This is a
list of inventorAn inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method, form, device or other useful means. The word inventor comes form the latin verb invenire, invent-, to find...
s.
See also: List of scientists, Timeline of historic inventions,
List of inventions named after people,
List of inventors killed by their own inventions, and :Category:Inventors.
A
- Bruno Abakanowicz
Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz was a mathematician, inventor and electrical engineer.- Life and Nationality :Abakanowicz was born in 1852 in Vilkmergė, Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire...
, (1852-1900), PolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
/LithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— IntegraphAn Integraph is an instrument used in mathematics for plotting the integral of a graphically defined function.It was invented independently about 1880 by the British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys and by Bruno Abakanowicz, a Polish-Lithuanian mathematician from the Russian Empire....
, spirographSpirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The term has also been used to describe a variety of software applications that display similar curves, and applied to the class of curves that can be produced...
, parabolagraph
- Vitaly Mikhaylovich Abalakov
Vitaly Mikhaylovich Abalakov was a Soviet/Russian mountaineer and inventor.Brother of Yevgeniy Abalakov, another famous alpinist, he made the first Soviet ascent of Lenin Peak in 1934 and two more ascents of this mountain...
, (1906–1986), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor.
- Hovannes Adamian
Hovannes Abgari Adamian was an Armenian engineer, an author of more than 20 inventions...
, (1879–1932), ArmeniaArmenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— tricolor principle of the color televisionColor television refers to the technology and practices associated with television's transmission of moving images in color.In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red, green and blue...
- Robert Adler
Robert Adler was an Austrian-born American inventor who held numerous patents.-Achievements:Adler was born in Vienna, where he earned a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Vienna in 1937. After emigrating to the United States, he began working at Zenith Electronics in the research division in...
, (1913–2007), AustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
/United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— wireless remote controlA remote control is a component of an electronics device, most commonly a television set, used for operating the device wirelessly from a short line-of-sight distance....
- Turhan Alçelik
A non-glaring headlamp is an invention by Assist. Prof. Dr. Turhan Alçelik. It is a headlamp with a continuous long-distance illumination without glaring effects.-Characteristics:...
(c. 2006), TurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
— non-glaring headlampA non-glaring headlamp is an invention by Assist. Prof. Dr. Turhan Alçelik. It is a headlamp with a continuous long-distance illumination without glaring effects.-Characteristics:...
- Anatoly Alexandrov, (1903–1994), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— anti-mineA naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to destroy ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of or contact with an enemy ship...
demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactorNuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship powered by a nuclear reactor. Naval nuclear propulsion is propulsion that specifically refers to naval warships .-Power plants:...
s (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)
- Alexandre Alexeieff, (1901–1982) Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
/FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)
- Rostislav Alexeyev
Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeyev was a designer of highspeed shipbuilding. He invented and designed the world's first Ekranoplans. His work has been compared to that of A.N. Tupolev in aviation and S.P...
, (1916–1980), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— Ekranoplan
- Zhores Alferov, (1930), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- heterotransistor, continuous-wave-operating diode laser (together with Dmitri GarbuzovDmitri Nikolayevich Garbuzov is a Russian professional football player. As of August 2009, he plays for FC Pskov-747 Pskov.-External links:*...
)
- Mary Anderson
Mary Anderson was a real estate developer, rancher, viticulturist and inventor of the windshield wiper blade. In November 1903 Anderson was granted her first patent for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled inside the car, called the windshield wiper.-Early life:Anderson was born on...
, (1866–1953), United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— windshield wiper blade
- Nicolas Appert
Nicolas Appert , was born in Châlons-en-Champagne and was the French inventor of airtight food preservation. Appert, known as the "father of canning," was a confectioner...
, (1749–1841), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— canningCanning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container. The process was first developed as a French military discovery by Nicolas Appert...
(airtight food preservation)
- Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity...
, (c. 287–212 BC), GreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
— Archimedes' screwArchimedes' screw, the Archimedes screw, the Archimedean screw or the screwpump is a machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches...
- Ami Argand, (1750–1803), France
France , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— Argand lampThe Argand lamp was invented and patented in 1780 by Aimé Argand. It greatly improved on the home lighting oil lamp of the day by producing a light equivalent to about 6 to 10 candles. It had a tubular wick mounted between a pair of concentric cylindrical metal tubes so that air is channeled...
- Edwin H. Armstrong,(1890–1954), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— FM radio
- William George Armstrong, (1810–1900), UK — hydraulic crane
Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control,...
- Neil Arnott
Neil Arnott was a Scottish physician.Neil Arnott FRS was a distinguished graduate of Marischal College, University of Aberdeen and subsequently learned in London under Sir Everard Home , through whom he obtained, while yet in his nineteenth year, the appointment of full surgeon to an East Indiaman...
, (1788–1874), UK — waterbedA waterbed or water mattress is a bed or mattress filled with water.-Construction:Waterbeds primarily consist of two types, hard-sided beds and soft-sided beds....
- Lev Artsimovich
Lev Andreevich Artsimovich was a Soviet physicist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , member of the Presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , and Hero of Socialist Labor .Artsimovich worked on the field of nuclear...
, (1909–1973), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— TokamakA tokamak is a machine producing a toroidal magnetic field for confining a plasma which is characterized by azimuthal symmetry and the use of a plasma-borne electric current to generate the helical component of the magnetic field necessary for stable equilibrium...
- Al-Ashraf
Islamic geography includes the advancement of geography, cartography and earth sciences under various Islamic civilizations. During the medieval ages, Islamic geography was driven by a number of factors: the Islamic Golden Age, parallel development of Islamic astronomy, translation of ancient texts...
, (fl. 1282–1296), YemenYemen , officially the Republic of Yemen is a country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia...
— dry compassA compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel...
- Joseph Aspdin
Joseph Aspdin was a British cement manufacturer who obtained the patent for Portland cement on 21 October 1824....
, (1788–1855), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— Portland cementPortland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world, because it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout...
- John Vincent Atanasoff
John Vincent Atanasoff was an American physicist. The 1973 decision of the patent suit Honeywell v...
, (1903–1995), United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— modern programmable computerA computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century . These were the size of a large room, consuming as...
B
- Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage, FRS was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was...
, (1791–1871), UK — analytical engineThe analytical engine, an important step in the history of computers, was the design of a mechanical general-purpose computer by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837, but Babbage continued to work on the design until his death in 1871. Because of financial,...
(semi-automatic computerA computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century . These were the size of a large room, consuming as...
)
- Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism...
, (1214–1292), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— magnifying glassA magnifying glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle ....
- Nikolay Basov
Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov was a Soviet physicist and educator. For his fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics that led to the development of laser and maser, Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Aleksandr Prokhorov and Charles Hard Townes.-Biography:Basov was born in...
, (1922–2001), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— co-inventor of laserA laser is a device that emits light through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses...
and maserA maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification due to stimulated emission. Historically the term came from the acronym "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation", although modern masers emit over a broad portion of the electromagnetic...
- Leo Baekeland
Leo Hendrik Baekeland was a Belgian chemist who invented Velox photographic paper and Bakelite , an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic.-Career:...
, (1863–1944), BelgianThis article is about the demographic features of the population of Belgium, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....
–AmericanThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Velox photographic paper and BakeliteBakelite , or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, usually with a wood flour filler. It was developed in 1907–1909 by Belgian chemist Dr...
- Ralph H. Baer
Ralph H. Baer is a German American video game pioneer, inventor, engineer, widely known as "The Father of Video Games", who is noted for his many contributions to games and the video game industry...
, (1922–), GermanGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
born AmericanThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— video game consoleA video game console is an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device to display a video game...
- Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Abd-al-latif, Abd-el-latif or Abd-ul-Latif , also known as al-Baghdadi , born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.-Biography:An interesting memoir of Abdallatif, written by himself,...
, (1162–1231), IraqIraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , also known as Mesopotamia, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.Iraq shares borders with Jordan to the west, Syria...
/EgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
— ventilatorVentilation is the intentional movement of air from outside a building to the inside. It is the V in HVAC. With clothes dryers, and combustion equipment such as water heaters, boilers, fireplaces, and wood stoves, their exhausts are often called vents or flues — this should not be confused...
- John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first working television system, also the world's first fully electronic colour television broadcast...
, (1888–1946), ScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
— an electromechanical televisionTelevision is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission...
, electronic color televisionColor television refers to the technology and practices associated with television's transmission of moving images in color.In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red, green and blue...
- Ibn al-Baitar, (d. 1248), Islamic Spain
Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Arab and North African Muslims , at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
— three hundred drugA drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.In pharmacology, a...
s and foodFood is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal, including humans, for nutrition or pleasure. Items considered food may be sourced from plants, animals or other categories such as fungus or fermented products like alcohol...
s, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy is that area of pharmacy practice that is responsible for ensuring the safe, appropriate, and economical use of drugs in patient care. A speciailist in pharmacotherapy has responsibility for direct patient care, often functions as a member of a multidisciplinary team and is...
, Hindiba, pharmacopoeiaPharmacopoeia , in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society .In a broader sense is a reference work for...
- Abi Bakr of Isfahan
In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age , and mostly written in the Arabic language. These developments mostly took place in the Middle East, Central Asia,...
, (c. 1235), PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— mechanical gearA gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational torque by applying a force to the teeth of another gear or device. A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel that has linkages that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully...
ed astrolabeAn astrolabe is a historical astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars; determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa; surveying; and...
with lunisolar calendarA lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. If the solar year is defined as a tropical year then a lunisolar calendar will give an indication of the season; if it is taken as a sidereal year then the calendar will...
analog computerAn analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved...
- Donat Banki
right|frame|Donát BánkiDonát Bánki was a Hungarian mechanical engineer, inventor of the carburetor, togetherwith János Csonka, in 1893, as the Bánki-Csonka engine....
, (1859–1922), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— inventor of the carburetorA carburetor or carburettor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. It was invented by Karl Benz before 1885 and patented in 1886...
- Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, (1888-1944), Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev is both the capital and the largest city of...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
/FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— Optophonic PianoThe Optophonic Piano is an electronic optical instrument created by the Russian Futurist painter Vladimir Baranoff Rossiné.Vladimir Baranoff Rossiné started working on the instrument in 1916. He performed with it at many events and places, including the Bolshoi Theatre...
- John Bardeen
John Bardeen, Ph.D. was an American physicist and electrical engineer, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory...
, (1908–1991), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— co-inventor of the transistorA transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's...
- Vladimir Barmin
Vladimir Pavlovich Barmin was the Soviet scientist, designer of the rocket launch complexes.An asteroid 22254 Vladbarmin was named in his honor....
, (1909-1993), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first rocket launch complex (spaceport)
- Anthony R. Barringer
Anthony R. “Tony” Barringer is a Canadian/American geophysicist. He has made numerous contributions to mineral exploration technology...
, CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
/U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic system
- Earl W. Bascom
Earl W. Bascom was an American painter, printmaker and sculptor, raised in Canada, who portrayed his own experiences cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West.- Childhood :...
, (1906–1995), CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
/U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback riggingFrom the early 1900s up until the mid 1920's, bareback bronc riding was slowly becoming accepted as a professional rodeo sporting event. The riding equipment - riggings or surcingles - used during that era were a mixed lot ranging from just holding a horse's mane, called a mane-hold, or holding a...
, rodeo chaps
- Ibn Bassal
A significant number of inventions were developed in the medieval Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at various times extended from Spain and Africa in the west to the Indian subcontinent and Malay Archipelago in the east...
, (fl. 1038–1075), Islamic SpainAl-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Arab and North African Muslims , at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
— flywheelA flywheel is a mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used as a storage device for rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational speed, which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating torque is exerted on it by its power source such as a...
, flywheel-driven noriaA noria is a machine for lifting water into a small aqueduct, either for the purpose of irrigation or, in at least one known instance, to feed seawater into a saltern....
, flywheel-driven saqiya chain pump
- Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest....
/TurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
— observation tube
- Eugen Baumann
Eugen Baumann was a German chemist. He was one of the first people to create PVC.He discovered together with Carl Schotten the Schotten-Baumann reaction....
, (1846–1896), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— PVCPolyvinyl chloride is a plastic.PVC may also refer to:*Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military honor*Peripheral venous catheter - a small, flexible tube placed into a peripheral vein in order to administer medication or fluids...
- Trevor Baylis
Trevor Graham Baylis OBE is an English inventor. He is best known for inventing a wind-up radio. Rather than using batteries or external electrical source, the radio is powered by the user winding a crank for several seconds. This stores energy in a spring which then drives an electrical generator...
, (1937–), UK — a wind-up radio
- Francis Beaufort
Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, FRS, FRGS was an Irish born hydrographer and officer in Britain's Royal Navy. Beaufort was the creator of the Beaufort scale for indicating wind force.-Biography:...
, (1774–1857), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— Beaufort scaleThe Beaufort scale is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale.-History:...
- Arnold O. Beckman, (1900–2004), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— pHpH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions . Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations...
meter
- Ulugh Beg
Ulugh Beg was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan...
, 1394–1449, PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— Fakhri sextantSextants for astronomical observations were used primarily for measuring the positions of stars. They are little used today, having been replaced over time by transit telescopes, astrometry techniques, and satellites such as Hipparcos....
, mural
A mural instrument is an angle measuring device mounted on or built into a wall. For astronomical purposes, these walls were oriented so they lie precisely on a meridian. A mural instrument that measures angles from 0 to 90 degrees can also be called a mural quadrant.-Construction:Many...
sextant
- Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone....
, (1847–1922), CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, ScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, and U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— telephoneThe telephone is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sound, most commonly the human voice. It is one of the most common household appliances in the developed world, and has long been considered indispensable to business, industry and government...
- Karl Benz
Karl Friedrich Benz, sometimes spelled as Carl, was a German engine designer and automobile engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the petrol-powered automobile and pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer, Mercedes-Benz.Other German contemporaries, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm...
, (1844–1929), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— the petrol-powered automobileAn automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor...
