18th century

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Events

1700–1709

• 1700: Bridge of the Gods
  Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)
  
  The original Bridge of the Gods was created during the eighteenth century by the Bonneville Slide, a major landslide which dammed the Columbia River, near present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the United States....
   forms across the Columbia River
  Columbia River
  
  The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is named after the Columbia Rediviva, the first ship from the western world known to have traveled up the river....
  .
• 1700-21
  1721
  
  Year 1721 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar ....
  : Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
   supplants Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
   as the dominant Baltic
  Baltic region
  
  The Baltic region is an ambiguous term that refers to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea....
   power after the Great Northern War
  Great Northern War
  
  The Great Northern War was a war in which the so-called Northern Alliance composed of Russia, Denmark-Norway, Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony engaged Sweden to challenge them for the supremacy in the Baltic Sea....
  .
• 1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession
  War of the Spanish Succession
  
  War of the Spanish Succession was a war fought in 1701-1714, in which several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch, upsetting the European Balance of power in international relations....
   was a conflict which involved most of Europe.
• 1701-1702: The Daily Courant
  Daily Courant
  
  The Daily Courant was the first regular daily newspaper to be published in the United Kingdom.It was first published on 11 March 1702 by Edward Mallet from rooms above the White Hart pub in Fleet Street , which he described as being: "against the Ditch at Fleet Bridge"....
   and the The Norwich Post becomes the first daily newspapers in England.
• 1702: Forty-seven Ronin
  Forty-seven Ronin
  
  The revenge of the , also known as the Forty-seven Samurai, the Ako vendetta, or the took place in Japan at the start of the eighteenth century....
   attack Kira Yoshinaka
  Kira Yoshinaka
  
  was a Koke . His court title was Kokushi . He is famous as the adversary of Asano Naganori in the events of the Forty-seven Ronin. Although his name has been long pronounced as "Yoshinaka" especially in dramas and novels, written by an anonymous contemporary in 1703 recorded that his name was "Yoshihisa." Recent findings on Kao...
   and then commit seppuku
  Seppuku
  
  is a form of Japanese Suicide#Ritual suicide by disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved only for samurai. Part of the samurai honor code, seppuku was used voluntarily by samurai to die with honor rather than fall into the hands of their enemies, as a form of capital punishment for samurai who have committed serious offenses, and for reason...
   in Japan.
• 1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion
  Camisard
  
  Camisards were French Protestants of the rugged and isolated Cevennes region of south-central France, who raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685....
   in France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  .
• 1703: Saint Petersburg
  Saint Petersburg
  
  Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
   founded by Peter the Great
  Peter I of Russia
  
  Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
  . Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  n capital until 1918.
• 1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising
  Rákóczi's War for Independence
  
  'R?k?czi's War for Independence' was the first significant freedom fight in Hungary against Absolutism Habsburg rule. It was fought by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives who wanted to put an end to the inequality of power relations, led by Francis II R?k?czi ....
   against the Habsburg Monarchy
  Habsburg Monarchy
  
  The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austria branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918....
  .
• 1704: End of Japan's Genroku
  Genroku
  
  was a after Jokyo and before Hoei. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704. The reigning emperor was .The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo Period....
   period.
• 1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish
  Scotland
  
  conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
   and the English
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
   Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain
  Kingdom of Great Britain
  
  The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a country in North-West Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801....
  .
• 1707: After Aurangzeb
  Aurangzeb
  
  Aurangzeb Aurangzeb ruled India for 48 years, bringing a larger area under Mughal rule than ever before . He is generally regarded as the last Great Mughal ruler....
  's death, the Mughal Empire
  Mughal Empire
  
  The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
   enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire
  Maratha Empire
  
  The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia....
   slowly replaces it.
• 1707: Mount Fuji
  Mount Fuji
  
  is the highest mountain in Japan at . Along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku, it is one of Japan's "Three Holy Mountains" . An active volcano that last erupted in 1707?08, Mount Fuji straddles the boundary of Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture Prefectures of Japan just west of Tokyo, from which it can be seen on a clear day....
   erupts in Japan.
• 1707: War of 27 years
  War of 27 years
  
  War of 27 years was a series of battles fought between Marathas and Mughals from 1681 to 1707 in the Indian subcontinent. It was the longest fought war in the history of the Indian subcontinent....
   between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India.
• 1708-1709: Famine
  Famine
  
  A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any faunal species, which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased death....
   kills one-third of East Prussia
  East Prussia
  
  East Prussia refers to the main part of the Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Sea from the 13th century to 1945. From 1772?1829 and 1878?1945, the Province of East Prussia was a province of the Germany state of Prussia....
  's population.
• 1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merged to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
• 1709: Hotaki dynasty founded in Afghanistan.
• 1709: Charles XII of Sweden
  Charles XII of Sweden
  
  Charles XII was the Monarch of Sweden from 1697 to 1718.Charles was the only surviving son of King Charles XI of Sweden and Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark, and he assumed the crown at the age of fifteen, at the death of his father....
   flees to Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia
  Peter I of Russia
  
  Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
   defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava
  Battle of Poltava
  
  The Battle of Poltava on 27 June 1709 was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia over Charles XII of Sweden in the most famous of the battles of the Great Northern War....
  .

1710s

1710s

Events and Trends*The Golden Age of Piracy was rife in the Caribbean, influencing trade in the world's main centres....

• 1710-1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War
• 1713-1714: Tarabai
  Tarabai
  
  Tarabai was a queen of the Maratha Empire in India. Her husband was Chhatrapati Rajaram, son of Shivaji the Great. Tarabai was the daughter of the famed Maratha general Hambirao Mohite....
   establishes rival Maratha Empire
  Maratha Empire
  
  The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia....
   government in Kolhapur
  Kolhapur
  
  Kolhapur is a city situated in the south west corner of Maharashtra, India. The population of Kolhapur is around 419,000. The main language is Marathi....
   against Chattrapati Shahu.
• 1714: Accession of George I
  George I of Great Britain
  
  George I was List of British Monarchs#House of Hanover and King of Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Electorate of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698....
  , Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.
• 1715: First Jacobite rebellion
  Jacobite rising
  
  The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland , and Kingdom of Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746....
   breaks out
• 1715: Louis XIV
  Louis XIV of France
  
  Louis XIV ruled as List of French monarchs and of King of Navarre. He ascended the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister , the Italians Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661....
   dies, leaving France deep in debt.
• 1715: Pope Clement XI
  Pope Clement XI
  
  Pope Clement XI , born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death....
   declares
  Chinese Rites controversy
  
  The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute within the Catholic Church from the 1630s to the early 18th century about whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the Emperor of China constituted idolatry....
   Catholicism
  Catholicism
  
  Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its Theology and doctrines, its Catholic liturgy, Ethics, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole....
   and Confucianism
  Confucianism
  
  Confucianism is a China Ethics and Philosophy developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . It focuses on human morality and right action....
   incompatible.
• 1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy
  Sikh Confederacy
  
  The Sikh Empire was a state that existed from 1799 to 1849 . It consisted of a collection of autonomous Punjabi people Sikh Misls, which were governed by barons/Misldars, mainly in the Punjab region, the Confederacy's main land of ruling....
   along the India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
   Pakistan
  Pakistan
  
  Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
   border.
• 1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
   in North America
  North America
  
  North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
  
• 1718: Blackbeard
  Blackbeard
  
  Edward Thatch , better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious England pirate in the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic Ocean during the early 18th century, a period referred to as the Golden Age of Piracy....
   is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island
• 1718-1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  
• 1719: Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion
  Jacobite rising
  
  The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland , and Kingdom of Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746....
   fails.

1720s

1720s

Events and trends* The earliest pianos to survive into the 21st century were manufactured in this decade.* Antonio Stradivari's 'Golden Period' of violin making ended....

• 1720: The South Sea Bubble
  The South Sea Company
  
  The South Sea Company was a Kingdom of Great Britain joint stock company that traded in South America during the 18th century. Founded in 1711, the company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's Spanish colonization of the Americas as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession....
  
• 1720: Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition
  Villasur expedition
  
  The Villasur expedition of 1720 was a Spanish colonization of the Americas intended to check the growing New France presence on the Great Plains of central North America....
   from Mexico and travel into the Great Plains
  Great Plains
  
  The Great Plains are the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada....
  
• 1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille
  Great Plague of Marseille
  
  The Great Plague of Marseille was one of the most significant European outbreaks of bubonic plague in the early 18th century. Arriving in Marseille, France in 1720, the disease killed 100,000 people in the city and the surrounding provinces....
  
• 1721: Robert Walpole
  Robert Walpole
  
  Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, Order of the Garter, Order of the Bath, Privy Council of Great Britain , known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a Kingdom of Great Britain statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom....
   became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain
  Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
  
  The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom and the head of government Her Majesty's Government....
   (de facto
  De facto
  
  De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning the fact" or in practice but not necessarily ordained by law. It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or contrary to a regulation....
  ).
• 1721: Treaty of Nystad
  Treaty of Nystad
  
  The Treaty of Nystad was signed in 1721 in the then Swedish town of Uusikaupunki . It ended the Great Northern War, in which Russian Empire received the territories of Duchy of Estonia , Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Ingria, as well as much of Finnish Karelia and number of islands in Baltic sea from Swedish Empire and Tsar Peter I of Russia...
   signed, ending the Great Northern War
  Great Northern War
  
  The Great Northern War was a war in which the so-called Northern Alliance composed of Russia, Denmark-Norway, Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony engaged Sweden to challenge them for the supremacy in the Baltic Sea....
  .
• 1721: Kangxi Emperor
  Kangxi Emperor
  
  The Kangxi Emperor was the third Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722....
   bans
  Chinese Rites controversy
  
  The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute within the Catholic Church from the 1630s to the early 18th century about whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the Emperor of China constituted idolatry....
   Christian Missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree.
• 1721: Peter I reforms
  Church reform of Peter I
  
  During the reign of Peter I of Russia, known as "Peter the Great" , an era in which the church government was fundamentally transformed was ushered in: instead of being governed by a patriarch or metropolitan bishop, the government of the church came under the control of a committee known as the Holy Governing Synod, which was compose...
   the Russian Orthodox Church
  Russian Orthodox Church
  
  The Russian Orthodox Church ; or The Moscow Patriarchate , also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christianity who constitute an Autocephaly Eastern Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, in full communion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches....
  
• 1722: Afghans conquered Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty.
• 1722: Kangxi Emperor
  Kangxi Emperor
  
  The Kangxi Emperor was the third Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722....
   of China
  China
  
  China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
   died.
• 1722: Bartholomew Roberts
  Bartholomew Roberts
  
  Bartholomew Roberts was a Welsh people pirate who raided shipping off the Americas and West Africa between 1719 and 1722. He was the most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, capturing far more ships than some of the best-known pirates of this era such as Blackbeard or William Kidd....
   is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
• 1722–23
  1723
  
  Year 1723 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar ....
  : Russo-Persian War
  Russo-Persian War, 1722-1723
  
  Russo-Persian War, 1722-1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between Russia and Persian Empire , triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian Sea and South Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, Ottoman Turkey, from territorial gains in the region a...
  
• 1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood
  William Wood (Mintmaster)
  
  William Wood was a hardware manufacturer who was given a contract as a Moneyer to strike an issue of Irish coinage from 1722 to 1724. He was also famous for the 'Rosa Americana' coins of British America, which were also struck in the same period....
  's halfpence leads to the Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
• 1723: Slavery
  Slavery
  
  Slavery is a form of forced labor where a person is compelled to Labor for another . Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive Remuneration in return for their labor....
   abolished in Russia. Peter the Great
  Peter I of Russia
  
  Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
   converted the household slaves
  Slavery in medieval Europe
  
  Slavery in early medieval Europe was relatively common. It was widespread at the end of Slavery in antiquity. The etymology of the word slave comes from this period, the word sklabos meaning Slavic people....
   into house serfs.
• 1723–1730: The "Great Disaster" - an invasion of Kazakh
  Kazakhs
  
  The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
   territories by the Dzungars
  Dzungars
  
  Dzungar is the collective identity of several Oirats tribes that formed and maintained the last nomadic empire in East Turkestan from the early 17th century to the middle 18th century....
  .
• 1725: The Fulani
  Fula people
  
  Fula or Fulani or Fulbe are an ethnic group of people spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa....
   nomads took complete control of Fuuta Jallon
  Kingdom of Fouta Djallon
  
  The Kingdom of Fouta Djallon was a pre-colonial West African state based in the Fouta Djallon highlands of modern Guinea....
   and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states
  Fula jihads
  
  The Fula or Fulani jihads, were a series of independent but loosely connected events across West Africa between the late 17th century and European colonization, in which Muslim Fulas took control of various parts of the region....
   to come.
• 1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng
  Gujin Túshu Jíchéng
  
  The Gujin Tushu Jicheng , is a vast encyclopedia work written in China during the reigns of Qing dynasty emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng, completed in 1725....
   of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper
  Copper
  
  Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity....
  -based Chinese movable type
  Movable Type
  
  Movable Type is a blog software developed by the company Six Apart. It was publicly announced on 3 September 2001, and version 1.0 was publicly released on 8 October 2001....
   printing
  Printing
  
  Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing....
  .
• 1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War
  Anglo-Spanish War (1727)
  
  The Anglo-Spanish War of 1727?1729 was a limited war that took place between Kingdom of Great Britain and Spain during the Eighteenth Century, and consisted largely of a failed British attempt to Blockade of Porto Bello and a failed Spanish attempt to capture Gibraltar....
  
• 1729–1735: Charles Wesley
  Charles Wesley
  
  Charles Wesley was a leader of the Methodist movement, the younger brother of John Wesley. Despite their closeness, Charles and his brother did not always agree on questions relating to their beliefs....
   and John Wesley
  John Wesley
  
  John Wesley was an Anglican cleric and Christian Christian theologian who founded the Arminianism Methodism. The Wesley Methodist Movement began when Wesley took over open-air preaching started by George Whitefield at Hanham, Kingswood, and Bristol....
   begin the Methodism
  Methodism
  
  Methodism is a movement of Protestant Christianity represented by John Wesley and his younger brother Charles Wesley that sought to keep Methodism as a Revivalism movement within the Church of England....
   in England

1730s

1730s

Events and trends * A Protestant religious movement, known as the Great Awakening, became active in the British colonization of the Americas of North America....

