Anglo-American relations

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Anglo-American relations

and United States President Barack Obama

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II is the List of Presidents of the United States and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office....
.]] Anglo-American relations are used to describe the relations of the United States of America

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

United Kingdom

New World

The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth, specifically the Americas and Australasia. When the term originated in the late 15th century, the Americas were new to the Europeans, who previously thought of the world as consisting only of Europe, Asia, and Africa ....
.

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and United States President Barack Obama

Barack Obama

United States

United Kingdom

Country comparison

	United Kingdom	United States
Population	61,625,300	305,832,000
Area	244,820 km² Square kilometre Square kilometre , symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI Units of measurement of surface area, the square metre, one of the SI derived units.... (94,526 sq mi Square mile The square mile is an Imperial system and US customary system of measure for an area equal to the area of a square of one mile. It should not be confused with miles square, which refers to the number of miles on each side squared.... )	9,826,630 km² (3,794,066 sq mi )
Population Density	246 /km² (637 /sq mi)	31/km² (80/sq mi)
Capital	London London London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire.... (de facto)	Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the Capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790....
Largest City	London London London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire.... - 7,556,900 (13,945,000 Metro)	New York City New York City The City of New York is the List of United States cities by population in the United States, while the New York metropolitan area ranks among the List of urban areas by population.... - 8,214,426 (18,818,536 Metro)
Government	Unitary Unitary state A unitary state is a country whose three organs of state are governed as one single unit. The political power of government in such states may well be transferred to lower levels, to national, regional or local elected assemblies, governors and mayors , but the central government retains the principal right to recall such delegated power .... parliamentary Parliamentary system Parliamentary systems are characterized by no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches, leading to a different set of checks and balances compared to those found in presidential systems.... constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a form of constitutional government, where in either an elected or hereditary monarch is the head of state, unlike in an absolute monarchy, wherein the king or the queen is the sole source of political power, as he or she is not legally bound by the constitution....	Federal Federalism Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together with a governing representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units .... presidential Presidential system A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not wikt:accountable and which cannot, in normal circumstances, wikt:dismiss it.... constitutional republic Constitutional republic A constitutional republic is a state where the head of state and other officials are election as Representation of the people, and must govern according to existing constitutional constitutional law that limits the government's power over citizens....
Official languages	English English language English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa... (de facto)	English (de facto)
Main religions	71.6% Christianity Christianity Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life.... , 23% non-Religious Atheism Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deity, or the explicit view that Existence of God.Many list of atheists are Skepticism of all supernatural beings and cite a lack of empiricism evidence for the existence of deities.... or unstated, 3% Islam Islam Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure.... , 1% Hinduism Hinduism 'Hinduism' is the predominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is often referred to as , a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal dharma", by its practitioners....	83% Christianity, 15% non-Religious, 2% Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal.... , 1% Judaism Judaism Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts.... , 1% Islam
Ethnic groups	86% White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... , 7% White Other White Other (United Kingdom Census) "White Other" is a term used in the United Kingdom 2001 UK Census to describe White people persons of non-British people and non-Irish people descent in Great Britain.... , 6% Asian (South British Asian The term British Asian is used to refer to British nationality law who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from South Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.... and East), 2% Black, 2% Multiracial and other	74% White American White American White American is an umbrella term officially employed by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget and other U.S. government for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Ethnic groups of Europe, the Ethnic groups of the Middle East, or Ethnic gro... , 14% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 12% Black African American African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the Black people populations of Africa.... , 8% Multiracial Multiracial The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from multiple race .... and other, 4% Asian Asian American Asian Americans are United States of Asian people. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Korean Americans, Japanese Americans and others whose national origin is from the Asia.... , 1% AIAN Native Americans in the United States Native Americans in the United States are the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii.... or NHPI Pacific Islander American Pacific Islander Americans are residents of the United States with original ancestry from Oceania. They represent the smallest Race counted in the United States Census 2000....
GDP (nominal)	$2.772 trillion Orders of magnitude (numbers) This list compares various sizes of positive numbers, including counts of things, dimensionless quantity and probability. Each number is given a name in the so called Long and short scales which is used in English speaking countries, as well as a name in the Long and short scales which is used in a series of countries that do not have English as th... ($45,575 per capita Per capita Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning per head with per meaning "through" or "by" and capita meaning "heads." Both words together equate to the phrase "for each head."... )	$13.770 trillion ($44,190 per capita)
British Americans	224,000 American born people live in the UK	678,000 British born people live in the US (36,564,465 of self-acknowledged (2000 census) British descent British American British Americans are United States whose ancestry stems, either wholly or in part, from the United Kingdom, i.e. from England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland.... ) - perhaps many times as many of British descent)

History

Origins

The British established a dozen colonies in the New World

New World

Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the original thirteen United States of America in 1783....
had limited self government. Prefaced by the French and Indian War

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, known in Canada as the War of the Conquest. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various Indigenous peoples of the Americas forces allied with them....
, tensions escalated from 1765 to 1775 over issues of taxation and control, leading to the American Revolution

American Revolution

The American Revolution refers to the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrew the governance of the British Empire and then rejected the British monarchy to become the sovereign United States of America....
. The Declaration of Independence

