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Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. He took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771). Banks is credited with the introduction to the Western world of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia. Approximately 80 species of plants bear Banks's name. Banks was also the leading founder of the African Association, a British organization dedicated to the exploration of Africa.
s was born in London to the wealthy William Banks, a prosperous Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons, and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate.
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Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. He took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771). Banks is credited with the introduction to the Western world of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia. Approximately 80 species of plants bear Banks's name. Banks was also the leading founder of the African Association, a British organization dedicated to the exploration of Africa.
Biography
Banks was born in London to the wealthy William Banks, a prosperous Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons, and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate. Joseph was educated at Harrow School from the age of 9, and at Eton College from 1756; his fellow students included Constantine John Phipps. As a boy Banks enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside, and developed a keen interest in nature, history and botany. When he was 17 he was inoculated with smallpox, but he became ill and did not return to school. In late 1760 he was enrolled as a gentleman-commoner at Oxford University. At Oxford he matriculated at Christ Church, where his studies were largely focused on natural history rather than the classical curriculum. Determined to receive botanical instruction, he paid the Cambridge botanist Israel Lyons to deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764.
Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763. He continued to attend the university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree. His father had died in 1761, so when he turned 21 he inherited the impressive estate of Revesby Abbey, in Lincolnshire, becoming the local squire and magistrate, and sharing his time between Lincolnshire and London. From his mother's home in Chelsea he kept up his interest in science by attending the Chelsea Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries and the British Museum, where he met Daniel Solander. He began to make friends among the scientific men of his day and to correspond with Carl Linnaeus, whom he came to know through Solander. As Banks's influence increased, he became an adviser to King George III and urged the monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands, hoping to indulge his own interest in botany.
Newfoundland and Labrador
In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador with a view of studying their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Endeavour voyage
Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HM Bark Endeavour, 1768—1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. This voyage went to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America. The voyage then progressed to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the overt purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay (present-day suburban Sydney) and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent almost seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after foundering on the Great Barrier Reef. Banks had become a Freemason before he left England, and is thus held to be the first Freemason known to have been in New Zealand and Australia. While they were in Australia Banks, the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander and the Finnish botanist Dr. Herman Spöring Jr. made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks's Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.
Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous. He intended to go with Cook on his second voyage, which began on 13 May 1772, but difficulties arose about the accommodation for Banks and his assistants, and he decided not to go. In July of the same year he and Daniel Solander visited the Isle of Wight, the western islands of Scotland and Iceland aboard Sir Lawrence and returned with many botanical specimens. When he settled in London he began work on his Florilegium. He kept in touch with most of the scientists of his time, and added a fresh interest when he was elected to the Dilettante Society in 1774. He was afterwards secretary of this society from 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778 he was elected President of the Royal Society, a position he was to hold with great distinction for over 41 years.
In March 1779 Banks married Dorothea Hugesson, daughter of W. W. Hugesson, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square (now comprising British offices for 20th Century Fox). It continued to be his London residence for the remainder of his life. There he welcomed the scientists, students and authors of his period, and many distinguished foreign visitors. His sister Sarah Sophia Banks lived in the house with Banks and his wife. He had as librarian and curator of his collections Solander, Jonas Carlsson Dryander and Robert Brown in succession.
Banks was made a baronet in 1781, three years after being elected president of the Royal Society. During much of this time Banks was an informal adviser to King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a position that was formalized in 1797. Banks dispatched explorers and botanists to many parts of the world, and through these efforts Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminent botanical gardens in the world, with many species being introduced to Europe through them. Banks was directly responsible for several famous voyages, including that of George Vancouver to the northeastern Pacific (Pacific Northwest), and William Bligh's voyages to transplant breadfruit from the South Pacific to the Caribbean Sea islands (the latter brought about the famous Mutiny on the Bounty). The redoubtable Bligh was also appointed governor of New South Wales on Banks's recommendation, which in turn led to the Rum Rebellion of 1808. Banks was also a major financial supporter of William Smith in his decade-long efforts to create a geological map of England, the first-ever geological map of an entire country. Banks also chose Allan Cunningham for voyages to Brazil and the north and northwest coasts of Australia to collect specimens.
It was Banks's own time in Australia, however, that led to his interest in the British colonisation of that continent. He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales, as is hinted by its early colloquial name, Botany Bay. The identification might have been even closer, as the name "Banksia" was proposed for the region by Linnaeus. In the end a genus of Proteaceae was named in his honour as Banksia. In 1779 Banks, giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, had stated that in his opinion the place most eligible for the reception of convicts "was Botany Bay, on the coast of New Holland". His interest did not stop there, for when the settlement was made, and for 20 years afterwards, his fostering care and influence was always being exercised. He was in fact the general adviser to the government on all Australian matters. He arranged that a large number of useful trees and plants should be sent out in the supply ship Guardian which, however, was wrecked, and every vessel that came from New South Wales brought plants or animals or geological and other specimens to Banks. He was continually called on for help in developing the agriculture and trade of the colony, and his influence was used in connection with the sending out of early free settlers, one of whom, a young gardener George Suttor, afterwards wrote a memoir of Banks. The three early governors, Arthur Phillip, John Hunter, and Philip Gidley King, were continually in correspondence with him. He was interested in the explorations of Matthew Flinders, George Bass and Lieutenant James Grant, and among his paid helpers were George Caley, Robert Brown and Allan Cunningham.
Later life
Among other activities, Banks found time to serve as a trustee of the British Museum for 42 years.