• 1730-1760: First Great Awakening
  First Great Awakening
  
  The First Great Awakening, was a period of heightened religious activity, primarily in the United Kingdom and its British America in the 1730s and 1740s.The First Great Awakening led to changes in colonial society....
   takes place in Great Britain and North America.
• 1732-1734: Crimean Tatar
  Crimean Khanate
  
  The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatars state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt . The khanate was by far the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde....
   raids into Russia.
• 1733-1738: War of the Polish Succession
  War of the Polish Succession
  
  The War of the Polish Succession was sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland, King of Poland that widened as the two Pacte de Famille powers attempted to check the power of the Habsburg Monarchy in western Europe....
  .
• 1735-1739: Russo-Turkish War.
• 1735-1799: The Qianlong Emperor
  Qianlong Emperor
  
  The Qianlong Emperor was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing dynasty emperors to rule over China. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from October 11, 1736 to February 7, 1795....
   of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory.
• 1736: Nadir Shah assumed title of Shah
  Shah
  
  Shah is a Persian language term for a monarch that has been adopted in many other languages.Shah used as a last name by Jains and Hindus is unrelated....
   of Persia
  Persian Empire
  
  The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
   and founded the Afsharid dynasty
  Afsharid dynasty
  
  The Afsharid Persian Empire or Afsharids were an List of kings of Persia from Khorasan that ruled the Persian Empire in the 18th century....
  . Ruled until his death in 1747.
• 1736: Qing Dynasty
  Qing Dynasty
  
  The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
   Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan
  Zhang Zeduan
  
  Zhang Zeduan , alias Zheng Dao, was a famous Chinese painter during the twelfth century, during the transitional period from the Northern Song to the Southern Song Dynasty, and was instrumental in the early history of the Chinese art style known as Shan shui....
  's classic panoramic painting
  Panoramic painting
  
  Panoramic paintings are massive artworks that reveal a wide, all-encompassing view of a particular subject, often a landscape, military battle, or historical event....
  , Along the River During Qingming Festival.
• 1738-1756: Famine
  List of famines
  
  This is an incomplete list of known major famines, ordered by date....
   across the Sahel
  Sahel
  
  File:Sahel Map-Africa rough.pngFile:AT0713 map.pngThe Sahel or Sahel Belt is a semi-arid tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in Africa, which forms the transition between the Sahara to the north and the slightly less arid savanna belt to the south, known as the Sudan ....
  , half the population of Timbuktu
  Timbuktu
  
  Timbuktu is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African nation of Mali. It was made prosperous by Mansa Musa, tenth mansa of the Mali Empire....
   died.
• 1738: Pope Clement XII
  Pope Clement XII
  
  Pope Clement XII , born Lorenzo Corsini, was Pope from July 12 1730 to 6 February 1740.Born in Florence, the son of Bartolomeo Corsini, Marquis of Casigliano and his wife Isabella Strozzi, sister of the Duke of Bagnuolo, Corsini had been an aristocratic lawyer and financial manager under preceding pontiffs....
   issues the Eminenti Apostolatus Specula
  Eminenti Apostolatus Specula
  
  In eminenti apostolatus specula was a Papal Bull issued by Pope Clement XII on 28 April 1738, banning Roman Catholics from becoming Freemasons....
   prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons
  Freemasonry
  
  Freemasonry is a fraternal and service organizations that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. Freemasonry now exists in various forms all over the world, with a membership estimated at around 5 million ....
  .
• 1739: Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals
  Mughal Empire
  
  The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
   and sacked Delhi
  Delhi
  
  Delhi , sometimes referred to as Dilli , is the List of most populous cities in India metropolis in India and, with over 11 million residents, the List of metropolitan areas by population....
  .
• 1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear
  War of Jenkins' Ear
  
  The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Kingdom of Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1742. Its unusual name relates to Robert Jenkins , captain of a British merchant ship, who exhibited his severed ear in Parliament of the United Kingdom following the boarding of his vessel by Spanish coast guards in 1731....
   in the Caribbean.

1740s

1740s

Events and trends* Frederick II of Prussia ascended the Prussian throne upon the death of his father, Frederick William I of Prussia.* Frederick II then invaded the Austrian province of Silesia, more or less starting the War of the Austrian Succession ....

• 1740: British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine.
• 1740-1741: Famine in Ireland
  Great Irish Famine (1740-1741)
  
  The Irish Famine of 1740?1741 was perhaps of similar magnitude to the better-known Great Famine of 1845?1852. Unlike the famine of the 1840s, which was caused in part by a fungal infection in the potato crop, that of 1740?41 was due to extremely cold and then rainy weather in successive years, resulting in a series of poor harvests....
   killed ten per cent of the population.
• 1740-1748: War of the Austrian Succession
  War of the Austrian Succession
  
  The War of the Austrian Succession involved nearly all the Power in international relations of Europe. The war began under the pretext that Maria Theresa of Austria was ineligible to succeed to the House of Habsburg throne, because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman, though in reality this was a convenient excuse put forward by...
  
• 1741: Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  ns began settling the Aleutian Islands
  Aleutian Islands
  
  The Aleutian Islands are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a volcanic arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi and extending about 1,200 mi westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula....
  .
• 1741: Pope Benedict XIV
  Pope Benedict XIV
  
  Pope Benedict XIV , born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758....
   issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery.
• 1744: The First Saudi State
  First Saudi State
  
  The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 when Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab settled in Diriyah and Prince Muhammad ibn Saud agreed to support and espouse Wahhab's cause, with a view of cleansing the Islamic faith from what they considered to be distortions of Islamic practice ....
   is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.
• 1744: French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion
  Jacobite rising
  
  The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland , and Kingdom of Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746....
   fails
• 1744-1748: The First Carnatic War
  Carnatic Wars
  
  The Carnatic Wars were a series of military contests during the 18th century between the Kingdom of Great Britain, the France, the Marathas, for control of the coastal strip of eastern India from Nellore southward ....
   fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore
  Mysore
  
  Mysore ; renamed to Mysuru|??????) is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division and lies about southwest of Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka....
   in India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
  .
• 1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion
  Jacobite rising
  
  The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland , and Kingdom of Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746....
   began by Charles Edward Stuart
  Charles Edward Stuart
  
  Charles Edward Stuart was the exiled Jacobitism claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland. He is commonly known in English and Scots language as Bonnie Prince Charlie....
   in Scotland
  Scotland
  
  conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
  .
• 1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire
  Durrani Empire
  
  The Durrani Empire was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern Iran and even parts of eastern Punjab region....
   in modern day Afghanistan
  Afghanistan
  
  Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
  .
• 1748: Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle
  Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
  
  The second Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1748 ended the War of the Austrian Succession.A Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle assembled at the Imperial Free City of Aachen, in the west of the Holy Roman Empire, on April 24, 1748....
   ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
• 1748-1754: The Second Carnatic War
  Carnatic Wars
  
  The Carnatic Wars were a series of military contests during the 18th century between the Kingdom of Great Britain, the France, the Marathas, for control of the coastal strip of eastern India from Nellore southward ....
   fought between the British
  Great Britain
  
  Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....
  , the French
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  , the Marathas, and Mysore
  Mysore
  
  Mysore ; renamed to Mysuru|??????) is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division and lies about southwest of Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka....
   in India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
  

1750s

1750s

Events and Trends* Scientific navigation was developed.* The Seven Years' War was fought between two rival alliances: the first consisting of the Kingdom of Great Britain, Electorate of Hanover, and Kingdom of Prussia; the second consisting of Habsburg Monarchy, France, Imperial Russia, Saxony, and Sweden....

• 1754: Treaty of Pondicherry ends Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic
  Nawab of the Carnatic
  
  Nawabs of the Carnatic , ruled the Carnatic region of South India between about 1690 and 1801. They initially had their capital at the town of Arcot near Chennai....
  .
• 1754–1763, The French and Indian War
  French and Indian War
  
  The French and Indian War was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, known in Canada as the War of the Conquest. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various Indigenous peoples of the Americas forces allied with them....
  , Fought in the U.S. and Canada mostly between the French and French allies and the English and English allies. The North American chapter of the Seven Years' War
  Seven Years' War
  
  The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756?1763 and involved all of the major European powers of the period. The war pitted Kingdom of Prussia and Kingdom of Great Britain and a coalition of smaller German states against an alliance consisting of Archduchy of Austria, Early Modern France, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, and Electorate of Sa...
  .
• 1755: The Lisbon earthquake
  1755 Lisbon earthquake
  
  The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1, 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning. The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon in Portugal, and adjoining areas....
  
• 1755-1763: The Great Upheaval
  Great Upheaval
  
  The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees, Le Grand D?rangement, was the ethnic cleansing of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia between 1755 and 1763, ordered by British Empire governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council....
  
• 1756-1763: Seven Years' War
  Seven Years' War
  
  The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756?1763 and involved all of the major European powers of the period. The war pitted Kingdom of Prussia and Kingdom of Great Britain and a coalition of smaller German states against an alliance consisting of Archduchy of Austria, Early Modern France, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, and Electorate of Sa...
   fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
• 1756-1763: The Third Carnatic War
  Carnatic Wars
  
  The Carnatic Wars were a series of military contests during the 18th century between the Kingdom of Great Britain, the France, the Marathas, for control of the coastal strip of eastern India from Nellore southward ....
   fought between the British
  Great Britain
  
  Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....
  , the French
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  , the Marathas, and Mysore
  Mysore
  
  Mysore ; renamed to Mysuru|??????) is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division and lies about southwest of Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka....
   in India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
  .
• 1757: Battle of Plassey
  Battle of Plassey
  
  The Battle of Plassey was a decisive British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French East India Company allies, establishing Company rule in India which expanded over much of South Asia for the next 90 years....
   signaled the beginning of formal British
  Kingdom of Great Britain
  
  The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a country in North-West Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801....
   rule in India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
   after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company.
• 1758: British colonel James Wolfe
  James Wolfe
  
  General James Wolfe was a British Army officer, known for his training reforms but remembered chiefly for Battle of Quebec in Canada and establishing British rule there....
   issues the Wolfe's Manifesto
  Wolfe's Manifesto
  
  The British Empire advances in 1758 into the colony of New France instilled fear into the Canadiens' hearts. The inhabitants of the France colony were "terror-stricken"....
  
• 1759: French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
  Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
  
  Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Saint-Veran was the commander of the France forces in North America during the Seven Years' War . He is most remembered for his role in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and remains a controversial figure....
   and British commander James Wolfe
  James Wolfe
  
  General James Wolfe was a British Army officer, known for his training reforms but remembered chiefly for Battle of Quebec in Canada and establishing British rule there....
   die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham
  Battle of the Plains of Abraham
  
  The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War . The confrontation, which began on 12 September 1759, was fought between the British Army and Royal Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City....
  .

1760s

1760s

Events and Trends* King George III of the United Kingdom was crowned upon the British throne in 1760. The Seven Years' War ended and France ceded Canada to Britain, yet criticism of the British government grew, led by the controversial figure of John Wilkes....

• 1760: George III
  George III of the United Kingdom
  
  George III was Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death....
   became King of Britain.
• 1760: Zand dynasty
  Zand dynasty
  
  The Zand dynasty ruled southern and central Iran in the eighteenth century....
   founded in Iran
• 1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat
• 1762-1796: Reign of Catherine the Great
  Catherine II of Russia
  
  Catherine II, called Catherine the Great .The Russian empress Catherine II, known as Catherine the Great, reigned from 1762 to 1796. Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved in its administration, and underwent a dramatic policy of Westernization....
   of Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  .
• 1763: Treaty of Paris
  Treaty of Paris (1763)
  
  The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement....
   ends Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War
• 1763: Kingdom of Mysore
  Kingdom of Mysore
  
  The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore....
   conquers the Kingdom of Keladi
  Keladi Nayaka
  
  Keladi Nayaka were an important ruling clan of post-medieval Karnataka, India. They initially started to rule as a feudatory of the Vijayanagar Empire....
  
• 1765: Stamp Act
  Stamp Act 1765
  
  The Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax imposed by the Parliament of Great Britain on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies carry a tax stamp....
   introduced into the American colonies
  Thirteen Colonies
  
  The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the original thirteen United States of America in 1783....
   by the UK Parliament.
• 1766-1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars
  Anglo-Mysore Wars
  
  The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency....
  
• 1767: Burmese
  Konbaung dynasty
  
  The Konbaung Dynasty , sometimes called the Alaungpaya Dynasty or the House of Alompra by the British colonial rulers) was the last in the history of the Burma monarchy....
   conquered the Ayutthaya kingdom
  Ayutthaya kingdom
  
  The kingdom of Ayutthaya was a Thai people kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Han Chinese, Vietnamese , Indo-Aryans, Japanese people and Persians, and later the Portuguese people, Spanish people, Dutch and French people, permitting them to set up villages outside the city wa...
  .
• 1768: Gurkha
  Gurkha
  
  Gurkha, also spelled as Gorkha, are people from Nepal and northern India who take their name from the eighth century Hindu warrior-saint Guru Gorakhnath....
  s conquered Nepal
  Nepal
  
  Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia and is the world's youngest republic. It is bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by India....
  .
• 1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War
  Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774
  
  The Russo-Turkish War of 1768?1774 was a decisive conflict that brought Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, and Crimea within the orbit of the Russian Empire....
  
• 1769: Spanish
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   missionaries
  Missionary
  
  A 'missionary' is a member of a religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith; someone who Proselytism. The word "mission" is derived from the Latin missioninimus...
   established the first of 21 missions in California
  California
  
  California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California....
  .
• 1769-1770: James Cook
  James Cook
  
  Captain James Cook Royal Society Royal Navy was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy....
   explores and maps New Zealand and Australia
• 1769-1773: The Bengal famine of 1770
  Bengal famine of 1770
  
  The Bengal famine of 1770 was a catastrophic famine between 1769 and 1773 that affected the lower Gangetic plain of India. The famine is estimated to have caused the deaths of 15 million people ....
   killed one third of the Bengal
  Bengal
  
  Bengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. Today it is mainly divided between the independent sovereign nation of the Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India, although some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal are now part of the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Oris...
   population.

1770s

1770s

Events and trends* July 4, 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence was ratified by the Continental Congress. The document was drafted by a committee consisting of representatives John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R....

• 1770-1771: Famine in Czech lands
  Famines in Czech lands
  
  This article discusses historical famines that have occurred in the area of today's Czech Republic. Various known famines occurred throughout Czech lands between 1272 and 1847....
   killed hundreds of thousands.
• 1771: The Plague Riot
  Plague Riot
  
  Plague Riot was a riot in Moscow in 1771 between September 26 and September 28, caused by an outbreak of bubonic plague.The first signs of plague in Moscow appeared in late 1770, which would turn into a major epidemic in the spring of 1771....
   in Moscow
  Moscow
  
  Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
  .
• 1771: Richard Arkwright
  Richard Arkwright
  
  Sir Richard Arkwright , was an England who is credited for inventing the spinning frame ? later renamed the water frame following the transition to Hydropower....
   and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.
• 1772: Gustav III of Sweden
  Gustav III of Sweden
  
  Gustav III was Monarchy of Sweden from 1771 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great....
   stages a coup d'état and takes big political power, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
• 1772: Partitions of Poland
  Partitions of Poland
  
  The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
   marks the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 1772-1779: Maratha Empire fights England and Raghunathrao
  Raghunathrao
  
  Raghunathrao was Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy from 1773 to 1774. He was instrumental in the downfall of the Peshwa clan....
  's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War
  First Anglo-Maratha War
  
  The First Anglo-Maratha War was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India....
  
