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Abu ?anifah A?mad ibn Dawud Dinawari (828 – 896) was a Iranic polymath excelling as much in astronomy
Islamic astronomy

In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age , and mostly written in the Arabic language....
, agriculture
Muslim Agricultural Revolution

The Islamic Golden Age from the 8th century to the 13th century witnessed a fundamental transformation in agriculture known as the Arab Agricultural Revolution, Medieval Green Revolution, or Muslim Agricultural Revolution....
, botany
Botany

Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the Scientific method of plant life and development....
 and metallurgy
Metallurgy

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic Chemical element, their intermetallics, and their mixtures, which are called alloys....
 and as he did in geography
Islamic geography

Islamic geography includes the advancement of geography, cartography and earth sciences under various Islamic civilizations. During the medieval ages, Islamic geography was driven by a number of factors: the Islamic Golden Age, parallel development of Islamic astronomy, translation of ancient texts into Arabic, increased travel due to comm...
, mathematics
Islamic mathematics

Mathematics in medieval Islam or sometimes referred to as Islamic mathematics is a term used in the history of mathematics that refers to the mathematics developed in the Muslim world between 622 and 1600, in the part of the world where Islam was the dominant religion....
 and history
HIStory

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the...
. He was born in Dinawar
Dinawar

Dinvar is a county located to the northeast of Kermanshah in western Iran.In the early Islamic times, it was called Mah al-Kufa , the element Mah probably originating from the fact that in the Seleucid period, the city was located in the heartland of Media....
, (halfway between Hamadan and Kermanshah
Kermanshah

Kermanshah or Kermashan and the majority of the inhabitants speak Persian language as well as Kurdish language. The religion of the people is very diverse; and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bah?'? Faith, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Shi'a Islam Muslims are leading in the number....
 in present-day western Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
). He studied astronomy
Astronomy

Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....
, mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
 and mechanics
Mechanics

Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical body when subjected to forces or Displacement , and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment....
 in Isfahan
Isfahan (city)

Esfahan or Isfahan , located about 340 km south of Tehran at , is the capital of Esfahan Province and Iran's third largest city . Esfahan City had a population of 1,583,609 and the Esfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran....
 and philology
Philology

Philology, derived from the Greek language considers both morphology and Meaning in linguistic expression, combining linguistics and literary studies....
 and poetry
Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
 in Kufa
Kufa

Kufa is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000....
 and Basra
Basra

Al-Ba?rah is the capital of Basra Province, and had an estimated population of 1,052,200 as of 2003. Basra is also Iraq's main port. The city is the historic location of Sumer, the home of Sinbad the Sailor, and a proposed location of the Garden of Eden....
. He died on July 24, 896
896

Events...
 at Dinawar. His most renowned contribution is Book of Plants, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic botany
Botany

Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the Scientific method of plant life and development....
.






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Abu ?anifah A?mad ibn Dawud Dinawari (828 – 896) was a Iranic polymath excelling as much in astronomy
Islamic astronomy

In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age , and mostly written in the Arabic language....
, agriculture
Muslim Agricultural Revolution

The Islamic Golden Age from the 8th century to the 13th century witnessed a fundamental transformation in agriculture known as the Arab Agricultural Revolution, Medieval Green Revolution, or Muslim Agricultural Revolution....
, botany
Botany

Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the Scientific method of plant life and development....
 and metallurgy
Metallurgy

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic Chemical element, their intermetallics, and their mixtures, which are called alloys....
 and as he did in geography
Islamic geography

Islamic geography includes the advancement of geography, cartography and earth sciences under various Islamic civilizations. During the medieval ages, Islamic geography was driven by a number of factors: the Islamic Golden Age, parallel development of Islamic astronomy, translation of ancient texts into Arabic, increased travel due to comm...
, mathematics
Islamic mathematics

Mathematics in medieval Islam or sometimes referred to as Islamic mathematics is a term used in the history of mathematics that refers to the mathematics developed in the Muslim world between 622 and 1600, in the part of the world where Islam was the dominant religion....
 and history
HIStory

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the...
. He was born in Dinawar
Dinawar

Dinvar is a county located to the northeast of Kermanshah in western Iran.In the early Islamic times, it was called Mah al-Kufa , the element Mah probably originating from the fact that in the Seleucid period, the city was located in the heartland of Media....
, (halfway between Hamadan and Kermanshah
Kermanshah

Kermanshah or Kermashan and the majority of the inhabitants speak Persian language as well as Kurdish language. The religion of the people is very diverse; and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bah?'? Faith, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Shi'a Islam Muslims are leading in the number....
 in present-day western Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
). He studied astronomy
Astronomy

Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....
, mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
 and mechanics
Mechanics

Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical body when subjected to forces or Displacement , and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment....
 in Isfahan
Isfahan (city)

Esfahan or Isfahan , located about 340 km south of Tehran at , is the capital of Esfahan Province and Iran's third largest city . Esfahan City had a population of 1,583,609 and the Esfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran....
 and philology
Philology

Philology, derived from the Greek language considers both morphology and Meaning in linguistic expression, combining linguistics and literary studies....
 and poetry
Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
 in Kufa
Kufa

Kufa is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000....
 and Basra
Basra

Al-Ba?rah is the capital of Basra Province, and had an estimated population of 1,052,200 as of 2003. Basra is also Iraq's main port. The city is the historic location of Sumer, the home of Sinbad the Sailor, and a proposed location of the Garden of Eden....
. He died on July 24, 896
896

Events...
 at Dinawar. His most renowned contribution is Book of Plants, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic botany
Botany

Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the Scientific method of plant life and development....
. He is also considered among the very first writers to discuss the ancestry of the Kurds. He wrote a book about this subject called Ansāb al-Akrād (Ancestry of the Kurds).