- Alexander Bereznyak, (1912-1974), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first rocket-poweredA rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly-sized jet aircraft, but typically for at most a few minutes of powered operation, followed by a...
fighter aircraft, BI-1Soviet research and development of rocket-powered aircraft began with Sergey Korolev's GIRD-6 project in 1932. His interest in stratospheric flight was also shared by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky who supported this early work...
(together with IsaevAleksei Mihailovich Isaev was a Russian rocket engineer.Aleksei Isaev began work under Leonid Dushkin during World War II, on an experimental rocket-powered interceptor plane. In 1944 he formed his own design bureau to engineer liquid-propellant engines...
)
- Emile Berliner
Emile Berliner was a German-born American inventor, best known for developing the disc record gramophone...
, (1851–1929), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
and U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— the disc record gramophoneThe record player, phonograph or gramophone was the most common device for playing recorded sound from the late 1870s until the late 1980s.- Terminology :...
- Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989...
, (1955–), UK — with Robert CailliauRobert Cailliau is a Belgian informatics engineer who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web.-Biography:...
, the World Wide WebThe World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks...
- Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah
Al-Aziz was the fifth Caliph of the Fatimids .Since Abdallah, the heir to the throne, had died before his father Ma'ad al-Muizz Li-Deenillah , his brother Abu l-Mansur Nizar al-Aziz acceded to the Caliphate with the help of Jawhar as-Siqilli. Under Al-Aziz the Fatimid Empire stretched as far as...
, (955–996), EgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
— airmailAirmail is mail that is transported by aircraft. It typically arrives more quickly than surface mail, and usually costs more to send...
, homing pigeonThe homing pigeon is a variety of domesticated Rock Pigeon that has been selectively bred to be able to find its way home over extremely long distances. The wild rock pigeon has an innate homing ability, meaning that it will generally return to its own nest and its own mate...
- Bi Sheng
Bì Shēng was the inventor of the first known movable type printing press technology. Bi Sheng's press was made of Chinese porcelain and was invented between 1041 and 1048 in China.-Movable type printing:...
, (ca. 990–1051), ChinaChina is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
— clayClay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired...
movable typeMovable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document . The first known movable type system was invented in China by Bi Sheng out of ceramic between 1041 and 1048. Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo...
printingPrinting is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.-History:...
- Laszlo Biro
László József Bíró was the inventor of the modern ballpoint pen.Bíró was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary in 1899. He presented the first production of the ball pen at the Budapest International Fair in 1931...
, (1899–1985), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— modern ballpoint penA ballpoint pen , is a modern writing instrument...
- Clarence Birdseye
Clarence Frank Birdseye II was an American inventor who is considered the founder of the modern frozen food industry.-Early life:...
, (1886–1956), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— frozen foodFrozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for most bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions....
process
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, (973–1048), Persia
History of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— mechanical gearA gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational torque by applying a force to the teeth of another gear or device. A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel that has linkages that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully...
ed lunisolar calendarA lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. If the solar year is defined as a tropical year then a lunisolar calendar will give an indication of the season; if it is taken as a sidereal year then the calendar will...
analog computerAn analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved...
, fixed-wireA wire is a single, usually cylindrical, string of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads and to carry electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Standard sizes are determined by various wire gauges...
d knowledge processing machineA machine is any device that uses energy to perform some activity. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work. A simple machine is a device that transforms the direction or magnitude of a force without consuming any energy...
, conical measureA conical measure is a type of laboratory glassware which consists of a conical cup with a notch on the top to allow for the easy pouring of liquids, and graduated markings on the side to allow easy and accurate measurement of volumes of liquid....
, laboratory flaskLaboratory flasks are vessels which fall into the category of laboratory equipment known as glassware. In laboratory and other scientific settings, they are usually referred to simply as flasks...
, OrthographicalAn orthographic projection is a map projection of cartography. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective projection, in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. The point of perspective for the Orthographic...
astrolabeAn astrolabe is a historical astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars; determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa; surveying; and...
, hodometerThe term Hodometer may refer to:*Hodometer, an older name for an Odometer, a device for measuring the distance travelled by a vehicle.*Hodometer, a Surveyor's wheel, a device for measuring distance. Also called a waywiser or perambulator....
, pycnometer
- J. Stuart Blackton
James Stuart Blackton , usually known as J. Stuart Blackton, was an American film producer of the Silent Era, the founder of Vitagraph Studios and among the first filmmakers to use the techniques of stop-motion and drawn animation. He is considered the father of American animation.Blackton was born...
, (1875–1941), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— stop-motion film
- Otto Blathy
Ottó Titusz Bláthy was a Hungarian electrical engineer. In his career, he became the co-inventor of the electric transformer, the tension regulator , the watt meter, the alternating current electric motor, the turbo generator, and the high efficiency turbo generator.Ottó Titusz's career as an...
(1860–1939), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— co-inventor of the transformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field...
, wattmeterThe wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of any given circuit.-Electrodynamic:The traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument...
, alternating currentIn alternating current the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again...
(AC) and turbogenerator
- Katharine B. Blodgett, (1898–1979), UK — nonreflective glass
In general Glass refers to a solid, brittle, transparent material, commonly used for windows, bottles, or eyewear. Examples of glassy materials include, but are not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, Muscovy-glass, or aluminium oxynitride. The term glass...
- Alan Blumlein
Alan Dower Blumlein was an English electronics engineer, notable for his many inventions in telecommunications, sound recording, stereo, television and radar...
, (1903–1942), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— stereoSTEREO is a solar observation mission. Two nearly identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to pull respectively further ahead of and fall gradually behind the earth...
- Nils Bohlin
Nils Ivar Bohlin was a Swedish inventor who invented the three-point safety belt while working at Volvo....
, (1920–2002), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— the three-point seat beltA seat belt, sometimes called a safety belt, is a safety harness designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result from a collision or a sudden stop...
- Joseph-Armand Bombardier
Joseph-Armand Bombardier was a Canadian inventor and businessman, and was the founder of Bombardier.-Early life and education:...
, (1907–1964), CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
— snowmobileA snowmobile, also known in some places as a snowmachine, sled, or skimobile , is a land vehicle for travel on snow that is commonly propelled by a continuous track or tracks at the rear and steered by skis at the front....
- Jagdish Chandra Bose
Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS was a Bengali polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction...
, (1858 –1937), IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
— CrescographA crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. It was invented in the early 20th century by Jagdish Chandra Bose, a Bengali Indian scientist....
- Robert W. Bower
Dr. Robert W. Bower was born in Santa Monica, CA and is an applied physicist. Immediately after receiving his Ph.D. from The California Institute of Technology in 1973, he worked for over 25 years in many different professions: Engineer, Scientist, Department Head at University of California,...
, (1936–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— self-aligned–gate MOSFETThe metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor is a device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The basic principle of the device was first proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925...
- Seth Boyden
Seth Boyden was an American inventor. He was the brother of Uriah A. Boyden.A New England native who moved to Newark, New Jersey, Boyden perfected the process for making patent leather, created malleable iron, invented a nail-making machine, and built his own steamboat...
, (1788–1870), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— nail-making machine
- Walter Houser Brattain
Walter Houser Brattain was an American physicist at Bell Labs who, along with John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the transistor. They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention. He devoted much of his life to research on surface states.- Early life and education :He was...
, (1902–1987), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— co-inventor of the transistorA transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's...
- Louis Braille
Louis Braille was the inventor of braille, a world-wide system used by blind and visually impaired people for reading and writing. Braille is read by passing the fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six embossed points...
, (1809–1852), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— the BrailleThe Braille system is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write. Braille was devised in 1821 by Louis Braille, a blind Frenchman. Each Braille character or cell is made up of six dot positions, arranged in a rectangle containing two columns of three dots each...
writing system
- Karl Ferdinand Braun
Karl Ferdinand Braun was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics . Braun contributed significantly to the development of the radio and TV technology: won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909.-Biography:...
, (1850–1918), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— cathode-ray tube oscilloscopeAn oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage...
- Harry Brearley
Harry Brearley is usually credited with the invention of "rustless steel" in the anglophone world, although Krupp filed a patent for its brand of Nirosta a few months before Brearley's breakthrough.-Life:Brearley was born in Sheffield, Britain...
, (1871–1948), UK — stainless steelIn metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox, is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 11% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel...
- Sergey Brin
Sergey Brin is a Russian-born American computer scientist best known as the co-founder of Google, Inc., the world’s largest Internet company, based on its search engine and online advertising technology. As of 2009, Forbes ranks Brin as the 26th richest person in the world.Brin immigrated to the...
, (1973–), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
/U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— with Larry PageLawrence Edward "Larry" Page, is a US computer scientist best known as cofounder of Google Inc. He is ranked 26th on the 2009 Forbes list of the world’s billionaires and is the 6th richest person in America...
invented Google web search engineGoogle search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services...
- Rachel Fuller Brown
Rachel Fuller Brown was a chemist best known for her long-distance collaboration with microbiologist Elizabeth Lee Hazen in developing the first useful antifungal antibiotic, Nystatin, while doing research for the Division of Laboratories and Research of the New York State Department of Health....
, (1898–1980), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, NystatinNystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeast infections are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes...
, the world's first antifungal antibiotic
- John Moses Browning, (1855–1926), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— automatic handgun
- Maria Christina Bruhn
Maria Christina Bruhn , was a Swedish inventor, likely to be the first patented female inventor of her country.In 1771, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences offered a reward for any one who would be able to produce a suitable package for gunpowder for the army...
, (1732–1802)
- Edwin Beard Budding
Edwin Beard Budding , an engineer from Stroud, England, was the English inventor of the lawnmower and adjustable spanner.Budding got the idea of the lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface...
, (1795–1846), UK — lawnmower
- Corliss Orville Burandt
Corliss Orville Burandt is an American engineer who invented a system of variable valve timing in automobile engines. Working through a 1965 Corvair, he designed a system of putting a sensor into the cylinder to optimize the fuel-air mixture during combustion...
, U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Variable valve timingIn internal combustion engines, variable valve timing, often abbreviated to VVT, is a generic term for an automobile piston engine technology. VVT allows the lift, duration or timing of the intake and/or exhaust valves to be changed while the engine is in operation...
- Aleksandr Butlerov
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov was a Russian chemist, one of the creators of the theory of chemical structure , the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas, the discoverer of formaldehyde, and the discoveror of the formose reaction.The crater Butlerov on the Moon is...
, (1828–1886), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— formaldehydeFormaldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula CH2O. It is the simplest aldehyde. Formaldehyde also exists as the cyclic trimer trioxane and the polymer paraformaldehyde. It exists in water as the hydrate H2C2. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred...
C
- Robert Cailliau
Robert Cailliau is a Belgian informatics engineer who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web.-Biography:...
, (1947–), BelgiumThe Kingdom of Belgium is a country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO...
— with Tim Berners-LeeSir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989...
, the World Wide WebThe World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks...
- C`ai Lun
Cai Lun , courtesy name Jingzhong , was a Chinese eunuch, who is conventionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper...
, 蔡倫 (50–121 AD), ChinaChina is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
— paperPaper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets....
- Marvin Camras
Marvin Camras was an electrical engineer and inventor who was widely influential in the field of magnetic recording.Camras built his first recording device, a wire recorder, in the 1930s for a cousin who was an aspiring singer...
, (1916–1995), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— magnetic recording
- Chester Carlson
Chester Floyd Carlson was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington....
, (1906–1968), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— XerographyXerography is a dry photocopying technique invented by Chester Carlson in 1938, for which he was awarded on October 6, 1942. Carlson originally called his invention electrophotography...
- Wallace Carothers
Wallace Hume Carothers was an American chemist, inventor and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, credited with the invention of Nylon....
, (1896–1937), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— NylonNylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides and first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont...
- Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi was a legendary Ottoman of 17th-century Istanbul.-Legendary flight:The 17th century writings of Evliyâ Çelebi relate this story of Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi, circa 1630-1632:...
, (fl. 1630–1632), long-distance flightFlight is the process by which an object moves either through the air, or movement beyond earth's atmosphere , by aerodynamically generating lift, propulsive thrust or aerostatically using buoyancy, or by simple ballistic movement.-Buoyant flight:Humans, although not apparently other animals, have...
, artificial wingA wing is a surface used to produce lift for flight through the air or another gaseous or fluid medium. The wing shape is usually an airfoil. The word originally referred only to the foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include the wings of insects , bats, pterosaurs, and aircraft.A...
s
- Joseph Constantine Carpue
Joseph Constantine Carpue was an English surgeon who was born in London. He was associated with St. George's Hospital and Duke of York Hospital in Chelsea. He was a skilled surgeon and popular lecturer of anatomy....
, (1764–1846), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— rhinoplasticRhinoplasty is a surgical procedure which is usually performed by either an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon, maxillofacial surgeon, or plastic surgeon in order to improve the function or the appearance of a human nose. Rhinoplasty is also commonly called "nose reshaping" or "nose job"...
surgery
- George Cayley
Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet was a prolific English engineer, one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight...
, (1773–1857), UK — gliderGlider aircraft are heavier-than-air craft that are supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against their lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine...
, tension-spoke wheelsThe rims of wire wheels are connected to their hubs by wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads.Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and...
, Caterpillar trackContinuous tracks are large tracks used on the so-called caterpillar tanks, construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles. Unlike the Kégresse tracks which use a flexible belt, most continuous tracks are made of a number of rigid units that are joined to each other...
- Roxey Ann Caplin
Roxey Ann Caplin was a British writer and inventor.-Biography:She was born in 1793 in Canada. Around 1835 she married Jean Francois Isidore Caplin ....
, (1793–1888), UK — CorsetA corset is a garment worn to mold and shape the torso into a desired shape for aesthetic or medical purposes...
s
- Dennis Charter
Dennis Charter is an Australian born entrepreneur. He embarked on an early career in the music and entertainment industry in Australia from the late 1960s through to the early 1980s....