• 1772-1795: The Partitions of Poland
  Partitions of Poland
  
  The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
   ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  
  The Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th and 17th-century Europe, formed by a Union of Lublin of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569....
   and erased Poland from the map for 123 years.
• 1773-1775: The Pugachev's Rebellion
  Pugachev's Rebellion
  
  Pugachev's Rebellion of 1773-74 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Emelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Russian Imperial army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman...
   was the largest peasant revolt in Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  's history.
• 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal
  Bengal
  
  Bengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. Today it is mainly divided between the independent sovereign nation of the Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India, although some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal are now part of the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Oris...
   to smuggle Opium into China
  Opium Wars
  
  The Opium Wars , also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860, the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire....
  .
• 1775 John Harrison H4
  John Harrison
  
  John Harrison was a self-educated England clockmaker. He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought and critically-needed key piece in solving the problem of accurately establishing the East-West position, or longitude, of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sai...
   and Larcum Kendall K1
  Larcum Kendall
  
  Larcum Kendall was a British Watchmaker....
   Marine chronometer
  Marine chronometer
  
  A marine chronometer is a timekeeper precise enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation....
  s are used to measure longitude
  Longitude
  
  Longitude , symbolized by the Greek character lambda , is the geographic coordinate most commonly used in cartography and global navigation for east-west measurement....
   by James Cook
  James Cook
  
  Captain James Cook Royal Society Royal Navy was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy....
   on his Second voyage (1772-1775)
  James Cook
  
  Captain James Cook Royal Society Royal Navy was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy....
  
• 1775-1782: First Anglo-Maratha War
  First Anglo-Maratha War
  
  The First Anglo-Maratha War was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India....
  
• 1775-1783: American Revolutionary War
  American Revolutionary War
  
  The American Revolutionary War , also known as the American War of Independence, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and Thirteen Colonies on the North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers....
  
• 1776: Illuminati
  Illuminati
  
  Illuminati is a name that refers to several groups, both historical and modern, and both real and fictitious. Historically, it refers specifically to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Age of Enlightenment-era secret society founded on May 1st, 1776....
   founded by Adam Weishaupt
• 1776: United States Declaration of Independence
  United States Declaration of Independence
  
  The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with Kingdom of Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire....
   ratified by the Continental Congress
  Continental Congress
  
  The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution....
  .
• 1778: James Cook
  James Cook
  
  Captain James Cook Royal Society Royal Navy was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy....
   becomes first European on the Hawaiian Islands
  Hawaiian Islands
  
  The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of 19 islands and atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll....
  .
• 1779-1879: Xhosa Wars
  Xhosa wars
  
  The Xhosa Wars, also known as the Kaffir Wars or Cape Frontier Wars, were a series of nine wars between the Xhosa people and European settlers from 1779 to 1879 in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa....
   between British and Boer
  Boer
  
  Boer is the Dutch language word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking pastoralists of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and to a lesser extent Natal Pro...
   settlers and the Xhosa
  Xhosa
  
  The Xhosa people are speakers of Bantu languages living in south-east South Africa, and in the last two centuries throughout the southern and central-southern parts of the country....
  s in South African Republic
  South African Republic
  
  The South African Republic , often informally known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer-ruled country in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century....
  

1780s

1780s

Events and trends* 1783: The first manned hot air balloon was invented in France.* 1783: The first manned gas balloon invented in France.* 1787: The United States Constitution was written and promulgated....

• 1781-1785: Serfdom
  Serfdom
  
  Serfdom is the socio-economic status of unfree peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of Debt bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe....
   abolished in the Austrian monarchy
  Habsburg Monarchy
  
  The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austria branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918....
   (first step; second step in 1848)
• 1783: Famine
  List of famines
  
  This is an incomplete list of known major famines, ordered by date....
   in Iceland
  Iceland
  
  Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland , is an island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean between mainland Europe and Greenland....
   caused by the eruption of the Laki
  Laki (volcano)
  
  Laki or Lakag?gar is a Fissure vent situated in the south of Iceland, not far from the canyon of Eldgj? and the small town Kirkjub?jarklaustur, in Skaftafell National Park....
   volcano.
• 1783: Russian Empire
  Russian Empire
  
  File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
   annexed the Crimean Khanate
  Crimean Khanate
  
  The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatars state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt . The khanate was by far the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde....
  .
• 1783 The treaty of Paris formally ends the American War of Independence.
• 1785-1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur
  Sheikh Mansur
  
  Not to be confused with Sheikh Mansour'Sheikh Al Mansur' was a Chechens leader who lead the Resistance movement against Catherine the Great's imperialism expansion into the Caucasus during the late 18th century....
  , a Chechen
  Chechen people
  
  Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Nokhchii , which comes from the name of a large Chechen teip, the Nokhchmekhkakhoi, and their homeland....
   warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus
  Caucasus
  
  The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
   in a holy war
  Jihad
  
  Jihad , an List of Islamic terms in Arabic, is a religious duty of Muslims. In Arabic language, the word jihad is a noun meaning "struggle." Jihad appears frequently in the Qur'an and common usage as the idiomatic expression "striving in the way of Allah "....
   against the Russian invaders.
• 1785-1795: Northwest Indian War
  Northwest Indian War
  
  The Northwest Indian War , also known as Little Turtle's War and by various other names, was a war fought between the United States and a large confederation of Native Americans in the United States for control of the Northwest Territory, which ended with a decisive U.S....
   between the United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
   and Native Americans
• 1787: Freed slaves from London
  London
  
  London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
   founded Freetown
  Freetown
  
  Freetown is the Capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean located in the Western Area of Sierra Leone and with a population of 1,070,200 ....
   in present-day Sierra Leone
  Sierra Leone
  
  Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea in the northeast, Liberia in the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest....
  .
• 1787: Kansei Reforms
  Kansei Reforms
  
  The were a series of reactionary policy changes and edicts which were intended to cure a range of perceived problems which had developed in mid-18th century Tokugawa shogunate Japan....
   instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu
  Matsudaira Sadanobu
  
  Japanese daimyo of the mid-Edo period, famous for his financial reforms which saved the Shirakawa Domain, and the similar reforms he undertook during his tenure as chief Roju of the Tokugawa Shogunate, from 1787 to 1793....
  .
• 1787-1792: Russo-Turkish War
• 1788: First European settlement established in Australia
  Australia
  
  Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
   at Sydney
  Sydney
  
  Sydney is the List of cities in Australia by population in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.34 million . It is the List of Australian capital cities of New South Wales, and was the site of the first British Empire colony in Australia....
  .
• 1789: George Washington
  George Washington
  
  George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States of the United States of Americas ....
   elected President of the United States
  President of the United States
  
  The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in the United States by influence and recognition....
  . Served until 1797.
• 1789: Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound
  Nootka Sound
  
  For other uses of the word Nootka, see Nootka .'Nootka Sound' is a complex inlet or sound of the Pacific Ocean on the rugged west coast of Vancouver Island, in the Canada Provinces and territories of Canada of British Columbia....
   during the Nootka Crisis
  Nootka Crisis
  
  The Nootka Crisis was a political dispute between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Spain, triggered by a series of events that took place during the summer of 1789 at Nootka Sound....
  .
• 1789-1799: The French Revolution
  French Revolution
  
  The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
  

1790s

1790s

The last decade of the 18th Century ran from January 1, 1790 to December 31, 1799. The most notable event of the decade was the French Revolution, with other notable events being the founding of the two-party system in Politics in the United States and the Panic of 1797....

• 1791 The Constitutional Act (Or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America.
• 1791-1795: George Vancouver
  George Vancouver
  
  Captain George Vancouver Royal Navy was an officer in the Royal Navy, best known for his Vancouver Expedition, including the shores of the modern day Alaska, British Columbia, Washington and Oregon....
   explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition
  Vancouver Expedition
  
  The Vancouver Expedition was a five-year voyage of exploration and diplomacy, commanded by Captain George Vancouver. The expedition circumnavigated the globe, touched five continents and changed the course of history for several nations....
  .
• 1791-1804: The Haitian Revolution
  Haïtian Revolution
  
  The Haitian Revolution was the only successful slave revolt in history. It established Haiti as the first republic ruled by blacks. At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as Saint-Domingue and was a colony of France....
  
• 1792-1815: The Great French War
  Great French War
  
  The Great French War is a term sometimes used to describe the period of almost continuous conflict from April 20, 1792 to November 20, 1815, between France and various other states of Europe....
   started as the French Revolutionary Wars
  French Revolutionary Wars
  
  The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states....
   which lead into the Napoleonic Wars
  Napoleonic Wars
  
  The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
  .
• 1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board
  New York Stock Exchange
  
  New York Stock Exchange is a stock exchange based in New York City, New York. It is the largest stock exchange in the world by United States dollar market capitalization of its listed companies' Security ....
   founded.
• 1792: King Gustav III of Sweden
  Gustav III of Sweden
  
  Gustav III was Monarchy of Sweden from 1771 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great....
   was assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.
• 1793: Upper Canada
  Upper Canada
  
  The Province of Upper Canada was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario in Canada. Upper Canada officially existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841 and generally comprised present-day Southern Ontario and, until 1797, the Upper Peninsula of what is now part of the U.S....
   bans slavery
  Act Against Slavery
  
  The Act Against Slavery was an Statute passed by Upper Canada on July 9, 1793 to prohibit slavery in Canada. The Act coming into force until 1833 when the British Parliament's Slavery Abolition Act abolished slavery in all parts of the British Empire....
  .
• 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic
  Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793
  
  The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 is believed to have killed several thousand people in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The Yellow fever epidemic struck the city when it was the capital of the United States and a major seaport....
   in American history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia
  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  
  Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population city in the United States. It is the fifth-largest metropolitan area and fourth-largest urban area by population in the United States, the nation's fourth-largest consumer media market as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research, and the 49th-most...
  —roughly 10% of the population.
• 1793-1796: Revolt in the Vendée
  Revolt in the Vendée
  
  The War in Vend?e was a civil war and counterrevolution in Vend?e between House of Bourbon and French First Republic during the French Revolution....
   against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution
  French Revolution
  
  The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
  .
• 1794: Polish revolt
  Kosciuszko Uprising
  
  The Kosciuszko Uprising was an rebellion led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko in Poland and Lithuania in 1794. It was a failed attempt to liberate Poland and Lithuania of Russian Empire influence after the Second Partition of Poland and the creation of the Confederation of Targowica....
  
• 1794: Jay's Treaty concluded between Great Britain
  Great Britain
  
  Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....
   and the United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
  , by which the Western Posts in the Great Lakes
  Great Lakes
  
  The St. Lawrence River Great Lakes are a chain of fresh water lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada ? United States border. Consisting of Lakes Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth....
   are returned to the U.S., and commerce between the two countries is regulated.
• 1794: Qajar dynasty
  Qajar dynasty
  
  The Qajar dynasty is a common term to describe Iran under the ruling Qajar royal family that ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925. In 1794 the Qajar family took full control of Iran as they had eliminated all their rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted Persian sovereignty over the former Iranian terr...
   founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty.
• 1795: Pinckney's Treaty
  Pinckney's Treaty
  
  Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain....
   between the United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
   and Spain
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   granted the Mississippi Territory
  Mississippi Territory
  
  Mississippi Territory was a historic, organized territory of the United States from April 7, 1798, and expanded twice , until it extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the southern border of Tennessee....
   to the US.
• 1795: The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
   national anthem
  National anthem
  
  A national anthem is a generally patriotism musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people....
  .
• 1795: Kamehameha I
  Kamehameha I
  
  Kamehameha I , also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule....
   of the Island of Hawaii
  Hawaii (island)
  
  The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island , is a volcano island in the U.S. Hawaii in the North Pacific Ocean....
   defeats the Oahu
  Oahu
  
  'Oahu' or 'Oahu' , known as Gathering_place#Island_of_O.7B.7Bokina.7D.7Dahu_as_The_Gathering_Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands and most populous of the islands in the State of Hawaii....
  ans at the Battle of Nu'uanu
  Battle of Nu'uanu
  
  The Battle of Nuuanu , fought in May 1795 on the southern part of the island of Oahu, was a key battle in the final days of Kamehameha I wars to unify the Hawaiian Islands....
  .
• 1796: Edward Jenner
  Edward Jenner
  
  Edward Jenner, Fellow of the Royal Society, was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire, England....
   administers the first smallpox vaccination. Smallpox
  Smallpox
  
  Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple"....
   killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs).
• 1796: Battle of Montenotte
  Battle of Montenotte
  
  The Battle of Montenotte was fought on 12 April 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French forces under Napoleon I and Austro-Sardinian force under Count Argenteau....
  . Engagement in the War of the First Coalition
  First Coalition
  
  The First Coalition was the first major concerted effort of multiple European power s to contain French First Republic. It took shape after the French Revolutionary Wars had already begun....
  . Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
• 1796: British ejected Dutch from Ceylon.
• 1796: Mungo Park
  Mungo Park (explorer)
  
  Mungo Park was a Scotland explorer of the African continent. He was credited as being the first Westerner to encounter the Niger River....
  , backed by the African Association
  African Association
  
  The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa , founded in London on June 9 1788, was a United Kingdom club dedicated to the exploration of West Africa, with the mission of discovering the origin and course of the Niger River and the location of Timbuktu, the "lost city" of gold....
  , is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River
  Niger River
  
  The Niger River is the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4180 km . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea....
   in Africa.
• 1796-1804: The White Lotus Rebellion
  White Lotus Rebellion
  
  The White Lotus Rebellion was a China anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Qing dynasty. It broke out in 1796 among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces....
   against the Manchu Dynasty
  Qing Dynasty
  
  The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
   in China.
• 1797: Napoleon
  Napoleon I of France
  
  Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
  's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice
  Republic of Venice
  
  The Most Serene Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice . It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797....
   ended over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
• 1798: The Irish Rebellion
  Irish Rebellion of 1798
  
  The Irish Rebellion of 1798 , or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally, was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against United Kingdom and its subject Kingdom of Ireland....
   failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland
  Ireland
  
  Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
  .
• 1798-1800: Quasi-War
  Quasi-War
  
  The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict is sometimes also referred to as the Undeclared War with France, The Pirate Wars, or the Half-War....
   between the United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
   and France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  .
• 1799: Napoleon
  Napoleon I of France
  
  Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
   staged a coup d'état
  Coup d'état
  
  A coup d??tat , often simply called a coup, is the sudden unconstitutional overthrow of a government by a part of the state establishment – usually the military – to replace the branch of the stricken government, either with another civil government or with a military government....
   and became dictator
  Dictator
  
  A dictator is an authoritarian ruler who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an absolute monarch. When other states call the head of state of a particular state a dictator, that state is called a dictatorship....
   of France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  .
• 1799: Dutch East India Company
  Dutch East India Company
  
  The Dutch East India Company was a trading company, which was established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia....
   is dissolved.
• 1799: The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu
  Tu'i Kanokupolu
  
  In Tonga, the Tui Kanokupolu is a title held by the chief of the List of Tongan Monarchs, currently the Royal House of Tonga. Kanokupolu is the name of a village in Hihifo district, which probably was Ngata's residence when he was still a governor under his father Mounga o Tonga of the Tu'i Ha'atakalaua dynasty....
  , Tuku?aho, plunges Tonga
  Tonga
  
  The Kingdom of Tonga in the south Pacific Ocean comprises an archipelago of 171 islands, 48 of them inhabited, stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres in a north-south line....
   into half a century of civil war.

