Color photography is
photographyPhotography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an electronic sensor...
that uses media capable of representing
colorColor or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors...
s which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. It is contrasted with
black-and-whiteBlack-and-white is a number of monochrome forms in visual arts. Most forms of visual technology start out in black and white, then slowly evolve into color as technology progresses....
photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray. It does not include hand colored or
PhotochromPhotochrom
["Photochrom" is the spelling used by the Library of Congress, for historical reasons, in its classification and description of its collection of such images. Variants of the spelling exist, both in English and in German. "Photochrome" is the English spelling used in...]
e photographs either. Some examples of color photography include
printsPhotographic printing is the process of producing a final image on paper for viewing, using chemically sensitized paper. The paper is exposed to a photographic negative, a positive transparency , or a digital image file projected using an enlarger or digital exposure unit such as a LightJet printer...
, color
negativesIn photography, a negative may refer to three different things, although they are all related.-A negative:Film, for 35mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical-coated plastic. As each image is captured by the camera onto the film strip, the film strip advances so that the next image is...
, transparencies and slides, and
roll and sheet filmsPhotographic film is a sheet of plastic coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film...
.
- 1861: The first known permanent color photograph is taken by James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish theoretical physicist and mathematician. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a...
- 1877: Louis Ducos du Hauron
Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron was a French pioneer of color photography. He was born in Langon, Gironde and died in Agen....
experiments with subtractive color (see below)
- 1891: Lippmann process
The Lippmann plate was an early form of colour photography developed in 1891 by Gabriel Lippmann, a physicist. Lippmann won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908 for its development....
- 1896: Joly color screen
The Joly Color process is an early additive color photography process devised by Dublin physicist John Joly in 1894.-Description:Based on a method proposed in 1869 by Louis Ducos du Hauron in Les Couleurs en Photographie - Solution du Probleme, the Joly Color process used a glass photographic plate...
process
- 1907 (patented 1904): Autochrome
- 1908: Dufaycolor
Dufaycolor is an early French and British additive colour photographic film process for motion pictures and stills photography. It was based on a four-colour screen photographic process invented in 1908 by Frenchman Louis Dufay...
(color transparencies)
- 1908: Finlay Colour process
The Finlay colour process was an early additive color photography process devised by Englishman Clare L. Finlay which could produce a picture in natural color with a single exposure.-Description:...
(additiveAdditive may refer to:* Additive function, a function that preserves the addition operation* Additive inverse, an arithmetic concept* Additive category, a preadditive category with finite biproducts...
process using an RGB filter)
- 1909–1915: Prokudin-Gorskii
Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in colour photography of early 20th-century Russia.
[. Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 August 2006]-Early life:Prokudin-Gorsky was born in Murom in what is now...
's color documentary photography in Russia
- 1912: Paget process
The Paget process was an early color photography process patented in Britain in 1912 by G.S. Whitfield and first marketed by the Paget Prize Plate Company in 1913. A paper-based Paget process was also briefly sold. Both were discontinued in the early 1920s...
- 1920 (patented 1905): Tri-Color carbon print
A carbon print is a photographic print produced by soaking a carbon tissue in a dilute sensitizing solution of potassium dichromate. The solution also consists of carbon, gelatin, and a coloring agent...
s (by Louis Ducos du HauronLouis Arthur Ducos du Hauron was a French pioneer of color photography. He was born in Langon, Gironde and died in Agen....
since 1862 and Charles CrosCharles Cros was a French poet and inventor. He was born in Fabrezan, Aude, France, 35 km to the East of Carcassonne....
since 1867), it lasts to 1960 by AutotypeAutotype is a function in some computer applications or programs, typically those containing forms, which fills in a field once you have typed in the first few letters...
- 1935: Kodachrome
Kodachrome is the trademarked brand name of a type of color reversal film that was manufactured by Eastman Kodak from 1935 to 2009. Kodachrome was the first successfully mass-marketed color still film using a subtractive method, in contrast to earlier additive "screenplate" methods such as...
(16mm motion picture film16 mm film refers to a popular, economical gauge of film used for motion pictures and non-theatrical film making. 16 mm refers to the width of the film. Other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm.- History :...