, (1952–), AustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the continental mainland , the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans...
— secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafePaySafe was the first Secure Electronic Payment System for Credit Cards over the Internet.PaySafe was conceived in Australia in 1991 by Dennis Charter and developed by a group of computer programmers headed by Justin Fanning and included others such as the renowned international security consultant...
- Vladimir Chelomey, (1914-1984), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first space stationA space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live in outer space. To date, only low earth orbital stations have been implemented, otherwise known as orbital stations...
(Salyut), Proton rocket
- Pavel Cherenkov, (1904-1990), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— Cherenkov detectorA Cherenkov detector is a particle detector using the mass-dependent threshold energy of Cherenkov radiation. This allows a discrimination between a lighter particle and a heavier particle ....
- Adrian Chernoff
Adrian Chernoff is one of America's most prolific young American Inventors with 62 US patents, 10 International patents, and 51 patents pending of Russian, Swiss, and French ethnicity...
, (1971–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber BanditsRubber Bandits are rubber bands with tear resistant attached labels. They are designed to aid tasks involving labeling, bundling, and documenting of items....
- Evgeniy Chertovsky, (1902–), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
– Pressure suitA pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure. Such suits may be either full-pressure or partial-pressure...
- Niels Christensen
Niels Christensen was a Danish-American inventor whose principal invention was the O-ring, the ubiquitous hydraulic seal.-Early years:...
(1865–1952), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— O-ringAn O-ring, also known as a packing, or a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a disc-shaped cross-section, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a seal at the interface.The joint...
- Samuel Hunter Christie
Samuel Hunter Christie was a British scientist and mathematician. He studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge where he was second wrangler. He was particularly interested in magnetism, studying the earth's magnetic field and designing improvements to the magnetic compass. Some of his...
, (1784–1865), UK — Wheatstone bridgeA Wheatstone bridge is a measuring instrument invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. It is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component...
- Juan de la Cierva
Juan De la Cierva was a Spanish Civil Engineer and pilot. His most famous accomplishment was the invention in 1920 of the Autogiro, a single-rotor type of aircraft that came to be called autogyro in the English language...
, (1895–1936), SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
— the autogyroAn autogyro, also known as gyroplane, gyrocopter, or rotaplane, is a type of rotorcraft which utilises an unpowered rotor in autorotation to develop lift, and an engine-powered propeller, similar to that of a fixed-wing aircraft, to provide thrust...
- Alexandru Ciurcu
Alexandru Ciurcu was a Romanian inventor and publisher, famous for his invention with Just Buisson of a reaction engine. It used rocket propulsion and was successfully used to power to boat in 1886. The two men envisioned that such motors would later be used for air travel.-Sources:* at...
, (1854–1922), RomaniaRomania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
— Reaction engineA reaction engine is an engine which provides propulsion by expelling reaction mass, in accordance with Newton's third law of motion. This law of motion is most commonly paraphrased as: "For every action force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction force"....
- Georges Claude
The French engineer, chemist, and inventor Georges Claude , was the first to apply an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of neon gas to create a lamp...
, (1870–1960), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— neon lampA neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing primarily neon gas at low pressure. The term is sometimes used for similar devices filled with other noble gases, usually to produce different colors.- Description :...
- Henri Coandă
Henri Marie Coandă was a Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer and the builder of world's first jet powered aircraft, the Coanda-1910. He discovered and gave his name to the Coandă effect.-Life:...
, (1886–1972), RomaniaRomania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
— Jet engineA jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump-jets...
- Josephine Cochrane
Josephine Cochran [National Inventors Hall of Fame / inventor profile http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/256.html] made the first practical mechanical dishwasher in 1886, in Shelbyville, Illinois.["Everything and the Kitchen Sink: The Memoir of a Dishwasher" The New York Times, May...]
, (1839–1913), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— dishwasherA dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishes and eating utensils. Dishwashers can be found in restaurants and private homes.-How dishwashers work:...
- Christopher Cockerell
Sir Christopher Sydney Cockerell CBE FRS was an English engineer, inventor of the hovercraft.-Life:Cockerell was born in Cambridge, where his father, Sir Sydney Cockerell, was curator of the Fitzwilliam Museum, having previously been the secretary of William Morris. Christopher Cockerell was...
, (1910–1999), UK — HovercraftA hovercraft is a craft capable of traveling over relatively smooth surfaces supported by a cushion of slow moving, high-pressure air, ejected against the surface below, and contained within a "skirt." Although supported by the air, they are not usually considered to be aircraft.Hovercraft are...
- Aeneas Coffey
Aeneas Coffey was born in Calais, France, where he spent his early years. His family returned to Dublin , where he was educated at tcd. He entered the excise service around 1799–1800 as a gauger...
, (1780–1852), IrelandIreland is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain...
— heat exchanger, Coffey still
- Sir Henry Cole, (1808–1882), England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— Christmas cardA Christmas card is a greeting card sent as part of the traditional celebration of Christmas in order to convey between people a range of sentiments related to the Christmas season. Christmas cards are usually exchanged during the weeks preceding Christmas Day on December 25 by many people in...
- Samuel Colt
Samuel Colt was an American inventor and industrialist. He was the founder of Colt's Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company , and is widely credited with popularizing the revolver. Colt's innovative contributions to the weapons industry have been described by arms historian James E...
, (1814–1862), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— RevolverA revolver is a repeating firearm that has a cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. As the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name...
- George Constantinescu
George Constantinescu was a Romanian scientist, engineer and inventor. During his career, he registered over 130 inventions...
, (1881–1965), RomaniaRomania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
— Interrupter gearAn interrupter gear is a device used on military aircraft and warships in order to allow them to target opponents without damaging themselves....
- Lloyd Groff Copeman
Lloyd Groff Copeman was a prolific and successful American inventor who was responsible for devising the first electric stove, an early form of the microwave oven and the flexible rubber ice cube tray, among other products. Mr...
, (1865–1956), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Electric stoveAn electric stove converts electricity into heat to cook and bake.- History :On September 20, 1859, George B. Simpson of Washington, D.C. is awarded US patent #25532 for an 'electro-heater' surface heated by an electric coil; in his words, useful to "warm rooms, boil water, cook victuals...". .....
- Cornelis Corneliszoon
Cornelis Corneliszoon was the inventor of the sawmill.Corneliszoon was born in Uitgeest, The Netherlands. His wind-powered sawmill used a crankshaft to convert a windmill's circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw...
, (1550–1607), The Netherlands — sawmillA sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards.-Sawmill process:A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of 100 years ago; a log enters on one end and dimensional lumber exits on the other end....
- Jacques Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water...
, (1910–1997), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— co-inventor of the aqualungAqualung was the original name for the first open-circuit free-swimming underwater breathing sets; the type most familiar at the time was the twin-hose open-circuit scuba, as developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943, and since then made by various manufacturers with varying...
and the NikonosNikonos is the name of a series of 35 mm film cameras specifically designed for underwater photography launched by Nikon in 1963. The early Nikonos cameras were based on an original design by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Jean de Wouters in 1960, which was manufactured and sold as the Calypso...
underwater camera
- Thomas Crapper
Thomas P. Crapper was a plumber who founded Thomas Crapper & Co. Ltd. in London. Contrary to widespread misconceptions, Crapper did not invent the toilet, nor is the word crap derived from his name...
, (1836–1910), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— ballcockA ballcock is a mechanism for filling water tanks, such as those found in flush toilets, while avoiding overflow. It was invented by Thomas Crapper....
(toilet valve)
- Bartolomeo Cristofori
Bartolomeo Cristofori di Francesco was an Italian maker of musical instruments, generally regarded as the inventor of the piano.-Life:...
, (1655–1731), ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
— pianoThe piano is a musical instrument which is played by means of a keyboard. Widely used in Western music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal...
- János Csonka
Hungarian János Csonka was the co-inventor of the carburetor with Donát Bánki, patented on February 13, 1893.- Life :...
, (1852–1939), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— co-inventor of carburetorA carburetor or carburettor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. It was invented by Karl Benz before 1885 and patented in 1886...
- Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot was a French inventor. He is believed to have built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle...
, (1725–1804), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— first steam-powered road vehicle
- William Cumberland Cruikshank
William Cumberland Cruikshank was a British chemist and anatomist. He was the author of The Anatomy of the Absorbing Vessels of the Human Body, which was first published in 1786....
, (1745–1800), UK — chlorinated water
- William Cullen
William Cullen was a Scottish physician and chemist.-Early life:Cullen was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire. His father William was a lawyer retained by the Duke of Hamilton and his mother was Elizabeth Roberton of Whistlebury. He studied at Hamilton Grammar School, then, in 1726, began a General...
, (1710–1790), UK — first artificial refrigeratorA refrigerator is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump—chemical or mechanical means—to transfer heat from it to the external environment, cooling the contents to a temperature below ambient. Refrigerators are extensively used to store foods which spoil...
- Glenn Curtiss
Glenn Hammond Curtiss was an American aviation pioneer and founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation.-Birth and early career:...
, (1878–1930), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— ailerons
D
- Gustaf Dalén
Nils Gustaf Dalén was a Swedish Nobel Laureate and industrialist, the founder of the AGA company and inventor of the AGA cooker and the Dalén light...
, (1869–1937), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— AGA cookerThe AGA cooker is a stored-heat stove and cooker invented in 1929 by the Nobel Prize-winning Swedish physicist Dr. Gustaf Dalén , who was employed first as the chief engineer of AGA company. The cookers are today manufactured by the Aga Rangemaster Group.AGA is an abbreviation of the company name,...
; Dalén lightThe Dalén light was the predominant form of light source in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant. The system was invented by Gustaf Dalén and marketed by his company AGA. Dalén later invented the AGA cooker in 1922...
; AgamassanAgamassan is a porous substrate used to safely absorb acetylene and thus allow the transport, storage and commercial exploitation of an otherwise unstable gas. It was developed by Nobel Laureate Gustaf Dalén who would later invent the AGA cooker....
- Salvino D'Armate
Salvino D'Amato of Florence is credited with inventing eyeglasses sometime in the thirteenth century, perhaps around 1284. Although there is some doubt as to the authenticity of this claim, Leopoldo del Migliore stated in his 1684 history of Florence that a memorial honoring D'Armati at the church...
, (1258–1312), ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
— credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284
- Corradino D'Ascanio
General Corradino D'Ascanio was an Italian aeronautical engineer. D'Ascanio designed the first production helicopter, for Agusta, and designed the first motor scooter for Ferdinando Innocenti...
, (1891–1981), ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
- D'AT3 helicopterA helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades. Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from fixed-wing aircraft because the helicopter achieves lift with the...
; VespaVespa is an Italian line of scooters manufactured by Piaggio.The Vespa has evolved from a single model motor scooter manufactured in 1946 by Piaggio & Co. S.p.A...
scooter
- Jacob Davis
Jacob W. Davis was born in Riga, Latvia in 1831 and came to Reno, Nevada in June 1868. A tailor, Davis used small copper rivets to reinforce and strengthen items including harnesses. In 1871, a woman approached Davis to make pants for her husband, who was quite large...
, (1868–1908), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— riveted jeansFor the TrouSerS implementation of the TCG Software Stack, see Trusted Computing Group.Trousers are an item of clothing worn on the lower part of the body from the waist to the ankles, covering both legs separately...
- Edmund Davy
Edmund Davy FRS was a professor of Chemistry at the Royal Cork Institution from 1813 and professor of chemistry at the Royal Dublin Society from 1826. He discovered acetylene, as it was later named by Marcellin Berthelot...
, (1785–1857), IrelandIreland is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain...
— acetyleneAcetylene is the chemical compound with the formula HC
2H. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colourless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block...
- Humphry Davy
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS MRIA was a British chemist and inventor. He is probably best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. He invented the Davy lamp,...
, (1778–1829), UK — Davy miners lampThe Davy lamp is a safety lamp with a wick and oil vessel burning originally a heavy vegetable oil, devised in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy. It was created for use in coal mines, allowing deep seams to be mined despite the presence of methane and other flammable gases, called firedamp or minedamp.Davy...
- Joseph Day
Joseph Day trained as an engineer at the School of Practical Engineering at Crystal Palace in London, began work at Stothert & Pitt in Bath, and in 1889 designed the two-stroke engine as it is widely-known today , the Valve-less Two-Stroke Engine...
, (1855–1946), UK — the crankcase-compression two-stroke engine
- Lee DeForest, (1873–1961), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— triodeA triode is an electronic amplification device having three active electrodes. The term most commonly applies to a vacuum tube with three elements: the filament or cathode, the grid, and the plate or anode...
- Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk
Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk was a Soviet physicist known for his contribution to holography, in particular for the so-called "Denisyuk hologram".-External links:...
, (1927–2006), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— 3D holographyHolography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was when recorded...
- Miksa Deri
Miksa Déri , was a Hungarian electrical engineer. He was, with his partners Károly Zipernowsky and Ottó Bláthy, co-inventor of the closed iron core transformer and the ZBD model AC electrical generator....
(1854–1938), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field...
- James Dewar
Sir James Dewar FRS was a British chemist and physicist. He is probably best-known today for his invention of the Dewar flask, which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases...
, (1842–1923), UK — Thermos flaskA vacuum flask, also called a thermos, is a storage vessel which provides thermal insulation by interposing a partial vacuum between the contents and the ambient environment. The evacuated region of the partial vacuum removes material that could serve as a heat conductor or carrier, enabling the...
- Aleksandr Dianin, (1851–1918), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- Bisphenol ABisphenol A, commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an organic compound with two phenol functional groups. It is a difunctional building block of several important plastics and plastic additives...
- William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860–1935), UK — motion picture camera
- Philip Diehl
Philip H. Diehl was a German-American engineer and inventor who held several U.S. patents, including electric incandescent lamps, electric motors for sewing machines and other uses, and ceiling fans. Diehl was a contemporary of Thomas Edison and his inventions caused Edison to reduce the price of...