United States Declaration of Independence

The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with Kingdom of Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire....
of 1776 was an internally controversial decisive break. British military efforts to defeat the Americans, French and Spanish failed, and independence was recognized in 1783. In 1791, Britain sent its first official envoy, George Hammond

George Hammond (diplomat)

File:George Hammond British Minister Plenipotentiary to the U.S. 1791-1795..jpgGeorge Hammond was a British diplomat and the first British envoy to the United States from 1791 to 1795....
, to the US. When Great Britain and France went to war again in 1793, relations verged on war. The two countries signed the Jay Treaty

Jay Treaty

The Jay Treaty, also known as Jay's Treaty and the Treaty of London of 1794, between the United States and Kingdom of Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution, and opened ten years of largely peaceful trade in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars....
in 1794 which established a decade of peace and prosperous trade relations. That broke down in 1805.

War of 1812

After 1805 relations were on the verge of war, with the United States imposing trade embargoes such as the Embargo Act of 1807

Embargo Act of 1807

BackgroundOn June 21, 1807, in an event known as the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, the American frigate USS Chesapeake was fired upon and was boarded near Norfolk by the British warship HMS Leopard ....
, and the Royal Navy boarding American ships to impress (force into service) British-born sailors. The War of 1812

War of 1812

The War of 1812, between the United States of America and the British Empire , was fought from 1812 to 1815.There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S....
was initiated by the United States under President James Madison

James Madison

James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States....
as a means to protect American trading rights and freedom of the seas for neutral countries. Other motivations included anger at alleged British military support for American Indians defending their tribal lands from encroaching American settlers; and a desire for territorial expansion of the Republic. The initial American winter action, an attack on the British colony of Canada, including the burning of York

Toronto

Toronto is the List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population in Canada and the Provinces and territories of Canada Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada of Ontario....
, was repulsed, and in 1814 the British raided Washington and in retribution burned the "Presidential Mansion", which later became famously known for its singe-mark cover all paint job as the White House

White House

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., it was built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian architecture and has been the executive residence of every U.S....
. After the United States gained naval control of the Great Lakes, which prevented British attack from Canada, negotiations led to the Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Ghent

The Treaty of Ghent , signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland....
, which ended the war by restoring the status quo ante bellum.

Disputes 1815-1860

The international slave trade was gradually suppressed after the United Kingdom passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act

Slave Trade Act

The Slave Trade Act was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on 25 March, 1807, with the long title "An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade"....
in 1807, and the United States passed a similar law in 1808. All slaves in the British Empire were emancipated in 1833, with compensation to the slave owners. The Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine is a United States policy introduced on December 2, 1823, which said that further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention....
of 1823, a unilateral response to a British suggestion of a joint declaration, expressed American hostility to further European encroachment in the Western hemisphere, but enjoyed British approval and was made effective by the Royal Navy.

After the Panic of 1837

Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States built on a speculative fever. The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank stopped payment in currency ....
numerous U.S. States defaulted on their bonds owned by British investors. During the Caroline Affair

Caroline affair

The Caroline Affair was a series of events beginning in 1837 that strained relations between the United States and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland....
in 1837, Canadian rebels fled to New York and used a small American ship the Caroline to smuggle supplies into Canada after a failed rebellion there. In late 1837 Canadian militia burned the ship leading to diplomatic protests, popular Anglophobia and additional incidents. Additional conflicts on the Maine

Maine

The State of Maine is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, New Hampshire to the southwest, the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast....
-New Brunswick

New Brunswick

New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only Constitution of Canada bilingual province in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton....
border involved rival teams of lumberjacks in the "Aroostook War

Aroostook War

The Aroostook War was an undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between the United States and Great Britain over the international boundary between British North America and Maine....
." The Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842 resolved these issues and finalized the New Brunswick/Maine border. In 1859 the Pig War

Pig War

The curved lines are as shown on maps of the time. The modern boundary is made of straight line segments and roughly follows the blue line.|partof=|place=Washington-British Columbia border...
determined the question of where the border should be in the San Juan Islands

San Juan

San Juan is Spanish language for Saint John . It can also be the short version of San Juan Bautista ....
and Gulf Islands

Gulf Islands

The Gulf Islands are the islands in the Strait of Georgia between Vancouver Island and the mainland Pacific Ocean coast of British Columbia, Canada....
.

American Civil War

In the American Civil War

American Civil War

The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
, the Confederate States of America

Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America formed as the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern United States U.S. state of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S....
assumed that the British would prove sympathetic despite their view on slavery. Though their first attempt to provoke British intervention by using an embargo of cotton exports was a failure, the Trent Affair

Trent affair

The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War....
, when a U.S. ship stopped a British civilian vessel and took off two Confederate diplomats, almost provoked a third war between the United States and the United Kingdom. However, Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery....
was against fighting on two fronts and U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward

William H. Seward

William Henry Seward, Sr. was a Governor of New York, United States Senate and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson....
was able to smooth matters over. Despite intense American protests, the British allowed the CSS Alabama

CSS Alabama

CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built for the Confederate States Navy at Birkenhead, United Kingdom, in 1862 by John Laird Sons and Company....
to leave port as a commerce raider. After the war, the United Kingdom abode by the arbitration of an international tribunal and paid compensation to the United States for the activities of the Alabama as part of the Treaty of Washington

Treaty of Washington (1871)

The Treaty of Washington was a treaty concluded in 1871 between United Kingdom and the United States for settling various differences between the two governments, but chiefly those with regard to the Alabama Claims....
.