Significant people

World leaders, politicians, military

• Samuel Adams
  Samuel Adams
  
  Samuel Adams was a statesman, Political philosophy, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in Province of Massachusetts Bay, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of Republicanism in the United States that shaped the political cul...
  , American statesman
• Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
• Ahmed III
  Ahmed III
  
  Ahmed III was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV . His mother was Valide Sultan Mah-Para Ummatullah Rabia G?l-Nush, :tr:Emetullah Rabia G?lnus Sultan, originally named Evemia, a Greeks....
  , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
• Hyder Ali
  Hyder Ali
  
  Hyder Ali, Haider Ali or Haidar 'Ali , was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. He is said to have induced his brother to employ a Parsi people to purchase artillery and small arms from the government of Bombay Presidency, and to enrol some thirty sailors of different European nations as gunners, and is t...
  , Ruler of Mysore
  Kingdom of Mysore
  
  The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore....
  
• Ethan Allen
  Ethan Allen
  
  Ethan Allen was an early American revolutionary and guerrilla warfare leader who fought against the Province of New York's settlement of Vermont, and later for Vermont's independence during the American Revolutionary War....
  , American Revolutionary Army
• Anne
  Anne of Great Britain
  
  Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scots and Kingdom of Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding her brother-in-law, William III of England. Her Roman Catholic father, James II of England, was Glorious Revolution in 1688/9; her brother-in-law and her sister then became joint monarchs as William III & II and Mary II of England, the only such c...
  , Queen of Great Britain
• Marie Antoinette
  Marie Antoinette
  
  For the 2006 film about this person that stars Kirsten Dunst, see Marie-Antoinette .Marie Antoinette was born an Archduchess of Austria and later became Queen of France and of Navarre....
  , Austrian-born Queen of France
• Augustus III, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Lithuania
• Aurangzeb
  Aurangzeb
  
  Aurangzeb Aurangzeb ruled India for 48 years, bringing a larger area under Mughal rule than ever before . He is generally regarded as the last Great Mughal ruler....
  , Mughal Emperor
• Boromakot
  Boromakot
  
  Somdet Phra Chaoyuhua Boromakot or Somdet Phra Boromaracha Dhiraj III was the king of Ayutthaya kingdom from 1732 to 1758. His reign was the last blooming period of Ayutthaya as the kingdom would fall nine years after his death....
  , King of Ayutthaya
  Ayutthaya kingdom
  
  The kingdom of Ayutthaya was a Thai people kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Han Chinese, Vietnamese , Indo-Aryans, Japanese people and Persians, and later the Portuguese people, Spanish people, Dutch and French people, permitting them to set up villages outside the city wa...
  
• Boromaracha V, King of Ayutthaya
  Ayutthaya kingdom
  
  The kingdom of Ayutthaya was a Thai people kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Han Chinese, Vietnamese , Indo-Aryans, Japanese people and Persians, and later the Portuguese people, Spanish people, Dutch and French people, permitting them to set up villages outside the city wa...
  
• William Cavendish
  William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire
  
  William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, Order of the Garter, Privy Council of Great Britain was a British nobleman and British Whig Party politician, the son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire and Lady Rachel Russell....
  , Anglo-Irish politician
• John Carteret
  John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville
  
  John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, 7th Seigneur of Sark, Privy Council of Great Britain , commonly known by his earlier title as Lord Carteret, was a Kingdom of Great Britain statesman and Lord President of the Council from 1751 to 1763....
  , Anglo-Irish politician
• Catherine the Great
  Catherine II of Russia
  
  Catherine II, called Catherine the Great .The Russian empress Catherine II, known as Catherine the Great, reigned from 1762 to 1796. Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved in its administration, and underwent a dramatic policy of Westernization....
  , Tsaritsa of Russia
• Charles III
  Charles III of Spain
  
  Charles III was list of Spanish monarchs 1759?88 , King of Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily 1735?59 , and Duchy of Parma 1732?35 . He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism....
  , King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily
• Charles VI
  Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Charles VI was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary from 1711 to 1740, Archduke of Austria. From 1703 to 1711 he was an active claimant to the List of Spanish monarchs as Charles III....
  , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary
• Charles XII
  Charles XII of Sweden
  
  Charles XII was the Monarch of Sweden from 1697 to 1718.Charles was the only surviving son of King Charles XI of Sweden and Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark, and he assumed the crown at the age of fifteen, at the death of his father....
  , King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;
• Charlotte Corday
  Charlotte Corday
  
  Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont , known to history as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the French Revolution. In 1793, she was executed under the guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was responsible for the Reign of Terror....
  , French revolutionary
• Georges Danton
  Georges Danton
  
  Georges Jacques Danton was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety....
  , French revolutionary leader
• Farrukhsiyar
  Farrukhsiyar
  
  Abu'l Muzaffar Muin ud-din Muhammad Shah Farrukh-siyar Alim Akbar Sani Wala Shan Padshah-i-bahr-u-bar [Shahid-i-Mazlum] was the Mughal Empire emperor between 1713 and 1719....
  , Emperor of Mughal
  Mughal Empire
  
  The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
  
• Ferdinand I
  Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
  
  Ferdinand I was King variously of Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, and the Two Sicilies from 1759 until his death. He was the third son of King Charles III of Spain, later Charles III of Spain, King of Sicily by his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony....
  , King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two Sicilies
• Benjamin Franklin
  Benjamin Franklin
  
  Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and Printer , Satire, list of political philosophers, politician, scientist, inventor, activism, statesman, and diplomacy....
  , American leader, scientist and statesman
• Juan Franscisco
  Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
  
  Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra was a Peruvian naval officer born in Lima, Peru. Sailing from the Spanish Navy base at San Blas, Nayarit, in what now is the Mexico state of Nayarit, from 1774 to 1788 this South American navigator explored the Pacific Northwest of North America as far north as Alaska....
  , Spanish naval officer and explorer
• Adolf Frederick
  Adolf Frederick of Sweden
  
  Adolf Frederick was Monarch of Sweden from 1751 until his death. He was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach....
  , King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
• Frederick the Great
  Frederick II of Prussia
  
  Frederick II was a monarch of Kingdom of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was Frederick IV of Margraviate of Brandenburg....
  , King of Prussia
• George I
  George I of Great Britain
  
  George I was List of British Monarchs#House of Hanover and King of Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of Electorate of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698....
  , King of Great Britain and Ireland
• George II
  George II of Great Britain
  
  George II was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-L?neburg and Prince-elector#High Offices and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death....
  , King of Great Britain and Ireland
• George III
  George III of the United Kingdom
  
  George III was Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death....
  , King of Great Britain and Ireland
• Robert Gray, American revolutionary, merchant, and explorer
• Gustav III
  Gustav III of Sweden
  
  Gustav III was Monarchy of Sweden from 1771 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great....
  , King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
• Gyeongjong
  Gyeongjong of Joseon
  
  Gyeongjong of Joseon was the 20th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the son of Sukjong of Joseon by Lady Hee-bin of the Jang clan....
  , King of Joseon Dynasty
• Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
• Alexander Hamilton
  Alexander Hamilton
  
  Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Fathers of the United States, economist, and political philosopher. He led calls for the Philadelphia Convention, was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and cowrote the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation....
  , American statesman
• Patrick Henry
  Patrick Henry
  
  Patrick Henry was a prominent figure in the American Revolution, known and remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential advocates of the American Revolution and Republicanism in the United States, especially in his denunciations of c...
  , American statesman
• Emperor Higashiyama
  Emperor Higashiyama
  
  Emperor Higashiyama was the 113th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from May 6, 1687 to July 27, 1709....
  , Emperor of Japan
• John Jay
  John Jay
  
  John Jay was an United States politician, statesman, Patriot , diplomat, a Founding Fathers of the United States, President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779 and, from 1789 to 1795, the first Chief Justice of the United States....
  , American statesman
• Thomas Jefferson
  Thomas Jefferson
  
  Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
  , American statesman
• Jeongjo
  Jeongjo of Joseon
  
  King Jeongjo was the 22nd ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. Because of his various attempts to reform and improve the nation, King Jeongjo is regarded as the reformation ruler in Joseon....
  , King of Joseon Dynasty
• John Paul Jones
  John Paul Jones
  
  John Paul Jones was United States first well-known US Navy fighter in the American Revolutionary War. Although he made enemies among the American ruling class, his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day....
  , American naval commander
• Joseph I
  Joseph I of Portugal
  
  |Joseph I , the Reformer , 25th Kings of Portugal of the Portugal and the Algarves, was born in Lisbon, on June 6, 1714. He was the third child of King John V of Portugal and his wife Mary Anne Josepha of Austria....
  , King of Portugal
• Joseph II
  Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor....
  , Austrian Emperor
• Kangxi Emperor
  Kangxi Emperor
  
  The Kangxi Emperor was the third Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722....
  , Chinese Emperor
• Karim Khan
  Karim Khan
  
  Karim Khan Zand, , , was the ruler and de facto Shah of Iran from 1760 until 1779. He founded the Zand dynasty. He never styled himself as "shah" or king, and instead used the title President ....
  , Shah
  Shah
  
  Shah is a Persian language term for a monarch that has been adopted in many other languages.Shah used as a last name by Jains and Hindus is unrelated....
   of Iran and King of Persia
• Marquis de Lafayette
  Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette
  
  Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de la Fayette was a French military officer born in the province of Auvergne in south central France....
  , Continental Army officer
• Louis XIV
  Louis XIV of France
  
  Louis XIV ruled as List of French monarchs and of King of Navarre. He ascended the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister , the Italians Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661....
  , King of France
• Louis XV
  Louis XV of France
  
  Louis XV ruled as List of French monarchs and of List of Navarrese monarchs from 1 September 1715 until his death on 10 May 1774. Coming to the throne at the age of five, Louis reigned until 15 February 1723, the date of his thirteenth birthday, with the aid of the R?gence, Philippe II, Duke of Orl?ans, his Cousin, thereafter taking formal p...
  , King of France
• Louis XVI
  Louis XVI of France
  
  Louis XVI or Louis-Auguste de France ruled as List of French monarchs of France and of List of Navarrese monarchs from 1774 until 1791, and then as Popular monarchy from 1791 to 1792....
  , King of France
• Louis XVII
  Louis XVII of France
  
  Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre , from birth to 1789 known as Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy; then from 1789 to 1791 as Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France of Viennois; and from 1791 to 1793 as Louis-Charles, Prince Royal of France, was the son of King Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette of Austria....
  , imprisoned King of France, never ruled
• James Madison
  James Madison
  
  James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States....
  , American statesman
• Madhavrao I, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
• Madhavrao I Scindia
  Madhavrao I Scindia
  
  Mahadaji Shinde , , was a Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India. Mahadaji was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the debacle of the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, and rose to become a trusted lieutenant of the Peshwa, leader of the Maratha Confederacy, as well as the Mughal Empire emperor Shah Alam II....
  , Marathan leader
• Mahmud I
  Mahmud I
  
  Mahmud I , called the Hunchback was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He was born at Edirne Palace the son of Mustafa II and his mother was Valide Sultan Saliha Sabkati, :tr:Saliha Sultan....
  , Sultan of Ottoman Empire
• Alessandro Malaspina
  Alessandro Malaspina
  
  Alessandro Malaspina was an Italian explorers nobleman who spent most of his life as a Spain naval officer and explorer. Under a Spanish royal commission, he undertook a voyage around the world from 1786-1788, then, from 1789-1794, a scientific expedition throughout the Pacific Ocean, exploring and mapping much of the west coast of the Ameri...
  , Spanish explorer
• George Mason
  George Mason
  
  George Mason IV was an United States Patriot , statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Along with James Madison, he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights." For these reasons he is considered one of the "Founding Fathers of the United States" of the United States....
  , American statesman
• Michikinikwa
  Michikinikwa
  
  Little Turtle or Mishikinakwa was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana, and one of the most successful Native Americans in the United States military leaders of his era....
  , Miami chief and warrior
• José Moñino y Redondo, Spanish statesman
• Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
  Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
  
  Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Saint-Veran was the commander of the France forces in North America during the Seven Years' War . He is most remembered for his role in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and remains a controversial figure....
  , French officer
• Mustafa III
  Mustafa III
  
  Mustafa III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I ....
  , Sultan of Ottoman Empire
• Nadir Shah, King of Persia
• Nakamikado
  Emperor Nakamikado
  
  Emperor Nakamikado was the 114th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from July 27, 1709 to April 13, 1735....
  , Emperor of Japan
• Horatio Nelson
  Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
  
  Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bront?, Order of the Bath was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland flag officer famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars....
  , British admiral
• Nanasaheb
  Nanasaheb Peshwa
  
  Nanasaheb Peshwa, also known as Balaji Bajirao, was the son of Bajirao from his marriage with Kashibai and one of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire....
  , Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
• Shivappa Nayaka
  Shivappa Nayaka
  
  Shivappa Nayaka , also known as Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, was a notable ruler of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the Vijayanagara Empire in the coastal and Malnad districts of Karnataka, India, in the late 16th century....
  , King of Keladi Nayaka
• Osman III
  Osman III
  
  Osman III or Othman III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.The younger brother of Mahmud I and son of Mustafa II and Valide Sultan Saliha Sabkati, :tr:Saliha Sultan, born at Edirne Palace, Osman III was a generally insignificant prince....
  , Sultan of Ottaman Empire
• Peter I
  Peter I of Russia
  
  Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
   (Peter the Great), Tsar of Russian
• Philip V
  Philip V of Spain
  
  Philip V of Spain , born Philippe de France, fils de France and Counts and Dukes of Anjou, was king of Spain from 1700 to 1724 and 1724 to 1746, the first of the House of Bourbon dynasty in Spain....
  , King of Spain
• Pontiac
  Chief Pontiac
  
  Pontiac or Obwandiyag , was an Ottawa leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion , an North American Indian struggle against the Kingdom of Great Britain military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War....
  , Ottawa chief and warrior
• Qianlong
  Qianlong Emperor
  
  The Qianlong Emperor was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing dynasty emperors to rule over China. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from October 11, 1736 to February 7, 1795....
  , Emperor of China
• Rajaram II of Satara
  Rajaram II of Satara
  
  Ramaraja was the fifth monarch of the Maratha Empire. He was the adoptive son of Chhatrapati Shahuji, and the putative grandson of Chhatrapati Rajaram....
  , Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy
  Maratha Empire
  
  The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia....
  