, (1847–1913), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Ceiling fanA ceiling fan is a device suspended from the ceiling of a room, which employs hub-mounted rotating paddles to circulate air in order to move air.- History :...
, electric sewing machineA sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric or other material together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies...
- Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel was a European inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the diesel engine.-Early life:...
, (1858–1913), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— Diesel engineA diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression...
- Taqi al-Din
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf al-Shami al-Asadi was a major Ottoman Turkish or Arab Muslim polymath: a scientist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer and inventor, clockmaker, physicist and mathematician, botanist and zoologist, pharmacist and physician, Islamic judge and mosque timekeeper,...
, (1526–1585), SyriaSyria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest....
/EgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
/TurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
— steam turbineA steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884....
, smoke jackA smoke-jack is a jack which gets its energy from a column of rising air or smoke. It is typically used to turn a spit in a cooking fire. It is considered an early example of a steam turbine and steam engine....
, six-cylinderA cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast iron before precision features are machined into it...
'Monobloc' suctionSuction is the flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum, or region of low pressure. The pressure gradient between this region and the ambient pressure will propel matter toward the low pressure area. Suction is popularly thought of as an attractive effect, which is incorrect since vacuums do not...
pumpA pump is a device used to move fluids, such as gases, liquids or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. One common misconception about pumps is the thought that they create pressure. Pumps alone do not create pressure; they only displace fluid, causing a flow. ...
, framed sextantSextants for astronomical observations were used primarily for measuring the positions of stars. They are little used today, having been replaced over time by transit telescopes, astrometry techniques, and satellites such as Hipparcos....
- Al-Dinawari
Ābu Ḥanīfah Āḥmad ibn Dawūd Dīnawarī was a Persian polymath excelling as much in astronomy, agriculture, botany and metallurgy and as he did in geography, mathematics and history. He was born in Dinawar,...
, (828-896), PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— more than a hundred plant drugA drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.In pharmacology, a...
s
- William H. Dobelle
William H. Dobelle was a biomedical researcher who developed experimental technologies that restored limited sight to blind patients. He is also credited as Dr. William Dobelle, Dr. William H. Dobelle, William Harvey Dobelle, Bill Dobelle and Dr. Bill Dobelle.-Childhood and Family:Dr...
, (1943–2004), United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— first functioning artificial eye
- Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, (1862–1919),Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- world's first three-phaseIn electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying voltage waveforms that are 2π/3 radians offset in time...
hydroelectric power plant, also three-phase electrical generatorIn electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor; motors and generators have many similarities...
, three-phase electrical motor and three-phase transformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field...
- Bryan Donkin
Bryan Donkin was an English engineer and industrialist. Of his six sons, John, Bryan, and Thomas also became engineers.-Early life:Born in Sandoe, Northumberland, his father was a surveyor and land agent...
, (1768–1855), UK — print industry composition roller
- Hub van Doorne
Joseph Josephus Hubert van Doorne was the founder of Van Doorne's Aanhangwagenfabriek and of Van Doorne's Automobielfabriek known, especially to non-Dutch speakers, as DAF, together with his brother Willem van Doorne.-Early Years:Van Doorne was born in America, a confusingly named small town...
, (1900–1979), Netherlands, VariomaticVariomatic is the stepless, fully automatic transmission of the Dutch car manufacturer DAF, using a drive belt and two pulleys. It was the first continuously variable transmission . In theory, this always produces the optimum torque...
continuously variable transmissionA continuously variable transmission is a transmission which can change steplessly through an infinite number of effective gear ratios between maximum and minimum values. This contrasts with other mechanical transmissions that only allow a few different distinct gear ratios to be selected...
- Anastase Dragomir
Anastase Dragomir was a distinguished Romanian inventor, most famous for his patent, registered together with Tănase Dobrescu of the parachuted cell, a dischargeable chair from an aircraft or other vehicle, designed for emergency escapes, an early version of the modern ejection seat.Dragomirs...
, (1896–1966), RomaniaRomania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
— Ejection seat
- Karl Drais
Karl Drais was a German inventor and invented the Laufmaschine , also later called the velocipede, draisine or "draisienne" , or nick-named, dandy horse. This incorporated the two-wheeler principle that is basic to the bicycle and motorcycle and meant the beginning of mechanized personal transport...
, (1785–1851), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— dandy horseThe dandy horse was invented by Baron Karl von Drais in Mannheim, Germany, patented in January 1818...
(DraisineA draisine primarily refers to a light auxiliary rail vehicle, driven by service personnel, equipped to transport crew and material necessary for the maintenance of railway infrastructure....
)
- Cornelius Drebbel
Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel was the Dutch inventor of the first navigable submarine in 1620...
, (1572–1633), The Netherlands — first navigable submarine
- Richard Drew
Richard Gurley Drew was an American inventor who worked for 3M in St. Paul, Minnesota, where he invented masking tape, cellophane tape, and Duct tape.-Biography:...
, (1899–1980), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Masking tapeMasking tape is a type of pressure sensitive tape made of a thin and easy-to-tear paper, and an easily released pressure sensitive adhesive. It is available in a variety of widths. It is used mainly in painting, to mask off areas that should not be painted...
- John Boyd Dunlop
John Boyd Dunlop , born in Scotland, was the inventor who was one of the founders of the rubber company that bore his name, Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company....
, (1840–1921) UK — first practical pneumatic tyre
- Cyril Duquet
Cyril Duquet is the inventor of the first telephone handset, or transceiver, in 1878.Even though he is less known in the history of the invention of the telephone, the handset he created is still in use worldwide on land-line PSTN telephones. Originally working in the field of clocks and watches,...
, (1841–1922) CAThe abbreviation CA may stand for:*California*Canada*Chartered Accountant*Circa *Class A-People:*Caesar Augustus, first Roman Emperor.*Carmelo Anthony, NBA player*Christina Aguilera, singer and songwriter...
— Telephone handset
- James Dyson
Sir James Dyson , is an English industrial designer.He is best known as the inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, which works on cyclonic separation. His net worth in 2008 was said to be £1.1 billion.-Biography:Dyson is one of three children whose father, Alec Dyson, died of...
, (1947– ) UK — Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.
E
- George Eastman
George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream...
, (1854–1932), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— roll filmRollfilm or roll film is any type of spool-wound photographic film protected from white light exposure by a paper backing, as opposed to film which is protected from exposure and wound forward in a cartridge. Confusingly, roll film was originally often referred to as "cartridge" film because of its...
- Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor, scientist and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb...
, (1847–1931), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— phonographThe record player, phonograph or gramophone was the most common device for playing recorded sound from the late 1870s until the late 1980s.- Terminology :...
, commercially practical light bulbThe incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric light that works by incandescence . An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light...
, motion picture projector, stock ticker, etc
- Willem Einthoven
Willem Einthoven was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiogram in 1903 and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for it....
, (1860–1927), The Netherlands — the electrocardiogramElectrocardiography is a transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes. It is a noninvasive recording produced by an electrocardiographic device...
- Rune Elmqvist
Rune Elmqvist developed the first implantable pacemaker in 1958, working under the direction of Åke Senning, senior physician and cardiac surgeon at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Sweden....
, (1857–1924), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— implantable pacemaker
- Douglas Engelbart
Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart is an American inventor and early computer pioneer. He is best known for inventing the computer mouse, as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs; and as a committed and vocal proponent of the...
, (1925–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— the computer mouse http://eepatents.com/collection.html#006
- John Ericsson
John Ericsson was an American Swedish-born inventor and mechanical engineer, as was his brother, Nils Ericson...
, (1803–1889), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— the two screw-propeller
- Lars Magnus Ericsson
Lars Magnus Ericsson was a Swedish inventor, entrepreneur and founder of telephone equipment manufacturer Ericsson ....
, (1846–1926), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— the handheld micro telephone
- Ole Evinrude
Ole Evinrude, born Ole Evenrudstuen was a Norwegian-American inventor, known for the invention of the first outboard motor with practical commercial application....
, (1877–1934), NorwayNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
— outboard motorAn outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom and are the most common motorized method of propelling small watercraft...
F
- Samuel Face
Samuel Allen Face, Jr. was an American inventor and co-developer of some of the most important advances in concrete floor technology and wireless controls.-Early life:...
, (1923–2001), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning SwitchLightning Switch is a wireless and batteryless remote control switch technology manufactured by PulseSwitch Systems, a member of The Face Companies group of Norfolk, Virginia USA. It is most commonly used as a wireless light switch.- Energy harvesting :...
- Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday, FRS was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry....
, (1791–1867), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— electric transformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field...
, electric motorAn electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, usually through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on...
- Johann Maria Farina
Johann Maria Farina , was an Italian Cologne perfume maker primarily responsible for establishing Eau de Cologne in Germany.-Biography:...
, (1685–1766), Germany; Eau de CologneCologne or Eau de Cologne is a toiletry, a perfume in a style that originated from Cologne, Germany. It is nowadays a generic term for scented formulations in typical concentration of 2-5% essential oils...
- Philo Farnsworth
Philo Taylor Farnsworth was an American inventor. He is best known for inventing the first fully electronic television system, including the first working electronic image pickup device , and for being the first to demonstrate fully electronic television to the public.In his later life, Farnsworth...
, (1906–1971), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— electronicElectronics is a branch of science and technology that deals with the controlled flow of electrons. The ability to control electron flow is usually applied to information handling or device control. Electronics is distinct from electrical science and technology, which deals with the generation,...
televisionTelevision is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission...
- Muhammad al-Fazari
Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his father Ibrahim al-Fazari, also an astronomer and mathematician....
, (d. 796/806), IraqIraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , also known as Mesopotamia, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.Iraq shares borders with Jordan to the west, Syria...
or PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— brassBrass is any alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes. Brass is a...
astrolabeAn astrolabe is a historical astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars; determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa; surveying; and...
- James Fergason
James L. Fergason was an inventor of an improved Liquid Crystal Display, or LCD, it has been alleged that his design was stolen from a patent submitted around the same time, however a court case has proved otherwise.Fergason graduated Carrollton High School in Carrollton, Missouri...
, (1934–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— improved liquid crystal displayA liquid crystal display is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures...
- Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics...
, (1901–1954), ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
— nuclear reactorA nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate.The most significant use of nuclear reactors is as an energy source for the generation of electrical power and for the power in some ships...
- Humberto Fernández Morán
Humberto Fernández-Morán was a Venezuelan research scientist born in Maracaibo, Venezuela.He founded the Venezuelan Institute for Neurological and Brain Studies, the predecessor of the current Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research . He studied medicine at the University of Münich, where he...
, (1924–1999), VenezuelaVenezuela , officially titled Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It is a continental mainland with numerous islands located off its coastline in the Caribbean Sea...
— Diamond scalpelA scalpel is a small but extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgery, anatomical dissection, and various arts and crafts. Scalpels may be disposable or re-usable. Re-usable scalpels can have attached, resharpenable blades or, more commonly, non-attached, replaceable blades...
, Ultra microtomeA microtome is a mechanical instrument used to cut biological specimens into transparent thin sections for microscopic examination. Microtomes use steel, glass, or diamond blades depending upon the specimen being sliced and the desired thickness of the sections being cut. Steel blades are used to...
- Reginald Fessenden
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was a Canadian inventor who performed pioneering experiments in radio, including early—possibly the first— transmissions of voice and music...
, (1866–1932), CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
— two-way radioRadio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
- Adolf Eugen Fick
Adolf Eugen Fick was a German physiologist usually credited with the invention of contact lenses. He earned doctorate at Marburg in 1851....
, (1829–1901), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— contact lensA contact lens is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the cornea of the eye...
- Fatima al-Fihri
Fatima al-Fihri was the daughter of Mohammed al-Fihri, with whom she migrated to Fes, Morocco from Qairawan, located in present-day Tunisia...
, (c. 859), TunisiaTunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. Tunisia is located southwest of the island of Sicily and south of Sardinia. Its size is almost 165,000 km² with an estimated population of just...
/MoroccoMorocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 32 million and an area just under . Its capital is Rabat, and its largest city is Casablanca. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the...
— universityA university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
- Abbas Ibn Firnas
Abbas Ibn Firnas , also known as Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas and العباس بن فرناس , was an Arabic-speaking Berber polymath, born in Izn-Rand Onda, al-Andalus , who lived in the Caliphate of Córdoba....
(Armen Firman), (810-887), Islamic SpainAl-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Arab and North African Muslims , at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
— eye glassesGlasses are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes, normally for vision correction, eye protection, or for protection from UV rays....
, parachuteA parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Parachutes are made out of cloth, most commonly nylon....
, hang glider, artificial wingA wing is a surface used to produce lift for flight through the air or another gaseous or fluid medium. The wing shape is usually an airfoil. The word originally referred only to the foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include the wings of insects , bats, pterosaurs, and aircraft.A...
s, controlled flight, watchA watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person. It is usually a wristwatch, worn on the wrist with a strap or bracelet. In addition to the time, modern watches often display the day, date, month and year, and electronic watches may have many other functions.Most inexpensive and...
, fused quartzFused quartz and fused silica are types of glass containing primarily silica in amorphous form. They are manufactured using several different processes...
and silica glass, artificial thunderThunder is the sound made by lightning. Depending on the nature of the lightning and distance of the listener, it can range from a sharp, loud crack to a long, low rumble . The sudden increase in pressure and temperature from lightning produces rapid expansion of the air surrounding and within a...
and lightningLightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity accompanied by thunder, which typically occurs during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or dust storms...
, metronomeA metronome is any device that produces regular ticks . More precisely it produces a regulated aural, visual or tactile pulse. It dates back to the early 19th century. A metronome is used by some performing musicians for practice in maintaining a consistent tempo; it gives composers an approximate...
- Artur Fischer, (1919–) Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— fasteners including fischertechnikfischertechnik is a brand of construction toy. It was invented by Artur Fischer and is produced by fischertechnik GmbH in Waldachtal, Germany. Fans often refer to fischertechnik as FT or ft. It is used in education for teaching about simple machines, as well as motorization and mechanisms...
