Serial killer

    A serial killer is a person who murders usually three or more people"One of the most famous [geographically stable] serial killers is Wayne Williams....
     whose identity remains unknown.
  • Geronimo
    Geronimo

    Geronimo was a prominent Native Americans in the United States leader of the Chiricahua Apache who fought against Mexico and the United States and their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades....
    , Chiricahua Apache leader
  • Wild Bill Hickock, Legendary Wild West, lawman
  • Doc Holliday
    Doc Holliday

    John Henry "Doc" Holliday was an United Statesn dentistry, gambling and gunfighter of the American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and the Gunfight at the O.K....
    , Legendary Wild West, gambler, gunfighter
  • Crazy Horse
    Crazy Horse

    Crazy Horse was a respected war leader of the Oglala Lakota, who fought against the U.S. federal government in an effort to preserve the traditions and values of the Lakota people way of life....
    , War leader of the Lakota
  • Frank James
    Frank James

    Alexander Franklin James was an American Old West outlaw and older brother of Jesse James....
    , Wild West, outlaw, older brother of Jesse
  • Jesse James
    Jesse James

    Jesse Woodson James was an American Old West outlaw in the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Already a grand celebrity when he was alive, he became a legendary figure of the American Old West after his death....
    , Legendary Wild West, outlaw
  • Calamity Jane
    Calamity Jane

    Martha Jane Cannary-Burke, better known as Calamity Jane , was a frontierswoman and professional Reconnaissance best known for her claim of being a close friend of Wild Bill Hickok, but also for having gained fame fighting Native Americans in the United States....
    , Frontierswoman
  • Bat Masterson
    Bat Masterson

    William Barclay "Bat" Masterson was a figure of the American Old West known as a American Bison Hunting, U.S. Army scout, avid fisherman, gambling, frontier lawman, U.S....
    , Wild West, lawman, gambler, newspaperman
  • Allan Pinkerton
    Allan Pinkerton

    Allan Pinkerton was a Scotland detective and espionage, best known for creating the Pinkerton Agency, the first detective agency of the United States....
    , spy, founded the Pinkerton Agency, first detective agency in the United States
  • William Poole
    William Poole

    William Poole , also known as Bill the Butcher, was a member of the New York City gang, the Bowery Boys, a Bare-knuckle boxing, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement....
     aka Bill the Butcher, member of the New York City gang, the Bowery Boys
    Bowery boys

    Bowery boys may refer to:* Bowery_Boys_, a 19th century New York City gang* B'hoy and g'hal, 19th century slang terms* The Bowery Boys, a comedy team...
    , a bare-knuckle boxer
    Bare-knuckle boxing

    Bare-knuckle boxing is the original form of boxing closely related to ancient combat sports. It involves two individuals fighting without any boxing gloves or other form of padding on their hands....
    , and a leader of the Know Nothing
    Know Nothing

    The Know Nothing movement was a nativist United States political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to U.S....
     political movement.
  • Belle Starr
    Belle Starr

    Myra Maybelle Shirley Reed Starr, better known as Belle Starr , was a famous United States female outlaw....
     Legendary Wild West, female outlaw
  • Nat Turner
    Nat Turner

    Nat Turner was an United States Slavery who led the Nat Turner's slave rebellion that resulted in 60 dead, the most fatalities in one uprising in the antebellum southern United States....
    , led a slave rebellion
    Slave rebellion

    A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by Slavery. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery, and are amongst the most feared events for slaveholders....
     in Southampton County
    Southampton County, Virginia

    Southampton County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a U.S. state of the United States. As of the United States Census, 2000, the population was 17,482....
    , Virginia
    Virginia

    The Commonwealth of Virginia is an United States U.S. state on the East Coast of the United States of the Southern United States. The state is known as the "Old Dominion" and sometimes as "Mother of Presidents", because it is the birthplace of Lists of United States Presidents by place of birth#By state....
     during August 1831.


Anthropology, archaeology, scholars

  • Churchill Babington
    Churchill Babington

    Churchill Babington was an England classics and archaeology, born at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire.He was first educated by his father, Matthew Drake Babington, and then studied under Charles Wycliffe Goodwin, the orientalism and archaeology, entering St John's College, Cambridge in 1839 and graduating in 1843, seventh in the first cla...
    , Archaeology
  • Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier
    Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier

    Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier was an American archaeologist after whom Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico is named.Bandelier was born in Bern, Switzerland....
    , Archaeology
  • Franz Boas
    Franz Boas

    Franz Boas was a Germans-United States anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology"....
    , Anthropology
  • Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg
    Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg

    Abb? Charles-?tienne Brasseur de Bourbourg was a noted French writer, ethnographer, historian and archaeology. He became a specialist in Mesoamerican studies, travelling extensively in the region....
    , Archaeology
  • Louis Agassiz Fuertes
    Louis Agassiz Fuertes

    Louis Agassiz Fuertes was an United States of America ornithologist, illustrator and artist.Fuertes decided to concentrate on painting birds as a career after meeting Elliott Coues in 1894 while on a trip to Washington, D.C....
    , Ornithology
  • George Bird Grinnell
    George Bird Grinnell

    George Bird Grinnell was an United States anthropologist, historian, natural history, and writer. Grinnell was born in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated from Yale University with a B.A....
    , Anthropology
  • Joseph LeConte
    Joseph LeConte

    Joseph Le Conte was an United States geologist and professor at the University of California, Berkeley....
    , Scholar, preservationist
    Preservationist

    A preservationist generally refers to one who wishes to preserve a historic structure from demolition or degradation.Persons who work to preserve ancient or endangered languages are also referred to as preservationists....
  • Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai
    Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai

    Nicholai Nicholaevich Miklukho-Maklai...
    , Anthropology
  • Clinton Hart Merriam
    Clinton Hart Merriam

    Clinton Hart Merriam was an United States zoologist, ornithologist, entomologist and ethnographer.He was born in New York City in 1855. His father, Clinton Levi Merriam, was a U.S....
    , Zooligy
  • Lewis H. Morgan
    Lewis H. Morgan

    Lewis Henry Morgan was an American ethnologist, anthropologist and writer. Nevertheless, his professional life was in the field of law. He is best known for his work on cultural evolution and Native Americans in the United States, which influenced the growth of the emerging new fields of ethnology and anthropology ...
    , Anthropology
  • Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat
    Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat

    Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat was a France History and Archaeology.His father, a working cabinet-maker, came from Paray-le-Monial to Paris to support his large family; Quicherat was born there....
    , Archaeology
  • Robert Ridgway
    Robert Ridgway

    Robert Ridgway was an United States ornithologist.Born in Mount Carmel, Illinois, Ridgway was a protege of zoologist Spencer Fullerton Baird, who, on becoming the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, appointed Ridgway the first full-time curator of birds at the U.S....
    , Ornithology
  • Edward Burnett Tylor
    Edward Burnett Tylor

    Sir Edward Burnett Tylor , was an England anthropologist.Tylor is considered representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin....
    , Anthropology
  • Karl Verner
    Karl Verner

    Karl Verner was a Denmark linguistics. He is remembered today for Verner's law, which he discovered in 1875.Verner, whose interest in languages was stimulated by reading about the work of Rasmus Christian Rask, began his university studies in 1864....
    , Linguist


Journalists, missionaries, explorers

  • Roald Amundsen
    Roald Amundsen

    Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen , was a Norwegian people Exploration of polar regions. He led the first Antarctica expedition to reach the South Pole between 1910 and 1912....
    , explorer
  • Samuel Baker
    Samuel Baker

    Sir Samuel White Baker, Order of the Bath, Royal Society, Royal Geographic Society was a United Kingdom List of explorers, officer, naturalist, big game hunter, engineer, writer and abolitionism....
    , explorer
  • Thomas Baines
    Thomas Baines

    Thomas Baines was an England artist and explorer of British colonies southern Africa and Australia. Born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, Baines was apprenticed to a coach painter at an early age....
    , artist, explorer
  • Richard Francis Burton
    Richard Francis Burton

    Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton Order of St Michael and St George Royal Geographic Society was an English explorer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, ethnologist, linguistics, poet, hypnotism, fencing and diplomat....
    , explorer
  • The Lewis&Clark expedition, exploration
  • Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh
    Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh

    Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh was an United States explorer, born in McConnelsville, Ohio. He was educated in the United States and in Europe....
    , explorer
  • Percy Fawcett
    Percy Fawcett

    Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett was a United Kingdom archaeologist and exploration.Along with his son, Fawcett disappeared under unknown circumstances in 1925 during an expedition to find what he believed to be an Ancient history lost city in the uncharted jungles of Brazil....
    , adventurer, explorer, proto-Indiana Jones
    Indiana Jones

    Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr. is a fictional character adventurer, soldier, professor of archaeology, and the main protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise....
  • Horace Greeley
    Horace Greeley

    Horace Greeley was an United States editor of a leading History of American newspapers, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party , a reformer, and a politician....
    , journalist
  • Peter Jones (missionary), Canadian Methodist minister, and go-between between Christians and his fellow Mississaugas
    Mississaugas

    The Mississaugas are a subtribe of the Anishinaabe First Nations people located in southern Ontario, Canada, closely related to the Ojibwa. The name "Mississauga" comes from the Anishinaabe language word Misi-zaagiing, meaning "[Those at the] Great River-mouth."...
     and other Indian tribes.
  • Adoniram Judson
    Adoniram Judson

    Adoniram Judson, Sr. was an United States Baptist missionary who labored for almost forty years in Burma . At the age of 25, Adoniram Judson was the first Protestant missionary sent from North America to preach in Burma....
    , missionary
  • Sir John Kirk
    John Kirk (explorer)

    Sir John Kirk was a Scotland physician, naturalist, companion to explorer David Livingstone, and British administrator in Zanzibar. He was born in Barry, near Arbroath, Scotland and is buried in St....
    , explorer, physician, companion of David Livingston
  • Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
    Joseph Dalton Hooker

    Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Order of Merit, Order of the Star of India, Order of the Bath, Doctor of Medicine, Fellow of the Royal Society was an England botanist and explorer....
    , botanist, explorer, friend of Charles Darwin
  • Sir William Jackson Hooker
    William Jackson Hooker

    Sir William Jackson Hooker, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English botany....
    , botanist, explorer, father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
  • David Livingstone
    David Livingstone

    Doctor David Livingstone was a Scotland Congregational church pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and List of explorers in Central Africa Africa....
    , missionary
  • Thomas Nast
    Thomas Nast

    Thomas Nast was a famous German-American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon."...
    , journalist, caricaturist and editorial cartoonist
    Editorial cartoonist

    An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary....
  • Robert Peary
    Robert Peary

    Robert Edwin Peary was an United States explorer who claimed to have been the first person, on April 6, 1909, to reach the geographic North Pole....
    , explorer
  • John Hanning Speke
    John Hanning Speke

    John Hanning Speke was an officer in the British Indian army, who made three voyages of exploration to Africa and who is most associated with the search for the Nile#The_search_for_the_source_of_the_Nile....
    , explorer
  • Henry M. Stanley, journalist
  • John L. O'Sullivan
    John L. O'Sullivan

    John Louis O'Sullivan was an United States columnist and editor who used the term "Manifest Destiny" in 1845 to promote the Texas Annexation and the Oregon Country to the United States....
    , journalist who coined Manifest Destiny
    Manifest Destiny

    Manifest Destiny is the historical belief that the United States was destined and divinely ordained by God in Christianityto expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean....


Photography

Mathew Brady 1875 Cropped
*Ottomar Anschütz
Ottomar Anschütz

Ottomar Ansch?tz was an inventor, photographer, chronophotographer and significant contributor to the history of cinema....
, chronophotographer
  • Mathew Brady
    Mathew Brady

    Matthew B. Brady was one of the most celebrated 19th century United States photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War....
    , documented the American Civil War
    American Civil War

    The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
  • Edward S. Curtis
    Edward S. Curtis

    Edward Sheriff Curtis was a photographer of the American West and of Native Americans in the United States peoples....
    , documented the American West notably Native Americans
    Native Americans in the United States

    Native Americans in the United States are the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii....
  • Louis Daguerre
    Louis Daguerre

    Louis-Jacques-Mand? Daguerre was a France artist and chemist, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography....
    , inventor of daguerreotype
    Daguerreotype

    A daguerreotype is an early type of photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a coating of silver halide particles deposited by iodine vapor....
     process of photography, chemist
  • Thomas Eakins
    Thomas Eakins

    Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was an United States Realism Painting, photographer, Sculpture, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history....
    , pioneer motion photographer
  • George Eastman
    George Eastman

    George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream. Roll film was also the basis for the invention of the film stock in 1888 by world's first filmmaker, Louis Le Prince, and a decade later by his followers L?on Bouly, Thomas Edison, the Lumi?re Brothers and Georges M?li?s....
    , inventor of the roll of film
    Photographic film

    Photographic film is a sheet of plastic coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and of the film....
  • Hércules Florence
    Hércules Florence

    Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence was a French-Brazilian Painting and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre , using the matrix negative/positive, still in use....
    , pioneer inventor of photography
  • Auguste and Louis Lumičre, pioneer filmmakers, inventors
  • Étienne-Jules Marey
    Étienne-Jules Marey

    ?tienne-Jules Marey was a France scientist and Chronophotography, born in Beaune, France.His work was significant in the development of cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of labor photography....
    , pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer
  • Eadweard Muybridge
    Eadweard Muybridge

    Eadweard J. Muybridge was an England List of photographers, known primarily for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion , and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the celluloid film strip that is still used today....
    , pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer
  • Nadar
    Nadar (photographer)

    Nadar was the pseudonym of Gaspard-F?lix Tournachon , a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist and balloon ....
     aka Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, portrait photographer
  • Nicéphore Niépce
    Nicéphore Niépce

    Joseph Nic?phore Ni?pce was a France inventor, most noted as the inventor of photography and a History of photography in the field. He is well-known for taking some of the earliest photographs, dating to the 1820s....
    , pioneer inventor of photography
    Photography

    Photography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving by recording radiation on a sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an ....
  • Louis Le Prince
    Louis Le Prince

    Louis Aim? Augustin Le Prince was an inventor who is considered by many film historians as the true father of motion pictures who shot first moving pictures on paper film using a single lens camera....
    , motion picture inventor and pioneer filmmaker
  • William Fox Talbot
    William Fox Talbot

    File:William Henry Fox Talbot, by John Moffat, 1864.jpgWilliam Henry Fox Talbot , was the inventor of the negative / positive photographic process, the precursor to most photographic processes of the 19th and 20th centuries....
    , inventor of the negative / positive photographic process.


Visual artists, painters, sculptors

Claude Monet, Impression, Soleil Levant, 1872
Vincent Willem Van Gogh 109
The Realism
Realism (visual arts)

Realism is a visual art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see. Realists render everyday life characters, situations, dilemmas, and objects, all in verisimilitude....
 and Romanticism
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
 of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism
Impressionism

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists art exhibition their art publicly in the 1860s....
 and Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Edouard Manet....
 in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School
Hudson River school

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century United States art movement by a group of landscape art Paintings, whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism....
 was prominent. 19th century painters included:
  • Albert Bierstadt
    Albert Bierstadt

    Albert Bierstadt was a Germany-United States painting best known for his large landscape arts of the American West. In obtaining the subject matter for these works, Bierstadt joined several journeys of the Westward Expansion....
  • William Blake
    William Blake

    William Blake was an English people English poetry, Painting, and printmaker. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both poetry and the visual arts of the Romanticism....
  • Mary Cassatt
    Mary Cassatt

    Mary Stevenson Cassatt was an United States painter and printmaker. She lived much of her adult life in France, where she first befriended Edgar Degas and later exhibited among the Impressionists....
  • Camille Claudel
    Camille Claudel