Venezuelan and Canadian border disputes

In 1895, President Cleveland

Grover Cleveland

Stephen Grover Cleveland was both the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents....
intervened in a dispute over the border

Schomburgk Line

The Schomburgk Line is the name given to a surveying line that figured in a 19th century territorial dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana ....
between British Guiana

British Guiana

British Guiana was the name of the United Kingdom colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana.The area was originally settled by the Netherlands as the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice....
and Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a country on the northern coast of South America.The country comprises a continental mainland and numerous islands located off the Venezuelan coastline in the Caribbean Sea....
by demanding arbitration, which was agreed to and resolved by arbitration in Britain's favour. Disputes over the Alaska-Canada border

Alaska Boundary Dispute

The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada , and at a subnational level between Alaska on the U.S....
were resolved by arbitration in 1903, as the British judge sided with the Americans against the Canadians. The Canadians were outraged to be sacrificed for the benefit of U.S.-U.K. harmony.

World War I

After the Spanish-American War

Spanish-American War

The Spanish?American War was an armed military conflict between Spain and the United States that took place between April and August 1898, over the issues of the liberation of Cuba....
of 1898, the United States acquired overseas territories and had begun to build a fleet to go with it. At the beginning of World War I

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
, both the United Kingdom and Germany

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
engaged in propaganda campaigns designed to win over the United States. The British were able to guarantee a price for American cotton producers, who were the most affected by the loss of trade with Germany and Central Europe. The Anglophile President Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. A devout Presbyterianism and leading intellectual of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913....
then opted to allow the munitions trade to continue, despite disputes over freedom of the seas

Freedom of the seas

Freedom of the seas was one of President of the United States Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points proposed during the First World War. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans....
because of the U.K. blockade of Germany and complaints of a 'navalism' like German 'militarism'. This policy meant that the United States would supply only the Entente

Triple Entente

File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svgThe Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment of the British Empire, French Third Republic, and Russian Empire after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907....
powers. However, at the start of the war, the unrestricted activities of German agents against British interests, as well as the U.S. Government's refusal to check the Indian sedetionist movement

Ghadar Conspiracy

The Ghadar Conspiracy was a Conspiracy for a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army in February 1915 formulated by Revolutionary movement for Indian independence....
was a major concern for the U.K. Government that triggered an intense neutrality dispute through 1916. The U.K. Far-Eastern fleet's activities, especially the SS China and SS Henry S incidents drew strong responses from the U.S. government, prompting the U.S. Atlantic fleet to dispatch Destroyers to the Pacific to protect the sovereignty of American vessels. However, this dispute did not calm down before November 1916. As evidence of German complicity in public incidents (including the Black Tom explosion

Black Tom explosion

The Black Tom explosion of July 30, 1916 in Jersey City, New Jersey was an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German Empire agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies of World War I in World War I....
) and conspiracies in and against the United States (such as the Zimmerman Telegram) became more obvious, American public opinion was strongly influenced. When Germany responded in 1916 with a submarine blockade of the United Kingdom, the sinking of the RMS Lusitania
RMS Lusitania

RMS Lusitania was a Lusitania-Class Great Britain luxury ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line and built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank, Scotland, torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915....
by a German U-boat

U-boat

U-boat is the anglicized#Loanwords version of the German language word , itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot , and refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II....
led to a protest by the United States and a strong swing in public opinion against Germany.

Germany returned to unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 in the belief that the United Kingdom would be decisively weakened before the United States could mobilize, but the United States declared war on Germany. The United States joined the Allies, and sent hundreds of thousands of troops (though initially slowly) to the Western front and were instrumental in hastening the end of the war.

Though Wilson had wanted to wage war for cause of humanity, the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaty at the end of World War I. It ended the declaration of war between German Empire and Allies of World War I....
made plain that his diplomatic position had weakened with victory. The borders of Europe were redrawn on the basis of national self-determination with the exception of those of Germany. Financial reparations were imposed on Germany, despite British reservations and American protests, largely because of the French desire for a punitive peace.

Inter-war years

The Great War was the end of the Royal Navy's superiority, an eclipse acknowledged in the Washington Naval Treaty

Washington Naval Treaty

The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, limited the naval armaments of its five signatories: the United States of America, the British Empire, the Empire of Japan, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy ....
, when the United States and the United Kingdom were allocated equal tonnage quotas. U.S. policies on immigration and trade fostered a Pacific rivalry with Japan rather than an Atlantic rivalry. During the Great Depression

Great Depression

File:International depression.pngThe Great Depression was a worldwide economic Recession starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries....
, the United States was preoccupied with its own economic recovery and, espousing an isolationist

Isolationism

Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionism military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism . In other words, it asserts both of the following:...
policy, was only sporadically active in foreign affairs. After the Americans imposed a high Smoot-Hawley tariff in 1930, the United Kingdom, Canada and the Empire built up imperial trade preferences, thereby diverting trade internally and away from the United States. The United Kingdom engaged in appeasement

Appeasement

Appeasement is "the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous." The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of United Kingdom Prime Minister of t...
of Nazi Germany whilst pursuing limited rearmament. The Abdication Crisis, while absorbing popular interest in both countries, did not become a foreign relations issue, with Mrs. Simpson seen as being rejected as unsuitable for religious reasons rather than as an American. Tensions over the Irish question

Irish question

The Irish Question was a phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 1800s until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence....
declined with the independence of Ireland, and with the successful ambassadorship of Joseph P. Kennedy in the late 1930s.