.
- Gerhard Fischer, Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
/U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— hand-held metal detectorA metal detector is a device which uses electromagnetic induction to detect metal.The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field...
- Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat. He also designed a new type of steam warship...
, (1765-1815), United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— first commercially successful steamboatA steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels....
, first practical submarineA submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. It differs from a submersible, which has only limited underwater capability...
- Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy...
, (1881–1955), ScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
— penicillinPenicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections...
- John Ambrose Fleming
Sir John Ambrose Fleming was an English electrical engineer and physicist. He is known for inventing the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, the diode, then called the kenotron in 1904. He also invented the right-hand rule, used in mathematics and electronics...
, (1848–1945), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— vacuum diodeIn electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube , thermionic valve, or valve is a device used to amplify, switch, otherwise modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the movement of electrons in a low-pressure space...
- Sandford Fleming
Sir Sandford Fleming was a Scottish-born Canadian engineer and inventor, known for proposing worldwide standard time zones, Canada's postage stamp, a huge body of surveying and map making, engineering much of the Intercolonial Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway, and being a founding member...
, (1827–1915), CanadaCanada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
— Universal Standard Time
- Tommy Flowers
Thomas Harold Flowers, MBE was an English engineer. During World War II, Flowers designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to help solve encrypted German messages.-Early life:...
, (1905–1998), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— ColossusThe Colossus machines were electronic computing devices used by British codebreakers to read encrypted German messages during World War II. These were the world's first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices...
an early electronic computer.
- Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, (1819–1868), France
France , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— Foucault pendulumThe Foucault pendulum , or Foucault's pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, was conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth.-The experiment:...
, gyroscopeA gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum. A mechanical gyroscope is essentially a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation...
, eddy currentAn eddy current is an electrical phenomenon discovered by French physicist François Arago in 1824. It is caused when a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field due to relative motion of the field source and conductor; or due to variations of the field with time...
- Benoît Fourneyron
Benoît Fourneyron was a French engineer, born in Saint-Étienne. Fourneyron significantly contributed to the development of water turbines....
, (1802–1867), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— water turbineA water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation...
- John Fowler
John Fowler was an English agricultural engineer who was a pioneer in the use of steam engines for ploughing and digging drainage channels...
, (1826–1864), England — steam-driven ploughing engine
- Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, soldier, and diplomat...
, (1706–1790), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— the pointed lightning rod conductorA lightning rod or lightning conductor is a metal rod or conductor mounted on top of a building and electrically connected to the ground through a wire, to protect the building in the event of lightning...
, bifocal glassesBifocals are eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers. Bifocals are most commonly prescribed to people with presbyopia who also require a correction for myopia, hypermetropia, and/or astigmatism.-History:...
, the Franklin stoveA Franklin stove, named after its inventor, Benjamin Franklin, is a metal-lined fireplace. It has baffles in the rear to improve the airflow, providing more heat and less smoke than an ordinary open fireplace. It is also known as a circulating stove...
, the glass harmonicaThe glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica , is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction The glass harmonica, also known as the glass...
- Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Augustin-Jean Fresnel , was a French physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics...
, (1788–1827), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— Fresnel lensA Fresnel lens is a type of lens developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel for lighthouses; a similar design had previously been proposed by Buffon and Condorcet as a way to make large burning lenses....
- William Friese-Greene
William Friese-Greene was a portrait photographer and prolific inventor. He is principally known as a pioneer in the field of motion pictures and is credited by some as the inventor of cinematography.-Career:William Edward Green was born on September 7, 1855, in Bristol...
, (1855–1921), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— cinematographyCinematography , is the making of lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of still photography...
- Buckminster Fuller
Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller was an American architect, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.Fuller published more than thirty books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetics...
, (1895–1983), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— geodesic domeA geodesic dome is a spherical or partial-spherical shell structure or lattice shell based on a network of great circles lying on the surface of a sphere. The geodesics intersect to form triangular elements that have local triangular rigidity and also distribute the stress across the entire...
- Svyatoslav Fyodorov
Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov was a Russian ophthalmologist, eye microsurgeon, creator of radial keratotomy, professor, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and politician.Fyodorov was born in Proskurov, Ukrainian SSR , to ethnic Russian parents...
, (1927–2000), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— radial keratotomyRadial keratotomy is a refractive surgical procedure to correct myopia.- Discovery :The procedure was discovered by accident by Svyatoslav Fyodorov who removed glass from the eye of one of his patients who had been in an accident. A boy, who wore eyeglasses, fell off his bicycle and his glasses...
- Vladimir Fyodorov
Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov was a Russian/Soviet scientist, weapons designer, founder of the Soviet school of automatic small arms, professor , lieutenant general of corps of military engineers , and Hero of Socialist Labor .In 1900, Vladimir Fyodorov graduated from Mikhailovskaya Artillery...
, (1874–1966), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— Fedorov AvtomatThe Fedorov Avtomat was an early self-loading battle rifle designed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov and made in Russia. A total of 3,200 Fedorov rifles were manufactured between 1915 and 1924 in the city of Kovrov. In 1919, after 500 had been built, production was increased...
(first self-loading battle rifleA battle rifle is a full-size rifle designed for military use that fires a high-power rifle cartridge such as the U.S. .30-06 Springfield, the German 7.92x57mm IS, the Russian 7.62x54mmR, or the 7.62x51mm NATO cartridge...
, arguably the first assault rifleAn assault rifle is a rifle designed for combat, with selective fire . Assault rifles are the standard infantry weapons in most modern armies, having largely superseded or supplemented larger and more powerful battle rifles such as the M14, FN FAL and the Heckler & Koch G3...
)
G
- Dennis Gabor
Dennis Gabor CBE, FRS, was a Hungarian electrical engineer and inventor, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the Nobel Prize in Physics.-Biography:He was born as Gábor Dénes, in Budapest, Hungary...
, (1900–1979), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— holographyHolography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was when recorded...
- Boris Borisovich Galitzine
Prince Boris Borisovich Galitzine was a prominent Russian physicist who invented the first electromagnetic seismograph in 1906. He was one of the founders of modern Seismology. In 1911 he was chosen to be the president of the International Sesmiology Association...
, (1862–1916), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— ElectromagneticElectromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, a field that exerts a force on particles with the property of electric charge and is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles....
seismograph.
- Dmitri Garbuzov
Dmitri Nikolayevich Garbuzov is a Russian professional football player. As of August 2009, he plays for FC Pskov-747 Pskov.-External links:*...
, (1940-2006), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
/U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
- continuous-wave-operating diode lasersA laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to that found in a light-emitting diode. The most common and practical type of laser diode is formed from a p-n junction and powered by injected electric current...
(together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers
- Elmer R. Gates
Elmer R. Gates , the son of Jacob and Phoebe Goetz, American scientist and inventor; born near Dayton, Ohio, died in Washington, D.C....
, (1859–1923), USA — foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")
- Richard J. Gatling, (1818–1903), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— wheat drill, first successful machine gunA machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm, usually designed to fire rifle bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine, typically at a rate of several hundred rounds per minute...
- E. K. Gauzen
E. K. Gauzen was a Russian naval technician. Working in the Russian naval base at Kronshtadt near Saint Petersburg, in 1829 he invented a "diving machine". This was a type of diving costume that consisted of air-supplied metallic helmet and leather suit. Gauzen's invention was used by the Russian...
, RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— early diving costumeA standard diving dress consists of a metallic diving helmet, an airline or hose from a surface supplied diving air pump, a canvas diving suit, diving knife and boots...
- Hans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882–1945), Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— Geiger counterA Geiger counter, also called a Geiger-Müller counter, is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation.-Description:Geiger counters are used to detect ionizing radiation...
- Henri Giffard
Henri Giffard was a French engineer.Giffard invented the injector and the powered airship with a steam engine weighing over 180 kg ; it was the world's first passenger-carrying airship . Both practical and steerable, the hydrogen-filled airship was equipped with a 3 hp steam engine that drove a...
, (1825–1882), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— powered airshipAn airship or dirigible is a lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered and propelled through the air using rudders and propellers or other thrust...
, injectorAn injector, ejector, steam ejector or steam injector is a pump-like device that uses the Venturi effect of a converging-diverging nozzle to convert the pressure energy of a motive fluid to velocity energy which creates a low pressure zone that draws in and entrains a suction fluid...
- Valentyn Glushko, (1908–1989), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— hypergolic propellant, Soviet rocket engineA rocket engine or simply "rocket" is a jet engine[Rocket Propulsion Elements; 7th edition- chapter 1] that uses only propellant mass for forming its high speed propulsive jet. Rocket engines are reaction engines and obtain thrust in accordance with Newton's third law...
s
- Heinrich Göbel
Heinrich Göbel, or later: Henry Goebel , born in Germany, was a precision mechanic and inventor, an early pioneer who independently developed designs for an incandescent light bulb...
, (1818–1893), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— incandescent lamp
- Leonid Gobyato
Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato was a Russian lieutenant-general and designer of the modern, man-portable mortar....
, (1875–1915), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first modern man-portable mortarA mortar is a muzzle-loading indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities, short ranges, and high-arcing ballistic trajectories. It typically has a barrel length less than 15 times its caliber.- Function :...
- Robert Goddard, (1882–1945), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— liquid fuel rocket
- Igor Gorynin
Igor Vasilievich Gorynin is a Russian metallurgist, creator of many new titanium andaluminium alloys, and reactor steels...
, (1926), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- weldable titaniumTitanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Sometimes called the “space age metal”, it has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver color.Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, among other...
alloys, high strength aluminiumAluminium or aluminum is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al; its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances....
alloys, radiation-hardenedRadiation hardening is a method of designing and testing electronic components and systems to make them resistant to damage or malfunctions caused by high-energy subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation, such as would be encountered in outer space, high-altitude flight, around nuclear...
steels
- Peter Carl Goldmark
Peter Carl Goldmark was a Hungary-German engineer who, during his time with Columbia Records, was instrumental in developing the long-playing microgroove 33-1/3 rpm vinyl phonograph disc, the standard for incorporating multiple or lengthy recorded works on a single disc for two generations...
, (1906–1977), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— vinyl record (LP), CBS color televisionColor television refers to the technology and practices associated with television's transmission of moving images in color.In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red, green and blue...
- Charles Goodyear
Charles Goodyear was the first American to vulcanize rubber, a process which he discovered in 1839 and patented on June 15, 1844...
, (1800–1860), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— vulcanization of rubberVulcanization or vulcanisation refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms or carbon...
- Gordon Gould
Gordon Gould was an American physicist who is widely, but not universally, credited with the invention of the laser. Gould is best known for his thirty-year fight with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to obtain patents for the laser and related technologies...
, (1920–2005), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— co-inventor of laserA laser is a device that emits light through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses...
- Richard Hall Gower
Captain Richard Hall Gower was an English mariner, empirical philosopher, nautical inventor, entrepreneur, and humanitarian.-Mariner:...
, (1768–1833), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— ship's hull and riggingTransit was the name given to three sailing vessels designed and built to the order of Captain Richard Hall Gower.All three had fine lines at bow and stern, uniform frames mid-ships with concave and convex sweeps and a deep keel. Their length to beam ratio was unusually high, giving them a...
- Boris Grabovsky
Boris Pavlovich Grabovsky was a Soviet engineer who invented the first fully electronic TV transmitting tube .Boris Grabovsky was born on May 26, 1901 in Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast of Russia. After the death of his farther, Pavel Grabovsky, the family moved to Odessa then to Kharkov. In 1917, they had...
, (1901–1966) – cathodeA cathode is an electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. Mnemonic: CCD .A widespread misconception is that cathode polarity is always negative...
commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube
- Bette Nesmith Graham
Bette Graham was an American typist, commercial artist, the inventor of Liquid Paper, and mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith.-Biography:...
, (1924–1980), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Liquid PaperLiquid Paper, a brand name of opaque correction fluid, is used to cover up mistakes on paper without retyping the entire sheet. It was very important when material was typed with a typewriter, but has become less so since the advent of the word processor....
- James Henry Greathead
James Henry Greathead was an engineer renowned for his work on the London Underground railway.-Early life:Greathead was born in Grahamstown, South Africa; of English descent, Greathead's grandfather had emigrated to South Africa in 1820...
, (1844–1896), South AfricaThe Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland, while Lesotho is an independent country surrounded by South Africa.Modern...
— tunnel boring machineA tunnel boring machine is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre to almost 16 metres to date...
, tunnelling shieldA tunnelling shield is a protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel with a support structure of concrete, cast iron or steel...
technique
- Chester Greenwood
Chester Greenwood of Farmington, Maine invented the earmuff in 1873, at the age of 15. He reportedly came up with the idea while ice skating, and had his grandmother sew tufts of fur between loops of wire. His patent was for improved ear protectors...
, (1858–1937), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— thermal earmuffsEarmuffs are objects designed to cover a person's ears for protection. They consist of a thermoplastic or metal head-band, that fits over the top of the head, and a pad at each end, to cover the external ears....
- James Gregory
James Gregory , was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer. It has been said that "Of the British mathematicians of the seventeenth century, Gregory was only excelled by Newton."- Biography :...
, (1638–1675), ScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
— Gregorian telescopeThe Gregorian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer, James Gregory in the 17th century and first built in 1673 by Robert Hooke...
- William Robert Grove
Sir William Robert Grove PC QC FRS was a Welsh lawyer, judge and physical scientist who anticipated the general theory of the conservation of energy and was a pioneer of fuel cell technology.-Early life:...
, (1811–1896), WalesWales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It is also an elective region of the European Union...
— fuel cellA fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a replenishable fuel tank. The electricity is generated through the reaction, triggered in the presence of an electrolyte, between the fuel and an oxidant . The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of...
- Otto von Guericke
Otto von Guericke Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke, ) Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke, ) (November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. His major...
, (1602–1686), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— vacuum pumpA vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke.- Types :Pumps can be broadly categorized according to three techniques:...