    Camille Claudel was a French sculpture and graphic artist. She was the older sister of the French poet and diplomat, Paul Claudel....
  • Paul Cezanne
    Paul Cézanne

    Paul C?zanne was a French artist and Post-Impressionist Painting whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th century conception of artistic endeavour to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century....
  • Frederic Edwin Church
    Frederic Edwin Church

    Frederic Edwin Church was an United States Landscape art Painting born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape art painters....
  • Thomas Cole
    Thomas Cole

    Thomas Cole was a 19th century United States artist. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century....
  • John Constable
    John Constable

    John Constable was an England Romanticism painting. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape art of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home?now known as "Constable Country"?which he invested with an intensity of affection....
  • Camille Corot
  • Gustave Courbet
    Gustave Courbet

    Jean D?sir? Gustave Courbet was a France Painting who led the realism movement in 19th-century French painting....
  • Honoré Daumier
    Honoré Daumier

    Honor? Daumier , was a France printmaker, caricaturist, Painting, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century....
  • Edgar Degas
    Edgar Degas

    Edgar Degas , born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas , was a French artist famous for his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking and drawing. He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist....
  • Eugčne Delacroix
    Eugčne Delacroix

    Ferdinand Victor Eug?ne Delacroix was a France Romanticism artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school....
  • Thomas Eakins
    Thomas Eakins

    Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was an United States Realism Painting, photographer, Sculpture, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history....
  • Caspar David Friedrich
    Caspar David Friedrich

    Caspar David Friedrich was a 19th-century German Romanticism Landscape art painter, generally considered the most important of the movement....
  • Paul Gauguin
    Paul Gauguin

    Eug?ne Henri Paul Gauguin was a leading Post-Impressionism Painting. His bold experimentation with coloring led directly to the Synthetism style of modern art while his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way to Primitivism and the return to the pastoral...
  • Théodore Géricault
    Théodore Géricault

    Th?odore G?ricault was an important French painter and lithographer, known for The Raft of the Medusa and other paintings. Although he died young, he became one of the pioneers of the Romanticism....
  • Vincent van Gogh
    Vincent van Gogh

    Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch people Post-Impressionism artist. Some of his paintings are now among the world's best known, most popular and expensive works of art....
  • Ando Hiroshige
  • Hokusai
    Hokusai

    was a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e Painting and printmaker of the Edo period. In his time, he was Japan's leading expert on Chinese painting. Born in Edo , Hokusai is best-known as author of the woodblock printing in Japan series 36 Views of Mount Fuji which includes the iconic and internationally recognized print, The Great Wave off Kanagawa...
  • Winslow Homer
    Winslow Homer

    Winslow Homer was an United States landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19th century America and a preeminent figure in American art....
  • Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
  • Édouard Manet
    Édouard Manet

    ?douard Manet , 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883, was a French Painting. One of the first nineteenth century artists to approach modern-life subjects, he was a pivotal figure in the transition from realism to Impressionism....
  • Claude Monet
    Claude Monet

    Claude Monet also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet was a founder of French impressionism painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting....
  • Gustave Moreau
    Gustave Moreau

    Gustave Moreau was a France Symbolist painters whose main focus was the illustration of Bible and mythological figures. As a painter of literary ideas rather than visual images, Moreau appealed to the imaginations of some Symbolism writers and artists, who saw him as a precursor to their movement....
  • Berthe Morisot
    Berthe Morisot

    Berthe Morisot was a Painting and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists. Undervalued for over a century, possibly because she was a woman, she is now considered among the first league of Impressionist painters....
  • Edvard Munch
    Edvard Munch

    Edvard Munch was a Norway Symbolism Painting, printmaker, and an important forerunner of Expressionism. His best-known composition, The Scream is one of the pieces in a series titled The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholy....
  • Camille Pissarro
    Camille Pissarro

    Camille Pissarro was a French Impressionist Painting. His importance resides not only in his visual contributions to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, but also in his patriarchal standing among his colleagues, particularly Paul C?zanne and Paul Gauguin....
  • Pierre-Auguste Renoir
  • Auguste Rodin
  • Albert Pinkham Ryder
    Albert Pinkham Ryder

    Albert Pinkham Ryder was an United States of America painter best known for his poetic and moody allegory works and seascapes, as well as his eccentric personality....
  • John Singer Sargent
    John Singer Sargent

    John Singer Sargent was the most successful portrait painter of his era. During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings....
  • Georges Seurat
  • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
    Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

    Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa or simply Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was a French Painting, printmaking, drawing, and illustrator, whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of fin de si?cle Paris yielded an oeuvre of exciting, elegant and provocative images of the modern and sometimes decadent life of thos...
  • Joseph Mallord William Turner
    J. M. W. Turner

    Joseph Mallord William Turner Royal Academy was an English Romanticism Landscape art, watercolourist and printmaker, whose style is said to have laid the foundation for Impressionism....
  • James Abbott McNeill Whistler
  • Tsukioka Yoshitoshi


Music

Beethoven
Niccolopaganini
Sonata form
Sonata form

Sonata form is a musical form that has been used widely since the early Classical music era. While it is typically used in the first Movement of multimovement pieces, it is sometimes employed in subsequent movements as well....
 matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the Romantic
Romantic music

In music, romanticism is a term, often considered misleading, and concept derived from literature traditionally defined by attributes including, "interest in nature, medieval chivalry, mysticism, [and] remoteness [ Social alienation and Solitude]"....
 style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. He was a crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical music era and Romantic music eras in classical music, and remains one of the most acclaimed and influential composers of all time....
, Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt was a Kingdom of Hungary composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.Liszt became renowned throughout Europe for his great skill as a performer during the 19th century....
, Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric Chopin

Fr?d?ric Chopin was a composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic music period. He is widely regarded as the greatest Polish composer, and one of music's greatest tone poets....
, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, Conducting, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas . Unlike most other great opera composers, Wagner wrote both the scenario and libretto for his works....
. The list includes:
  • Ludwig van Beethoven
    Ludwig van Beethoven

    Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. He was a crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical music era and Romantic music eras in classical music, and remains one of the most acclaimed and influential composers of all time....
  • Hector Berlioz
    Hector Berlioz

    Louis Hector Berlioz was a French Romantic music composer and guitarist, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Requiem . Berlioz made great contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation and by utilizing huge orchestral forces for his works; as a conductor, he performed several c...
  • Georges Bizet
    Georges Bizet

    Georges Bizet was a France composer and pianist of the Romantic music era. He is best known for the opera Carmen....
  • Arnold Bocklin
  • Alexander Borodin
    Alexander Borodin

    Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin was a Russian composer of Georgian people-Russian people parentage who made his living as a notable chemistry. He was a member of the group of composers called The Five , who were dedicated to producing a specifically Russian kind of art music....
  • Johannes Brahms
    Johannes Brahms

    Johannes Brahms , composer and pianist, was one of the leading musicians of the Romantic music. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene....
  • Anton Bruckner
    Anton Bruckner

    Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known primarily for his symphony, mass , and motets. His symphonies are often considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romantic music because of their rich harmonic language, complex polyphony, and considerable length....
  • Frédéric Chopin
    Frédéric Chopin

    Fr?d?ric Chopin was a composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic music period. He is widely regarded as the greatest Polish composer, and one of music's greatest tone poets....
  • Claude Debussy
    Claude Debussy

    Achille-Claude Debussy was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he is considered one of the most prominent figures working within the field of Impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions....
  • Antonín Dvorák
    Antonín Dvorák

    Anton?n Leopold Dvor?k was a Czechs composer of Romantic music, who employed the idioms and melodies of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia....
  • Edvard Grieg
    Edvard Grieg

    Edvard Grieg was a Norway composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period. He is best known for his Piano Concerto , for his incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's Play Peer Gynt , and for his collection of piano miniatures Lyric Pieces....
  • Scott Joplin
    Scott Joplin

    Scott Joplin was an United States musician and composer of ragtime music. He remains the best-known ragtime figure and is regarded as one of the three most important composers of Classic Rag, along with James Scott and Joseph Lamb....
  • Gustav Mahler
    Gustav Mahler