• Francis II Rákóczi
  Francis II Rákóczi
  
  File:Francisc rakoczi.jpgFerenc II R?k?czi Hungarian aristocrat, he was the leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary....
  , Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leader
• Tadeusz Rejtan
  Tadeusz Rejtan
  
  Tadeusz Rejtan was a Poland nobleman. He was a member of the confederation of Bar and a member of the Polish Sejm from the constituency of Nowogr?dek ....
  , Polish politician
• Paul Revere
  Paul Revere
  
  Paul Revere was an American silversmith and a Patriot in the American Revolution.He was glorified after his death for his role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord, and Revere's name and his "midnight ride" are well-known in the United States as a patriotic symbol....
  , American revolutionary leader and silversmith
• Maximilien Robespierre
  Maximilien Robespierre
  
  Maximilien Fran?ois Marie Isidore de Robespierre is one of the best-known figures of the French Revolution. He was an influential member of the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror that ended with his arrest and execution in 1794....
  , French revolutionary leader
• Betsy Ross
  Betsy Ross
  
  File:RossBetsy.jpgBetsy Ross , of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has been widely credited with making the first American flag....
  , American flag maker
• Shah Rukh of Persia
  Shah Rukh of Persia
  
  Shahrokh Shah Afshar was a king of Afsharid dynasty and a contemporary of Zand kings. He reigned until 1796.As the teenage son of Reza Gholi Mirza and Nader Shah's grandson, he was elected by the nobles following the assassination of Ebrahim Afshar....
  , King of Persia.
• John Russell
  John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford
  
  John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford Knight of the Garter, Privy Council of Great Britain, Royal Society was an 18th century Kingdom of Great Britain statesman....
  , Anglo-Irish politician
• Lionel Sackville
  Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset
  
  Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Privy Council of Great Britain was an England political leader and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland....
  , Anglo-Irish politician
• Sebastião de Melo
  Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal
  
  Sebasti?o Jos? de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Count of Oeiras, 1st Marquis of Pombal , was an 18th century Portugal statesman. He was Minister of the Kingdom in the government of Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777....
  , Prime Minister of Portugal
• Chattrapati Shahu, Emperor of Maratha Empire
  Maratha Empire
  
  The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia....
  
• Selim III
  Selim III
  
  Selim III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. He was a son of Mustafa III and succeeded his uncle Abdul Hamid I ....
  , Sultan of Ottoman Empire
• Charles Edward Stuart
  Charles Edward Stuart
  
  Charles Edward Stuart was the exiled Jacobitism claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland. He is commonly known in English and Scots language as Bonnie Prince Charlie....
  , English Jacobite
  Jacobitism
  
  Jacobitism was the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the House of Stuart kings to the thrones of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland....
   exile
• Sukjong
  Sukjong of Joseon
  
  Sukjong was the 19th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1674?1720....
  , King of Joseon Dynasty
• Alexander Suvorov
  Alexander Suvorov
  
  Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov , Count Suvorov of R?mnicu Sarat, Prince of Italy, Count of Holy Roman Empire , was the fourth and last generalissimus of Russian Empire....
  , Russian military leader
• Maria Theresa
  Maria Theresa of Austria
  
  Maria Theresa was the List of rulers of Austria, List of rulers of Hungary, List of rulers of Croatia, Queen of Bohemia, Grand Duchy of Tuscany and a Holy Roman Emperor by marriage to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor....
  , Austrian Empress
• Tokugawa Ieharu
  Tokugawa Ieharu
  
  Tokugawa Ieharu Ieharu was the eldest son of Tokugawa Ieshige, the ninth shogun....
  , Japanese Shogun
• Tokugawa Ienobu
  Tokugawa Ienobu
  
  was the sixth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Tsunashige, thus making him the nephew of Tokugawa Ietsuna and Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the great-grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu....
  , Japanese Shogun
• Tokugawa Ieshige
  Tokugawa Ieshige
  
  Tokugawa Ieshige; ?? ?? was the ninth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan.The first son of Tokugawa Yoshimune, his mother was the daughter of Okubo Tadanao, known as Osuma no kata....
  , Japanese Shogun
• Tokugawa Ietsugu
  Tokugawa Ietsugu
  
  Tokugawa Ietsugu; ?? ?? was the seventh shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyo of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandso...
  , Japanese Shogun
• Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
  Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
  
  Tokugawa Tsunayoshi was the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, thus making him the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu....
  , Japanese Shogun
• Tokugawa Yoshimune
  Tokugawa Yoshimune
  
  was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu....
  , Japanese Shogun
• Toussaint L'Ouverture
  Toussaint L'Ouverture
  
  Fran?ois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture , also Toussaint Br?da, Toussaint-Louverture was a leader of the Haitian Revolution. Born a slave in Saint-Domingue, in a long struggle for independence Toussaint led enslaved Africans to victory over Europeans, abolished slavery, and secured native control over the colony in 1797 while nom...
  , Haitian revolutionary leader
• Túpac Amaru II
  Túpac Amaru II
  
  T?pac Amaru II was the leader of an indigenous uprising in 1780 against the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Although unsuccessful, he later became a mythical figure in the Independence of Peru and indigenous rights movement and an inspiration to a myriad of causes in Peru....
  , Peruvian revolutionary
• George Vancouver
  George Vancouver
  
  Captain George Vancouver Royal Navy was an officer in the Royal Navy, best known for his Vancouver Expedition, including the shores of the modern day Alaska, British Columbia, Washington and Oregon....
  , British Captain and explorer
• Robert Walpole
  Robert Walpole
  
  Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, Order of the Garter, Order of the Bath, Privy Council of Great Britain , known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a Kingdom of Great Britain statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom....
  , Prime Minister of Great Britain
• George Washington
  George Washington
  
  George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States of the United States of Americas ....
  , American general and first President of the United States
• James Wolfe
  James Wolfe
  
  General James Wolfe was a British Army officer, known for his training reforms but remembered chiefly for Battle of Quebec in Canada and establishing British rule there....
  , British officer
• Yeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty

Show business, theatre, entertainers

• Colley Cibber
  Colley Cibber
  
  Colley Cibber was a British actor-manager, playwright, and Poet laureate#British_Poets_Laureate. His colourful memoir Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber started a British tradition of personal, anecdotal, and even rambling autobiography....
  , actor, poet, playwright
• Thomas Doggett
  Thomas Doggett
  
  Thomas Doggett , , was an Ireland actor.Doggett was born in Dublin, and made his first stage appearance in London in 1691 as Nincompoop in Thomas D'Urfey's Love for Money....
  , actor
• David Garrick
  David Garrick
  
  David Garrick was an English actor, playwright, theatre manager and Theatrical producer who influenced nearly all aspects of theatrical practice throughout the 18th century and was a pupil and friend of Dr Samuel Johnson....
  , actor
• John Gay
  John Gay
  
  John Gay was an English people poet and dramatist. He is best remembered for The Beggar's Opera , set to music by Johann Christoph Pepusch....
  , English dramatist and poet
• Charles Johnson
  Charles Johnson (writer)
  
  Charles Johnson was an England playwright, tavern keeper, and enemy of Alexander Pope's. He was a dedicated British Whig Party who allied himself with the John Churchill, Colley Cibber, and those who rose in opposition to Anne of Great Britain's Tory party ministry of 1710 - 1714....
  , English playwright
• Charles Macklin
  Charles Macklin
  
  Charles Macklin , originally Cathal MacLochlainn, was an actor and dramatist born in Culdaff, a village on the scenic Inishowen Peninsula of County Donegal, part of the Province of Ulster in the north of Ireland....
  , actor
• Chikamatsu Monzaemon
  Chikamatsu Monzaemon
  
  Chikamatsu Monzaemon was a Japanese dramatist of Joruri, the form of puppet theater that later came to be known as bunraku, and the live-actor drama, kabuki....
  , Japanese dramatist, playwright
• John O'Keeffee, Irish playwright
• Anne Oldfield
  Anne Oldfield
  
  Anne Oldfield , England actor, was born in London, the daughter of a soldier.She worked for a time as apprentice to a seamstress, until she attracted George Farquhar's attention by reciting some lines from a play in his hearing....
  , English actress
• Hannah Pritchard
  Hannah Pritchard
  
  Hannah Pritchard was an England actress.Born Hannah Vaughan and married to an actor William Pritchard at a young age, she first attracted attention as a singer at Bartholomew Fair in 1733....
  , English actress
• Hester Santlow
  Hester Santlow
  
  Hester Santlow was a noted Kingdom of Great Britain Ballet and Actor, who has been termed "England's first ballerina." She was influential in many spheres of theatrical life....
  , English actress, ballerina, dancer
• Kong Shangren
  Kong Shangren
  
  Kong Shangren was a Qing Dynasty dramatist and poet best known for his chuanqi play The Peach-Blossom Fan .Born in Qufu, Kong was a descendant of Confucius....
  , Chinese dramatist, poet
• Richard Brinsley Sheridan
  Richard Brinsley Sheridan
  
  Richard Brinsley Sheridan was an Irish playwright and British Whig Party statesman....
  , Irish playwright
• John Small, English cricketer
• Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
• Robert Wilks
  Robert Wilks
  
  Robert Wilks was a British people actor and theatrical manager who was one of the leading managers of Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in its hey day of the 1710's....
  , English actor
• Wang Yun
  Wang Yun (Qing Dynasty)
  
  Wang Yun was a List of Chinese language poets and playwright during the Qing Dynasty.Her birthplace is Chang'an. In her poems she writes about the frustration of educated women, who were not allowed to have a career, nor were they accepted by men as intellectual equals....
  , Chinese playwright, poet

Musicians, composers

• Samuel Arnold
  Samuel Arnold (composer)
  
  Samuel Arnold was an England composer and organist.Arnold was born in London , and began writing music for the theatre in about 1764. A few years later he became director of music at the Marylebone Gardens, for which much of his popular music was written....
  , English composer and musician
• Nidhu Babu
  Nidhu Babu
  
  Ramnidhi Gupta , better known as Nidhu Babu, is one of the great reformers of Bengali people tappa music.Nidhu Babu was born in Kumartuli in northern Calcutta, where he grew up learning Persian language and some English language....
  , Indian and Bengali musician and composer
• Johann Sebastian Bach
  Johann Sebastian Bach
  
  Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
  , German composer
• Charles Burney
  Charles Burney
  
  Charles Burney was an England music history and father of author Frances Burney....
  , English musician and music historian
• François Couperin
  François Couperin
  
  Fran?ois Couperin was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. Fran?ois Couperin was known as "Couperin le Grand" to distinguish him from the other members of the musically talented Couperin family....
  , French composer
• William Cowper
  William Cowper
  
  William Cowper was an English poet and hymnodist. One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and scenes of the English countryside....
  , English hymnist and poet
• Dede Efendi
  Dede Efendi
  
  Hammamizade Ismail Dede Efendi was a composer of Ottoman classical music. He was born on 9 January 1778, in Istanbul, Sehzadebasi. He started studying music with Mehmed Emin Efendi, at the age of eight....
  , Turkish/Ottoman composer
• Christoph Willibald Gluck
  Christoph Willibald Gluck
  
  Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck was an opera composer of the early classical period. After many years at the Habsburg court at Vienna, Gluck brought about the practical reform of opera's dramaturgical practices that many intellectuals had been campaigning for over the years....
  , German composer
• Francesco Geminiani
  Francesco Geminiani
  
  Francesco Saverio Geminiani was an Italy violinist, composer, and music theory....
  , Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
• George Frideric Handel
  George Frideric Handel
  
  George Frideric Handel was an England Baroque music composer of Germany birth who is famous for his operas, oratorios, and concerto grosso. His life and music may justly be described as "cosmopolitan": he was born in Germany, trained in Italy, and spent most of his life in England....
  , German-English composer
• Joseph Haydn
  Joseph Haydn
  
  Joseph Haydn was an Austrians composer. He was one of the most prominent composers of the classical music era, and is called by some the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet"....
  , Austrian composer
• Hampartsoum Limondjian, Armenian/Ottoman composer
• Kali Mirza
  Kali Mirza
  
  Kalidas Chattopadhyay, better known as Kali Mirza , was an 18th-century composer of tappa music in Bengal. A contemporary of Nidhu Babu, he composed over 400 tappas....
  , Bengali composer
• Leopold Mozart
  Leopold Mozart
  
  Johann Georg Leopold Mozart was a composer, conductor, teacher, and violinist. He is best known today as the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his violin textbook Versuch einer gr?ndlichen Violinschule....
  , Austrian composer
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
  
  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty; at seventeen he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position, always...
  , Austrian composer
• Johann Pachelbel
  Johann Pachelbel
  
  Johann Pachelbel was a German Baroque music composer, organist and teacher, who brought the German organ schools to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era....
  , German composer, teacher
• François-André Danican Philidor
  François-André Danican Philidor
  
  Fran?ois-Andr? Danican Philidor was a France chess player and composer. He was regarded as the best single chess player of his age , although the title of World Chess Champion was not yet in existence....
  , French composer and chess master
• Jean-Philippe Rameau
  Jean-Philippe Rameau
  
  Jean-Philippe Rameau was one of the most important French composers and music theory of the Baroque music era. He replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera and is also considered the leading French author of music for the harpsichord of his time, alongside Fran?ois Couperin....
  , French composer
• Bharatchandra Ray
  Bharatchandra Ray
  
  Bharatchandra Ray was an eighteenth century Bengali people poet and song composer famous for his Mangalkavya....
  , Bengali composer, musician, and poet
• Sadarang
  Sadarang
  
  Sadarang was the pen name of the Hindustani music musical composer and artist Niyamat Khan. Sadarang was active in the eighteenth century....
  , Hindustani composer
• Domenico Scarlatti
  Domenico Scarlatti
  
  Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti , son of the composer Alessandro Scarlatti, was an Italy composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal....
  , Italian composer.
• Antonio Stradivari
  Antonio Stradivari
  
  Antonio Stradivari was an Italian luthier, a crafter of stringed instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars and harps. Stradivari is generally considered the most significant artisan in this field....
  , Italian violin maker
• Antonio Vivaldi
  Antonio Vivaldi
  
  Antonio Lucio Vivaldi , nicknamed il Prete Rosso , was a Baroque music composer and Venice priest, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist, born and raised in the Republic of Venice....
  , Italian composer
• Isaac Watts
  Isaac Watts
  
  Isaac Watts is recognised as the "Father of English Hymnody", as he was the first prolific and popular English hymnwriter, credited with some 750 hymns....
  , English hymnist

Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers

• William Blake
  William Blake
  
  William Blake was an English people English poetry, Painting, and printmaker. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both poetry and the visual arts of the Romanticism....
  , English artist and poet
• Edmé Bouchardon
  Edmé Bouchardon
  
  Edm? Bouchardon was a France sculpture, esteemed in his day as the greatest sculptor of his time.Born at Chaumont, he became the pupil of Guillaume Coustou and gained the prix de Rome in 1722....
  , French sculptor
• François Boucher
  François Boucher
  
  Fran?ois Boucher was a France Painting, a proponent of Rococo taste, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories representing the arts or pastoral occupations, intended as a sort of two-dimensional furniture....
  , French painter
• Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian painter, architect, missionary in China
• Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
  Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
  
  Jean-Baptiste-Sim?on Chardin was an 18th-century France List of painters. He is considered a master of still life....
  , French painter
• John Singleton Copley
  John Singleton Copley
  
  John Singleton Copley was an United States painter, born presumably in Boston, Massachusetts and a son of Richard and Mary Singleton Copley, both Irish....
  , American painter
• Jacques-Louis David
  Jacques-Louis David
  
  Jacques-Louis David was a highly influential France painter in the Neoclassicism style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical austerity and severity, chiming with the moral climate of the final years of th...
  , French painter
• Étienne Maurice Falconet
  Étienne Maurice Falconet
  
  File:Milo of Croton Falconet.jpg?tienne Maurice Falconet , is counted among the first rank of France Rococo sculpture, whose patron was Mme de Pompadour....
  , French sculptor
• Jean-Honoré Fragonard
  Jean-Honoré Fragonard
  
  Jean-Honor? Fragonard was a France painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism....
  , French painter
• Thomas Gainsborough
  Thomas Gainsborough
  
  Thomas Gainsborough was one of the most famous portrait and landscape Painting of 18th century Kingdom of Great Britain....
  , English painter
• Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
• Jean-Baptiste Greuze
  Jean-Baptiste Greuze
  
  Jean-Baptiste Greuze was a France Painting....
  , French painter
• Suzuki Harunobu
  Suzuki Harunobu
  
  was a Japanese woodblock print artist, one of the most famous in the Ukiyo-e style. He was an innovator, the first to produce full-color prints in 1765, rendering obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints....
  , Japanese woodblock printer
• William Hogarth
  William Hogarth
  
  William Hogarth was a major England painting, Printmaking, pictorial satire, Social criticism and editorial cartoonist who has been credited with pioneering western sequential art....
  , English painter and engraver
• Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne
  Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne
  
  Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne was a France sculpture. He was the pupil of his father, Jean-Louis Lemoyne, and of Robert Le Lorrain.He was a great figure in his day, around whose modest and kindly personality there waged opposing storms of denunciation and applause....
  , French sculptor, student of his father
• Jean-Louis Lemoyne
  Jean-Louis Lemoyne
  
  Jean-Louis Lemoyne was a France sculptor whose works were commissioned by Louis XIV of France and Louis XV of France.His sculptures are featured in major art museums, including the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Frick Collection, the Museum of Fine Arts, and the National Gallery of Art....
  , French sculptor
• Robert Le Lorrain
  Robert Le Lorrain
  
  Robert Le Lorrain was a French baroque sculptor who was born in Paris. He was born into a family of bureaucrats, the son of Claude Le Lorrain, a business agent of Nicolas Fouquet, Louis XIV of France Minister of Finance....
  , French sculptor
• Yuan Mei
  Yuan Mei
  
  Yuan Mei was a well-known poet, scholar and artist of the Qing Dynasty.Yuan Mei was born in Qiantang , Zhejiang province. He achieved the degree of jinshi at a young age and entered the Hanlin Academy ....
  , Chinese painter, poet, essayist
• Antoine Ignace Melling
  Antoine Ignace Melling
  
  Antoine Ignace Melling was a painter, architect and voyager who is counted among the ?Levantine Artists?. He is famous for his veduta of Constantinople, a town where he lived for 18 years....
  , French-German painter, architect
• Gai Qi
  Gai Qi
  
  Gai Qi was a poet and painter born in the west of China under the Qing dynasty. As an artist he was active in Shanghai. In painting his works mainly concerned plants, beauty, and figures....
  , Chinese painter, poet
• Bartolomeo Rastrelli
  Bartolomeo Rastrelli
  
  Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli was a Russian architect of Italy origin. He developed an easily recognizable style of Late baroque architecture, both sumptuous and majestic....
  , Italian-born Russian architect
• Joshua Reynolds
  Joshua Reynolds
  
  Sir Joshua Reynolds Royal Academy Royal Society Royal Society of Arts was an important and influential 18th century English Painting, specialising in portraits and promoting the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealisation of the imperfect....
  , English painter
• Gilbert Stuart
  Gilbert Stuart
  
  Gilbert Charles Stuart was an American Painting from Rhode Island.Gilbert Stuart is widely considered to be one of America's foremost portraitists....
  , American painter
• Nishikawa Sukenobu, Japanese printmaker, teacher
• Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
  Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
  
  Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, also known as Gianbattista or Giambattista Tiepolo was a Venice Painting and printmaker. He was prolific and worked not only in the Veneto, but also in Germany and Spain, and is considered among the last "Grand manner" fresco painters from the Venice....
  , Venetian painter
• Jiang Tingxi
  Jiang Tingxi
  
  Jiang Tingxi , courtesy name Yangsun , was a Chinese painter, and an Editing of the encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng .Jiang was born in Changshu....
  , Chinese artist and scholar
• Kitagawa Utamaro
  Utamaro
  
  File:Ase o fuku onna2.jpg was a Japanese printmaker and painter, and is considered one of the greatest artists of woodcut prints . He is known especially for his masterfully composed studies of women, known as bijinga....
  , Japanese printmaker and painter
• Antoine Watteau
  Antoine Watteau
  
  Jean-Antoine Watteau was a France Painting whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement , and revitalized the waning Baroque idiom, which eventually became known as Rococo....
  , French painter

Writers, poets

• Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
• Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
  Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
  
  Nicolas Boileau-Despr?aux was a French poet and critic....
  , French poet and literary critic
• James Boswell
  James Boswell
  
  James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck was a lawyer, diarist, and author born in Edinburgh, Scotland; he is best known for his biography of Samuel Johnson....
  , Scottish biographer
• Frances Burney, English novelist
• Robert Burns
  Robert Burns
  
  Robert Burns was a poet and a lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and a 'light' Scots dialect, accessible to an audience beyond Scotland....
  , Scottish poet
• Giacomo Casanova
  Giacomo Casanova
  
  Giacomo Girolamo Casanova de Seingalt was a Republic of Venice adventurer and author. His main book Histoire de ma vie , part autobiography and part memoir, is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of the customs and norms of European social life during the 18th century....
  , Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
• Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
  Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
  
  Pierre Ambroise Fran?ois Choderlos de Laclos was a French novelist, official and army general, best known for writing the epistolary novel Les Liaisons dangereuses....
  , French writer
• Daniel Defoe
  Daniel Defoe
  
  Daniel Defoe , born Daniel Foe, was an United Kingdom writer, journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe....
  , English novelist and journalist
• Liang Desheng
  Liang Desheng
  
  Liang Desheng was a Chinese List of Chinese language poets and writer during the Qing Dynasty. She was the wife of a prominent intellectual from Hangzhou....
  , Chinese poet and writer
• Maria Edgeworth
  Maria Edgeworth
  
  Maria Edgeworth was an Anglo-Irish novelist....
  , Anglo-Irish novelist
• Henry Fielding
  Henry Fielding
  
  File:Henry Fielding - Jonathan Wild.pngHenry Fielding was an England novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour and satire prowess, and as the author of the novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling....
  , English novelist
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
  
  was a Germans writer and according to George Eliot, "Germany's greatest man of letters? and the last true polymath to walk the earth." Goethe's works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, philosophy, humanism and science....
  , German writer
• Oliver Goldsmith
  Oliver Goldsmith
  
  Oliver Goldsmith was an Anglo-Irish writer, poet, and physician known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield , his pastoral poem The Deserted Village , and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man and She Stoops to Conquer ....
  , Anglo-Irish writer, poet, children's writer, and playwright
• Thomas Gray
  Thomas Gray
  
  Thomas Gray , was an England poet, classical scholar and professor at University of Cambridge....
  , English poet, scholar, and educator
• Eliza Haywood
  Eliza Haywood
  
  Eliza Haywood was an England writer, actress and publisher. Since the 1980s, Eliza Haywood?s literary works have been gaining in recognition and interest....
  , English writer
• Wu Jingzi
  Wu Jingzi
  
  Wu Jingzi was a China scholar and writer who was born in the city now known as Chuzhou and who died in Yangzhou....
  , Chinese writer
• Samuel Johnson
  Samuel Johnson
  
  Samuel Johnson was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer....
  , British writer, lexicographer, poet, and literary critic
• John Keats
  John Keats
  
  John Keats was an England poetry who became one of the principal poets of the English Romanticism movement during the early nineteenth century....
  , British poet/writer
• Ferenc Kazinczy
  Ferenc Kazinczy
  
  Ferenc Kazinczy was a Hungary author, the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Hungarian language and literature at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century....
  , Hungarian writer
• Charlotte Lennox
  Charlotte Lennox
  
  Charlotte Ramsay Lennox was a English people author and poet of the 18th century. She is most famous now as the author of The Female Quixote and for her association with Samuel Johnson, Joshua Reynolds, and Samuel Richardson, but she had a long career and wrote poetry, prose, and drama....
  , English novelist and poet
• Matthew Lewis, English novelist and playwright
• Sadhak Kamalakanta
  Sadhak Kamalakanta
  
  Sadhaka Kamalakanta was a poet of India of the late 18th century. He is often considered to have followed the example of Ramprasad, both in his poetry and in his lifestyle....
  , Indian poet
• Henry Mackenzie
  Henry Mackenzie
  
  Henry Mackenzie was a Scotland novelist and miscellaneous writer. He was also known by the sobriquet "Addison of the North."...
  , Scottish novelist
• Jean-Paul Marat
  Jean-Paul Marat
  
  Jean-Paul Marat , was a Switzerland-born physician, political theorist and scientist better known as a radical journalist and politician from the French Revolution....
  , French journalist
• Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
  Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
  
  Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , Spanish Spanish Enlightenment literature statesman, author, philosopher and main figure of the Age of Enlightenment in Spain, was born at Gij?n in Asturias, Spain....
  , Spanish writer
• Yuan Mei
  Yuan Mei
  
  Yuan Mei was a well-known poet, scholar and artist of the Qing Dynasty.Yuan Mei was born in Qiantang , Zhejiang province. He achieved the degree of jinshi at a young age and entered the Hanlin Academy ....
  , Chinese poet, scholar and artist
• Honoré Mirabeau, French writer and politician
• John Newbery
  John Newbery
  
  John Newbery was a Kingdom of Britain publisher of books who first made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market....
  , English children's literature publisher
• Wen Peixin
  Wen Peixin
  
  Wen Peixin , was a Chinese novelist and List of Chinese language poets of the Qing Dynasty . She was born in Lanzhou. She had a rough childhood and spent most of her days on the fields of her village Lanzhou along with her father and mother, tending to crops....
  , Chinese novelist and poet
• Alexander Pope
  Alexander Pope
  
  Alexander Pope is generally regarded as the greatest England poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer....
  , English poet
• Ann Radcliffe
  Ann Radcliffe
  
  Ann Radcliffe was an English author, a pioneer of the Gothic fiction. It was her technique of the explained supernatural, in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes, and the impeccable conduct of her heroines that finally met with the approval of the reviewers, transforming the gothic novel in...
  , English novelist
• Samuel Richardson
  Samuel Richardson
  
  Samuel Richardson was an 18th-century England writer and Printer . He is best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela , Clarissa and The History of Sir Charles Grandison ....
  , English novelist
• Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist
• Marquis de Sade
  Marquis de Sade
  
  Donatien Alphonse Fran?ois de Sade, Marquis de Sade was a France aristocrat, revolutionary and novelist. His novels were philosophical novel and sadomasochistic, exploring such controversial subjects as rape, bestiality and necrophilia....
  , French writer and philosopher
• Ramprasad Sen
  Ramprasad Sen
  
  Ramprasad Sen was a Bengali mystic poet and singer of Hindu devotional songs, specially Shyama Sangeet . He is almost always referred to as Ramprasad, and his songs are known as Ramprasadi....
  , Bengali poet and singer
• Friedrich Schiller
  Friedrich Schiller
  
  Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller [johan/jo?han kr?st?f fri?t??? f?n ??l??/??l?] was a Germany poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright....
  , German writer
• Walter Scott
  Walter Scott
  
  Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, was a prolific Scotland historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time.In some ways Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers all over Europe, Australia, and North America....
  , Scottish novelest and poet
• Christopher Smart
  Christopher Smart
  
  Christopher Smart , also known as "Kit Smart", "Kitty Smart", and "Jack Smart", was an English people poet. He was a major contributor to two popular magazines and a friend to influential cultural icons like Samuel Johnson and Henry Fielding....
  , English poet and actor
• Robert Southey
  Robert Southey
  
  Robert Southey was an English poet of the Romantic poetry school, one of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843....
  , English poet and biographer
• Hester Thrale
  Hester Thrale
  
  Hester Lynch Thrale was a Kingdom of Great Britain list of diarists, author, and patron of the arts. Her diary and correspondence are also an important source of information about Samuel Johnson and eighteenth-century life....
  , English memoirist
• Charlotte Turner Smith
  Charlotte Turner Smith
  
  File:CharlotteSmith.jpgCharlotte Turner Smith was an England poet and novelist. She initiated a revival of the English sonnet, helped establish the conventions of Gothic fiction, and wrote political Sensibility....
  , English writer
• Pu Songling
  Pu Songling
  
  Pu Songling was a Chinese author who wrote during the Qing Dynasty....
  , Chinese short story writer
• Laurence Sterne
  Laurence Sterne
  
  Laurence Sterne was an Ireland-born England novelist and an Anglican clergyman. He is best known for his novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy; but he also published Sermons of Laurence Sterne, wrote memoirs, and was involved in local politics....
  , Anglo-Irish writer
• Jonathan Swift
  Jonathan Swift
  
  Jonathan Swift was an Anglo-Irish satire, essayist, political pamphleteer , poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, Dublin....
  , Anglo-Irish satirist and Church of Ireland
  Church of Ireland
  
  The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. Like other Anglican churches, it considers itself to be both Catholicism and Protestant Reformation....
   Dean
  Dean (religion)
  
  A dean, in a church context, is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy. The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church....
  