Works


Mathematics and natural sciences

  1. Kitāb al-jabr wa'l-muqābila ("Book of Algebra
    Algebra

    Algebra is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of structure , relation , and quantity. Together with geometry, mathematical analysis, combinatorics, and number theory, algebra is one of the main branches of mathematics....
    ")
  2. Kitāb al-nabāt ("Book of Plants")
  3. Kitāb al-kusuf ("Book of Solar Eclipse
    Eclipse

    An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when one celestial object moves into the shadow of another. The term is derived from the ancient Greek noun , from verb , "I cease to exist," a combination of prefix , from preposition , "out," and of verb , "I am absent"....
    s")
  4. Kitāb al-radd alā rasad al-Isfahāni ("Refutation of al-Isfahani's Astronomical Observations")
  5. Kitāb al-hisāb ("Book of Arithmetics")
  6. Bahth fi hisāb al-Hind ("Analysis of Indian Arithmetics")
  7. Kitāb al-jam' wa'l-tafriq ("Book of Arithmetics")
  8. Kitab al-qibla wa'l-ziwal ("Book of Astral Orientations")
  9. Kitāb al-anwā' ("Book of Weather")
  10. Islāh al-mantiq ("Improvement upon Logic")


Social sciences and humanities

  1. Akhbār al-tiwāl ("General History")
  2. Kitāb al-kabir ("Grand Book" in history of sciences)
  3. Kitāb al-fisāha ("Book of Rhetorics")
  4. Kitāb al-buldān
    Kitab al-Buldan

    Kitab al-Buldan is translated as "Book of Lands" or "Book of Countries" and may refer to one of the following.*Kitab al-Buldan by Al-Yaqubi...
     ("Book of Geography
    Geography

    Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth"....
    ")
  5. Kitāb al-shi'r wa'l-shu'arā ("Book of Poetry
    Poetry

    Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
     and Poets")
  6. Ansāb al-Akrād ("Ancestry of the Kurds").


Translations

His General History has been edited and published numerous times (Vladimir Guirgass, 1888; Muhammad Sa'id Rafi'i, 1911; 'Abd al-Munim 'Amir & Jamal al-din Shayyal, 1960; Isam Muhammad al-Hajj 'Ali, 2001), but has not been translated into a Western language.

Book of Plants


Botany

Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Kitab al-Nabat (Book of Plants), which consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters sin to ya. He also discusses plant evolution
Plant evolution

Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants. It includesprocesses of change and the actual events in their evolutionary history, such as genetic changes, morphological transformations and speciation that lead to evolutionary relationships....
 from its birth to its death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.

Astronomy and meteorology

Parts of al-Dinawari's Book of Plants deals with the applications of Islamic astronomy
Islamic astronomy

In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age , and mostly written in the Arabic language....
 and meteorology
Meteorology

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting . Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century....
 to agriculture
Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
. It describes the astronomical and meteorological character of the sky, the planet
Planet

A planet , as 2006 definition of planet by the International Astronomical Union , is a celestial body orbiting a star or Stellar evolution#Stellar remnants that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared the neighbourhood of planetesimals....
s and constellation
Constellation

A constellation is a group of stars that appear to have a physical proximity in the sky. The stars in a constellation are often vastly distant from each other, but they appear close to each other from the perspective of Earth....
s, the sun
Sun

The Sun , a G V star, is the star at the center of the Solar System. The Earth and other matter orbit the Sun, which by itself accounts for about 98.6% of the Solar System's mass....
 and moon
Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the List of natural satellites by diameter satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is km, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth....
, the lunar phase
Lunar phase

Lunar phase refers to the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer, usually on Earth. The lunar phases vary cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth, according to the changing relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun....
s indicating season
Season

A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in weather.Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the Axial tilt....
s and rain
Rain

Rain is liquid precipitation . On Earth, it is the condensation of atmospheric water vapor into droplet heavy enough to fall, often making it to the surface....
, the anwa (heavenly bodies
Astronomical object

s are significant entity, associations or structures which current science has confirmed to exist in outer space. This does not necessarily mean that more current science will not disprove their existence....
 of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes, wells and other sources of water.

Earth sciences

Parts of al-Dinawari's Book of Plants deals with the Earth sciences in the context of agriculture. He considers the Earth, stone and sands, and describes different types of ground
Ground

Ground may refer to:* The surface of the Earth* Soil, a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter present on the surface of the Earth and serving as substrate for plants growth and micro-organisms development...
, indicating which types are more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.

External links



See also

  • Muslim Agricultural Revolution
    Muslim Agricultural Revolution

    The Islamic Golden Age from the 8th century to the 13th century witnessed a fundamental transformation in agriculture known as the Arab Agricultural Revolution, Medieval Green Revolution, or Muslim Agricultural Revolution....