    Gustav Mahler was a Bohemian-born Austrian composer and conducting. He was best known during his own lifetime as one of the leading orchestral and operatic conductors of the day....
  • Franz Liszt
    Franz Liszt

    Franz Liszt was a Kingdom of Hungary composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.Liszt became renowned throughout Europe for his great skill as a performer during the 19th century....
  • Felix Mendelssohn
    Felix Mendelssohn

    Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn was a Germany composer, pianist, organist and conducting of the early Romantic music period....
  • Modest Mussorgsky
    Modest Mussorgsky

    Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky , one of the Russian composers known as the Five, was an innovator of Music of Russia. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music....
  • Jacques Offenbach
    Jacques Offenbach

    File:Offencolor.jpgJacques Offenbach was a Germany-born France composer and cello of the Romantic music era and one of the originators of the operetta form....
  • Niccolň Paganini
    Niccolň Paganini

    Niccol? Paganini was an Italy violinist, viola, classical guitar, and composer. He was one of the most celebrated violin virtuosi of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique....
  • Camille Saint-Saëns
    Camille Saint-Saëns

    Charles-Camille Saint-Sa?ns was a French composer, organist, Conductor , and pianist, known especially for The Carnival of the Animals, Danse Macabre , Samson and Delilah , Havanaise , Introduction and Rondo capriccioso , and his Symphony No....
  • Antonio Salieri
    Antonio Salieri

    Antonio Salieri , was a Republic of Venice composer and Conducting. As the Austrian imperial Kapellmeister from 1788 to 1824, he was one of the most important and famous musicians of his time....
  • Franz Schubert
    Franz Schubert

    Franz Peter Schubert was an Austrian composer. He wrote some 600 lieder, nine symphonies , liturgy music, operas, and a large body of chamber music and solo piano music....
  • Robert Schumann
    Robert Schumann

    Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann, was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is one of the most famous Romantic music composers of the 19th century....
  • Gilbert and Sullivan
    Gilbert and Sullivan

    'Gilbert and Sullivan' refers to the Victorian era partnership of librettist W. S. Gilbert and composer Arthur Sullivan . Together, they wrote fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H.M.S....
  • Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
  • Giuseppe Verdi
    Giuseppe Verdi

    Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian Romantic music composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers in the 19th century....
  • Richard Wagner
    Richard Wagner

    Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, Conducting, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas . Unlike most other great opera composers, Wagner wrote both the scenario and libretto for his works....


Literature

Charles Dickens 3
Twain in Tesla's Lab
Jane Austen (chopped) 2
Edgar Allan Poe 2
Rwemerson
On the literary front the new century opens with Romanticism
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine
Steam engine

File:Steam-powered fire engine.jpgA steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.Steam engines have a long history, going back at least 2000 years....
 and the railway. William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth was a major England Romantic poetry poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romanticism in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads....
 and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an England poet, critic and Philosophy who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romanticism in England and one of the Lake Poets....
 are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang
Sturm und Drang

Sturm und Drang is the name of a movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in response to the confines of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements....
 spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.

French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
 but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism
Modernism

Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century....
 began.

The Goncourts and Emile Zola
Émile Zola

?mile Fran?ois Zola was an influential France writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Naturalism , an important contributor to the development of Naturalism , and a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus....
 in France and Giovanni Verga
Giovanni Verga

Giovanni Verga was an Italy Literary realism writer, best known for his depictions of life in Sicily, and especially for the short story Cavalleria Rusticana and the novel I Malavoglia....
 in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx
Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
 and Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels was a German Social science and Philosophy, who developed Communism alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto ....
 published the Communist Manifesto.

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy's further talents as essayist, dramatist and Education reform made him the most influential member of the aristocracy Tolstoy....
, Anton Chekov and Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky "An Honest Thief"* "Elka i svad'ba" ; English translation: "A Christmas Tree and a Wedding"* Belye nochi ; English translation: White Nights ...
; the English Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens

Charles John Huffam Dickens, Royal Society of Arts , pen-name "Boz", was the most popular English people novelist of the Victorian era, as well as a vigorous Reform movement....
, John Keats
John Keats

John Keats was an England poetry who became one of the principal poets of the English Romanticism movement during the early nineteenth century....
, and Jane Austen
Jane Austen

Jane Austen was an English novelist whose Literary realism, biting social commentary and masterful use of free indirect speech, Burlesque , and irony have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature....
; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish people playwright, Irish poetry and author of numerous short stories and one novel. Known for his biting wit, he became one of the most successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London, and one of the greatest Celebrity of his day....
; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe was an American poet, Short story writer, Editing and Literary criticism, and is considered part of the American Romanticism. Best known for his tales of Mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the Detective fiction genre....
, Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the transcendentalism movement in the early 19th century. His teachings directly influenced the growing New Thought movement of the mid 1800s....
, and Mark Twain
Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an United Statesmerican author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer....
; and the French Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo

Victor-Marie Hugo was a France poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romanticism movement in France....
, Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac

Honor? de Balzac was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a Novel sequence of almost 100 novels and plays collectively entitled La Com?die humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the fall of Napol?on Bonaparte in 1815....
, Jules Verne
Jules Verne

Jules Gabriel Verne was a France author who helped pioneer the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Journey to the Center of the Earth , From the Earth to the Moon , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and Around the World in Eighty Days ....
 and Charles Baudelaire
Charles Baudelaire

Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a nineteenth century French poetry, critic and translator. A controversial figure in his lifetime, Baudelaire's name has become a byword for literary and artistic Decadent movement....
. Some other important writers of note included:

  • Leopoldo Alas
  • Hans Christian Andersen
    Hans Christian Andersen

    Hans Christian Andersen , also known as simply H. C. Andersen ); was a Denmark author and poet, most famous for his fairy tales. Among his best-known stories are "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Snow Queen", "The Little Mermaid", "Thumbelina", "The Little Match Girl", "The Ugly Duckling" and "The Red Shoes "....
  • Machado de Assis
  • Jane Austen
    Jane Austen

    Jane Austen was an English novelist whose Literary realism, biting social commentary and masterful use of free indirect speech, Burlesque , and irony have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature....
  • Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda
    Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda

    Gertrudis G?mez de Avellaneda y Arteaga was a Cuban writer of the 19th century....
  • Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
    Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

    Gustavo Adolfo Dom?nguez Bastida, better known as Gustavo Adolfo B?cquer, His best known works are the Rhymes and the Legends, usually published together as Rimas y leyendas....
  • Elizabeth Barret Browning
  • Anne Brontë
    Anne Brontë

    Anne Bront? was a United Kingdom novelist and poet, the youngest member of the Bront? literary family.The daughter of a poor Ireland clergyman in the Church of England, Anne Bront? lived most of her life with her family at the remote village of Haworth on the Yorkshire moors....
  • Charlotte Brontë
    Charlotte Brontë

    Charlotte Bront? was a United Kingdom novelist, the eldest of the three famous Bront? sisters whose novels have become standards of English literature....
  • Emily Brontë
    Emily Brontë

    Emily Jane Bront? ; was a United Kingdom novelist and poet, now best remembered for her only novel Wuthering Heights, a classic of English literature....
  • Georg Büchner
    Georg Büchner

    Karl Georg B?chner was a German people dramatist and writer of prose. He was the brother of physician and philosopher Ludwig B?chner. B?chner's talent is generally held in great esteem in Germany....
  • Lord Byron
  • Rosalía de Castro
    Rosalía de Castro

    Rosal?a Castro de Murgu?a better known as Rosal?a de Castro was a Galician language writer and poet.A native of Santiago de Compostela in the Galicia region of northwest Spain, she wrote in both Galician language and Spanish language....
  • François-René de Chateaubriand
    François-René de Chateaubriand

    Fran?ois-Ren?, vicomte de Chateaubriand was a France writer, France during the 19th century. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature....
  • Kate Chopin
    Kate Chopin

    Kate Chopin was an United States author of short story and novels, mostly of a Louisiana Creole people background. She is now considered by some to have been a forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century....
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
    Samuel Taylor Coleridge

    Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an England poet, critic and Philosophy who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romanticism in England and one of the Lake Poets....
  • James Fenimore Cooper
    James Fenimore Cooper

    James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific and popular United States writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novel who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo....
  • Stephen Crane
    Stephen Crane

    Stephen Crane was an United States novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the literary realism tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism ....
  • Eduard Douwes Dekker
  • Emily Dickinson
    Emily Dickinson

    Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was an American poet. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts to a successful family with strong community ties, she lived a mostly introverted and reclusive life....
  • Charles Dickens
    Charles Dickens

    Charles John Huffam Dickens, Royal Society of Arts , pen-name "Boz", was the most popular English people novelist of the Victorian era, as well as a vigorous Reform movement....
  • Arthur Conan Doyle
    Arthur Conan Doyle

    Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, Deputy Lieutenant was a Scotland author most noted for his stories about the Detective fiction Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger....
  • Alexandre Dumas, pčre
    Alexandre Dumas, pčre

    Alexandre Dumas, p?re , born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world....
     (1802-1870)
  • George Eliot
    George Eliot

    Mary Anne Evans , better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an England novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era....
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
    Ralph Waldo Emerson

    Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the transcendentalism movement in the early 19th century. His teachings directly influenced the growing New Thought movement of the mid 1800s....
  • Gustave Flaubert
    Gustave Flaubert

    Gustave Flaubert was a France writer who is counted among the greatest Western literature. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary , and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style....
  • Margaret Fuller
    Margaret Fuller

    Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli, more commonly known as Margaret Fuller, was a journalist, critic and women's rights activist associated with the American transcendentalism movement....
  • Elizabeth Gaskell
    Elizabeth Gaskell

    Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, n?e Stevenson, , often referred to simply as Mrs. Gaskell, was an England novelist and short story writer during the Victorian era....
  • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
    Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

    was a Germans writer and according to George Eliot, "Germany's greatest man of letters? and the last true polymath to walk the earth." Goethe's works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, philosophy, humanism and science....
  • Nikolai Gogol
    Nikolai Gogol

    Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was a Ukrainians-born Russian people writer. Although his early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, were heavily influenced by his Ukraine upbringing and identity, he wrote in Russian and his works belong to the tradition of Russian literature; often called the "father of modern Russian realism" he...
  • Juana Manuela Gorriti
    Juana Manuela Gorriti

    Juana Manuela Gorriti was an Argentina writer with extensive political and literary links to Bolivia and Peru....
  • Brothers Grimm
    Brothers Grimm

    The Brothers Grimm , Jakob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm , were Germans academics who were best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales and for their work in linguistics, relating to how the sounds in words shift over time ....
  • Henry Rider Haggard
  • Thomas Hardy
    Thomas Hardy

    Thomas Hardy, Order of Merit was an England author of the naturalism movement, though he regarded himself primarily as a poet and composed novels mainly for financial gain....
  • Francis Bret Harte
  • Nathaniel Hawthorne
    Nathaniel Hawthorne

    Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne....
  • Friedrich Hölderlin
    Friedrich Hölderlin

    Johann Christian Friedrich H?lderlin was a major German lyric Poetry. His work bridges the Neoclassicism and Romantic poetry schools.Having spent most of his life tormented by mental illness, he suffered great loneliness, and often spent his time playing the piano, drawing, reading, writing, and enjoyed travelling when he had the chance....
  • Heinrich Heine
    Heinrich Heine

    Christian Johann Heinrich Heine was a journalist, essayist, and one of the most significant German literature German Romanticism poets. He is remembered chiefly for selections of his lyric poetry, many of which were set to music in the form of lieder by German composers....
  • Henrik Ibsen
    Henrik Ibsen

    Henrik Johan Ibsen was a major Nineteenth-century theatre Norway playwright of realism drama and poet. He is often referred to as the "father of modern drama" and is one of the founders of modernism in the theatre....
  • Washington Irving
    Washington Irving

    Washington Irving was an United States author, essays, biography and history of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmi...
  • Henry James
    Henry James

    Henry James, Order of Merit , son of theologian Henry James Sr., brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James, was an United States author....
  • John Keats
    John Keats

    John Keats was an England poetry who became one of the principal poets of the English Romanticism movement during the early nineteenth century....
  • Caroline Kirkland
    Caroline Kirkland

    Caroline Kirkland was an United States writer.She was born into a middle class family in New York City, the oldest of eleven children. Her mother was a writer of fiction and poetry....
  • Jules Laforgue
    Jules Laforgue

    Jules Laforgue was an innovative France poet, often referred to as a Symbolism poet. Critics and commentators have also pointed to Impressionism as a direct influence and his poetry has been called "part-symbolist, part-impressionist"....
  • Giacomo Leopardi
    Giacomo Leopardi

    Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi was an Italian poet, essayist, philosopher, and philologist....
  • Stéphane Mallarmé
    Stéphane Mallarmé

    St?phane Mallarm? , whose real name was ?tienne Mallarm?, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French Symbolism poet, and his work antecipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Dadaism, Surrealism, and Futurism ....
  • Alessandro Manzoni
    Alessandro Manzoni

    Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni was an Italy poet and novelist.He is famous for the novel The Betrothed , one of the major works of Italian literature....
  • José Martí
    José Martí

    Jos? Juli?n Mart? P?rez is a Cuban national hero and an important figure in Latin American literature. In his short life he was a poet, an essayist, a journalist, a revolutionary philosopher, a translator, a professor, a publisher, and a political theorist....
  • Clorinda Matto de Turner
    Clorinda Matto de Turner

    Clorinda Matto de Turner was a Peru writer who lived during the age of the Latin American independence movements. Her own independence inspired women throughout the region as her writings sparked controversy in her own culture....
  • Herman Melville
    Herman Melville

    Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. His first three books gained much attention, the first becoming a bestseller, but after a fast-blooming literary success in the late 1840s, his popularity declined precipitously in the mid-1850s and never recovered during his lifetime....
  • Friedrich Nietzsche
    Friedrich Nietzsche

    Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a 19th century philosophy Germans philosophy and classical philology. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, using a distinctive German language style and displaying a fondness for metaphor and aphorism....
  • Manuel González Prada
    Manuel González Prada

    Manuel Gonz?lez Prada was a Peru politician and anarchist, literary critic and director of the Biblioteca Nacional del Per?. He is well remembered as a social critic who helped develop Peru intellectual thought in the early twentieth century, as well as academic style known as modernismo....
  • Aleksandr Pushkin
    Aleksandr Pushkin

    Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian author of the Romanticism era who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature....
  • Arthur Rimbaud
    Arthur Rimbaud

    Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud was a French people poet, born in Charleville-M?zi?res. As part of the decadent movement, his influence on modern literature, music and art has been enduring and pervasive....
  • John Ruskin
    John Ruskin

    John Ruskin was a British art critic and social thought, also remembered as an author, poet and artist. His essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian era and Edwardian period eras....
  • George Sand
    George Sand

    Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant , best known by her pseudonym George Sand , was a France novelist and feminist....
     (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
  • Mary Shelley
    Mary Shelley

    Mary Shelley was a British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel literature, best known for her Gothic fiction Frankenstein ....
  • Percy Shelley
  • Stendhal
    Stendhal

    Henri-Marie Beyle , better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century France writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir and La Chartreuse de Parme ....
     (Marie-Henri Beyle)
  • Robert Louis Stevenson
    Robert Louis Stevenson

    Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson , was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and Travel writing. Stevenson was greatly admired by many authors, including Jorge Luis Borges, Ernest Hemingway, Rudyard Kipling, Vladimir Nabokov, J....
  • Bram Stoker
    Bram Stoker

    Abraham "Bram" Stoker was an Ireland novelist and short story writer, best known today for his 1897 Horror fiction novel Dracula. During his lifetime, he was better known as the personal assistant of actor Henry Irving and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre, London in London, which Irving owned....
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe
    Harriet Beecher Stowe