World War II

Though much of the American public was strongly sympathetic to the United Kingdom and France, there was also popular demand for neutrality. Roosevelt's cash-and-carry policy allowed the United Kingdom and France to order munitions from the United States. Churchill

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, Order of the Garter, Order of Merit, Order of the Companions of Honour, Territorial Decoration, Fellow of the Royal Society, Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Queen's Privy Council for Canada was a Politics of the United Kingdom known chiefly for his leadership of the United King...
, whose mother was American, had become prime minister after the Allies' failure to prevent the German invasion of Norway, and after the fall of France, Roosevelt gave the United Kingdom and later the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
all aid short of war, including the 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement

Destroyers for Bases Agreement

The Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom, September 2, 1940, transferred fifty destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions....
and Lend-lease

Lend-Lease

Lend-Lease was the name of the program under which the United States supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Republic of China, Free France and other Allies of World War II with vast amounts of materiel between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland and Labrador, Bermuda, and the British W...
. Before Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor is a harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu, Hawaii. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base....
and the German declaration of war, two US Navy destroyers had already been torpedoed on convoy duties in the North Atlantic. The United States then became heavily involved in the war in Europe. It was during this period of extremely close co-operation that the special relationship was created. The large numbers of American servicemen based in Britain led to some friction and to this relationship being explored in art and film (most particularly A Matter of Life and Death and A Canterbury Tale
A Canterbury Tale

A Canterbury Tale is a Cinema of the United Kingdom film by the film-making team of Powell and Pressburger. It stars Eric Portman, Sheila Sim, Dennis Price and John Sweet; Esmond Knight provided narration and played several small roles....
). The United States put heavy pressure on the United Kingdom to dissolve its Empire, and this dissolution took place (due to post-war economic exhaustion, British public opinion and other factors, rather than U.S. pressure) in the 1947-1960 period.

Cold War

At the end of World War II, the United States and the United Kingdom became two of the founding members of the United Nations

United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, Social change, human rights and achieving world peace....
, as well as two of the five permanent members of the Security Council. They were suspicious of the motives of their former ally, the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
. Rising tensions between the capitalist and communist powers led to the Cold War

Cold War

The Cold War was the continuing state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between a number of world powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, France, United Kingdom and those countries' respective allies from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s....
and an era of close cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom which included the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a mutual-defense alliance. As the British Empire dissolved throughout the world, the United States

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
became one of two world superpowers along with the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
became the most important partner with the United States on the Western side of the Cold War. Through the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement

1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement

The 1958 U.S.-UK Mutual Defence Agreement is a bilateral treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom on nuclear weapons cooperation....
the United States assists the United Kingdom in nuclear weapon development

Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom was the third state to test an independently developed nuclear weapon in October 1952. It is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which the UK ratified in 1968....
.

Forces from both countries were involved in the Korean War

Korean War

The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korea and South Korea regimes, with major hostilities lasting from June 25, 1950 until the armistice signed on July 27, 1953....
, fighting under United Nations command. The United States had become the leading Western power and pursued a mixed anti-colonial anti-communist policy, resulting in the demand that the United Kingdom and France end their invasion of Egypt in 1956 during the Suez Crisis

Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by United Kingdom, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956....
. As the Americans concentrated on their technological rivalry with the Soviets and waged an unpopular proxy war in Vietnam, Anti-Americanism

Anti-Americanism

Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is a controversial term used to describe opposition or hostility to the people, culture or policies of the United States....
became a factor in Europe, which partially reached the United Kingdom due to Suez and Vietnam. However, Harold Wilson

Harold Wilson

James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, Order of the Garter, Order of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Society, Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council was one of the most prominent British politicians of the later half of the 20th century....
refused to send U.K. troops to Vietnam. Protests against the introduction of medium-range weapons which might allow a nuclear war to be confined to Europe became a feature of British politics in the eighties, but the U.K. government supported Washington and the missiles were sent.

In the 1982 Falklands War

Falklands War

The Falklands War , also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the disputed Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands....
, Washington initially tried to mediate between the United Kingdom and Argentina, but ultimately supported the United Kingdom's counter-invasion. The U.S. Defense Department under Casper Weinberger supplied the U.K. military with equipment.

In October 1983 the United States and a coalition of Caribbean nations undertook Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of the Commonwealth

Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, also known as the Commonwealth or the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organization of fifty-three independent member states....
island nation of Grenada

Grenada

Grenada is an island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines....
. Grenada had seen a bloody Marxist coup and neighboring countries asked the United States to intervene militarily, which it did despite earlier having made assurances to the contrary to the British government.