, manometer, dasymeterA dasymeter was meant initially as a device to demonstrate the buoyant effect of gases like air; as shown in the pictures on the right. A dasymeter which allows weighing acts as a densimeter used to measure the density of gases.- Principle :...
- Mikhail Gurevich
Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich was a Soviet aircraft designer, a partner of the famous MiG military aviation bureau....
, (1893-1976), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- invented MiGMig may refer to:*Mikoyan or "MiG", formerly "Mikoyan-Gurevich", a Russian military aircraft manufacturer*Marfin Investment Group*Minnesota IMPLAN Group, inc*Gas metal arc welding, also called "MIG welding"...
fighter aircraft together with Artem MikoyanArtem Ivanovich Mikoyan was a Soviet aircraft designer of Armenian descent. In partnership with Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich he designed many of the famous MiG military aircraft.-Early life and career:...
- Hakan Gürsu
The Volitan is a boat equipped with solar cell panels which uses both wind and solar energy. It is light weight, as it has a stiff structure made of carbon fiber and epoxy resin and carbon foam core lamination. It also has an ultraviolet resistant coating....
, (c. 2007), TurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
— VolitanThe Volitan is a boat equipped with solar cell panels which uses both wind and solar energy. It is light weight, as it has a stiff structure made of carbon fiber and epoxy resin and carbon foam core lamination. It also has an ultraviolet resistant coating....
- Johann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s–1468), Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— movable type printing pressA printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium , thereby transferring an image. The mechanical systems involved were first assembled in Germany by the goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw-presses used to press...
- Samuel Guthrie, (1782–1848), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— discovered chloroformChloroform is the organic compound with formula CHCl
3. This colourless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane. It is also considered somewhat hazardous...
H
- John Hadley
John Hadley was an English mathematician, inventor of the octant and precursor to the sextant around 1730....
, (1682–1744), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— OctantThe octant, also called reflecting quadrant, is a measuring instrument used primarily in navigation. It is a type of reflecting instrument.-Etymology:...
- Waldemar Haffkine
Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine was a bacteriologist who worked in India. He was the first microbiologist who developed and used vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague. He tested the vaccines on himself...
, (1860–1930), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
/SwitzerlandSwitzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 states named cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities...
— first anti-choleraCholera, sometimes known as Asiatic or epidemic cholera, is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Transmission to humans occurs through eating food or drinking water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae from other cholera patients...
and anti-plaguePlague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis . Plague is a zoonotic, primarily carried by rodents and spread to humans via fleas. Plague is notorious throughout history, due to the unrivaled scale of death and devastation it brought...
vaccines
- Tracy Hall
Howard Tracy Hall was an American physical chemist and the first person who grew a synthetic diamond according to a reproducible, verifiable and witnessed process, using a press of his own design.-Early life:...
, (1919–2008 ), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— synthetic diamondSynthetic diamond is diamond produced in a technological process; as opposed to natural diamond, which is created in geological processes. Synthetic diamond is also widely known as HPHT diamond or CVD diamond where HPHT and CVD refer to the production method, namely high-pressure high-temperature...
- Christopher Hansteen
Christopher Hansteen was a Norwegian geophysicist, astronomer and physicist.-Early life and career:Hansteen was born in Christiania as the son of Johannes Mathias Hansteen and his wife Anne Cathrine Treschow...
, (1783–1873), NorwayNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
— discovery of terrestrial magnetism
- James Hargreaves
James Hargreaves was a weaver, carpenter and an inventor in Lancashire, England. He is credited with inventing the Spinning Jennifer in 1764....
, (1720–1778), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— spinning jennyThe spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented c. 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England. The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at...
- John Harington, (1561–1612), England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
- the flush toiletA flush toilet is a toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location. Flushing mechanisms are found more often on western toilets , but many squat toilets also are made for automated flushing...
- John Harrison
John Harrison was a self-educated English clockmaker. He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought and critically-needed key piece in solving the problem of accurately establishing the East-West position, or longitude, of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of...
, (1693–1776), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— marine chronometerA marine chronometer is a timekeeper precise enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. When first developed in the eighteenth century it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a...
- Victor Hasselblad
Victor Hasselblad was a Swedish inventor and photographer, known for inventing the Hasselblad 6x6 cm medium format camera....
, (1906–1978), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex cameraA single-lens reflex camera is camera that uses a semi-automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to sometimes see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging system, as opposed to pre-SLR cameras where the view through the viewfinder could be significantly...
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (965–1039), Iraq
Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , also known as Mesopotamia, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.Iraq shares borders with Jordan to the west, Syria...
— camera obscuraThe camera obscura is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side...
, pinhole cameraA pinhole camera is a very simple camera with no lens and a single very small aperture. Simply explained, it is a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through this single point and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box...
, magnifying glassA magnifying glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle ....
- Robert A. Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein was an American science fiction writer. Often called "the dean of science fiction writers", he was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of the genre. He set a high standard for science and engineering plausibility and helped to raise the genre's...
, (1907–1988), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— waterbedA waterbed or water mattress is a bed or mattress filled with water.-Construction:Waterbeds primarily consist of two types, hard-sided beds and soft-sided beds....
- Jozef Karol Hell
Jozef Karol Hell was a Hungarian mining engineer and inventor, who invented the water-pillar in 1749 or 1755, the world's first water pump machine...
, (1713–1789), SlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe with a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is its capital, Bratislava...
— the water pillar
- Rudolf Hell
Rudolf Hell was a German inventor. He was born in Eggmühl, Germany.From 1919 to 1923 he studied electrical engineering in Munich....
, (1901–2002), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— the HellschreiberThe Hellschreiber or Feldhellschreiber was a facsimile-based teleprinter invented by Rudolf Hell. It has since been emulated on computer sound cards by amateur radio operators; the resulting mode is referred to as Hellschreiber, Feld-Hell, or simply Hell...
- Joseph Henry
Joseph Henry was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. During his lifetime, he was considered one of the greatest American scientists since Benjamin Franklin. While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of...
, (1797–1878), ScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
/U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— electromagnetic relayA relay is an electrically operated switch. Electric current through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts...
- Heron
Hero of Alexandria . was an ancient Greek mathematician who was a resident of a Roman province ; he was also an engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria...
, (c. 10-70), Roman Egypt — usually credited with invention of the aeolipileAn aeolipile , also known as a Hero engine, is a rocket style jet engine which spins when heated. In the first century AD, Hero of Alexandria described the device, and many sources give him the credit for its invention.The aeolipile he described is considered to be the first recorded steam engine...
, although it may have been described a century earlier
- John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH, FRS was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor, who in some years also did valuable botanical work. He was the son of astronomer Sir William Herschel and the father of 12 children.Herschel originated...
, (1792–1871), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
– photographic fixerPhotographic fixer is a chemical used in the final step in the photographic processing of film or paper. The fixer stabilises the image, removing the unexposed silver halide remaining on the Photographic film or photographic paper, leaving behind the reduced metallic silver that forms the image,...
(hypo)
- William Herschel
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel, was a German-born English astronomer, technical expert and composer who became famous for discovering Uranus...
, (1738–1822), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— infraredInfrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is longer than that of visible light , but shorter than that of terahertz radiation and microwaves...
- Heinrich Hertz, (1857–1894), Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiationElectromagnetic radiation is a ubiquitous phenomenon that takes the form of self-propagating waves in a vacuum or in matter. It consists of electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation...
- George de Hevesy
George Charles de Hevesy, Georg Karl von Hevesy, was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in the metabolism of animals.- Early years :Hevesy György was born in Budapest,...
, (1885–1966), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— radioactive tracerA radioactive tracer, also called a radioactive label, is a substance containing a radioisotope. Tracers can be used to measure the speed of chemical processes and to track the movement of a substance through a natural system such as a cell or a tissue...
- Rowland Hill
Sir Rowland Hill KCB, FRS was an English teacher, inventor and social reformer. He campaigned for a comprehensive reform of the postal system, based on the concept of penny postage, and his solution of pre payment, and later served as a government postal official...
, (1795–1879), UK — postage stampA postage stamp is adhesive paper evidence of a fee paid for postal services. Usually a small rectangle attached to an envelope, the stamp signifies the person sending it has fully or partly paid for delivery...
- Felix Hoffmann
Felix Hoffmann was a German chemist, who first synthesized medically useful forms of heroin and aspirin. He was born in Ludwigsburg and studied Chemistry in Munich...
(Bayer), (1868–1949), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— AspirinAspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid , is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication....
- Herman Hollerith
Herman Hollerith was a German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards in order to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the company that became IBM.-Personal life:Hollerith was born in Buffalo, New York and...
, (1860–1929), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulatorNot to be confused with Tabulating machine.The Tabulator is a generic data browser and editor. Using outline and table modes, it provides a way to browse RDF/Linked Data on the web. RDF is the standard for inter-application data exchange....
, punched cards
- Nick Holonyak
Nick Holonyak, Jr. invented the first visible LED in 1962 while working as a consulting scientist at a General Electric Company laboratory in Syracuse, New York and has been called "the father of the light-emitting diode"...
, (1928- ), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— LEDLEd is a TeX/LaTeX editing software working under Microsoft Windows. It is a freeware product....
(Light Emitting Diode)
- Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke, FRS was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work....
, (1635–1703), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— balance wheelThe balance wheel is the timekeeping device used in mechanical watches and some clocks, analogous to the pendulum in a pendulum clock. It is a weighted wheel that rotates back and forth, being returned toward its center position by a spiral spring, the balance spring or hairspring...
, iris diaphragm
- Erna Schneider Hoover
Dr. Erna Schneider Hoover invented a method for prioritizing processes within stored program control switching systems while working at Bell Laboratories....
, (1926–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— computerized telephone switching system
- Frank Hornby
Frank Hornby was an English inventor, businessman and politician. He was a visionary in toy development and manufacture and produced three of the most popular lines of toys in the twentieth century: Meccano, Hornby Model Railways and Dinky Toys...
, (1863–1936), EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
— invented MeccanoMeccano is a model construction system comprising re-usable metal strips, plates, angle girders, wheels, axles and gears, with nuts and bolts to connect the pieces. It enables the building of working models and mechanical devices....
- Coenraad Johannes van Houten
Coenraad Johannes van Houten was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker known for the treatment of cocao with alkaline salts to remove the bitter taste and make cocoa powder more water-soluble; the resulting product is still called "Dutch process" chocolate...
, (1801–1887), NetherlandsThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
— cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milkChocolate milk is a sweetened, cocoa-flavored milk drink. It can be purchased pre-mixed or made at home with either cocoa powder and a sweetener , or with melted chocolate, chocolate syrup, or chocolate milk mix. Other ingredients, such as starch, salt, carrageenan, vanilla, or artificial flavoring...
- Elias Howe
Elias Howe was an American inventor and sewing machine pioneer. He was born in Spencer, Massachusetts.Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts where he apprenticed in a textile factory and then for a master mechanic...
, (1819–1867), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— sewing machineA sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric or other material together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies...
- Muhammad Husayn
In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age , and mostly written in the Arabic language. These developments mostly took place in the Middle East, Central Asia,...
, (fl. 1600s), PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— cartographic QiblaQiblah is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah. Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah....
indicator with sundial{| align="right" | |}A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style onto a flat surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day...
and compassA compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel...
- Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens, FRS was a prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist, horologist, and writer of early science fiction...
, (1629–1695), NetherlandsThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
— pendulum clockA pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. From its invention in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most accurate timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use....
- John Wesley Hyatt
John Wesley Hyatt was an American inventor. He is mainly known for simplifying the production of celluloid, the first industrial plastic. Hyatt, a Perkin Medal recipient, is an inductee into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.Hyatt was born in Starkey, New York, and began working as a printer...
, (1837–1920), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— celluloidCelluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, plus dyes and other agents. Generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869 before being registered as Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily...
manufacturing.
I
- Ibn Yunus
Ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on almost modern-like meticulous calculations and attention to detail.The crater Ibn Yunus on the Moon is named...
, (950–1009), EgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
— pendulumA pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so it can swing freely.When a pendulum is displaced from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force will cause it...
- Sumio Iijima
Sumio Iijima is a Japanese physicist, often cited as the discoverer of carbon nanotubes. Although carbon nanotubes had been observed prior to his "discovery", Iijima's 1991 paper generated unprecedented interest in the carbon nanostructures and has since fueled intense research in the area of...
, (1939- ), Japanis an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
— nanotubes
- Gavriil Ilizarov, (1921–1992), Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— Ilizarov apparatusThe Ilizarov apparatus are used in surgical procedures to lengthen or reshape limb bones. In addition, the procedure is often used to treat complex and/or open bone fractures, where conventional treatment techniques cannot be used...
and distraction osteogenesisDistraction osteogenesis, also called callus distraction, callotasis and osteodistraction is a surgical process used to reconstruct skeletal deformities and lengthen the long bones of the body...
.
- János Irinyi
János Irinyi ; , sometimes also spelled János Irínyi)was a Hungarian chemist and inventor of the noiseless and non-explosive match. He achieved this by mixing the phosphorus with lead dioxide instead of the potassium chlorate used previously.Irinyi also took part in the 1848 Hungarian...
, (1817–1895), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— noiseless matchA match is a consumable tool for lighting a fire in controlled circumstances on demand. Matches are readily available, being sold by tobacconists and many other kinds of shops. Matches are rarely sold singly; they are sold in multiples, packaged in match boxes or matchbooks...
- Aleksei Isaev
Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev was a Russian rocket engineer.Aleksei Isaev began work under Leonid Dushkin during World War II, on an experimental rocket-powered interceptor plane. In 1944 he formed his own design bureau to engineer liquid-propellant engines...
, (1908-1971), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first rocket-poweredA rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly-sized jet aircraft, but typically for at most a few minutes of powered operation, followed by a...
fighter aircraft, BI-1Soviet research and development of rocket-powered aircraft began with Sergey Korolev's GIRD-6 project in 1932. His interest in stratospheric flight was also shared by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky who supported this early work...
