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Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French:baronne) Dudevant (1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her pseudonym
Pseudonym

A pseudonym, , is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name. In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because it is part of a cultural or organizational tradition, as in the case of Religious names used by members of some religious orders and "cadre names" used by Communist party leaders such as Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin....
 George Sand , was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 novelist and feminist.

's father, Maurice Dupin, was the grandson of the Marshal General of France, Maurice, Comte de Saxe
Maurice, comte de Saxe

Maurice, comte de Saxe was a French general who was Marshal of France and later also Marshal General of France....
, as well as a distant relative of Louis XVI
Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI or Louis-Auguste de France ruled as List of French monarchs of France and of List of Navarrese monarchs from 1774 until 1791, and then as Popular monarchy from 1791 to 1792....
.






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Sand Nadar
Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French:baronne) Dudevant (1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her pseudonym
Pseudonym

A pseudonym, , is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name. In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because it is part of a cultural or organizational tradition, as in the case of Religious names used by members of some religious orders and "cadre names" used by Communist party leaders such as Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin....
 George Sand , was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 novelist and feminist.

Early life

Sand's father, Maurice Dupin, was the grandson of the Marshal General of France, Maurice, Comte de Saxe
Maurice, comte de Saxe

Maurice, comte de Saxe was a French general who was Marshal of France and later also Marshal General of France....
, as well as a distant relative of Louis XVI
Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI or Louis-Auguste de France ruled as List of French monarchs of France and of List of Navarrese monarchs from 1774 until 1791, and then as Popular monarchy from 1791 to 1792....
. Her mother, Sophie-Victoire Delaborde was a commoner. Sand was born in Paris
Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
 but raised for much of her childhood by her grandmother, Marie Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Franceuil, at her grandmother's estate, Nohant, in the French region of Berry
Berry (province)

Berry is a region located in the center of France. It was a Provinces of France until the provinces were replaced by d?partement in Frances on March 4, 1790....
 (See House of George Sand
House of George Sand

The House of French writer George Sand, , is located in the village of Nohant, in the Indre Department of France. It was purchased by the French state in 1952, and has been preserved as it was when Sand wrote many of her books there and hosted many of the most important artists and writers of her time, including Frederic Chopin, Balzac,...
). She later used the setting in many of her novels. In 1822, at age 19, she married Baron Casimir Dudevant
Casimir Dudevant

Fran?ois Casimir, Baron Dudevant was a France nobleman, and the illegitimate son of Baron Jean-Fran?ois Dudevant and his mistress Augustine Soul?....
 (1795–1871), illegitimate son of Jean-François. She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice (1823–1889) and Solange (1828–1899). In early 1831 she left her prosaic husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion." In 1835 she was legally separated from Dudevant.

Contemporary views


Sand's reputation came into question when she began sporting men's clothing in public — which she justified by the clothes being far sturdier and less expensive than the typical dress of a noblewoman at the time. In addition to being comfortable, Sand's male dress enabled her to circulate more freely in Paris than most of her female contemporaries could, and gave her increased access to venues from which women were often barred — even women of her social standing
Society

A society is a group of humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive culture and/or institutions....
.

Also scandalous was Sand's smoking
Smoking

Smoking is a practice where a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily done as a form of recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs....
 tobacco in public; neither peerage
Peerage

The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. The term is used both collectively to refer to the entire body of titles, and individually to refer to a specific title....
 nor gentry
Gentry

Gentry generally refers to people of high social class, especially in the past. The word derives from the Latin gentis, meaning a clan or extended family....
 had yet sanctioned the free indulgence of women in such a habit, especially in public (though Franz Liszt's paramour Marie D'Agoult affected this as well, smoking large cigars). These and other behaviors were exceptional for a woman of the early and mid-19th century, when social codes—especially in the upper classes—were of the utmost importance.

As a consequence of many unorthodox aspects of her lifestyle, Sand was obliged to relinquish some of the privileges appertaining to a baron
Baron

Baron is a specific title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and latin baro meaning " man, warrior"; it merged with cognate Old English language beorn meaning "nobleman."...
ess — though, interestingly, the mores
Mores

Mores are norm or convention s. Mores derive from the established practices of a society rather than its written laws. They consist of shared understandings about the kinds of behaviour likely to evoke approval, disapproval, toleration or sanction, within particular contexts....
 of the period did permit upper-class wives to live physically separated from their husbands, without losing face, provided the estranged couple exhibited no blatant irregularity to the outside world.