Throughout the 1980s Prime Minister

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom and the head of government Her Majesty's Government....
Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher Order of the Garter, Order of Merit, Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Fellow of the Royal Society was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990....
was strongly supportive of President Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States and the 33rd Governor of California . Born in Illinois, Reagan moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1930s, where he was an actor, president of the Screen Actors Guild , and a spokesman for General Electric ....
's stance towards the Soviet Union. During the Soviet war in Afghanistan

Soviet war in Afghanistan

The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a nine-year war involving Soviet Union Military of the Soviet Union supporting the Marxism People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government against the Mujahideen#Afghanistan resistance movement....
, both the Americans and the British provided arms to the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen rebels in Afghanistan. Both Reagan and Thatcher met with Soviet General Secretary

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU of the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the title synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s....
Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a Russian politician. He was the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and also the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991....
on separate occasions.

Post Cold War

In 1991 the United States and the United Kingdom provided the largest forces for the coalition army which liberated Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War.

In 1997 the British Labour party were elected to office for the first time in eighteen years. The new prime minister Blair

Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair is a British politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007....
and U.S. president Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton

William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He was the fifteenth Democrat elected to that office....
both used the expression 'Third Way'

Third way (centrism)

The Third Way is a term that has been used to describe a variety of political philosophies of governance that embrace a mix of free market and Economic interventionism philosophies....
to describe their centre-left ideologies.

Forces from both countries were again used to impose a peace during the Kosovo War

Kosovo War

Kosovo War occurred after the Rambouillet Agreement failed in February 1999. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo:...
.

War on Terror

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which a number of U.K. citizens were also killed, there was an enormous outpouring of sympathy from the United Kingdom for the United States, and Blair became U.S. President George W. Bush

George W. Bush

George Walker Bush served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was the 46th List of Governors of Texas from 1995 to 2000 before being United States presidential inauguration as President on January 20, 2001....
's strongest international supporter. The United States declared a War on Terror following the attacks. British forces participated in the 2001 war in Afghanistan

War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7, 2001 as the U.S. military operation Operation Enduring Freedom, was launched by the United States with the United Kingdom in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks....
and unlike France

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, Germany

Germany

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
and Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, the United Kingdom, as well as Commonwealth

Commonwealth

The England noun commonwealth dates from the fifteenth century. The original phrase "common-wealth" or "the common weal" comes from the old meaning of "wealth," which is "well-being." The term literally meant "common well-being." Thus commonwealth originally meant a state or nation-state governed for the common good as opposed to an autho...
nations such as Canada

Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
and Australia

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
, supported the United States in the 2003 invasion of Iraq

2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1, 2003, was spearheaded by the United States, backed by United Kingdom forces and smaller contingents from Australia, Spain, Poland and Denmark....
. After the United States, the United Kingdom contributed the most troops to the coalition that entered Iraq.

The 7 July 2005 London bombings emphasised the difference in the nature of the terrorist threat to both nations. The United States concentrated primarily on external enemies, like the al-Qaeda network and other Islamic extremists from the Middle East. The London bombings were carried out by homegrown extremist Muslims, and it emphasised the United Kingdom's threat from the radicalisation of its own people. By 2007, U.K. support for the Iraq war had radically declined.

The U.K. International Development Secretary

Secretary of State for International Development

In the United Kingdom, the Secretary of State for International Development is a cabinet of the United Kingdom minister responsible for promoting development overseas and for the Department for International Development, particularly in the third world....
has recently proposed a change in the current relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. He accentuated on the need for "new alliances, based on common values". He was verbal against "unilateralism" and called for an "international" and a "multilaterist" approach to global problems. Correspondents who were present while the speech was delivered reckoned it to be a "coded criticism" of the policies of President Bush. Incidentally, the speech came as the Democratic-controlled U.S. Congress voted in favour of pulling most of the combat troops out of Iraq

Iraq

Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros Mountains, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
.

Present status

Present U.K. policy is that the relationship with the United States

United States

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
's "most important bilateral relationship". US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton paid tribute to the relationship in February 2009 saying it "stands the test of time"

On March 3, 2009, Prime Minister Gordon Brown

Gordon Brown

James Gordon Brown UK Member of Parliament is a United Kingdom Labour Party politician and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Brown assumed office in June 2007, after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party....
made his first visit to the Obama White House. During his visit, he presented the President a gift, a pen holder carved from the HMS Gannet, which served anti-slavery missions off the coast of Africa. Obama’s gift to the Prime Minister was a box of 25 DVDs with movies including Star Wars

Star Wars

Star Wars is an epic film space opera Media franchise initially conceived by George Lucas. The first film in the franchise was simply titled Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, but later had the subtitle Episode IV: A New Hope added to distinguish it from its sequels and prequels....
and E.T. The wife of the Prime Minster, Sarah Brown, gave Sasha and Malia two dresses from a British clothing line called Topshop and a few unpublished books that have not reached the United States. Michelle Obama

Michelle Obama

Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is the wife of the forty-fourth President of the United States, Barack Obama, and the first African-American First Lady of the United States....
gave the sons of the Prime Minister two Marine One

Marine One

Marine One is the call sign of any United States Marine Corps aircraft carrying the President of the United States. It usually denotes a helicopter operated by the HMX-1 squadron, either the large H-3 Sea King or the newer, smaller UH-60 Black Hawk....
Helicopter Toys.