    Harriet Beecher Stowe was an abolitionist, whose novel Uncle Tom's Cabin depicted life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the U.S....
  • Alfred, Lord Tennyson
  • Henry David Thoreau
    Henry David Thoreau

    Henry David Thoreau was an United States author, poet, Natural history, tax resistance, development criticism, surveyor, historian, philosophy, and leading Transcendentalism....
  • Mark Twain
    Mark Twain

    Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an United Statesmerican author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer....
  • Paul Verlaine
    Paul Verlaine

    Paul-Marie Verlaine was a French poet associated with the Symbolism movement. He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the fin de si?cle in international and French poetry....
  • Jules Verne
    Jules Verne

    Jules Gabriel Verne was a France author who helped pioneer the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Journey to the Center of the Earth , From the Earth to the Moon , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and Around the World in Eighty Days ....
  • Lew Wallace
    Lew Wallace

    Lewis "Lew" Wallace was a lawyer, governor, Union Army general in the American Civil War, United States statesman, and author, best remembered for his historical novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ....
  • HG Wells
  • Walt Whitman
    Walt Whitman

    Walter Whitman was an United States Poetry of the United States, essayist, journalism, and humanism. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and literary realism, incorporating both views in his works....
  • William Wordsworth
    William Wordsworth

    William Wordsworth was a major England Romantic poetry poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romanticism in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads....
  • Émile Zola
    Émile Zola

    ?mile Fran?ois Zola was an influential France writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Naturalism , an important contributor to the development of Naturalism , and a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus....
  • José Zorrilla


Science

Charles Darwin 1881
Louis Pasteur
Mariecurie
The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist
Scientist

A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a system activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy....
 was coined in 1833 by William Whewell
William Whewell

William Whewell was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and History of science. His surname is pronounced "hew-el." ...
. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin Royal Society was an English people natural history who realised and presented compelling evidence that all species of life have evolution over time from common descent, through the process he called natural selection....
, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species
The Origin of Species

Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species is a seminal work in scientific literature and a landmark work in evolutionary biology. The book's full title is On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life....
, which introduced the idea of evolution
Evolution

In biology, evolution is change in the heritability trait of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. These changes are caused by a combination of three main processes: variation, reproduction, and selection....
 by natural selection
Natural selection

Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable trait become more common in successive generations of a population of Reproduction organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes....
. Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur was a France chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal fever , and he created the first vaccine for rabies....
 made the first vaccine
Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease.Vaccines can be prophylaxis , or Medication ....
 against rabies
Rabies

Rabies is a virus zoonotic neurotropic virus disease that causes acute encephalitis in mammals. It is most commonly caused by a bite from an infected animal, but occasionally by other forms of contact....
, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world light with his invention of the lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass
Karl Weierstrass

Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass was a Germany mathematics who is often cited as the "father of modern mathematical analysis"....
 and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis
Arithmetization of analysis

The arithmetization of analysis was a research program in the foundations of mathematics carried out in the second half of the 19th century. Its main proponent was Karl Weierstrass, who argued the geometric foundations of calculus were not solid enough for rigorous work....
. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry....
 and James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell was a Scotland Mathematical physics. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory....
. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included:
  • Amedeo Avogadro
    Amedeo Avogadro

    Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto was an Italian savant. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law....
    , physicist
  • Johann Jakob Balmer
    Johann Jakob Balmer

    Johann Jakob Balmer was a Swiss mathematician and an honorary physicist....
    , mathematician, physicist
  • Henri Becquerel
    Henri Becquerel

    Antoine Henri Becquerel was a France physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. He won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering radioactivity....
    , physicist
  • Alexander Graham Bell
    Alexander Graham Bell

    Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, Innovation and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work....
    , inventor
  • Ludwig Boltzmann
    Ludwig Boltzmann

    Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics....
    , physicist
  • János Bolyai
    János Bolyai

    J?nos Bolyai was a Hungary mathematician, known for his work in non-Euclidean geometry.Bolyai was born in Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire , the son of a well-known mathematician, Farkas Bolyai....
    , mathematician
  • Louis Braille
    Louis Braille

    Louis Braille was the inventor of braille, a world-wide system used by blindness and Visual impairment people for reading and writing. Braille is read by passing the fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six embossed points....
    , inventor of braille
    Braille

    The Braille system is a method that is widely used by blindness people to read and write. Braille was devised in 1821 by Louis Braille, a Frenchman....
  • Robert Bunsen
    Robert Bunsen

    Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen was a Germany chemist. He investigated electromagnetic spectroscopy of heated elements, and with Gustav Kirchhoff he discovered cesium and rubidium....
    , chemist
  • Marie Curie
    Marie Curie

    Marie Sklodowska Curie was a physicist and chemist of Poland upbringing and, subsequently, France citizenship. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes, and the first female professor at the University of Paris....
    , physicist, chemist
  • Pierre Curie
    Pierre Curie

    Pierre Curie was a French Physics, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, and Nobel laureate. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phe...
    , physicist
  • Gottlieb Daimler
    Gottlieb Daimler

    Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist, born in Schorndorf , in what is now the Germany. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development....
    , engineer, industrial designer and industrialist
  • Christian Doppler
    Christian Doppler

    Christian Andreas Doppler was an Austrian mathematician and physicist. He is most famous for what is now called the Doppler effect, which is the apparent change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the wave's source....
    , physicist, mathematician
  • Thomas Edison
    Thomas Edison

    Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb....
    , inventor
  • Michael Faraday
    Michael Faraday

    Michael Faraday, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry....
    , scientist
  • Léon Foucault
    Léon Foucault

    Jean Bernard L?on Foucault was a France physics best known for the invention of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation....
    , physicist
  • Gottlob Frege
    Gottlob Frege

    Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege was a Germany mathematics who became a logician and philosophy. He helped found both modern mathematical logic and analytic philosophy....
    , mathematician, logician and philosopher
  • Sigmund Freud
    Sigmund Freud

    Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalysis of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of Psychological repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue...
    , the father of psychoanalysis
  • Carl Friedrich Gauss
    Carl Friedrich Gauss

    Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss. was a Germans mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, mathematical analysis, Differential geometry and topology, geodesy, electrostatics, astronomy and optics....
    , mathematician, physicist, astronomer
  • Josiah Willard Gibbs, physicist
  • Ernst Haeckel
    Ernst Haeckel

    'Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel' ,also written 'von Haeckel', was an eminent Germany biologist, natural history, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including phylum, ph...
    , biologist
  • Heinrich Hertz, physicist
  • Alexander von Humboldt
    Alexander von Humboldt

    was a German people natural scientist and List of explorers, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguistics, Wilhelm von Humboldt ....
    , naturalist, explorer
  • Robert Koch
    Robert Koch

    Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates....
    , physician, bacteriologist
  • Justus von Liebig
    Justus von Liebig

    Justus von Liebig was a German chemist who made major contributions to agriculture and biology chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry....
    , chemist
  • Nikolai Lobachevsky
    Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

    Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky was a great Russian mathematician, often called the Copernicus of Geometry....
    , mathematician
  • James Clerk Maxwell
    James Clerk Maxwell

    James Clerk Maxwell was a Scotland Mathematical physics. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory....
    , physicist
  • Wilhelm Maybach, car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist
  • Gregor Mendel
    Gregor Mendel

    Gregor Johann Mendel was an Augustinians priest and scientist, and is often called the father of genetics for his study of the biological inheritance of certain Trait s in pea plants....
    , biologist
  • Dmitri Mendeleev
    Dmitri Mendeleev

    Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev , was a Russian chemistry and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of Chemical element....
    , chemist
  • Samuel Morey
    Samuel Morey

    Samuel Morey was an American inventor, who invented an internal combustion engine and was a pioneer in steamships who accumulated a total of 20 patents....
    , inventor
  • Alfred Nobel
    Alfred Nobel

    was a Sweden chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its previous role as an iron and steel mill....
    , chemist, engineer, inventor
  • Louis Pasteur
    Louis Pasteur