Poet Charles Baudelaire
Charles Baudelaire

Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a nineteenth century French poetry, critic and translator. A controversial figure in his lifetime, Baudelaire's name has become a byword for literary and artistic Decadent movement....
 was a contemporary critic of George Sand: "She is stupid, heavy and garrulous. Her ideas on morals have the same depth of judgment and delicacy of feeling as those of janitresses and kept women.... The fact that there are men who could become enamoured of this slut is indeed a proof of the abasement of the men of this generation."

Relationships


Sand conducted affairs of varying duration with Jules Sandeau
Jules Sandeau

Leonard Sylvain Julien Sandeau , was a France novelist.He was born at Aubusson, Creuse , and was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time in unruly behaviour with other students....
 (1831), Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée

Prosper M?rim?e was a France dramatist, history, Archaeology, and short story writer. He is perhaps best known for his novella Carmen , which became the basis of Georges Bizet's opera Carmen....
, Alfred de Musset
Alfred de Musset

Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay was a France dramatist, poet, and novelist.Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du si?cle from 1836....
 (summer 1833 – March 1835), Louis-Chrystosome Michel, Pierre-François Bocage, Félicien Mallefille and Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric Chopin

Fr?d?ric Chopin was a composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic music period. He is widely regarded as the greatest Polish composer, and one of music's greatest tone poets....
 (1837–47).

Later in life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert

Gustave Flaubert was a France writer who is counted among the greatest Western literature. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary , and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style....
. Despite their obvious differences in temperament and aesthetic preference, they eventually became close friends.

She was engaged in an intimate friendship with actress Marie Dorval
Marie Dorval

Marie Dorval , was a French actress....
, which led to widespread but unconfirmed rumors of a lesbian affair.

In Majorca one can still visit the (then abandoned) Carthusian
Carthusian

The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St. Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of Enclosed religious orders Monasticism. The order was founded by Bruno of Cologne in 1084 and includes both monks and nuns....
 monastery of Valldemossa
Valldemossa

Valldemossa or Valldemosa is a village and municipality on the island of Majorca, part of the Spain autonomous community of the Balearic Islands....
, where she spent the winter of 1838–39 with Chopin and her children. This trip to Majorca was described by her in Un Hiver à Majorque (A Winter in Majorca), published in 1855.

Chopin left her two years before his death, because of a family disturbance wherein he supported her daughter Solange's marriage choice, which had caused Sand to disown the daughter. Through manipulation, Sand attempted to isolate Chopin in Majorca which caused him ill health which led to his death.

Writing career

A liaison with the writer Jules Sandeau
Jules Sandeau

Leonard Sylvain Julien Sandeau , was a France novelist.He was born at Aubusson, Creuse , and was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time in unruly behaviour with other students....
 heralded her literary debut. They published a few stories in collaboration, signing them "Jules Sand." She consequently adopted, for her first independent novel, Indiana (1832) , the pen name
Pen name

A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise his or her gender, to distance an author from some or all of his or her works, to protect the author from retribution for his or her writings, or for any of a number of...
 that made her famous – George Sand.

Her first published novel, Rose et Blanche (1831), was written in collaboration with Jules Sandeau
Jules Sandeau

Leonard Sylvain Julien Sandeau , was a France novelist.He was born at Aubusson, Creuse , and was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time in unruly behaviour with other students....
.

Drawing from her childhood experiences of the countryside, she wrote the rural novels La Mare au Diable (1846), François le Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette
La Petite Fadette

La Petite Fadette is an 1849 in literature novel by France novelist George Sand. The novel was first officially published in 1900 in literature by Henry Holt and Company....
 (1849), and Les Beaux Messieurs Bois-Doré (1857). A Winter in Majorca described the period that she and Chopin spent on that island in 1838-9.

Her other novels include Indiana
Indiana (novel)

Indiana is the first novel of George Sand, published in April 1832. It was Amandine Aurore Dupin's first novel published under the pseudonym George Sand....
 (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat
Mauprat

Mauprat is a novel by the French novelist George Sand about love and education. It was published in serial form in April and May 1837. Like many of Sand's novels, Mauprat borrows from various fictional genres- the Gothic novel, chivalric romance, the Bildungsroman, detective fiction, and the historical novel....
 (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), Consuelo
Consuelo (novel)

Consuelo is a novel by George Sand, first published Serial ly in 1842 in literature-1843 in literature in La Revue ind?pendante, a periodical founded in 1841 in literature by Sand, Pierre Leroux and Louis Viardot....
 (1842–1843), and Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Further theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include Histoire de ma vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859) (about her affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published in 1926), and Correspondence. Sand often performed her theatrical works in her small private theatre at the Nohant estate.