Economics

The United States and the United Kingdom share the world's largest foreign direct investment partnership. American investment in the United Kingdom reached $255.4 billion in 2002, while British direct investment in the United States totaled $283.3 billion.

Culture

Heritage

Because the 13 states that founded the United States began as colonies of Great Britain, the two nations retain significant shared threads of cultural heritage, many of which are common to all Anglosphere

Anglosphere

The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of anglophone nations which share historical, political, and cultural characteristics rooted in or attributed to the historical experience of the United Kingdom....
countries.

Language

English

English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
is the de facto language of both nations, and as such the United States and the United Kingdom share not only the language itself (albeit with some differences

American and British English differences

This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and British English, which, for the purposes of these articles, are defined as follows:...
), but the entire heritage of English literature, philosophy, poetry, and theatre. Both peoples are historically Christian

Christian

A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism#Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus and interpreted by Christians to have been prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament....
, although increasingly secular and diverse in the modern era. Both legal systems are based on the common law

Common law

Common law refers to law and the corresponding Legal systems of the world developed through legal opinion of courts and similar tribunals , rather than through statute law or Executive ....
.

Film

There is much crossover appeal in the modern entertainment culture of the United States and the United Kingdom. For example, Hollywood movies are popular in the United Kingdom, whilst the James Bond

James Bond (film series)

The James Bond film series are British spy films inspired by Ian Fleming's novels about the fictional character MI6 agent James Bond . The franchise remains as one of the longest continually running film series in history, having been in ongoing production from 1962 to 2008 with a six-year hiatus between 1989 and 1995....
and Harry Potter

Harry Potter (film series)

The Harry Potter films are a fantasy film series based on the Harry Potter novels by United Kingdom writer J. K. Rowling.At the time of release, the five films currently released became the List of highest-grossing films#Highest grossing film series of all time when not adjusted for inflation, with $4.48 billion in worldwide receipt...
series of films have attracted continued interest from the United States. Production of films has often been shared between the two countries whether it be a concentrated use of British and American actors or use of film studios from both nations.

Music

American singers such as Madonna

Madonna (entertainer)

Madonna is an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan and raised in Rochester Hills, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977, for a career in modern dance....
and Britney Spears

Britney Spears

'Britney Jean Spears' is a Grammy Awards-winning American pop music singer, dancer, actress, and glamour model.Raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Louisiana, Spears first appeared on national television in 1992 as a contestant on the Star Search program, and went on to star in Disney Channel's television series The New Mickey Mouse Club#199...
are popular in the United Kingdom, and British groups such as Pink Floyd

Pink Floyd

Pink Floyd are an English Rock music band who initially earned recognition for their psychedelic rock and space rock music, and later, as they evolved, for their progressive rock music....
, Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin were an English rock music band formed in 1968 by Jimmy Page , Robert Plant , John Paul Jones and John Bonham . With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, Led Zeppelin are regarded as one of the first heavy metal music bands....
, The Beatles

The Beatles

The Beatles were a rock music and pop music band from Liverpool, England that formed in 1960. During their career, the group primarily consisted of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ....
, Iron Maiden

Iron Maiden

Iron Maiden are an English Heavy metal music band from Leyton, East London, England, formed in 1975. The band is led by founder, bassist and songwriter Steve Harris ....
, Spice Girls

Spice Girls

The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. They consist of Victoria Beckham, Melanie Brown, Emma Bunton, Melanie Chisholm and Geri Halliwell....
, The Who

The Who

The Who are an England Rock music band formed in 1964. The primary lineup was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon....
, the Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones are an English rock music band formed in 1962 in London when multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones and pianist Ian Stewart were joined by vocalist Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards....
and recently Coldplay

Coldplay

Coldplay are a United Kingdom alternative rock Musical ensemble formed in London, England in 1998. The group comprises vocalist/pianist/guitarist Chris Martin, lead guitarist Jonny Buckland, bassist Guy Berryman, and drummer/multi-instrumentalist Will Champion....
, are popular in the United States. More recently, British acts such as Natasha Bedingfield

Natasha Bedingfield

Natasha Anne Bedingfield is a British people pop music and songwriter.Based in Book St., London, Bedingfield debuted in the 1990s as a member of the Christian dance music/electronic music group The DNA Algorithm with her siblings Daniel Bedingfield and Nikola Rachelle....
, KT Tunstall

KT Tunstall

'Kate Victoria "KT" Tunstall' is a Scotland singer-songwriter and guitarist. She broke into the public eye with a live solo performance of her song "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree" on Later......
and Leona Lewis

Leona Lewis

Leona Louise Lewis is a UK Pop/R&B artist who was born 3 April 1985 in London. She was the first female winner of the UK reality TV series The X Factor ....
have experienced widespread success in the States. Undoubtedly, the popular music of both nations has had a strong influence on each other. Whilst Blues

Blues

Blues is a music genre based on the use of the blues chord progressions and the blue notes. Though several blues musical form s exist, the 12-bar blues chord progressions are the most frequently encountered....
music (originating in the United States) had a clear influence on early rock and roll music in the United Kingdom (for example, the early music of Fleetwood Mac