)
- 1936: Kodachrome (35mm still film
The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for cartridge film wide, specifically for still photography. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film format...
)
- 1936: Agfacolor
Agfacolor is a series of color photographic products produced by Agfa of Germany. It was originally introduced in 1932 as a 'screen plate' version, similar to the Autochrome process, but in late 1936 Agfa introduced Agfacolor-Neu transparency film. This technique is based on the patent no. 253335...
(transparency film)
- 1940: Ektachrome
Ektachrome is a brand name owned by Kodak for a range of transparency, still, and motion picture films available in most formats, including 35 mm and sheet sizes to 11x14 inch size. Readers familiar with old National Geographic magazines will recall the distinctive look of Ektachrome, used for...
(slide film)
- 1942: Kodacolor
In still photography, Kodak's Kodacolor brand has been associated with various color negative films since 1942. Kodak claims that Kodacolor print film was the world's first true color negative film...
(color negativeIn photography, a negative may refer to three different things, although they are all related.-A negative:Film, for 35mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical-coated plastic. As each image is captured by the camera onto the film strip, the film strip advances so that the next image is...
process for still photography and later motion pictures)
- 1946: Dye transfer
Dye transfer is a continuous-tone color photographic printing process, popularized by the Eastman Kodak Company in the 1940s. It is sometimes referred to by such generic names as wash-off relief printing and dye imbibition printing...
prints (imbibitionImbibition is defined as the displacement of one fluid by another immiscible fluid. This process is controlled and affected by a variety of factors. The capillary number and the mobility ratio have the greatest importance. It is also defined as the phenomenon by which the living or dead plant...
process)
- 1960s: Cibachrome
Ilfochrome, is a dye destruction positive-to-positive photographic process used for the reproduction of slides on photographic paper. The prints are made on a dimensionally stable tri-acetate polyester base, essentially a plastic base opposed to traditional paper base...
, now officially known as Ilfochrome.
- 1965: Polacolor
Polacolor was a post-World War II motion picture color process developed by the Polaroid Corporation. It used a three-color dye coupler on a single photographic emulsion....
by PolaroidPolaroid Corporation is a multinational consumer electronics and eyewear company, originally founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. It is most famous for its instant film cameras, which reached the market in 1948, and continued to be the company's flagship product line until the February 2008 decision...
(dye diffusion transfer process)
The colors are added as colored lights.
Color photography is
photographyPhotography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an electronic sensor...
that uses media capable of representing
colorColor or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors...
s which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. It is contrasted with
black-and-whiteBlack-and-white is a number of monochrome forms in visual arts. Most forms of visual technology start out in black and white, then slowly evolve into color as technology progresses....
photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray. It does not include hand colored or
PhotochromPhotochrom
["Photochrom" is the spelling used by the Library of Congress, for historical reasons, in its classification and description of its collection of such images. Variants of the spelling exist, both in English and in German. "Photochrome" is the English spelling used in...]
e photographs either. Some examples of color photography include
printsPhotographic printing is the process of producing a final image on paper for viewing, using chemically sensitized paper. The paper is exposed to a photographic negative, a positive transparency , or a digital image file projected using an enlarger or digital exposure unit such as a LightJet printer...
, color
negativesIn photography, a negative may refer to three different things, although they are all related.-A negative:Film, for 35mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical-coated plastic. As each image is captured by the camera onto the film strip, the film strip advances so that the next image is...
, transparencies and slides, and
roll and sheet filmsPhotographic film is a sheet of plastic coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film...
.
History
- 1861: The first known permanent color photograph is taken by James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish theoretical physicist and mathematician. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a...
- 1877: Louis Ducos du Hauron
Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron was a French pioneer of color photography. He was born in Langon, Gironde and died in Agen....
experiments with subtractive color (see below)
- 1891: Lippmann process
The Lippmann plate was an early form of colour photography developed in 1891 by Gabriel Lippmann, a physicist. Lippmann won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908 for its development....