In addition, Sand authored literary criticism and political texts. Her most widely used quote being, "There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved."

She was known well in far reaches of the world, and her social practices, her writings and her beliefs prompted much commentary, often by other luminaries in the world of arts and letters. A few excerpts demonstrate much of what was often said about George Sand:

"She was a thinking bosom and one who overpowered her young lovers, all Sybil
Sibyl

The word sibyl probably comes from the ancient Greek word sibylla, meaning prophetess. The earliest oracular seeresses known as the sibyls of antiquity, "who admittedly are known only through legend" prophesied at certain holy sites, under the divine influence of a deity, originally? at Delphi and Pessinos? one of the chthonic earth-go...
 — a Romantic
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
."
V.S. Pritchett (writer)

"What a brave man she was, and what a good woman."
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Turgenev

'Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was a Russian novelist and playwright. His novel Fathers and Sons is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction....
 (novelist)

"The most womanly woman."
Alfred de Musset
Alfred de Musset

Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay was a France dramatist, poet, and novelist.Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du si?cle from 1836....
 (poet)

Death

George Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux
Châteauroux

Ch?teauroux is the capital of the Indre Departments of France in central France and the second-largest town in Berry , after Bourges. Its residents are called Castelroussines or Castelroussins....
, in France's Indre
Indre

Indre is a departments of France in the center of France named after the Indre River.The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens....
 département on 8 June, 1876, at the age of 71 and was buried in the grounds of her home there. In 2004, controversial plans were suggested to move her remains to the Panthéon
Pantheon

Pantheon may refer to:*Pantheon , a word used to describe the set of gods of a particular religion, mythology, or fictional universe* A temple, dedicated to all gods, or to all the gods of a given religion...
 in Paris.

Works

  • Voyage En Auvergne (autobiographical sketch, 1827)
  • Compagnon Du Tour De France (1840)
  • La Petite Fadette (1848)
  • Château Des Désertes (1850)
  • Histoire De Ma Vie (autobiography up to the revolution of 1848; 1855)


Novels

  • Rose Et Blanche (1831, with Jules Sandeau)
  • Indiana
    Indiana (novel)

    Indiana is the first novel of George Sand, published in April 1832. It was Amandine Aurore Dupin's first novel published under the pseudonym George Sand....
     (1832)
  • Valentine (1832)
  • Lélia (1833)
  • Andréa (1833)
  • Mattéa (1833)
  • Jacques (1833)
  • Kourroglou / Épopée Persane (1833)
  • Leone Leoni (1833)
  • Simon (1835)
  • Mauprat
    Mauprat

    Mauprat is a novel by the French novelist George Sand about love and education. It was published in serial form in April and May 1837. Like many of Sand's novels, Mauprat borrows from various fictional genres- the Gothic novel, chivalric romance, the Bildungsroman, detective fiction, and the historical novel....
     (1837)
  • les Maîtres Mosaïtes (1837)
  • l'Oreo (1838)
  • l'Uscoque (1838)
  • Spiridion (1839)
  • Un Hiver À Majorque (1839)
  • Pauline (1839)
  • Horace (1840)
  • Consuelo
    Consuelo (novel)

    Consuelo is a novel by George Sand, first published Serial ly in 1842 in literature-1843 in literature in La Revue ind?pendante, a periodical founded in 1841 in literature by Sand, Pierre Leroux and Louis Viardot....
     (1842)
  • la Comtesse De Rudolstady (1843, a sequel to Consuelo)
  • Jeanne (1844)
  • Teverino (1845)
  • Pêche de M Antoine (1845)
  • Le Meunier D'Angibault (1845)
  • La Petite Fadette
    La Petite Fadette

    La Petite Fadette is an 1849 in literature novel by France novelist George Sand. The novel was first officially published in 1900 in literature by Henry Holt and Company....
     (1846)
  • La Mare Au Diable (1846)
  • Lucrezia Floriani (1846)
  • François Le Champi (1847)
  • Les Maîtres Sonneurs (1853)
  • La Daniella (1857)
  • Elle Et Lui (1859)
  • Jean De La Roche (1859)
  • L'Homme De Neige (1859)
  • La ville Noire (1860)
  • Marquis De Villemer (1860)
  • Mademoiselle La Quintinie (1863)
  • Laura, Voyage Dans Le Cristal (1864)
  • Le Dernier Amour (1866, dedicated to Flaubert)