Fleetwood Mac

Fleetwood Mac are a United Kingdom/United States rock music band formed in 1967 which have experienced a high turnover of personnel and varied levels of success....
), the innovative music of The Beatles

The Beatles

Celtic music

Celtic music is a term utilised by artists, record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of musical genres that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the Celtic peoples of Western Europe....
of the United Kingdom has also had a dynamic effect upon American music. In particular, the traditional music

Old-time music

Old-time music is a form of North American folk music, with roots in the folk music of many countries, including England, Scotland, Ireland and Africa....
of the Southern United States

Southern United States

The Southern United States—commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South—constitutes a large distinctive region in the southeastern and south-central United States....
is descended from traditional Celtic music and English folk music of the colonial period, and the musical traditions of the South eventually gave rise to country music

Country music

Country music is a blend of popular American music forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. It has roots in Traditional music, Celtic music, gospel music, and old-time music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s....
and, to a lesser extent, folk

American folk music revival

The American folk music revival was a phenomenon in the United States in the 1950s to mid-1960s. Its roots went earlier, of course, since traditional folk music has thousands of years of history, and performers like Burl Ives, Woody Guthrie, and Cisco Houston had enjoyed a limited general popularity in decades prior to the 1950s....
.

Literature

Much popular literature also crosses over between the oceans, as evidenced by, for example, the appeal of British authors J. R. R. Tolkien

J. R. R. Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Order of the British Empire was an English people English literature, poetry, Philology, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion....
and J.K. Rowling in the United States and American authors such as Stephen King

Stephen King

Stephen Edwin King is an United States author of contemporary horror fiction, fantasy fiction and science fiction.Having sold an estimated List of bestselling fiction authors of his books, King is best known for his work in horror fiction, in which he demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the genre's history....
and Michael Crichton

Michael Crichton

John Michael Crichton, Doctor of Medicine , was an United States author, film producer, film director, and physician, best known for his work in the science fiction, medical fiction, and techno-thriller genres....
in the United Kingdom.

Television

Both countries' TV shows are similar, as many American and British television series are either carried by the other nations' networks, or are re-created for distribution in their own nations. Examples of popular British television shows that were re-created for the American market are The Office
The Office

The Office is the title of several television situation comedy shows.The original version of The Office was aired in the UK, created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant....
, Who Wants to be a Millionaire?
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is a television game show which offers very large cash prizes for correctly answering 15 consecutive multiple-choice questions of increasing difficulty....
, Steptoe and Son
Steptoe and Son

Steptoe and Son is a British sitcom written by Galton and Simpson about two rag and bone man living in Oil Drum Lane, a fictional street in Shepherd's Bush, London....
(as Sanford and Son
Sanford and Son

Sanford and Son is an American sitcom that premiered on the NBC television network on January 14, 1972 in television, and was broadcast for six seasons....
), Whose Line is it Anyway?
Whose Line Is It Anyway?

Whose Line Is It Anyway? was a short-form improvisational comedy TV show. Originally a United Kingdom radio programme, it moved to television in 1988 as a series made for Britain's Channel 4....
, Pop Idol
Pop Idol

Pop Idol was a United Kingdom television series which debuted on ITV on October 5 2001; the show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop music singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation....
(American Idol
American Idol

American Idol is an Television in the United States Singing airing on Fox network. It debuted on June 11, 2002, and has since become one of the most popular shows on American television....
), Queer as Folk
Queer as Folk

Queer as Folk is a reference to the idiomatic English expression "there's nowt as queer as folk", meaning "there's nothing as strange as people"....
, and Til Death Us Do Part
Til Death Us Do Part

Till Death Us Do Part is a United Kingdom Situation comedy that aired on BBC One from 1965 to 1975. First airing as a Comedy Playhouse Television pilot, the series aired for seven series until 1975....
, known in the United States as All in the Family
All in the Family

All in the Family is an United States situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979....
. Some examples of American shows re-created in the United Kingdom are The Apprentice and The Price Is Right
The Price Is Right

The Price Is Right is an United States television game show that is currently owned by the FremantleMedia subsidiary of the RTL Group. It was originally created by Bob Stewart for Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions in the United States in 1956, and was significantly revamped by them in 1972....
. Popular American shows that are also popular in the United Kingdom include: The Simpsons
The Simpsons

The Simpsons is an Television in the United States animated cartoon Situation comedy created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company....
, South Park
South Park

South Park is an United Statesn animation situation comedy, notorious for its toilet humour, surrealism, and often black comedy, which satirizes Subject matter in South Park including religion, politics, violence, abuse, sexuality, and mental disorder....
, Friends
Friends

Friends is an American situation comedy created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which premiered on NBC on September 22, 1994. The series revolves around a group of friends in the area of Manhattan, New York City, who occasionally live together and share living expenses....
, The West Wing, Will & Grace
Will & Grace

Will & Grace is a popular Emmy Award-winning United States television situation comedy that was originally broadcast on NBC from 1998 to 2006....
, Scrubs
Scrubs (TV series)