- 1896: Joly color screen
The Joly Color process is an early additive color photography process devised by Dublin physicist John Joly in 1894.-Description:Based on a method proposed in 1869 by Louis Ducos du Hauron in Les Couleurs en Photographie - Solution du Probleme, the Joly Color process used a glass photographic plate...
process
- 1907 (patented 1904): Autochrome
- 1908: Dufaycolor
Dufaycolor is an early French and British additive colour photographic film process for motion pictures and stills photography. It was based on a four-colour screen photographic process invented in 1908 by Frenchman Louis Dufay...
(color transparencies)
- 1908: Finlay Colour process
The Finlay colour process was an early additive color photography process devised by Englishman Clare L. Finlay which could produce a picture in natural color with a single exposure.-Description:...
(additiveAdditive may refer to:* Additive function, a function that preserves the addition operation* Additive inverse, an arithmetic concept* Additive category, a preadditive category with finite biproducts...
process using an RGB filter)
- 1909–1915: Prokudin-Gorskii
Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in colour photography of early 20th-century Russia.
[. Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 August 2006]-Early life:Prokudin-Gorsky was born in Murom in what is now...
's color documentary photography in Russia
- 1912: Paget process
The Paget process was an early color photography process patented in Britain in 1912 by G.S. Whitfield and first marketed by the Paget Prize Plate Company in 1913. A paper-based Paget process was also briefly sold. Both were discontinued in the early 1920s...
- 1920 (patented 1905): Tri-Color carbon print
A carbon print is a photographic print produced by soaking a carbon tissue in a dilute sensitizing solution of potassium dichromate. The solution also consists of carbon, gelatin, and a coloring agent...
s (by Louis Ducos du HauronLouis Arthur Ducos du Hauron was a French pioneer of color photography. He was born in Langon, Gironde and died in Agen....
since 1862 and Charles CrosCharles Cros was a French poet and inventor. He was born in Fabrezan, Aude, France, 35 km to the East of Carcassonne....
since 1867), it lasts to 1960 by AutotypeAutotype is a function in some computer applications or programs, typically those containing forms, which fills in a field once you have typed in the first few letters...
- 1935: Kodachrome
Kodachrome is the trademarked brand name of a type of color reversal film that was manufactured by Eastman Kodak from 1935 to 2009. Kodachrome was the first successfully mass-marketed color still film using a subtractive method, in contrast to earlier additive "screenplate" methods such as...
(16mm motion picture film16 mm film refers to a popular, economical gauge of film used for motion pictures and non-theatrical film making. 16 mm refers to the width of the film. Other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm.- History :...
)
- 1936: Kodachrome (35mm still film
The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for cartridge film wide, specifically for still photography. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film format...
)
- 1936: Agfacolor
Agfacolor is a series of color photographic products produced by Agfa of Germany. It was originally introduced in 1932 as a 'screen plate' version, similar to the Autochrome process, but in late 1936 Agfa introduced Agfacolor-Neu transparency film. This technique is based on the patent no. 253335...
(transparency film)
- 1940: Ektachrome
Ektachrome is a brand name owned by Kodak for a range of transparency, still, and motion picture films available in most formats, including 35 mm and sheet sizes to 11x14 inch size. Readers familiar with old National Geographic magazines will recall the distinctive look of Ektachrome, used for...
(slide film)
- 1942: Kodacolor
In still photography, Kodak's Kodacolor brand has been associated with various color negative films since 1942. Kodak claims that Kodacolor print film was the world's first true color negative film...
(color negativeIn photography, a negative may refer to three different things, although they are all related.-A negative:Film, for 35mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical-coated plastic. As each image is captured by the camera onto the film strip, the film strip advances so that the next image is...
process for still photography and later motion pictures)
- 1946: Dye transfer
Dye transfer is a continuous-tone color photographic printing process, popularized by the Eastman Kodak Company in the 1940s. It is sometimes referred to by such generic names as wash-off relief printing and dye imbibition printing...
prints (imbibitionImbibition is defined as the displacement of one fluid by another immiscible fluid. This process is controlled and affected by a variety of factors. The capillary number and the mobility ratio have the greatest importance. It is also defined as the phenomenon by which the living or dead plant...
process)
- 1960s: Cibachrome
Ilfochrome, is a dye destruction positive-to-positive photographic process used for the reproduction of slides on photographic paper. The prints are made on a dimensionally stable tri-acetate polyester base, essentially a plastic base opposed to traditional paper base...
