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Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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The decline of the Ottoman Empire refers to the era between 1828 to 1908 where the empire experienced several economic and political setbacks. Directly affecting the Empire at this time was Russian imperialism. The political rhetoric was dominated with the economic problems and national uprisings. The Empire tried to catch up to the western world by passing political and administrative reformations.
of Mahmud II's most notable achievements was the abolition of the Janissary corps in 1826, the establishment of a modern Ottoman Army, and the preparation of the Tanzimat reforms in 1839, which marked the beginning of the modernization of Turkey, and had immediate effects, such as introducing European-style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform.
Late in his reign, Mahmud became involved in disputes with his ambitious vassal Mehemet Ali, Wali (Governor) who he had asked for help in suppressing a rebellion in Greece, but had not paid the promised price for his services.
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Encyclopedia
The decline of the Ottoman Empire refers to the era between 1828 to 1908 where the empire experienced several economic and political setbacks. Directly affecting the Empire at this time was Russian imperialism. The political rhetoric was dominated with the economic problems and national uprisings. The Empire tried to catch up to the western world by passing political and administrative reformations.
Mahmud II (Late Period)
One of Mahmud II's most notable achievements was the abolition of the Janissary corps in 1826, the establishment of a modern Ottoman Army, and the preparation of the Tanzimat reforms in 1839, which marked the beginning of the modernization of Turkey, and had immediate effects, such as introducing European-style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform.
Late in his reign, Mahmud became involved in disputes with his ambitious vassal Mehemet Ali, Wali (Governor) who he had asked for help in suppressing a rebellion in Greece, but had not paid the promised price for his services. In 1831, the Wali declared war, and managed to take control of Syria and Arabia by the war's end in 1833. In 1839, Mahmud resumed the war, hoping to recover his losses, but at the very time he died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the Empire's army had been signally defeated at Nezib by an Egyptian army led by Mehemet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha.
Rise of nationalism
The rise of the Western notion of nationalism, rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet concept. Unquestionably, an understanding of the concept of the nationhood prevalent in the Ottoman Empire which was different from the current one as it was centered on religion, helps us to understand what happened during the decline period.
Abd-ul-Mejid I
- Sultan info Abd-ul-Mejid I
Crimean War, 1853-56
The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia (which would be absorbed into Italy in 1861), and the Ottoman Empire on the other. The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey and the Baltic Sea region.
Abd-ul-Aziz
- See: for the Sultan info Abd-ul-Aziz
Bulgaria, 1870s
The rise of national awakening of Bulgaria led to the Bulgarian revival movement. Unlike Greece and Serbia, the nationalist movement in Bulgaria did not concentrate initially on armed resistance against the Ottoman Empire. After the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate on February 28, 1870 a large-scale armed struggle movement started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s with the establishment of the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, as well as the active envolvement of Vasil Levski in both organisations. The struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in April, 1876 in several Bulgarian districts in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. The barbaric suppression of the uprising and the atrocities committed against the civilian population increased the Bulgarian desire for independence.
Abdul Hamit II
- for the Sultan info Abdul Hamid II
First Constitutional Era, 1876-78
The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Kanūn-i Esāsī (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, on 23 November 1876 until 13 February 1878. The era ended with the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Abdülhamid II.
Russo-Turkish War, 187778
The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, each of which had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost half a millenium of Ottoman domination (1396-1878), the Bulgarian state was reestablished as the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania) and the region of Sofia, which became the new state's capital. The Congress of Berlin also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Great Britain to take over Cyprus, while the Russian Empire annexed Southern Bessarabia and the Kars region.
See also
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