Plays

  • Gabriel (1839)
  • François Le Champi (1849)
  • Claudie (1851)
  • Le Marriage De Victorine (1851)
  • Le Pressoir (1853, Play)
  • Le Marquis De Villemer (1864)
  • L'Autre (1870, with Sarah Bernhardt)


In literature

Frequent literary references to George Sand can be found in Possession
Possession: A Romance

Possession: A Romance is a 1990 bestselling novel by United Kingdom writer A. S. Byatt. It is a winner of the prestigious Man Booker Prize....
 (1990) by A. S. Byatt
A. S. Byatt

Dame Antonia Susan Duffy, Order of the British Empire is an England novelist and poet. She is daughter of His Honour John Frederick Drabble, QC and late Kathleen Marie Bloor and is married to Peter Duffy....
. The American poet Walt Whitman
Walt Whitman

Walter Whitman was an United States Poetry of the United States, essayist, journalism, and humanism. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and literary realism, incorporating both views in his works....
 cited Sand's novel Consuelo as a personal favorite and the sequel to this novel La Comtesse De Rudolstady contains at least a couple of passages that appear to have had a very direct influence on him. Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Elizabeth Barrett Browning was one of the most respected poets of the Victorian era....
 (1806-1861), the English poet, produced two poems "To George Sand: A Desire" and "To George Sand: A Recognition". The character, Stepan Verkhovensky, in Dostoevsky's novel The Possessed took to translating the works of George Sand in his periodical, before the periodical was subsequently seized by the ever-cautious Russian government of the 1840s. George Sand is referenced a number of times in the play Voyage, the first part of Tom Stoppard
Tom Stoppard

Sir Tom Stoppard Order of Merit , Order of the British Empire, FRSL is a British screenwriter and playwright. He has written plays such as The Coast of Utopia, Arcadia , Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, and Rock 'n' Roll ....
's The Coast of Utopia trilogy. And, in the first episode of the "Overture" to Swann's Way - the first novel in Marcel Proust
Marcel Proust

Valentin Louis Georges Eug?ne Marcel Proust was a France novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time , a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction published in seven parts from 1913 to 1927....
's In Search of Lost Time
In Search of Lost Time

In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past is a semi-autobiographical novel in heptalogy by Marcel Proust. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the Madeleine "....
 sequence - a young, distraught Marcel is calmed by his mother as she reads from François le Champi, a novel which it is explained was part of a birthday package from his grandmother which also included La Mare au Diable, La Petite Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs. As with many episodes involving art in À la recherche du temps perdu, this reminiscence includes commentary on the work.

In music, film, TV

  • A Song to Remember
    A Song to Remember

    A Song to Remember is a 1945 in film Columbia Pictures biographical film which tells a ficitonalised life story of Polish pianist and composer Fryderyk Chopin....
     (1945), directed by Charles Vidor
    Charles Vidor

    Charles Vidor was a film director.Born Vidor K?roly to a Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary, he served in the Hungarian Army during World War I....
    , starring Cornel Wilde
    Cornel Wilde

    Cornelius Louis Wilde was an United States actor and film director....
     as Chopin and Merle Oberon
    Merle Oberon

    Merle Oberon , born Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson, was an Academy Award-nominated British film actor....
     as George Sand.
  • Notorious Woman
    Notorious Woman

    Notorious Woman was a 1974 BBC television serial based on the life of France author George Sand. It starred Rosemary Harris in the title role....
     (1974), a 7-part BBC miniseries
    Miniseries

    A miniseries , in a serial storytelling medium, is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes....
     starring Rosemary Harris
    Rosemary Harris

    Rosemary Ann Harris is an England Tony Award-winning and Academy Awards-nominated actor and a member of the American Theatre Hall of Fame....
     as George Sand and George Chakiris
    George Chakiris

    George Chakiris is an American dancer and Academy Awards and Golden Globe-winning film actor....
     as Chopin.
  • In 1976, the band Ambrosia
    Ambrosia (band)

    Ambrosia is a musical group formed in the Los Angeles area during the early 1970s....
     recorded the song "Danse With Me, George (Chopin's Plea)", based on Sand and Chopin's romance. It appeared on Ambrosia's Album "Somewhere I've Never Travelled."
  • Impromptu
    Impromptu (1991 film)