, now officially known as Ilfochrome.
- 1965: Polacolor
Polacolor was a post-World War II motion picture color process developed by the Polaroid Corporation. It used a three-color dye coupler on a single photographic emulsion....
by PolaroidPolaroid Corporation is a multinational consumer electronics and eyewear company, originally founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. It is most famous for its instant film cameras, which reached the market in 1948, and continued to be the company's flagship product line until the February 2008 decision...
(dye diffusion transfer process)
Additive
The colors are added as colored lights. In this system, the most common set of primary colors is
red, green and blueThe RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors...
(RGB). Maxwell's experiment was of this type, as are screen-plate methods, such as
AutochromeThe Autochrome Lumière is an early color photography process. Patented in 1903 by the Lumière brothers in France and first marketed in 1907, it remained the principal color photography process available until it was superseded by the advent of color film during the mid 1930s.- Manufacturing...
. Modern digital photographs seen on a computer monitor are also viewed by addition of light from an RGB phosphor array.
Subtractive
Colors are subtracted from white light by dyes or pigments. In this system the most common set of primary colors is
cyan, magenta, yellow and blackThe CMYK color model, referred to as process color or four color, is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four inks used in most color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key black...
(CMYK). Ducos du Hauron made several pictures by this method in the late 19th century.
Several commercial print methods were devised using the subtractive technique during the 1930s, for printing from "separation negatives".
KodachromeKodachrome is the trademarked brand name of a type of color reversal film that was manufactured by Eastman Kodak from 1935 to 2009. Kodachrome was the first successfully mass-marketed color still film using a subtractive method, in contrast to earlier additive "screenplate" methods such as...
was the first commercially-available film of this type.
Modern color film
The first modern ("integrated tri-pack") color film, Kodachrome, was introduced by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1935, using three colored
emulsionPhotographic emulsion is a layer of light-sensitive material coated onto a substrate. In Silver-gelatin photography, the emulsion consists of silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin, and the substrate may be glass, plastic film, paper or fabric....
s. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for
AgfacolorAgfacolor is a series of color photographic products produced by Agfa of Germany. It was originally introduced in 1932 as a 'screen plate' version, similar to the Autochrome process, but in late 1936 Agfa introduced Agfacolor-Neu transparency film. This technique is based on the patent no. 253335...
(as "Agfacolor Neue") in 1936. (In this newer technology,
chromogenicChromogenic refers to color photographic processes in which a traditional silver image is first formed, and then later replaced with a colored dye image.- Description :...
dye couplersDye coupler is present in chromogenic film and paper used in photography, primarily color photography. When color developer develops exposed silver-halide crystals, the developing agent molecules become oxidized, and the oxidized developer molecules react with dye coupler molecules to form dye in...
are already within the emulsion layers, rather than having to be carefully diffused in during development.) Instant color film was introduced by
PolaroidPolaroid Corporation is a multinational consumer electronics and eyewear company, originally founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. It is most famous for its instant film cameras, which reached the market in 1948, and continued to be the company's flagship product line until the February 2008 decision...
in 1963.
Main types of color film in current use
- Color negative film
In photography, a negative may refer to three different things, although they are all related.-A negative:Film, for 35mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical-coated plastic. As each image is captured by the camera onto the film strip, the film strip advances so that the next image is...
forms a negative (color-reversed) image when exposed, which is permanently fixed during developing. This is then exposed onto photographic paperThis article is about light-sensitive photographic media; for digital printing media please see Photo printer, photo paper and inkjet paper.Photographic paper is paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals, used for making photographic prints....
to form a positive image.
- Color reversal film, also known as slide film, forms a negative image when exposed, which is reversed to a positive image during developing. The film can then be projected
A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. It has four main elements: a fan-cooled electric incandescent light bulb or other light source, a reflector and "condensing" lens to direct the light to the slide, a holder for the slide and a focusing lens...
onto a screenA projection screen is an installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience. Projection screens may be permanently installed as in a movie theater, painted on the wall , semi-permanent or mobile, as in a conference room or...