(together with Bereznyak)
J
- Jabir ibn Aflah
Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician and inventor whose works, once translated into Latin , influenced later European mathematicians and astronomers...
(Geber), (c. 1100–1150), Islamic SpainAl-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Arab and North African Muslims , at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
— portable celestial globe
- Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
Geber is the Latinized form of "Jabir", with the full name of Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān al azdi , a prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician...
, (c. 721-815), YemenYemen , officially the Republic of Yemen is a country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia...
/PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— pure distillationDistillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction....
, calcinationCalcination is a thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction. The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures below the melting point of the product materials...
, crystallizationCrystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas...
, filtrationFiltration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass...
, liquefactionLiquefaction may refer to:* Soil liquefaction, the process by which sediments become suspended* Liquefaction of gases in physics, chemistry, and thermal engineering* Liquefactive necrosis in pathology...
, purification, alembicAn alembic is an alchemical still consisting of two retorts connected by a tube. Technically, the alembic is only the upper part , while the lower part is the cucurbit, but the word was often used to refer to the entire distillation apparatus...
, stillA still is an apparatus used to distill miscible or immiscible liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor...
, retortIn a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated...
, mineral acidA mineral acid is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. A mineral acid does not contain any carbon atoms and all mineral acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.-Characteristics:...
s, nitricNitric acid , also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and toxic strong acid.Colorless when pure older samples tend to acquire a stronger yellow cast due to the accumulation of oxides of nitrogen. If the solution contains more than 86% nitric acid, it is referred to as...
and sulfuric acidSulfuric acid, , is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry. World production in 2001 was 165 million tonnes, with an approximate value of US$8 billion...
s, uricUric acid is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with the formula C
5H
4N
4O
3.-Biology:...
and hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid and has major industrial uses. It is found naturally in gastric acid....
s, aqua regiaAqua regia or aqua regis is a highly corrosive, fuming yellow or red solution, also called nitro-hydrochloric acid. The mixture is formed by freshly mixing concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid, usually in a volumetric ratio of 1:3 respectively...
, alumAlum is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated aluminium potassium sulfate with the formula KAl
2.12H
2O...
, alkaliIn chemistry, an alkali is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal element. Alkalis are best known for being bases that dissolve in water. Bases are compounds with a pH greater than 7. The adjective alkaline is commonly used in English as a synonym for base, especially for...
, boraxBorax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a white powder consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.Borax has a wide variety of uses...
, pure sal ammoniacSal ammoniac is a rare mineral composed of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. It forms colorless to white to yellow-brown crystals in the isometric-hexoctahedral class. It has very poor cleavage and a brittle to conchoidal fracture. It is quite soft, with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2, and has a...
, lead carbonaticCerussite is a mineral consisting of lead carbonate , and an important ore of lead. The name is from the Latin cerussa, white lead. Cerussa nativa was mentioned by Conrad Gessner in 1565, and in 1832 F. S. Beudant applied the name cruse to the mineral, whilst the present form, cerussite, is due to W...
, arsenicArsenic is the chemical element that has the symbol As, atomic number 33 and atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250. Arsenic is a notoriously poisonous metalloid with many allotropic forms, including a yellow and several black and grey forms...
, antimonyAntimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metalloid. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals...
, bismuthBismuth is a chemical element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This trivalent poor metal chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Bismuth is heavy and brittle; it has a silvery white color with a pink tinge owing to the surface oxide. Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic of all...
, pure mercuryMercury , also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum , is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80...
and sulfurSulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals...
, plated mailPlated mail is a type of mail with embedded plates. Armour of this type has been used in the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Eastern Europe, and by the Moors. A Japanese version of this armour is known as Tatami Dô.In Russia there are three known varieties of this armour...
, artificial pearlA pearl is a hard, generally spherical object produced within the soft tissue of a living shelled mollusk. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is made up of calcium carbonate in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and...
and gemstoneA gemstone or gem is a piece of attractive mineral, which—when cut and polished—is used to make jewelry or other adornments...
, lusterwareLusterware or Lustreware is a type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence, produced by metallic oxides in an overglaze finish, which is given a second firing at a lower temperature in a "muffle kiln", reduction kiln, which excludes oxygen.The first use...
- Moritz von Jacobi
Moritz Hermann von Jacobi was a Prussian engineer and physicist born in Potsdam. Jacobi worked mainly in Russia. He furthered progress in galvanoplastics, electric motors, and wire telegraphy....
, (1801-1874), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- electrotypingElectrotyping is an application of the art of electroplating to typography, used for making duplicate plates for relief printing . In copying engraved plates for printing purposes, copper may be deposited upon the original plate, the surface of which is first rendered slightly dirty, by means of a...
- Karl Jatho
Karl Jatho was a German pioneer and inventor, performer and public servant of the city of Hanover.Allegedly, on August 18, 1903 he flew with his self-made motored gliding airplane 4 months before the first flight of the Wright Brothers, but it is claimed still two years later than Gustave Whitehead...
, (1873–1933), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— aeroplaneA fixed-wing aircraft, usually called an airplane, aeroplane or plane, is an aircraft capable of flight using forward motion that causes air to pass over its wings to generate lift. Planes include jet engine and propeller driven vehicles propelled forward by thrust, as well as unpowered aircraft...
- Al-Jazari
Abū al-'Iz Ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī was a prominent Arab polymath: an Islamic scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, mathematician and astronomer from Al-Jazira, Iraq, who lived during the Islamic Golden Age...
, (1136–1206), IraqIraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , also known as Mesopotamia, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.Iraq shares borders with Jordan to the west, Syria...
— crank-driven and hydropowerHydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of moving water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes....
ed saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screwA screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known as an external thread or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known as an internal thread, often in the form of a nut or a object that has the...
and screwpumpArchimedes' screw, the Archimedes screw, the Archimedean screw or the screwpump is a machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches...
, elephant clockThe elephant clock was a medieval Muslim invention by al-Jazari , consisting of a weight powered water clock in the form of an elephant. The various elements of the clock are in the housing on top of the elephant...
, weight-drivenIn horology, a maintaining power is a mechanism for keeping a clock or watch going while it is being wound.-Middle Ages:The first mechanical clocks to be driven by weights and gears were invented by medieval Arabic engineers...
clock, weight-driven pumpA pump is a device used to move fluids, such as gases, liquids or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. One common misconception about pumps is the thought that they create pressure. Pumps alone do not create pressure; they only displace fluid, causing a flow. ...
, reciprocatingA reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types...
pistonA piston is a component of reciprocating engines, pumps and gas compressors. It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod...
suctionSuction is the flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum, or region of low pressure. The pressure gradient between this region and the ambient pressure will propel matter toward the low pressure area. Suction is popularly thought of as an attractive effect, which is incorrect since vacuums do not...
pump, geared and hydropowered water supply systemA water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes:...
, programmableA program is list of instructions written in a programming language that is used to control the behavior of a machine, often a computer ....
humanoid robotA humanoid robot is a robot with its overall appearance based on that of the human body, allowing interaction with made-for-human tools or environments. In general humanoid robots have a torso with a head, two arms and two legs, although some forms of humanoid robots may model only part of the...
s, roboticsRobotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, and their design, manufacture, and application. Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics, and software. The word robot was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. , published in 1920...
, hand washingHand washing for hand hygiene is the act of cleansing the hands with water or another liquid, with the use of soap, for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms....
automataAn automaton is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot. An alternative spelling, now obsolete, is automation.- Etymology :...
, flush mechanismA flush toilet is a toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location. Flushing mechanisms are found more often on western toilets , but many squat toilets also are made for automated flushing...
, laminationA laminate is a material constructed by uniting two or more layers of material together. The process of creating a laminate is lamination, which in common parlance refers to the placing of something between layers of plastic and sealing them with heat and/or pressure, usually with an adhesive...
, static balancingA standard definition of static equilibrium is:This is a strict definition, and often the term "static equilibrium" is used in a more relaxed manner interchangeably with "mechanical equilibrium", as defined next....
, paper modelPaper models, also called card models or papercraft, are models constructed mainly from sheets of heavy paper or card stock as a hobby.- Details :...
, sand castingA sand casting or a sand molded casting is a cast part produced by forming a mold from a sand mixture and pouring molten liquid metal into the cavity in the mold. The mold is then cooled until the metal has solidified. In the last stage the casting is separated from the mold...
, molding sandMolding sand, also known as foundry sand, is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.-Green sand:...
, intermittencyIn dynamical systems, intermittency is the alternation of phases of apparently periodic and chaotic dynamics.In the apparently periodic phases the behaviour is not quite, but only nearly periodic. Thus, rather than a series of values such as 2, 4, 2, 4, ... one might have something like 2.0001,...
, linkageA mechanical linkage is a series of rigid links connected with joints to form a closed chain, or a series of closed chains. Each link has two or more joints, and the joints have various degrees of freedom to allow motion between the links. A linkage is called a mechanism if two or more links are...
- Ibn Al-Jazzar
Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid Ibn al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani , was an influential 10th-century Arab Muslim physician who became famous for his writings on Islamic medicine. He was born in Qayrawan in modern-day Tunisia...
(Algizar), (c. 898-980), TunisiaTunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. Tunisia is located southwest of the island of Sicily and south of Sardinia. Its size is almost 165,000 km² with an estimated population of just...
— sexual dysfunctionSexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction refers to a difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including desire, arousal or orgasm.-Categories:...
and erectile dysfunctionErectile dysfunction is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance....
treatment drugs
- György Jendrassik
György Jendrassik , Hungarian physicist and mechanical engineer.Jendrassik completed his education at Budapest's József Technical University, then at the University of Berlin attended lectures of the famous physicists Einstein and Planck. In 1922 he obtained his diploma in mechanical engineering in...
, (1898–1954), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— turbopropTurboprop engines are a type of aircraft powerplant that use a gas turbine to drive a propeller. The gas turbine is designed specifically for this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive the propeller...
- Carl Edvard Johansson
Carl Edvard Johansson was a Swedish inventor and scientist.Johansson invented the gauge block set, also known as "Jo Blocks" . He was granted his first Swedish patent on 2 May 1901, Swedish patent No. 17017 called "Gauge Block Sets for Precision Measurement". He formed the Swedish company CE...
, (1864–1943), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— Gauge blocksA gauge block is a precision ground and lapped length measuring standard...
- Johan Petter Johansson
Johan Petter Johansson , sometimes known as JP, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He invented a modern adjustable spanner . He obtained over 100 patents in total....
, (1853–1943), SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
— the pipe wrenchThe pipe wrench, or Stillson wrench is an adjustable wrench used for turning soft iron pipes and fittings with a rounded surface. The design of the adjustable jaw allows it to rock in the frame, such that any forward pressure on the handle tends to pull the jaws tighter together. Teeth angled in...
and the modern adjustable spannerAn adjustable spanner, shifting spanner, shifter, fit-all, crescent wrench or adjustable-angle head wrench is a tool which can be used to loosen or tighten a nut or bolt. It has a "jaw" which is of adjustable size, which allows for different size nuts and bolts to be handled by the same spanner...
- Nancy Johnson, U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)
- Scott A. Jones
Scott A. Jones is an American inventor known for his work in the early days of voicemail. In 2006 he founded the mobile question answering service ChaCha. Also of note is his sale of Gracenote to sony for 260 million dollars making him one of carmel indianas richest people.Jones lives in Carmel,...
, (1960–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— created one of the most successful versions of voicemailVoicemail is a centralized system of managing telephone messages for a large group of people...
as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internetThe Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
search engineA web search engine is a tool designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are usually presented in a list and are commonly called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data...
.
- Whitcomb Judson, (1836–1909), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— zipperA zipper is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric. It is used in clothing A zipper (British English: zip or (rarely) zip fastener) is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric. It is used in clothing A zipper (British English: zip or (rarely) zip fastener)...
K
- Mikhail Kalashnikov
Lieutenant General Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov is a famous Russian small arms designer, most famous for designing the AK-47 assault rifle.-Early life:...
, (1919–), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— AK-47The AK-47 is a selective fire, gas operated 7.62mm assault rifle developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the 1940s. Six decades later, the AK-47 and its variants and derivatives remain in service throughout the world...
and AK-74The AK-74 is a 5.45mm assault rifle developed in the early 1970s in the Soviet Union. It was developed from the earlier AKM and introduced in 1974.The rifle first saw service with Soviet forces engaged in the Afghanistan conflict...
assault rifles
- Dean Kamen
Dean L. Kamen is an American entrepreneur and inventor from New Hampshire.Born in Rockville Centre, New York, he attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute, but dropped out before graduating...
, (1951–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOTThe iBOT is a very stable and mobile powered wheelchair developed by Dean Kamen in a partnership between DEKA and Johnson and Johnson's Independence Technology division. It is a medical technology, made to help people with severe mobility problems....
Mobility Device
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. His scientific career was spent exploring extremely cold refrigeration techniques and the associated phenomena.-Early years:...
, (1853–1926), NetherlandsThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
— liquify heliumHelium is the chemical element with atomic number 2, and is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table...
- Pyotr Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was an innovative Soviet/Russian physicist and Nobel laureate, who made important discoveries in several different areas....
, (1894–1984), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- first ultrastrong magnetic fieldMagnetic fields surround magnetic materials and electric currents and are detected by the force they exert on other magnetic materials and moving electric charges...
creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions
- Georgii Karpechenko
Georgii Dmitrievich Karpechenko was a Russian and Soviet biologist.Worked on cytology and invented several hybrids...
, (1899-1941), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī
' was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.-Biography:...
, (c. 1380–1429), PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computerAn analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved...
- Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Naser ibn Saghir ibn Khalid al-Kaysarani
A significant number of inventions were developed in the medieval Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at various times extended from Spain and Africa in the west to the Indian subcontinent and Malay Archipelago in the east...
, (c. 1154), SyriaSyria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest....