• Ueda Akinari
  Ueda Akinari
  
  Ueda Akinari or Ueda Shusei was a Japanese author, scholar and Waka poet, and perhaps the most prominent literary figure in eighteenth century Japan....
  , Japanese writer
• Voltaire
  Voltaire
  
  Fran?ois-Marie Arouet , better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Age of Enlightenment writer, essayist, and philosophy known for his wit, philosophical sport, and defense of civil liberty, including freedom of religion and free trade....
  , French writer and philosopher
• Horace Walpole
  Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford
  
  Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford , more commonly known as Horace Walpole, was an art historian, writer, antiquarian and politician. He is now largely remembered for Strawberry Hill, London, the home he built in Twickenham, south-west London where he revived the Gothic style some decades before his Victorian successors, and for his Got...
  , English writer and politician
• Mary Wollstonecraft
  Mary Wollstonecraft
  
  Mary Wollstonecraft was an eighteenth-century Kingdom of Great Britain writer, philosopher, and feminist. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel literature, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book....
  , British writer and feminist
• Cao Xueqin
  Cao Xueqin
  
  Cao Xueqin is the author of Dream of the Red Chamber, believed by many to be the greatest novel written in the Chinese language. His given name was Cao Zhan and his courtesy name is Mengruan ....
  , Chinese writer

Philosophers, theologians

• Benedict XIII
  Pope Benedict XIII
  
  Pope Benedict XIII , born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was pope from 1724 until his death. He succeeded Pope Innocent XIII ....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Benedict XIV
  Pope Benedict XIV
  
  Pope Benedict XIV , born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Jeremy Bentham
  Jeremy Bentham
  
  Jeremy Bentham was an England jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He was the brother of Samuel Bentham. He was a political radical, and a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law....
  , English philosopher and reformer
• George Berkeley
  George Berkeley
  
  George Berkeley , also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an Irish people philosopher. His primary philosophical achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" ....
  , Irish empiricist philosopher
• Edmund Burke
  Edmund Burke
  
  Edmund Burke was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosophy who, after relocating to Great Britain, served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the British Whig Party party....
  , British statesman and philosopher
• Clement XI
  Pope Clement XI
  
  Pope Clement XI , born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Clement XII
  Pope Clement XII
  
  Pope Clement XII , born Lorenzo Corsini, was Pope from July 12 1730 to 6 February 1740.Born in Florence, the son of Bartolomeo Corsini, Marquis of Casigliano and his wife Isabella Strozzi, sister of the Duke of Bagnuolo, Corsini had been an aristocratic lawyer and financial manager under preceding pontiffs....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Clement XIII
  Pope Clement XIII
  
  Pope Clement XIII , born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was Pope from 16 July 1758 to 2 February 1769.He was born to a recently ennobled family of Venice, received a Society of Jesus education in Bologna and became a Cardinal in 1737....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Clement XIV
  Pope Clement XIV
  
  Pope Clement XIV , born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was Pope from 1769 to 1774. At the time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Frederick Cornwallis
  Frederick Cornwallis
  
  Frederick Cornwallis was Archbishop of Canterbury, and the twin brother of Edward Cornwallis.The seventh son of Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis, he was educated at Eton College and graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge....
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• Erasmus Darwin
  Erasmus Darwin
  
  Erasmus Darwin , was an England physician, natural philosopher, physiologist, abolitionist, inventor and poet. He was one of the founder members of the Lunar Society, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers....
  , English philosopher, poet and scientist
• Denis Diderot
  Denis Diderot
  
  Denis Diderot was a French philosopher and writer. He was a prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment and is best known for serving as chief editor and contributor to the Encyclop?die....
  , French writer and philosopher
• William Godwin
  William Godwin
  
  William Godwin was an English journalist, political philosophy and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism....
  , English philosopher and novelist
• Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn
  Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn
  
  Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn was a Germany Jew, a translator and commentator of the Tanakh and a leading writer of the Haskalah . He was born in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt and died in F?rth....
  , German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professor
• Johann Gottfried Herder
  Johann Gottfried Herder
  
  Johann Gottfried von Herder was a Germany philosophy, Theology, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Age of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism....
  , German philosopher, writer, and critic
• Thomas Herring
  Thomas Herring
  
  Thomas Herring was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1747 to 1757.He was educated at Wisbech Grammar School and later Jesus College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was a contemporary of Matthew Hutton , who succeeded him in turn in each of his dioceses....
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• David Hume
  David Hume
  
  David Hume was a Scotland philosopher, economist, historian and a key figure in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment....
  , Scottish philosopher
• Matthew Hutton
  Matthew Hutton (Archbishop of Canterbury)
  
  Matthew Hutton was a high churchman in the Church of England, serving as Archbishop of York and Archbishop of Canterbury . He was a direct descendant of Matthew Hutton , who served as Archbishop of York in the 17th century....
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• Innocent XIII
  Pope Innocent XIII
  
  Pope Innocent XIII was pope from 1721 until his death.He was born Michelangelo Conti in Poli, Italy, near Rome. Like Pope Innocent III , Pope Gregory IX and Pope Alexander IV , he was a member of the family of the Conti, counts and dukes of Segni....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant
  
  Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German Philosophy from the Kingdom of Prussia city of K?nigsberg . He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Age of Enlightenment....
  , German philosopher
• Kamo no Mabuchi
  Kamo no Mabuchi
  
  Kamo no Mabuchi was a Japanese people poet and philologist of the Edo period.Mabuchi conducted research into the spirit of ancient Japan through his studies of the Man'yoshu and other works of ancient literature....
  , Japanese philosopher
• William Law
  William Law
  
  William Law , England cleric and theological writer, was born at Kings Cliffe, Northamptonshire, Northamptonshire....
  , English theologian
• Alphonsus Liguori
  Alphonsus Liguori
  
  Saint Alphonsus Liguori was a Roman Catholic Bishop , spiritual writer, theology, and founder of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, known as the "Redemptorists," an influential religious order....
  , Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
• Moses Mendelssohn
  Moses Mendelssohn
  
  Moses Mendelssohn was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah is indebted. For some he was the third Moses heralding a new era in the history of the Jewish people....
  , German philosopher
• Charles de Secondat (Montesquieu)
  Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
  
  Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Br?de et de Montesquieu , was a France social commentator and Political philosophy who lived during the Age of Enlightenment....
  , French thinker
• John Moore
  John Moore (Archbishop)
  
  John Moore , was a priest in the Church of England. He became bishop of Bangor and subsequently Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805....
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• Motoori Norinaga
  Motoori Norinaga
  
  Motoori Norinaga was a Japanese scholar of Kokugaku during the Edo period. He is probably the best known and most prominent of all scholars in this tradition....
  , Japanese philosopher and scholar
• Thomas Paine
  Thomas Paine
  
  Thomas Paine was a UK pamphleteer, revolutionary, Radicalism , inventor, and intellectual. He lived and worked in Britain until age 37, when he emigrated to the British American colonies, in time to participate in the American Revolution....
  , English philosopher
• Elihu Palmer
  Elihu Palmer
  
  Elihu Palmer was an author and advocate of Deism in the early days of the United States....
  , American deist
• Thomas Percy
  Thomas Percy
  
  Thomas Percy , was Bishop of Dromore. Before being made bishop, he was chaplain to George III. Percy's greatest contribution is considered to be his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry , the first of the great ballad collections, which was the one work most responsible for the ballad revival in English poetry that was a significant part of...
  , English bishop and editor
• Joseph Perl
  Joseph Perl
  
  Joseph Perl was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German language....
  , German writer, Jewish theologian, and educator
• Pius VI
  Pope Pius VI
  
  Pope Pius VI , born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena....
  , Roman Catholic Pope
• John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  
  Jean Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth century The Age of Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought....
  , French writer and philosopher
• Thomas Secker
  Thomas Secker
  
  Thomas Secker , archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Sibthorpe, Nottinghamshire.In 1699 Secker went to Richard Brown's free school in Chesterfield, staying with his...
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• Sugita Genpaku
  Sugita Genpaku
  
  Sugita Genpaku was a Japanese scholar who was known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho .Besides Kaitai Shinsho, he also authored Rangaku Kotohajime ....
  , Japanese scholar and translator
• Emanuel Swedenborg
  Emanuel Swedenborg
  
  was a Sweden scientist, philosopher, Christian mystic, and theologian. Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. At the age of fifty-six he entered into a spiritual phase in which he experienced dreams and visions....
  , Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
• Thomas Tenison
  Thomas Tenison
  
  Thomas Tenison was an English church leader, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1694 until his death. During his primacy, he crowned two British monarchs....
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• Christian Thomasius
  Christian Thomasius
  
  Christian Thomasius , was a Germany jurist and philosopher....
  , German philosopher and jurist
• Baal Shem Tov, Ukrainian rabbi
• Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
• William Wake
  William Wake
  
  William Wake , was a priest in the Church of England and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1716 until his death in 1737....
  , Archbishop of Canterbury
• John Wesley
  John Wesley
  
  John Wesley was an Anglican cleric and Christian Christian theologian who founded the Arminianism Methodism. The Wesley Methodist Movement began when Wesley took over open-air preaching started by George Whitefield at Hanham, Kingswood, and Bristol....
  , English theologian, founder of Methodism
• Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop

Scientists, researchers

• Jean le Rond d'Alembert
  Jean le Rond d'Alembert
  
  Jean le Rond d'Alembert was a France mathematician, mechanics, physicist and philosopher. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclop?die....
  , French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
• Joseph Banks
  Joseph Banks
  
  Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, Order of the Bath, President of the Royal Society was an England Natural history, Botany and patron of the natural sciences....
  , English botanist
• Laura Bassi
  Laura Bassi
  
  Laura Maria Caterina Bassi was an Italian scientist, the first woman to officially teach at a college in Europe....
  , Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher
• Daniel Bernoulli
  Daniel Bernoulli
  
  Daniel Bernoulli was a Netherlands-Switzerland mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics....
  , Swiss mathematician and physicist
• Alexis Clairault
  Alexis Clairault
  
  Alexis Claude de Clairault was a France mathematician and intellectual....
  , French mathematician
• James Cook
  James Cook
  
  Captain James Cook Royal Society Royal Navy was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy....
  , English navigator, explorer and cartographer
• Eugenio Espejo
  Eugenio Espejo
  
  Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo was a medical pioneer, writer and lawyer of mestizo origin in Colonialism Ecuador. Although he was a notable scientist and writer, he stands out as a polemicist who inspired the separatist movement in Quito....
  , Ecuadorian scientist
• Leonhard Euler
  Leonhard Euler
  
  Leonhard Paul Euler was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany.Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory....
  , Swiss mathematician
• Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and engineer
• George Fordyce
  George Fordyce
  
  George Fordyce was a distinguished Scotland physician, lecturer on medicine, and chemist, who was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians....
  , Scottish physician and chemist
• Carl Friedrich Gauss
  Carl Friedrich Gauss
  
  Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss. was a Germans mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, mathematical analysis, Differential geometry and topology, geodesy, electrostatics, astronomy and optics....
  , German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
• Edward Gibbon
  Edward Gibbon
  
  Edward Gibbon was an English historian and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788....
  , English historian
• Edward Jenner
  Edward Jenner
  
  Edward Jenner, Fellow of the Royal Society, was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire, England....
  , English inventor of vaccination
• William Jones
  William Jones (philologist)
  
  Sir William Jones was an England Philology and student of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages....
  , English philologist
• Joseph Louis Lagrange
  Joseph Louis Lagrange
  
  Joseph-Louis Lagrange, born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia was an Italy mathematician and astronomer, who lived most of his life in Prussia and France, making significant contributions to all fields of mathematical analysis, to number theory, and to classical mechanics and celestial mechanics....
  , Italian-French mathematician and physicist
• Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
• Antoine Lavoisier
  Antoine Lavoisier
  
  Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the Fathers_of_scientific_fields#Chemistry, was a French people noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology....
  , French chemist
• John Law
  John Law (economist)
  
  John Law was a Scotland economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself and that national wealth depended on trade....
  , Scottish economist
• Pan Lei
  Pan Lei
  
  Pan Lei was a Qing dynasty scholar. He wrote the prefaces for a number of works that appeared in his time. In the preface to writer Qu Dajun's book Guangdong Xinyu, widely regarded as a valuable source on the economic and social conditions of Guangdong in 1700, Pan wrote about the beauty, natural resources, and unique history of East...
  , Chinese scholar and mathematician
• Adrien-Marie Legendre
  Adrien-Marie Legendre
  
  Adrien-Marie Legendre was a France mathematician. He made important contributions to statistics, number theory, abstract algebra and mathematical analysis....
  , French mathematician
• Carolus Linnaeus
  Carolus Linnaeus
  
  Carl Linnaeus was a Sweden botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern alpha taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology....
   (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist
• Mikhail Lomonosov
  Mikhail Lomonosov
  
  Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science....
  , Russian scientist
• Edmond Malone
  Edmond Malone
  
  Edmond Malone , was an Ireland Shakespearean scholar and editing of the works of William Shakespeare. His first name is sometimes spelled Edmund....
  , Irish literary scholar
• Thomas Malthus
  Thomas Malthus
  
  The The Reverend. Thomas Robert Malthus Royal Society was an England political economy and demography.His main contribution was to draw attention to the potential dangers of population growth:...
  , English economist
• Joseph Priestley
  Joseph Priestley
  
  Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century British theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, Natural philosophy, educator, and Political philosophy who published over 150 works....
  , dissenting minister and chemist
• John Smeaton
  John Smeaton
  
  John Smeaton, Fellow of the Royal Society, was a civil engineer – often regarded as the "father of civil engineering" – responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses....
  , civil engineer and physicist
• Adam Smith
  Adam Smith
  
  Adam Smith was a Scotland Ethics and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations....
  , Scottish economist and philosopher
• Antonio de Ulloa
  Antonio de Ulloa
  
  Antonio de Ulloa was a Spanish general, explorer, author, astronomer, colonial administrator and the first Spanish governor of Louisiana. He was born in Seville, the son of an economist....
  , Spanish scientist and explorer
• James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
• John Whitehurst
  John Whitehurst
  
  John Whitehurst Royal Society of Cheshire, England was a clockmaker and scientist, and made significant early contributions to geology. He was an influential member of the Lunar Society....
  , English geologist
• Dai Zhen
  Dai Zhen
  
  Dai Zhen was a notable China scholar of the Qing Dynasty from Xiuning County. A versatile scholar, he made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy....
  , Chinese mathematician, geographer, phonologist and philosopher

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• 1711: The Tuning fork
  Tuning fork
  
  A tuning fork is an Musical acoustics resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the Tine formed from a U-shaped bar of Elastic deformation metal ....
   invented by John Shore
• 1712: The Steam Engine
  Steam engine
  
  File:Steam-powered fire engine.jpgA steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.Steam engines have a long history, going back at least 2000 years....
   invented by Thomas Newcomen
  Thomas Newcomen
  
  Thomas Newcomen was an ironmonger by trade and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, England, Devon, England, near a part of the country noted for its tin Minings....
  