.
Preservation issues
Experimentation with creating photographs that mirrored the colors of real life began as early as 1861. Each process may require different methods of preservation.
Color photographic materials are impermanent and are by nature unstable.
ChromogenicChromogenic refers to color photographic processes in which a traditional silver image is first formed, and then later replaced with a colored dye image.- Description :...
color photographs, for example, are composed of
yellowYellow is the color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M cone cells of the retina about equally, with no significant stimulation of the S cone cells. Light with a wavelength of 570–580 nm is yellow, as is light with a suitable mixture of somewhat longer and shorter wavelengths...
,
magentaMagenta is a purplish-pink color evoked by lights with less power in yellowish-green wavelengths than in blue and red wavelengths . In light experiments, magenta can be produced by removing the lime-green wavelengths from white light...
, and
cyanCyan may be used as the name of any of a number of colors in the blue/green range of the spectrum. In reference to the visible spectrum cyan is used to refer to the color obtained by mixing equal amounts of green and blue light or the removal of red from white light...
organic
dyeA dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber....
s; which fade at different rates. Even when in dark storage and enclosed in the proper archival materials, deterioration is unavoidable. However, when given the proper preservation care, fading, color shifting, and discoloration can be delayed.
Factors
Numerous factors can deteriorate and even destroy photographs. Some examples include:
- High temperature and high relative humidity
Relative humidity is a term used to describe the amount of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water vapor.- Definition :...
(RH)
- Air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into the atmosphere....
and dirt
- Light exposure
- Biological threats such as fungi
A fungus is any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The Fungi are classified as a kingdom that is separate from plants, animals and bacteria...
and insectInsects are arthropods, having a hard exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet and include more than a million species that are already described. Insects represent more than half of all...
s
- Residual processing chemicals
- Base and emulsion deterioration
- Handling and usage
- Improper storage and enclosures
Three signs of age that affect color photography are:
- Dark fading occurs regardless of the procedures taken to preserve a photograph and is unavoidable. It is instigated by temperature and RH. Cyan dyes will typically fade more quickly, which will make the image appear too red in color.
- Light fading occurs when materials are exposed to light, e.g. while on display. The intensity of the light source and ultraviolet (UV) rays will affect the rate of change and fade. Magenta dyes will typically fade the quickest.
- Highlight staining occurs with older color photographic papers, and is a yellowing of the border and highlight areas of a photograph.
Storage
In general, the colder the storage, the longer the "life" of color photographs. Frost-free refrigeration, more commonly known as
cold storage (below freezing) is one of the most effective ways to bring a halt to developing damage to color photographic materials. Selecting this type of storage environment is costly and requires special training to remove and return items. Therefore,
cool storage (above freezing) is more common and less costly, which requires that the temperature is consistently between 10°C–15°C (50°F–60°F) with 30–40% relative humidity with special attention to dew point to eliminate concerns for condensation. General
dark storage in light tight enclosures and storage boxes is always advised for individual items. When materials are exposed to light during handling, usage, or display, light sources should be UV-filtered and intensity kept at minimum. In storage areas, 200–400
luxThe lux is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance. It is used in photometry as a measure of the apparent intensity of light hitting or passing through a surface...
is recommended.
Recommended storage
The usage of enclosures is the easiest method of preserving photographic materials from being damaged through handling and light exposure. All protective materials should pass the
Photographic Activity TestPhotographic Activity Test is an ISO standard test detailed in ISO 18916:2007 . Previous versions of the standard were numbered ISO 14523:1999, however it was updated and renumbered in 2007....
(PAT) as described both by the
American National Standards InstituteThe American National Standards Institute or ANSI is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international...
(ANSI) in standard IT9.2-1988, and the
International Organization for StandardizationThe International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO , is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial...