— striking clockA striking clock is a clock that sounds the hours audibly on a bell or gong.The striking feature of clocks was originally more important than their clock faces; the earliest clocks struck the hours, but had no dials to enable the time to be read...
, clock towerA clock tower is a tower built with one or more clock faces. The clock tower is usually part of a church or municipal building such as a town hall, but many clock towers are free-standing....
- Mstislav Keldysh
Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh was a Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics and mechanics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences , President of the USSR Academy of Sciences , three times Hero of Socialist Labor , fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh...
, (1911-1978), LatviaLatvia , officially the Republic of Latvia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , and to the southeast by Belarus . Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- co-developer of Sputnik 1Sputnik 1 was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program...
(the first artificial satellite) together with KorolyovSergey Pavlovich Korolyov , , , was the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s...
and Tikhonravov
- John Harvey Kellogg
John Harvey Kellogg was an American medical doctor in Battle Creek, Michigan, who ran a sanitarium using holistic methods, with a particular focus on nutrition, enemas and exercise...
, (1852–1943), cornflake breakfasts
- John George Kemeny
John George Kemeny , was a Hungarian-American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas Eugene Kurtz....
, (1926–1992), HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
— co-inventor of BASICIn computer programming, BASIC is a family of high-level programming languages. The original BASIC was designed in 1964 by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth in New Hampshire, USA to provide computer access to non-science students...
- Alexander Kemurdzhian
Alexander Leonovich Kemurdzhian was a pioneering scientist in the space flight program of the Soviet Union...
, (1921–2003), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first space exploration roverThere are two main types of rovers.A rover is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other astronomical body. Some rovers have been designed to transport members of a human spaceflight crew; others have been partially or fully autonomous robots...
(LunokhodLunokhod 1 and 2 were a pair of Soviet robotic lunar rovers landed on the Moon in 1970 and 1973, respectively. They were in operation concurrently with the Zond series of flyby missions. The Lunokhod missions were primarily designed to explore the surface and return pictures...
)
- Kerim Kerimov
Kerim Aliyevich Kerimov was an Azerbaijani Soviet rocket scientist, one of the founders of the Soviet space industry, and for many years a central figure in the Soviet space program. Despite his prominent role, his identity was kept a secret from the public for most of his career...
, (1917–2003), AzerbaijanAzerbaijan , formally the Republic of Azerbaijan , is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south...
and RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— human spaceflightHuman spaceflight is spaceflight with a human crew and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites...
, space dock, space stationA space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live in outer space. To date, only low earth orbital stations have been implemented, otherwise known as orbital stations...
- Charles F. Kettering, (1876–1958), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— invented automobile self-starter ignition, FreonFreon is DuPont's trade name for chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbons. In other countries the same family of chemical compounds are called Isceon, Ledon, Frigen, Kaltron, Flugene, Forane, Fridohna, Frigedohn, Algofrene, Asahiflon, Daiflon, Flon, Genetron, Kaiser, Isotron, Racon, Ucon,...
ethyl gasoline and more
- Khalid, (fl. 800s), Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast. Its size is 1,100,000 km² with an...
— coffeeCoffee is a brewed beverage prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. They are seeds of "coffee cherries" that grow on trees in over 70 countries. It has been said that green coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world behind crude oil. Due to its...
- Fazlur Khan
Fazlur Rahman Khan , born in Dhaka, Bengal , was a Bangladeshi-American architect and structural engineer. He did the structural engineering" of the Willis Tower and John Hancock Center...
, (1929–1982), Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
— structural systems for high-rise skyscraperA skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building. There is no official definition or height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper...
s
- Al-Khazini
Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini was a scientist, astronomer, physicist, biologist, alchemist, mathematician and philosopher from Merv, then in the Khorasan province of Persia but now in Turkmenistan, who made important contributions to physics and astronomy. He is considered the greatest scholar from...
, (fl. 1115–1130), PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— hydrostatic balance
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 940–1000), Persia
History of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— astronomical sextantSextants for astronomical observations were used primarily for measuring the positions of stars. They are little used today, having been replaced over time by transit telescopes, astrometry techniques, and satellites such as Hipparcos....
- Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
' was a Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.His Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. He is considered the founder of algebra, a credit he shares with Diophantus...
(Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), PersiaHistory of Iran has been intertwined to the history of a larger historical region, Greater Iran, which consists of the area from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River and Jaxartes in the east and from the Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of...
— modern algebraAlgebra is the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and the things which can be constructed from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures...
, mural instrument
A mural instrument is an angle measuring device mounted on or built into a wall. For astronomical purposes, these walls were oriented so they lie precisely on a meridian. A mural instrument that measures angles from 0 to 90 degrees can also be called a mural quadrant.-Construction:Many...
, quadrantA quadrant is an instrument that is used to measure angles up to 90°. It was originally proposed by Ptolemy as a better kind of astrolabe. Several different variations of the instrument were later produced by medieval Muslim astronomers.-Types of quadrants:...
, horary quadrant, sine quadrantthumb|right|450|Sinecal Quadrant or as it is known in Arabic: Rubul mujayyabThe sine quadrant was a type of quadrant used by medieval Arabic astronomers. It is also known as a "sinecal quadrant" in the English-speaking world...
, Quadrans Vetus, shadow square
- Jack Kilby
Jack St. Clair Kilby was a Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 2000 for his invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments . He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and thermal printer.-Biography:Kilby's life began in Great Bend, Kansas where he grew up...
, (1923–2005), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— patented the first integrated circuitIn electronics, an integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material...
- Al-Kindi
' , also known to the West by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus, was an Arab Iraqi polymath: an Islamic philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist...
(Alkindus), (801–873), IraqIraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , also known as Mesopotamia, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.Iraq shares borders with Jordan to the west, Syria...
/YemenYemen , officially the Republic of Yemen is a country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia...
— ethanolEthanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug, best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and in modern thermometers. Ethanol is one of the oldest recreational drugs...
, pure distilled alcoholA distilled beverage, liquor, or spirits is a drinkable liquid containing ethanol that is produced by means of distilling fermented grain, fruit, or vegetables.This excludes undistilled fermented beverages such as beer and wine, and often the term hard liquor is used to contrast distilled beverages...
, cryptanalysisCryptanalysis is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves knowing how the system works and finding a secret key...
, frequency analysisIn cryptanalysis, frequency analysis is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers....
- Semyon Kirlian
Semyon Davidovich Kirlian was a Russian inventor and researcher of Armenian descent, who along with his wife Valentina Khrisanovna Kirlian , a teacher and journalist, discovered and developed Kirlian photography.-Early life:Kirlian was born in Yekaterinodar, now Krasnodar, Russia of Armenian descent...
, (1898-1978), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- Kirlian photographyKirlian photography refers to a form of photogram made with a high voltage. It is named after Semyon Kirlian, who in 1939 accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a source of high voltage, small corona discharges create an image on the photographic...
- Fritz Klatte
Fritz Klatte was a German chemist and the discoverer of polyvinyl acetate, with German patent for its preparation from acetylene gas....
, (1880–1934), GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
— vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third most widely used thermoplastic polymer after polyethylene and polypropylene. In terms of revenue generated, it is one of the most valuable products of the chemical industry. Around the world, over 50% of PVC manufactured is used in...
- Mikhail Koshkin
Mikhail Ilyich Koshkin was a Soviet tank designer, chief designer of the famous T-34 medium tank. He started out in life as a candy maker, but then studied engineering...
, (1898-1940), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— T-34The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1940 to 1958. Although its armour and armament were surpassed by later tanks of the era, it has been often credited as the most effective, efficient and influential design of World War II...
medium tank
- Margaret E. Knight, (1838–1914), U.S.
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags
- Ivan Knunyants
Ivan Lyudvigovich Knunyants Ivan Lyudvigovich Knunyants Ivan Lyudvigovich Knunyants - December 21 1990 (Moscow), was a Soviet chemist of Armenian origin, academic of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a Major General and engineer, who significantly...
, (1906–1990), ArmeniaArmenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— Nylon 6Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a polymer developed by Paul Schlack at IG Farben to reproduce the properties of nylon 6,6 without violating the patent on its production. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 6 is not a condensation polymer, but instead is formed by ring-opening polymerization. This makes...
- Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholera and for his development of Koch's postulates....
, (1843–1910), Germany — method for culturing bacteria on solid media
- Willem Johan Kolff
Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff was a pioneer of hemodialysis as well as in the field of artificial organs. Willem is a member of the Kolff family, an old Dutch patrician family...
, (1911–2009), NetherlandsThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
— artificial kidney hemodialysisIn medicine, hemodialysis is a method for removing waste products such as potassium and urea, as well as free water from the blood when the kidneys are in renal failure. Hemodialysis is one of three renal replacement therapies .Hemodialysis can be an outpatient or inpatient therapy...
machine
- Rudolf Kompfner
Rudolf Kompfner was an Austrian-born engineer and physicist, best known as the inventor of the traveling-wave tube .Kompfner was born in Vienna to Jewish parents...
, (1909–1977), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— Traveling-wave tube
- Konstantin Konstantinov
Konstantin Ivanovich Konstantinov was a Russian artillery officer and scientist in the fields of artillery, rocketry, instrument making, rising to the rank of Lieutenant General....
, (1819 or 1819 – 1871), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— device for measuring flight speed of projectileA projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force which ceases after launch. Although a thrown baseball could be considered a projectile, the word more often refers to a weapon...
s, ballistic rocket pendulumA pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so it can swing freely.When a pendulum is displaced from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force will cause it...
, launch padA launch pad is the area and facilities where rockets or spacecrafts liftoff. A Spaceport can contain one or many launch pads. A typical launch pad consists of the service and umbilical structures. The service structure provides an access platform to inspect the launch vehicle prior to launch....
, rocket-making machine
- Sergey Korolyov
Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov , , , was the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s...
, (1907–1966), UkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev is both the capital and the largest city of...
/RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— invented R-7 rocket family, designed Sputniks (including first Earth-orbiting artificial satelliteSputnik 1 was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program...
), supervised Vostok program (including first human spaceflightVostok 1 was the first human spaceflight. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961, taking into space Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time anyone had journeyed into outer space and the first time anyone had entered into orbit...
)
- Nikolai Korotkov
Nikolai Sergeyevich Korotkov was a Russian surgeon, a pioneer of 20th century vascular surgery, and the inventor of auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement.-Associated eponyms:...
, (1874-1920), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- auscultatory technique for blood pressureBlood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum and a minimum pressure...
measurement
- Semen Korsakov
Semen Nikolaevich Korsakov was a Russian government official, noted both as a homeopath and an inventor who was involved with an early version of information technology.-Biography:...
, (1787-1853), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
- punch cardA punch card or punched card , is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions...
for information storage
- Gleb Kotelnikov
Gleb Yevgeniyevich Kotelnikov , was the Russian-Soviet inventor of the knapsack parachute.In 1894, Kotelnikov graduated from the Kiev Military School...
, (1872–1944), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— knapsack parachuteA parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Parachutes are made out of cloth, most commonly nylon....
- Alexei Krylov
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov was a Russian Naval engineer, applied mathematician and memoirist.-Biography:Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov was born on August 3 O.S., 1863 to the family of an Army Artillery officer in a village of the Simbirsk Gubernia in Russia...
, (1863-1945), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— gyroscopicA gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum. A mechanical gyroscope is essentially a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation...
damping of ships
- Ivan Kulibin
Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was a Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a trader. From childhood, Kulibin displayed an interest in constructing mechanical tools. Soon, clock mechanisms became a special interest of his. During 1764-1767 he built an egg-shaped...
, (1735–1818), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— elevatorAn elevator or lift is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building...
using screw mechanisms, an automobile that featured a flywheelA flywheel is a mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used as a storage device for rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational speed, which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating torque is exerted on it by its power source such as a...
, brakeA brake is a device for applying a force against the friction of the road, slowing or stopping the motion of a machine or vehicle, or alternatively a device to restrain it from starting to move again. The kinetic energy lost by the moving part is usually translated to heat by friction...
, gear box, and bearingA bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the directions of applied loads they can...
.
- Igor Kurchatov
Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov was a Soviet/Russian nuclear physicist. He was the leader of the Soviet atomic bomb project. He was one of the main central figures in the Soviet nuclear program. He is best known for his role as a director of nascent Soviet nuclear programme...
, (1903–1960), RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
— first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarineA submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. It differs from a submersible, which has only limited underwater capability...
s and surface shipsNuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship powered by a nuclear reactor. Naval nuclear propulsion is propulsion that specifically refers to naval warships .-Power plants:...
- Raymond Kurzweil
Raymond Kurzweil is an inventor and futurist. He is involved in fields as diverse as optical character recognition , text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic keyboard instruments...
, (1948–), Optical character recognitionOptical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or electronic translation of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-editable text....
; flatbed scanner
- Stephanie Kwolek
Stephanie Louise Kwolek is an Polish-American chemist who invented poly-paraphenylene terephtalamide—better known as Kevlar. She was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Kwolek has won numerous awards for her work in polymer chemistry.- Early life and education :Kwolek...
, (1923–), U.S.The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
— KevlarKevlar is the registered trademark for a light, strong para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.Developed at DuPont in 1965 by Stephanie Kwolek it was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires...
- John Howard Kyan
John Howard Kyan was the inventor of the 'kyanising' process for preserving wood. He was the son of John Howard Kyan of Mount Howard and Ballymurtagh, County Wicklow, and was born in Dublin on 27 November 1774. His father was the owner of valuable copper mines in Wicklow and, for some time,...
(1774–1850), IrelandIreland is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain...
— The process of Kyanization used for wood preservation
L
- René Laënnec
René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec was a French physician. He invented the stethoscope in 1816, while working at the Hôpital Necker and pioneered its use in diagnosing various chest conditions....
, (1781–1826), FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
— stethoscopeThe stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal body. It is often used to listen to heart sounds. It is also used to listen to intestines and blood flow in arteries and veins...
- Lala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India
The Mughal Empire was an Islamic an