• 1714: The Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
• 1717: The diving bell
  Diving bell
  
  A diving bell, also known as a wet bell, is a cable-suspended airtight chamber, open at the bottom like a moon pool structure, that is lowered underwater to operate as a base or a means of transport for a small number of divers....
   was successfully tested by Edmond Halley
  Edmond Halley
  
  Edmond Halley Royal Society was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.Biography and career ...
  , sustainable to a depth of 55 ft
• c. 1730: The octant
  Octant
  
  An octant is one of eight divisions....
   navigational tool was developed by John Hadley
  John Hadley
  
  John Hadley was an England mathematician, inventor of the octant and precursor to the sextant around 1730.In 1717 he became member of the Royal Society of London....
   in England, and Thomas Godfrey
  Thomas Godfrey (inventor)
  
  Thomas Godfrey was an optician and inventor in the American colonies, who around 1730 invented the octant . At approximately the same time an Englishman, John Hadley, also invented the octant independently....
   in America
  North America
  
  North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
  
• 1733: Flying shuttle
  Flying shuttle
  
  The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. It was patented by John Kay in 1733....
   invented by John Kay
  John Kay (flying shuttle)
  
  John Kay was the inventor of the flying shuttle, which was a key contribution to the Industrial Revolution.He was born in Bury, Lancashire, England....
  
• 1736: Europeans discovered rubber
  Rubber
  
  Natural rubber is an elastomer?an Elasticity_ hydrocarbon polymer?that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex , found in the sap of some plants....
   - the discovery was made by Charles-Marie de la Condamine while on expedition in South America
  South America
  
  South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
  . It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestly
• c. 1740: Modern steel
  Steel
  
  Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight , depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten....
   was developed by Benjamin Huntsman
  Benjamin Huntsman
  
  Benjamin Huntsman was an England inventor and manufacturer of crucible steel. He was born the third son of a Quaker farmer in Epworth, England, Lincolnshire....
  
• 1741: Vitus Bering
  Vitus Bering
  
  Vitus Jonassen Bering was a Denmark-born navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich....
   discovered Alaska
  Alaska
  
  Alaska is the largest U.S. state of the United States by area; it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait....
  
• 1745: The Leyden jar
  Leyden jar
  
  The Leyden jar, or Leiden jar, is a device that "stores" static electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a jar. It was invented in 1745 by Pieter van Musschenbroek , in Leiden, The Netherlands....
   invented by Ewald von Kleist
  Ewald von Kleist
  
  Ewald von Kleist may refer to:*Ewald J?rgen Georg von Kleist ; co-inventor of the Leyden jar*Ewald Christian von Kleist ; German poet and soldier...
   was the first electrical capacitor
  Capacitor
  
  A capacitor or condenser is a Passive component electronic component consisting of a pair of electrical conductor separated by a dielectric....
  
• 1752: The Lightning rod
  Lightning rod
  
  A lightning rod or lightning conductor is a single component in a lightning protection system. In addition to rods placed at regular intervals on the highest portions of a structure, a lightning protection system typically includes a rooftop network of conductors, multiple conductive paths from the roof to the ground, bonding conne...
   invented by Benjamin Franklin
  Benjamin Franklin
  
  Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and Printer , Satire, list of political philosophers, politician, scientist, inventor, activism, statesman, and diplomacy....
  
• 1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva
  Bodhisattva
  
  In the Buddhist context, a bodhisattva means either "enlightened existence " or "enlightenment-being" or, given the variant Sanskrit spelling satva rather than sattva, "heroic-minded one for enlightenment "....
   statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple
  Puning Temple
  
  The Puning Temple , or Temple of Universal Peace of Chengde, Hebei province, China is a Qing Dynasty era Buddhist temple complex built in 1755, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor to show the Qing's respect to the ethnic minorities....
  , Chengde
  Chengde
  
  Chengde is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Chengde Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden formerly used by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty....
  , China.
• 1764: The Spinning Jenny
  Spinning jenny
  
  The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England ....
   created by James Hargreaves
  James Hargreaves
  
  James Hargreaves was a Weaver , carpenter and an inventor in Lancashire, England. He is credited with inventing the Spinning Jennifer in 1764....
   brought on the Industrial Revolution
  Industrial Revolution
  
  The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
  
• 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel
  Steel
  
  Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight , depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten....
   technologies
• 1761: The problem of Longitude
  Longitude
  
  Longitude , symbolized by the Greek character lambda , is the geographic coordinate most commonly used in cartography and global navigation for east-west measurement....
   was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer
  Marine chronometer
  
  A marine chronometer is a timekeeper precise enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation....
   of John Harrison
  John Harrison
  
  John Harrison was a self-educated England clockmaker. He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought and critically-needed key piece in solving the problem of accurately establishing the East-West position, or longitude, of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sai...
  
• 1768–1779: James Cook
  James Cook
  
  Captain James Cook Royal Society Royal Navy was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy....
   mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean
  Pacific Ocean
  
  The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. Its name is derived from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portugal explorer Ferdinand Magellan....
   and discovered many Pacific Islands
  Pacific Islands
  
  The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 islands . Those islands lying south of the tropic of Cancer but excluding Australia are traditionally grouped into three divisions: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia....
  
• 1771: The enormous Putuo Zongcheng Temple
  Putuo Zongcheng Temple
  
  The Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, Hebei province, China is a Qing Dynasty era Buddhist temple complex built between 1767 and 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor ....
   complex of Chengde
  Chengde
  
  Chengde is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Chengde Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden formerly used by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty....
  , China is completed
• 1773–1782: The Qing Dynasty
  Qing Dynasty
  
  The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
   huge literary compilation Siku Quanshu
  Siku Quanshu
  
  The Siku Quanshu, variously translated as the Imperial Collection of Four, Emperor's Four Treasuries, Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature, or Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, is the largest collection of books in Chinese history and probably the most ambitious editorial enterprise in the history of the...
  
• 1774: Joseph Priestley
  Joseph Priestley
  
  Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century British theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, Natural philosophy, educator, and Political philosophy who published over 150 works....
   discovers "dephlogisticated air" Oxygen
• 1775: Joseph Priestley
  Joseph Priestley
  
  Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century British theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, Natural philosophy, educator, and Political philosophy who published over 150 works....
   first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air" Nitrous Oxide "laughing gas"
• 1776: The Steamboat
  Steamboat
  
  A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam engine, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels....
   invented by Claude de Jouffroy
• 1777: The Circular saw
  Circular saw
  
  The circular saw is a metal disk or blade with saw teeth on the edge as well as the machine that causes the disk to spin. It is a tool for cutting wood or other materials and may be hand-held or table-mounted....
   invented by Samuel Miller
• 1779: Photosynthesis
  Photosynthesis
  
  File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
   was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz
  Jan Ingenhousz
  
  Jan Ingenhousz or Ingen-Housz Fellow of the Royal Society was a Netherlands physiologist, biologist and chemist. He is best remembered for showing that light is essential to plant respiration, a vital step in the discovery of photosynthesis....
  
• 1784: The Bifocals
  Bifocals
  
  Bifocals are eyeglasses whose corrective lenses each contain regions with two distinct optical powers. Bifocals are most commonly prescribed to people with presbyopia who also require a correction for myopia, hypermetropia, and/or Astigmatism ....
   invented by Benjamin Franklin
  Benjamin Franklin
  
  Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and Printer , Satire, list of political philosophers, politician, scientist, inventor, activism, statesman, and diplomacy....
  
• 1784: The Oil lamp
  Oil lamp
  
  An oil lamp is a simple vessel used to produce light continuously for a period of time from a fuel source. The use of oil lamps extends from prehistory to the present day....
   invented by Aimé Argand
  Aimé Argand
  
  Aim? Argand was Switzerland physicist and chemist. He greatly improved the oil lamp.Francois-Pierre-Ami Argand was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the ninth of ten children....
  
• 1785: The Power loom
  Power loom
  
  File:Strickmaschine im Museum.JPGThe first power loom, a mechanized loom powered by a drive shaft, was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, it was refined over the next 47 years till a design by Kenworthy and Bullough, made the operation completely automatic....
   invented by Edmund Cartwright
  Edmund Cartwright
  
  Edward Cartwright was an England clergyman and inventor of the power loom. ...
  
• 1785: The Automatic flour mill
  Production line
  
  File:Krispy Kreme Doughnuts.jpgA production line is a set of sequential operations established in a factory whereby materials are put through a refining process to produce an end-product that is suitable for onward consumption; or components are assembled to make a finished article....
   invented by Oliver Evans
  Oliver Evans
  
  Oliver Evans was a United States inventor.Evans was born in Newport, Delaware to a family of Welsh people settlers. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a wheelwright....
  
• 1786: The Threshing machine
  Threshing machine
  
  The thrashing machine, or, in modern spelling, threshing machine , was a machine first invented by Scotland mechanical engineer Andrew Meikle for use in agriculture....
   invented by Andrew Meikle
  Andrew Meikle
  
  Andrew Meikle was an early mechanical engineer credited with, in about 1786, inventing the threshing machine , regarded as one of the key developments of the British Agricultural Revolution in the late 18th century....
  
• 1789: Antoine Lavoisier
  Antoine Lavoisier
  
  Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the Fathers_of_scientific_fields#Chemistry, was a French people noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology....
   discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry
• 1798: Edward Jenner
  Edward Jenner
  
  Edward Jenner, Fellow of the Royal Society, was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire, England....
   publishes a treatise about smallpox
  Smallpox
  
  Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple"....
   vaccination
  Vaccination
  
  Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to produce immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by a pathogen....
  
• 1798: The Lithographic printing process
  Lithography
  
  Lithography is a method for printing using a stone or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface. By contrast, in intaglio a plate is engraving, etching or mezzotint to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images....
   invented by Alois Senefelder
  Alois Senefelder
  
  Johann Alois Senefelder was an Austrian actor and playwright who invented the printing technique of lithography in 1796.Born Aloys Johann Nepomuk Franz Senefelder in Prague where his actor father was appearing on stage....
  
• 1799: Rosetta stone
  Rosetta Stone
  
  The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian Artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphsic writing....
   discovered by Napoleon
  Napoleon I of France
  
  Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
  's troops

Literary achievements

• 1748: Clarissa
  Clarissa
  
  Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady epistolary novel, published in 1748 in literature, tells the tragic story of a heroine whose quest for virtue is continually thwarted by her family....
   by Samuel Richardson
  Samuel Richardson
  
  Samuel Richardson was an 18th-century England writer and Printer . He is best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela , Clarissa and The History of Sir Charles Grandison ....
  
• 1749: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
  The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
  
  The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by the England playwright and novelist Henry Fielding....
   by Henry Fielding
  Henry Fielding
  
  File:Henry Fielding - Jonathan Wild.pngHenry Fielding was an England novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour and satire prowess, and as the author of the novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling....
  
• 1751 - 1785: The French Encyclopédie
  Encyclopédie
  
  Encyclop?die, ou dictionnaire raisonn? des sciences, des arts et des m?tiers was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements and revisions in 1772, 1777 and 1780 and numerous foreign editions and later derivatives....
  
• 1755: A Dictionary of the English Language
  A Dictionary of the English Language
  
  Published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, is among the most influential dictionary in the history of the English language....
   by Samuel Johnson
  Samuel Johnson
  
  Samuel Johnson was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer....
  
• 1759: The Theory of Moral Sentiments
  The Theory of Moral Sentiments
  
  'The Theory of Moral Sentiments' was written by Adam Smith in 1759. It provided the ethics, philosophical, psychological and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including The Wealth of Nations , A Treatise on Public Opulence , Essays on Philosophical Subjects , and Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and A...
   by Adam Smith
  Adam Smith
  
  Adam Smith was a Scotland Ethics and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations....
  
• 1762: Emile: or, On Education
  Emile: Or, On Education
  
  Emile, or On Education was considered by Jean-Jacques Rousseau to be the ?best and most important of all my writings?. On its first appearance in 1762 it was publicly book burning....
   by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  
  Jean Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth century The Age of Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought....
  
• 1762: The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right
  Social Contract (Rousseau)
  
  The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is the book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality ....
   by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  
  Jean Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth century The Age of Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought....
  
• 1776: The Wealth of Nations
  The Wealth of Nations
  
  An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the Scotland economist Adam Smith. It is a clearly written account of economics at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, as well as a rhetorical piece written for the generally educated individual of the 18th century - advocating a free market econom...
  , foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
  Adam Smith
  
  Adam Smith was a Scotland Ethics and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations....
  
• 1776-1789: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  
  The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was written by England historian Edward Gibbon and published in six volumes. Volume I was published in 1776, and went through six printings....
   was published by Edward Gibbon
  Edward Gibbon
  
  Edward Gibbon was an English historian and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788....
  
• 1779: Amazing Grace
  Amazing Grace
  
  "Amazing Grace" is a well-known Christian hymn by Englishman John Newton and first appeared in print in Newton's Olney Hymns ....
   published by John Newton
  John Newton
  
  John Henry Newton was an Englishman, Anglican clergyman and former slave-ship captain. He was the author of many hymns, including Amazing Grace....
  
• 1779-1782: Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets
  Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets
  
  Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets was a work by Samuel Johnson, comprising short biographies and critical appraisals of 52 poets, most of whom lived during the eighteenth century....
   by Samuel Johnson
  Samuel Johnson
  
  Samuel Johnson was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer....
  
• 1787-1788: Federalist Papers
  Federalist Papers
  
  The Federalist Papers are a series of List of Federalist Papers advocating the History of the United States Constitution#Ratification of the United States United States Constitution....
   by Alexander Hamilton
  Alexander Hamilton
  
  Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Fathers of the United States, economist, and political philosopher. He led calls for the Philadelphia Convention, was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and cowrote the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation....
  , John Jay
  John Jay
  
  John Jay was an United States politician, statesman, Patriot , diplomat, a Founding Fathers of the United States, President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779 and, from 1789 to 1795, the first Chief Justice of the United States....
  , and James Madison
  James Madison
  
  James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States....
  
• 1791: Rights of Man
  Rights of Man
  
  Rights of Man , by Thomas Paine, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard its people, their natural rights, and their national interests....
   by Thomas Paine
  Thomas Paine
  
  Thomas Paine was a UK pamphleteer, revolutionary, Radicalism , inventor, and intellectual. He lived and worked in Britain until age 37, when he emigrated to the British American colonies, in time to participate in the American Revolution....
  
• 1798: An Essay on the Principle of Population
  An Essay on the Principle of Population
  
  The book An Essay on the Principle of Population was first published anonymously in 1798 through J. Johnson .The author was soon identified as The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus....
   published by Thomas Malthus
  Thomas Malthus
  
  The The Reverend. Thomas Robert Malthus Royal Society was an England political economy and demography.His main contribution was to draw attention to the potential dangers of population growth:...
  

Decades and years