(ISO) in standard 18916:2007(E),
Photography – Processed Photographic Materials – Photographic Activity Test for Enclosure Materials. The PAT is an
archival scienceArchival science is the theory and study of the safe storage, cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items. Emerging from diplomatics, the discipline also is concerned with the circumstances under which the information or item was, and is used as evidence and memory of historical facts and...
test that determines what kind of enclosures will preserve, prevent, and/or prolong from further deterioration while in storage.
The recommended use of archival enclosures includes each item having its own enclosure and that each enclosure is of the appropriate size. Archival enclosures may come in two different forms:
paper or
plastic. Choosing either option has its advantages and disadvantages.
- Paper enclosures should be non-acidic, lignin-free paper and may come in either buffered or non-buffered stock. An advantage of paper is that it is generally less costly than plastic enclosures. The opaque quality of paper protects photographs from light exposure, and the porous quality protects photographs from humidity and gaseous pollutants. However, for images to be viewed, they must be removed from the enclosure, putting the materials at risk for mishandling and/or vandalism.
- Archival quality plastic enclosures are made of uncoated polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene. The transparent quality of plastic lends itself to easier access to the image because there is no extra step to remove the photograph. Plastic is also less resistant to tears in comparison to paper. Some disadvantages include being prone to static electricity and a risk of ferrotyping (the act of moisture becoming trapped between the enclosure and item, causing the materials to stick to one another).
After photographic materials are individually enclosed,
housing or storage containers provide another protective barrier such as folders and boxes made from archival paperboard as addressed in ISO Standards 18916:2007 and 18902. Sometimes these containers have to be custom-made in order to properly store odd sizes. In general, flat storage of in boxes is recommended because it provides more stable support, particularly for materials that are in more fragile condition. Still, boxes and folders should never be over-filled with materials.
People
- George Eastman
George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream...
- William Eggleston
William Eggleston is an American photographer. He is widely credited with securing recognition for color photography as a legitimate artistic medium to display in art galleries.- Early years :...
- Frederick Lanchester
Frederick William Lanchester, Hon FRAeS was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering, aerodynamics and co-invented the field of operations research....
- Gabriel Lippmann
Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference, later known as the Lippmann plate.-Biography:Lippmann was born to Franco-Jewish parents...
- Luis Marden
Luis Marden was an American photographer, explorer, writer, filmmaker, diver, navigator, and linguist who worked for National Geographic Magazine. He worked as a photographer and reporter before serving as chief of the National Geographic foreign editorial staff...
- Stephen Shore
Stephen Shore is an American photographer known for his deadpan images of banal scenes and objects in the United States, and for his pioneering use of color in art photography.- Life and work :...
- Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
- Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger is the former personal photographer of Adolf Hitler. He travelled with Hitler in the years leading up to and throughout World War II and took around 2,000 colour photographs of the Austrian-born German politician...
– German photographer during the Second World War in occupied Poland.
Other topics
- Hand-coloring
Hand-colouring refers to any of a number of methods of manually adding colour to a black-and-white photograph or other image to heighten its realism. Typically, water-colours, oils and other paints or dyes are applied to the image surface using brushes, fingers, cotton swabs or airbrushes...
(easily mistaken for early color photography)
- Color film (motion picture)
Color motion picture film refers to motion pictures in color. The first motion pictures were made with silver halide-based photographic emulsion on a clear base...
- Chromogenic
Chromogenic refers to color photographic processes in which a traditional silver image is first formed, and then later replaced with a colored dye image.- Description :...
- Color printing
Color printing is the reproduction of an image or text in color . Any natural scene or color photograph can be optically and physiologically dissected into three Primary Colors, red, green and blue, roughly equal amounts of which give rise to the perception of white, and different proportions of...
- Color television
Color television refers to the technology and practices associated with television's transmission of moving images in color.In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red, green and blue...
- Film colorization
Film colorization is any process that add color to black and white, sepia or monochrome moving-picture images. It may be done as a special effect, or to modernize black and white films, or to restore color films...
- Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium ferricyanide is the chemical compound with the formula K
3[Fe
6]. This bright red salt consists of the coordination compound [Fe
6]
3−...
- Timeline of historic inventions
- Photochrome
External links
General
Online Collections
Supplies
Standards