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Ethan Allen (January 10, 1738 February 12, 1789) was an early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the Province of New York's settlement of Vermont, and later for Vermont's independence during the American Revolutionary War.
n Allen was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the first-born child of Joseph and Mary Baker Allen. The family moved to Cornwall shortly after his birth. There were seven subsequent siblings. His brother Ira also became a prominent figure in the early history of Vermont.
Allen was the leader of a rebellious group of landowners and speculators who held New Hampshire title to land grants known as the New Hampshire Grants in Bennington, Vermont, which at that time was disputed territory.
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Ethan Allen (January 10, 1738 February 12, 1789) was an early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the Province of New York's settlement of Vermont, and later for Vermont's independence during the American Revolutionary War.
Early life
Ethan Allen was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the first-born child of Joseph and Mary Baker Allen. The family moved to Cornwall shortly after his birth. There were seven subsequent siblings. His brother Ira also became a prominent figure in the early history of Vermont.
Allen was the leader of a rebellious group of landowners and speculators who held New Hampshire title to land grants known as the New Hampshire Grants in Bennington, Vermont, which at that time was disputed territory. New York, which prevailed over New Hampshire in claims to control the area, refused to honor New Hampshire titles and sold competing titles to others, most of whom lived outside of Vermont. This led to open rebellion in parts of Vermont. In April 1755, Joseph Allen died, leaving Ethan to take care of the family farm and title claims.
Family
Ethan had six children with his first wife, Mary Brownson (17321783):
- Loraine (17631783)
- Joseph (17651777)
- Lucy Caroline (17681842)
- Mary Ann (17721790)
- Permelia (17791809)
Ethan's marriage to Mary, who was six years older, does not seem to have been particularly happy. Mary died of tuberculosis in 1783, a few months before her eldest daughter.
Ethan met his second wife, a widow, Frances Montresor Brush Buchanan, in 1784. They married within a few months on February 16, 1784. They had three children:
- Fanny (17841819)
- Hannibal Allen (17861813)
- Ethan Allen Jr. (17871855)
Military service
Ethan Allen served in the colonial military during the French and Indian War. In the early 1770s, he emerged as the military leader of Anti-New York dissidents, known as the Green Mountain Boys, who were fighting New York over control of the New Hampshire grants, as the area between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain was then known. He and The Green Mountain Boys successfully carved out the Republic of Vermont, which became the 14th State in 1791. A warrant was issued for his arrest by the government of New York, for a substantial reward of 100 pounds.
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
In the spring of 1775, following the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, Allen and Benedict Arnold led a raid to capture Fort Ticonderoga. The relative roles of Allen and Arnold are not entirely clear, nor is it clear to what extent the campaign was formulated by the Patriot factions in Connecticut, or to what extent it was the idea of the Green Mountain Boys headquartered at the Catamount Tavern in Bennington. What is clear is that the rebels moved north, managed to get only 83 men across Lake Champlain, since they had considerable trouble finding a boat and the one they found was relatively small.
In a dawn attack on May 10, the small force marched on the fort, surprising the lone sentry. Ethan Allen went directly to the fort commander's quarters, seeking to force his surrender. Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham, the assistant to the fort's commander, Captain William Delaplace, was awoken by the noise, and called to wake the captain. Stalling for time, he demanded to know by what authority the fort was being entered. Allen, who later claimed that he said it to Captain Delaplace, said, "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!" Delaplace finally emerge from his chambers, fully dressed, and surrendered his sword. The rest of the fort's garrison surrendered without firing a shot.
A detachment of Allen's men went to nearby Fort Crown Point and captured the small garrison there. Fort Ann, and old French fort on Isle La Motte near the present Canadian border, was also captured. Allen and some of his men also temporarily occupied the town of St. Johns, now Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, before retreating on the news of approaching British regulars. The many cannon and other armaments seized at Ticonderoga allowed the Continental Army to break the stalemate at the siege of Boston, which caused the British to evacuate the city in March 1776.