Banks worked with Sir Goerge Staunton in producing the official account of the British mission to the Chinese Imperial court. This diplomatic and trade mission was headed by Lord George Macartney. Although the Macartney Embassy returned to London without obtaining any concession from China, the mission could have been termed a success because it brought back detailed observations. This multi-volume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from the papers of Sir Erasmus Gower, who was Commander of the expedition. Banks was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.
Banks's health began to fail early in the 19th century and he suffered from gout every winter. After 1805 he practically lost the use of his legs and had to be wheeled to his meetings in a chair. His mind remained as vigorous as ever. He had been a member of the Society of Antiquaries nearly all his life, and he developed an interest in archaeology in his later years. He was made an honorary founding member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh in 1808. In May 1820 he forwarded his resignation as president of the Royal Society, but withdrew it at the request of the council. He died on 19 June 1820. Lady Banks survived him, but there were no children.
Legacy
Banks's impact on history was as a systematizer par excellence, very much in step with his times. He was also a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science, being actively involved both in keeping open the lines of communication with continental scientists during the Napoleonic Wars, and in introducing the British people to the wonders of the wider world. As befits someone with such a role in opening the South Pacific to Europe, his name dots the map of the region: Banks Peninsula on South Island, New Zealand; the Banks Islands in modern-day Vanuatu; and Banks Island in the Northwest Territories, Canada.
The Canberra suburb of Banks, the electoral Division of Banks, and the Sydney suburb of Bankstown are all named after him. Banks also appeared on the Australian currency paper $5 dollar note before it was replaced by the new plastic currency.
In Lincoln The Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory can be found at The Lawn, Lincoln adjacent to Lincoln Castle. The conservatory is a popular tourist attraction with a tropical hot house themed with plants reminiscent of the voyages of its namesake, including many samples of vegetation from across the world, including Australia. There is also a window in Lincoln Cathedral in his honour.
Primary resource
- Banks, Joseph. State Library of New South Wales. -- Section 1 - Journals; Section 2 - The first Pacific voyage of James Cook; Section 3 - The second Pacific voyage of James Cook; Section 4 - The third Pacific voyage of James Cook; Section 5 - Gardeners and collectors; Section 6 - Australia and the South Seas; Section 7 - Governors of New South Wales; Section 8 - The first breadfruit voyage of William Bligh; Section 9 - The second breadfruit voyage of William Bligh; Section 10 - Naval commands of William Bligh; Section 11 - The voyage of George Vancouver to the west coast of America; Section 12 - Lord Macartney’s embassy to China; Section 13 - The voyage of Matthew Flinders; Section 14 - The discovery of Pitcairn Island; Section 15 - General Correspondence and memoranda; Section 16 - Miscellaneous reports and articles; Section 17 - Lincolnshire; Section 18 - Sarah Sophia Banks; Section 19 - Dorothea, Lady Banks.
- ____________. National Library of Australia (NLA).
- ____________. The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771. -- Wikisource
- NLA: . State Library of New South Wales
- NLA .
- Chambers, Neil. (2000). Singapore: World Scientific. 10-ISBN 1-860-94204-0; 13-ISBN 978-1-860-94204-4
Secondary resources
- Carter, Harold Burnell (1988) Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820 London: British Museum of Natural History 10-ISBN 0-565-00993-1; 13-ISBN 978-0-565-00993-9
- Fara, Patricia (2004) Sex, Botany & Empire: The Story Of Carl Linnaeus And Joseph Banks. New York: Columbia University Press 10-ISBN 0-231-13426-6: 13-ISBN 978-0-231-13426-2
- Gascoigne, John (1994) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 10-ISBN 0-521-45077-2; 13-ISBN 978-0521-45077-5 (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-521-54211-1; 13-ISBN 978-0-521-54211-1 (paper)
- Gascoigne, John (1998) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 10-ISBN 0-521-55069-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-521-55069-7 (cloth)
- Kryza, Frank T. (207) New York: HarperCollins 10-ISBN 0-060-56065-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-060-56065-2
- Lysaght, Averil M. (1971) Berkley: University of California Press 10-ISBN 0-520-01780-3, 9780520017801
- O'Brian, Patrick 1993 London: David R. Godine, 1993. 10-ISBN 0-879-23930-1; 13-ISBN 978-0-879-23930-5 (cloth)]; [reprinted by University of Chicago Press, 1997 10-ISBN 0-226-61628-2; 13-ISBN 978-0-226-61628-5 (paper)]
- ___________ 1987 Sir Joseph Banks London: Harvill Press. 10-ISBN 0-002-72340-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-002-72340-4 (paper)
Select unpublished monographs
- 1821 - A. Duncan A Short Account of the Life of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks (University of Edinburgh, UK)
- 1936 - G. Mackaness Sir Joseph Banks. His Relations with Australia (University of Sydney, Australia)
- 1952 - H. C. Cameron Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., P.R.S.; the Autocrat of the Philosophers (University of London UK)
- 1958 - W. R. Dawson (ed) The Banks Letters (University of London, UK)
- 1962 - L. A. Gilbert Botanical Investigation of Eastern Seaboard Australia, 1788-1810 (B.A. thesis, University of New England Australia)
- 1964 - H. B. Carter His Majesty's Spanish Flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of England (University of Sydney, Australia)
Fiction
Novels based on a mix of historical fact and conjecture about Banks' early life
See also
- African Association, a British society dedicated to the exploration of West Africa which was led by Sir Joseph Banks
External links
- , 1772-1818, from the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections
- Lovell, Jennifer. "." National Library of Australia News 15.7 (April 2005).
- Sir Joseph Banks Society. ""
- British Museum: (1814)
- BBC: ; BBC-Radio4: * — State Library of New South Wales
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