    Louis Pasteur was a France chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal fever , and he created the first vaccine for rabies....
    , microbiologist and chemist
  • Santiago Ramón y Cajal
    Santiago Ramón y Cajal

    Santiago Ram?n y Cajal was a Spanish people histology, physician, pathologist and Nobel laureate. His pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were so original and influential that he is considered by many to be the greatest neuroscientist of all time....
    , biologist
  • Bernhard Riemann
    Bernhard Riemann

    Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann was a Germany mathematics who made important contributions to mathematical analysis and differential geometry, some of them paving the way for the later development of general relativity....
    , mathematician
  • William Emerson Ritter
    William Emerson Ritter

    William Emerson Ritter, Ph.D. was an American biologist. Ritter initiated and shaped the Marine Biological Association of San Diego and the American Society for the Dissemination of Science ....
    , biologist
  • Nikola Tesla
    Nikola Tesla

    Nikola Tesla was an inventor and a mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. Tesla was born in the village of Smiljan near the town of Gospic, in Croatia ....
    , inventor
  • William Thomson
    William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

    William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin , Order of Merit , Royal Victorian Order, Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Presidents of the Royal Society, Royal Society of Edinburgh, was an Ireland-born United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Mathematical physics and engineer....
    , Lord Kelvin, physicist


Philosophy and religion

Karl Marx
Fwnietzschesiebe
Bismarck1894
The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:
  • Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
    Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

    Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a controversial Indian religious figure and founder of the Ahmadiyya. He claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th Islamic calendar, the Promised Messiah , the Mahdi awaited by the Muslims in the latter-days, and a "Prophethood ", with some qualifications....
     claimed to be the promised Messiah
    Messiah

    Messiah literally means "anointed ".In Jewish messiah tradition and Jewish eschatology, messiah refers to a future monarch of United Monarchy from the Davidic line, who will rule the people of Israelite#The Twelve Tribes, and herald the Messianic Age of global peace....
     and Mahdi
    Mahdi

    According to the Shia and Sunni versions of the Islamic eschatology the Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth seven, nine, or nineteen years before the coming of the day, Qiyamah ....
    , founded the Ahmadiyya
    Ahmadiyya

    Ahmadiyya , is a religious missionary movement founded towards the end of the 19th century Originating with the life and teachings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ....
    .
  • Bahá'u'lláh
    Bahá'u'lláh

    Bah?'u'll?h , born M?rz? usayn-`Al? Nuri , was the founder of the Bah?'? Faith. He claimed to be the prophetic fulfilment of B?bism, a 19th-century outgrowth of Shia Islam, but in a broader sense claimed to be a Manifestation of God referring to the fulfilment of the eschatology expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major rel...
     founded the Bahá'í Faith
    Bahá'í Faith

    The 'Bah?'? Faith' is a monotheism religion founded by Bah?'u'll?h in nineteenth-century Persian Empire#Persia and Europe , emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind....
     in Persia
  • Mikhail Bakunin
    Mikhail Bakunin

    Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin was a well-known Russian revolutionary and theorist of collectivist anarchism.Born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian people nobles, Bakunin spent his youth as a junior officer in the Russian army but resigned his commission in 1835....
    , anarchist
  • William Booth
    William Booth

    William Booth was a United Kingdom Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Army and became its' first Generals of The Salvation Army . The Christian movement, with a quasi-military structure and government - but with no physical weaponry - founded in 1865, has spread from London, England, to many parts of the world and is known for bein...
    , social reformer, founder of the Salvation Army
    Salvation Army

    The Salvation Army, an international movement, is an evangelical part of the Christian Church. It has a quasi-military structure and it was founded in 1865 in Great Britian as the East London Christian Mission by William Booth and Catherine Booth....
  • Auguste Comte, philosopher
  • Mary Baker Eddy
    Mary Baker Eddy

    Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of the Christian Science movement. Deeply religious, she advocated Christian Science as a spiritual practical solution to health and moral issues....
    , religious leader, founder of Christian Science
    Christian Science

    Christian Science is a religious belief system claimed to have been discovered in the year 1866 by Mary Baker Eddy. Practiced most prominently by members of the Church of Christ, Scientist that she founded, Christian Science asserts that humanity and the universe as a whole are, correctly viewed, spiritual rather than material; that truth an...
  • Friedrich Engels
    Friedrich Engels

    Friedrich Engels was a German Social science and Philosophy, who developed Communism alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto ....
    , political philosopher
  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
    Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

    Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German people philosopher, and with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the creators of German idealism....
    , philosopher
  • Sřren Kierkegaard
    Sřren Kierkegaard

    S?ren Aabye Kierkegaard was a prolific 19th century Denmark philosopher and theologian. Kierkegaard strongly criticised both the Hegelianism of his time, and what he saw as the empty ceremony of the Church of Denmark....
    , philosopher
  • Karl Marx
    Karl Marx

    Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
    , political philosopher
  • John Stuart Mill
    John Stuart Mill

    John Stuart Mill , United Kingdom philosopher, political economy, civil servant and Parliament of the United Kingdom, was an influential liberalism thinker of the 19th century....
    , philosopher
  • William Morris
    William Morris

    William Morris was an English architect, furniture and textile designer, artist, writer, and Socialism associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts Movement....
    , social reformer
  • Friedrich Nietzsche
    Friedrich Nietzsche

    Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a 19th century philosophy Germans philosophy and classical philology. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, using a distinctive German language style and displaying a fondness for metaphor and aphorism....
    , philosopher
  • Nikolai (Nicholas) of Japan
    Nikolai of Japan

    Saint Nicholas, Equal-to-the-Apostles, Archbishop of Japan, born Ivan Dimitrovich Kasatkin was a Russian Orthodox priest, monk, and saint....
    , religious leader, introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan
  • Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
  • Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon
    Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon

    Note: This article is almost entirely based on, and includes large transcripts from, Thomas Kirkup, 'History of Socialism', London, 1892....
    , founder of French socialism
    Socialism

    Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating public or state ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and a society characterized by equality for all individuals, with a fair or Egalitarianism method of compensation....
  • Arthur Schopenhauer
    Arthur Schopenhauer

    Arthur Schopenhauer was a Germany philosopher known for his atheistic pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the fundamental question of whether reason alone can unlock answers about the world....
    , philosopher
  • Joseph Smith, Jr.
    Joseph Smith, Jr.

    Joseph Smith, Jr. was the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, also known as Mormonism, and an important religious and political figure during the 1830s and 1840s....
     and Brigham Young
    Brigham Young

    Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He was the President of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death....
    , founders of Mormonism
    Mormonism

    Mormonism is a term used to describe the religion, ideology and subculture elements of the Latter Day Saint movement, and specifically, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ....
  • Ayya Vaikundar
    Ayya Vaikundar

    Ayya Vaikundar , according to Akilattirattu Ammanai, a scripture of the Ayyavazhi, was a Manu avatar of Narayana. As per the Ayyavazhi mythology the body in which Ayya Vaikundar incarnated is that of Mudisoodum Perumal....
    , initiator of the belief system of Ayyavazhi
    Ayyavazhi

    Ayyavazhi is a Dharmic religion system that originated in South India in the 19th century. It is cited as an independent monism religion by several newspapers and academic researchers....
  • Ellen White religious author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
    Seventh-day Adventist Church

    The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Christianity Religious denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance of Saturday, the original Days of the week of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath and Seventh-day Adventism....