    Impromptu is a 1991 movie, based on a screenplay written by Sarah Kernochan, directed by James Lapine, produced by Daniel A. Sherkow and Stuart Oken, and starring Hugh Grant as Fr?d?ric Chopin and Judy Davis as George Sand....
     (1991), starring Judy Davis
    Judy Davis

    Judy Davis is an Academy Awards-nominated, Screen Actors Guild Award, three-time Emmy Award, two-time BAFTA Award and two-time Golden Globe Award-winning Australian actor....
     as George Sand and Hugh Grant
    Hugh Grant

    Hugh John Mungo Grant is a British people actor and film producer. He has received a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA, and an Honorary C?sar. His movies have earned more than $2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide....
     as Chopin.
  • Les Enfants du siècle (1999), starring Juliette Binoche
    Juliette Binoche

    Juliette Binoche is an Academy Award-winning France film Actor. Binoche is well known worldwide for her roles in popular, award-winning films such as The Unbearable Lightness of Being , The English Patient and Chocolat as well as internationally successful arthouse films including Three Colors: Blue and Cach? ....
     as George Sand and Benoît Magimel
    Benoît Magimel

    Beno?t Magimel is a France actor. A prolific actor who was 12 when he appeared in his first film, Magimel has starred in a variety of roles in French cinema....
     as Alfred de Musset
    Alfred de Musset

    Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay was a France dramatist, poet, and novelist.Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du si?cle from 1836....
  • Chopin
    Chopin: Desire for Love

    Chopin: Desire for Love is a film created by director Jerzy Antczak based on the life story of the famous Poland pianist and composer Fr?d?ric Chopin....
     (2002), directed by Jerzy Antczak
    Jerzy Antczak

    Jerzy Antczak is a Poland film director. His film Nights and Days was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film....
     starring Danuta Stenka as George Sand and Piotr Adamczyk
    Piotr Adamczyk

    Piotr Adamczyk is a Poland actor.He portrayed Karol Wojtyla, who later became Pope John Paul II, in the movie Karol: A Man Who Became Pope and Karol: The Pope, The Man....
     as Chopin.
  • Gossip Girl: "New Haven Can Wait."(2008), Blair Waldorf plans to astonish the dean of Yale University by answering 'George Sand' to his question of whom she would have dinner with, dead or alive.


  • In 2007, Céline Dion
    Celine Dion

    C?line Marie Claudette Dion Order of Canada National Order of Quebec is a Canadian singer-songwriter and actor. Born to a large, impoverished family, Dion emerged as a teen star in the French-speaking world after her manager and future husband Ren? Ang?lil mortgaged his home to finance her first record....
     recorded a song based on a love letter sent from George Sand to Alfred de Musset
    Alfred de Musset

    Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay was a France dramatist, poet, and novelist.Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du si?cle from 1836....
     for her album     D'Elles
    D'elles

    D'elles is the title of Celine Dion's most recent French-language album. It was released between May 18 and June 1, 2007 in certain European countries, on May 22, 2007 in Canada, and February 27, 2008 in Japan....
    .
  • The band Meg & Dia have a song based on Sand's novel Indiana


See also

  • Gustave Flaubert
    Gustave Flaubert

    Gustave Flaubert was a France writer who is counted among the greatest Western literature. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary , and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style....
    , with whom Sand conducted an intimate correspondence.
  • Musée de la Vie Romantique
    Musée de la Vie Romantique

    The Mus?e de la Vie Romantique is a museum located at the foot of Montmartre in the IXe arrondissement at 16 rue Chaptal, Paris, France. It is open daily except Monday; an admission fee is charged....
  • Feminist literature
  • Saint-Benoît-du-Sault
    Saint-Benoît-du-Sault

    Saint-Beno?t-du-Sault is a Communes of France in the Indre departments of France in central France.It is a medieval village , perched in a curve on a rocky butte overlooking the Portefeuille River in the former provinces of France of Berry ....
  • House of George Sand
    House of George Sand

    The House of French writer George Sand, , is located in the village of Nohant, in the Indre Department of France. It was purchased by the French state in 1952, and has been preserved as it was when Sand wrote many of her books there and hosted many of the most important artists and writers of her time, including Frederic Chopin, Balzac,...


External links

  • at Internet Archive
    Internet Archive

    The Internet Archive is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining a free and openly accessible online digital library, including an archive site of the World Wide Web....