Imprisonment
In 1775, Allen commanded a small militia in the American rebels' campaign in Quebec, during which The Green Mountain Boys elected Allen's cousin, Seth Warner, as leader in his absence. On September 25, Allen and a force of about 100 men crossed the Saint Lawrence River in a poorly-planned scheme to capture Montreal. After a brief skirmish, Allen's force was surrounded and captured, ending his involvement in the revolution. Allen was shipped to England and imprisoned in Pendennis Castle, Cornwall, where he suffered considerable mistreatment. Not wishing to hang Allen because of political repercussions, the British returned him to North America. Arriving at Halifax in June 1776, Allen was paroled in New York City in October where, with the financial assistance of a brother, he lived comfortably, if out of action, until the spring of 1778.
That spring, Allen was jailed for a parole violation that he admitted was "partly true". On May 3, 1778 Ethan Allen was marched to New York Harbor and compelled to board a sloop to Staten Island. He was there admitted to General Campbells quarters and invited to eat and drink with the general and several other British field officers. Allen stayed there for two days and was treated politely. On the third day Allen was exchanged for Colonel Archibald Campbell, who was conducted to the exchange by Colonel Elias Boudinot, the American commissary general of prisoners appointed by General George Washington. Following the exchange, Allen reported to Washington at Valley Forge. On May 14, he was breveted a colonel in the Continental Army in "reward of his fortitude, firmness and zeal in the cause of his country, manifested during his long and cruel captivity, as well as on former occasions."
Charges of treason
Allen then moved back to Vermont, which had become a hotbed of malcontent, harboring little affection for either the British or for the nascent United States. Vermont was also harboring a significant number of deserters from the armies of both. Allen settled a homestead in the delta of the Winooski River in what became the modern city of Burlington. Allen became active in Vermont politics and was appointed a major general of the Vermont militia in 1779, using the position to harass New York settlers as part of the New Hampshire Grants controversy between New York, New Hampshire and the Continental Congress.
In 1778, Allen appeared before the Continental Congress on behalf of a claim by Vermont for recognition as an independent state. Due to the New York (and New Hampshire) claim on Vermont, Congress was reluctant to grant independent statehood to Vermont. Allen then negotiated with the governor of Canada between 1780 and 1783 in order to establish Vermont as a British province and to gain military protection for its residents. Because of this, the US charged him with treason; however, because the negotiations were demonstrably intended to force action on the Vermont case by the Continental Congress, the charge was never substantiated.
Death
Allen died 22 days after his birthday on February 12 1789 at the age of 51, in Burlington, Vermont. He was buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Burlington, Vermont.
Memorials
Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Ethan Allen in his honor, as well as Fort Ethan Allen, a cavalry outpost in Colchester and Essex, Vermont. The Spirit of Ethan Allen III is a tour boat line in Lake Champlain. The Ethan Allen Express, an Amtrak train line running from New York City to Rutland, Vermont, is also named after him.
A statue of Allen represents Vermont in National Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol.
Corporate use of Ethan Allen's name
Allen's name is the trademark of the furniture and housewares manufacturer, Ethan Allen Inc., which was founded in 1932 in Beecher Falls, Vermont.
Publications
Allen is known to have written the following publications:
- Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity (1779)
- Vindication of the Opposition of Vermont to the Government of New York (1779)
- (1784) (co-authored with Dr. Thomas Young) (facsimile ed., 1940, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 97808201119802).
Other Associates
- Dr. Thomas Young, a radical who advocated for independence from Britain, was a mentor for Allen.
- Thomas Rowley was known as his spokesman, the "Bard of the Green Mountains" who "Set the Hills on Fire" for Ethan Allen.
Further reading
- Allen, Ira, The Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont. 1798, Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers
- Bellesiles, Michael A. Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.
- Hall, Henry. Ethan Allen. New York, 1893.
- Holbrook, Stewart H. Ethan Allen, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1940
- Hoyt, Edwin P. The Damndest Yankee: Ethan Allen & his Clan. Brattleboro, Vermont: The Stephen Greene Press, 1976.
- Jellison, Charles A. Ethan Allen: Frontier Rebel. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1969.
- Pell, John. Ethan Allen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929.
- Moore, Hugh (1834). Memoir of Col. Ethan Allen; Containing the Most Interesting Incidents Connected With His Private and Public Career, Plattsburg, N.Y.: O. R. Cook, 252 p. ()
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