Politics and the Military

George Eastman Stamp
*Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony

Susan Brownell Anthony was a prominent United States civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce History of women's suffrage in the United States....
, U.S. women's rights advocate Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Sch?nhausen, Duke of Lauenburg, Prince of Bismarck, , was a Kingdom of Prussia and Germany statesman and aristocrat of the 19th century....
, German chancellor Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon I of France

Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
, French general, first consul and emperor John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun

John Caldwell Calhoun was the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States. He was a leading United States Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century....
, U.S. senator Henry Clay
Henry Clay

Henry Clay, Sr. was a nineteenth-century United States statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate....
, U.S. statesman, "The Great Compromiser" Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Finis Davis was an United States politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War....
, President of the Confederate States of America
Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America formed as the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern United States U.S. state of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S....
 just before and during the American Civil War
American Civil War

The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
. Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass was an American Abolitionism, History of women's suffrage in the United States, editing, orator, author, statesman and Reform movement....
, U.S. abolitionist spokesman Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII was list of Spanish monarchs twice, in 1808, and from 1813 to 1833 . He was also known as 'Ferdinand, the desired'.The eldest surviving son of Charles IV of Spain, king of Spain, and of his wife Maria Louisa of Parma, he was born in the vast palace of El Escorial near Madrid....
 Joseph Fouché
Joseph Fouché

Joseph Fouch?, 1st Duc d'Otrante was a France statesman and List of Police Ministers of France under Napoleon I of France. In English texts his title is often translated as Duke of Otranto....
, French politician John C. Frémont
John C. Frémont

John Charles Fr?mont , was an United States military Commissioned officer, List of explorers, the first candidate of the History of United States Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery....
, Explorer, Governor of California Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italians military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection....
, unifier of Italy and Piedmont
Piedmont

Piedmont is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,399 km? and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital is Turin. The main local dialect is Piedmontese....
ese soldier Isabella II of Spain
Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II was List of Spanish monarchs She was Spain's first and so far only queen regnant, although she is sometimes considered the third Queen Regnant of Spain, as previous monarchs of Leon and Castile were counted as kings and queens of Spain....
 Gojong of Joseon, Korean
Korean people

The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in East Asia. Most Koreans speak the Korean language....
 emperor William Lloyd Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent United States abolitionism, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States....
, U.S. abolitionist leader William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Liberal Party statesman and four times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ....
, British prime minister Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant , was an United States general and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States ....
, U.S. general and president George Hearst
George Hearst

George Hearst was a wealthy United States businessman and United States Senator, and the father of newspaperman William Randolph Hearst....
, U.S. Senator and father of William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst I was an United States History of American newspapers Business magnate and leading newspaper publisher. The son of self-made millionaire George Hearst, he became aware that his father received a northern California newspaper, The San Francisco Examiner, as payment of a gambling debt....
 Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl

Theodor Herzl was an Austria-Hungary journalist who was the father of modern political Zionism.Herzl was born in Pest, Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary to a Jewish people family originally from Zemun, the Kingdom of Hungary ....
, founder of modern political Zionism
Zionism

Zionism is the international Jewish political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine....
 Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States . He was List of governors of Florida of Florida , commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans , and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy....
, U.S. general and president Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
, American statesman, philosopher, and president Lajos Kossuth
Lajos Kossuth

Lajos Kossuth was a Hungary lawyer, politician and Governor-President of Hungary in 1849. He was widely honored during his lifetime, including in the United Kingdom and the United States, as a freedom fighter....
, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee

Robert Edward Lee , was a career United States United States Army officer , an engineer, and among the most celebrated generals in American history....
, Confederate
Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America formed as the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern United States U.S. state of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S....
 general Libertadores
Libertadores

Libertadores refers to the leaders of the South American Wars of Independence from Spain and Portugal.They were largely bourgeois Spanish Criollo peopless influenced by liberalism and, in most cases, with military training in the metropolis....
, Latin America
Latin America

Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages ? particularly Spanish language and Portuguese language, and variably French language ? are primarily spoken....
n liberators Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery....
, U.S. president; led the nation during the American Civil War
American Civil War

The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
 Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada, first Prime Minister of Canada Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor Napoleon III Cecil Rhodes Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt , also known as T.R., and to the public as Teddy, was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States....
, Explorer, Naturalist, future President of The United States William Tecumseh Sherman
William Tecumseh Sherman

William Tecumseh Sherman was an United States soldier, businessman, educator and author. He served as a General officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War , for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemente...
, Union general during the American Civil War
American Civil War

The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
 Fulwar Skipwith
Fulwar Skipwith

Fulwar Skipwith was an United States diplomat and politician, who served as a U.S. Consul in Martinique, and later as the U.S. Consul in France....
, the first and only president of the short lived Republic of West Florida Leland Stanford
Leland Stanford

Amasa Leland Stanford was an American tycoon, politician and founder of Stanford University....
, Governor of California, U.S. Senator, entrepreneur István Széchenyi
István Széchenyi

Count Istv?n Sz?chenyi, in Hungarian: Gr?f Sz?chenyi Istv?n was a Magyars politician, theorist and writer, one of the greatest statesman of the Hungarian history....
, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. After escaping from Slavery in the United States, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad....
, African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, played a part in the Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century African American Slavery in the United States in the United States to escape to free state and Canada with the aid of Abolitionism who were sympathetic to their cause....
 William M. Tweed, aka Boss Tweed, influential New York City politician, head of Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall , was the History of the United States Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling History of New York City politics and helping immigrants rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s....
 Queen Victoria
Victoria of the United Kingdom

Victoria was from 20 June 1837 the Queen regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and from 1 May 1876 the first Empress of India of the British Raj until her death....
, British monarch Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan

H?ng Xi?qu?n , born Hong Renkun , courtesy name Huoxiu , was a Hakka China who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping tien-quo "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Tian Wang" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ....
, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
Son of God

Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the Christian Bible. In the Tanakh, according to Judaism religious tradition, Son of God has many possible meanings, referring to angels, or humans or even all mankind....
 Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Tokugawa Yoshinobu

Prince Tokugawa Yoshinobu was the 15th and last shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful....
, Japanese Shogun
Shogun

is a military rank and historical title for Hereditary Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces of Japan. The Japanese word for "general", it is made up of two kanji characters: sho, meaning "commander", "general", or "admiral", and gun meaning military troops or warriors....
 (The Last Shogun)

Worst Person

In the BBC's history poll of worst people in history
Worst Britons (BBC History poll)

A list of the worst Britons in history, according to ten English people historians, was compiled by the BBC History in late 2005. Each historian was asked to name the worst British people in a certain century, from the eleventh century onwards....
, the 19th century's worst in Britain was the infamous Serial killer
Serial killer

A serial killer is a person who murders usually three or more people"One of the most famous [geographically stable] serial killers is Wayne Williams....
 Jack The Ripper
Jack the Ripper

Jack the Ripper is an pseudonym given to an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London, England, in late 1888....
, an unidentified killer who murdered many Prostitutes, five, in the autumn of 1888.

See also

19th century in film
19th century in film

See also:1900 in film,list of 'years in film'....
 19th century in games
19th century in games

see also: 18th century in games, 1900s in games...
 19th century inventions
Timeline of invention

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial....
 19th-century philosophy
19th-century philosophy

In the 18th century the philosophies of The Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect, the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau influencing a new generation of thinkers....
 Capitalism in the nineteenth century
Capitalism in the nineteenth century

Capitalism arose in western Europe during the industrial revolution. During the 19th century, capitalism allowed great increases in productivity, whilst triggering great social changes....
 France in the nineteenth century
France in the nineteenth century

The History of France from 1789 to 1914 extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes:*French Revolution *French First Republic ...
 List of wars 1800–1899
List of wars 1800–1899

1800?1809*1800 War of the Castes in Haiti*1801 War of the Oranges*1801?1805 First Barbary War*1801?1807 Temme War*1802?1805 Second War of Haitian Independence...
 Mid-nineteenth century Spain
Mid-nineteenth century Spain

Spain in the nineteenth century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "Peninsular war" ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish nationalism....
 Nineteenth century theatre
Nineteenth century theatre

'Nineteenth-century theatre' describes a wide range of movements in the Theatre culture of the 19th century. In the Western culture, they include Romanticism, melodrama, the well-made plays of Eug?ne Scribe and Victorien Sardou, the farces of Georges Feydeau, the problem plays of Naturalism and Realism , Richard Wagner opera Gesamtkunstwerk'...
 Timeline of 19th century Islamic history Russian history, 1855–1892 Victorian Era
Victorian era

The Victorian Era of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the period of Victoria of the United Kingdom reign from June 1837 to January 1901....


Eras, Epochs, Decades and years