Scrubs is an Emmy Award and Peabody Award-winning American comedy-drama that premiered on October 2, 2001, on NBC. It was created by Bill Lawrence and is produced by ABC Studios ....
, Family Guy
Family Guy

Family Guy is an animated cartoon Television in the United States Situation comedy created by Seth MacFarlane that airs on Fox Broadcasting Company and regularly on other television networks in syndication....
and the CSI: series. Many British actors appear on American television and vice-versa, for example:

Lost
Lost (TV series)

Lost is an American Serial television program. It follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island, after a commercial Oceanic Flight 815 flying between Sydney, Australia and Los Angeles, United States crashes somewhere in the Oceania....
- Henry Ian Cusick
Henry Ian Cusick

Henry Ian Cusick is a Scotland-Peruvian actor of theatre, television, and film. For his role as Desmond Hume on the television series Lost , he has received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination....
, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje

Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje is an English actor, solicitor and former model ....
, Rebecca Mader
Rebecca Mader

Rebecca Mader is an England actress who has appeared on several American television series.She played the role of Morgan Gordon on All My Children for about a dozen episodes, and in the fall of 2006 was a regular cast member of the Fox Broadcasting Company legal drama, Justice ....
, Dominic Monaghan
Dominic Monaghan

Dominic Berhnard Patrick Luke Monaghan is an England actor. He has received international attention from playing Meriadoc Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy of J....
, Marsha Thomason
Marsha Thomason

Marsha Thomason is an England Actor, who is best known in the United States for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of NBC's series Las Vegas , and for her recurring role on American Broadcasting Company's Lost as Characters of Lost#Naomi Dorrit....
, Sonya Walger
Sonya Walger

Sonya Walger is a United Kingdom actress. She is perhaps best known for her revealing role in the controversial HBO series Tell Me You Love Me and as Characters of Lost#Penelope "Penny" Widmore on American Broadcasting Company's Lost ...
Boston Legal
Boston Legal

Boston Legal is an American legal drama-comedy created by David E. Kelley, which originally ran on American Broadcasting Company from October 3, 2004 to December 8, 2008....
- Tara Summers
Tara Summers

Tara Summers is a British actress from London, England active in the United States. She was educated at Heathfield St Mary's School, in Berkshire....
, Saffron Burrows
Saffron Burrows

Saffron Dominique Burrows is an England actor and former fashion model. She also starred in the 2008 NBC series, My Own Worst Enemy ....
ER
ER (TV series)

ER is an Emmy Award-winning Television in the United States medical drama television series created by the late novelist Michael Crichton and airing on NBC....
- Parminder Nagra
Parminder Nagra

Parminder Kaur Nagra is an England actor of Indian descent. She came to international prominence in 2003 after starring in Bend It Like Beckham....
, Alex Kingston
Alex Kingston

Alexandra Kingston is an England actress most widely known for her role as Elizabeth Corday on the NBC medical drama ER .Early life...
House (TV Series)
House (TV series)

House, also known as House, M.D., is an American medical drama that debuted on the Fox Broadcasting Company network on November 16, 2004....
- Hugh Laurie
Hugh Laurie

James Hugh Calum Laurie, Order of the British Empire is an English actor, comedian, writer and musician. He first reached fame as one half of the Fry and Laurie double act, along with his friend and comedy partner, Stephen Fry, and then as a cast member of Blackadder....
Prison Break
Prison Break

Prison Break is an American serial drama Television program created by Paul Scheuring, which premiered on the Fox Broadcasting Company on August 29, 2005....
- Dominic Purcell
Dominic Purcell

Dominic Haakon Madbouli Myrtvedt Purcell is a British-born Australian actor, most active in the United States. He also holds an Republic of Ireland passport by means of his ancestry....
, Wentworth Miller
Wentworth Miller

Wentworth Earl Miller III is a Golden Globe-nominated United Kingdom-born United States actor who rose to stardom following his role as Michael Scofield in the Fox Network television series Prison Break....
24
24 (TV series)

24 is an United States serial action drama television series. Broadcast by Fox Broadcasting Company in the United States and syndicated worldwide, the show first aired on November 6, 2001, with an initial 13 episodes ....
- Sandrine Holt
Sandrine Holt

Sandrine Holt is a British model turned actor....
Desperate Housewives
Desperate Housewives

Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama series, created by Marc Cherry, who also serves as show runner, and produced by ABC Studios and Marc Cherry....
- Nicollette Sheridan
Nicollette Sheridan

Nicollette Sheridan is a Golden Globe-nominated United Kingdom-born American actress. She has appeared in soap operas, movies and television series, and is perhaps best known for her roles as Paige Matheson on Knots Landing and as Edie Britt on Desperate Housewives....
, Dougray Scott
Dougray Scott

Dougray Scott is a Scottish people actor....
CSI Franchise
CSI franchise

CSI is a media franchise of United States television programs created by Anthony E. Zuiker and originally broadcast on CBS, all of which deal with forensic scientists as they unveil the circumstances behind mysterious and unusual deaths and crimes committed....
- Louise Lombard
Louise Lombard

Louise Lombard is an English people actor....
(CSI
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is an American Police procedural television series. CSI premiered on CBS on October 6, 2000. The ninth season began airing on October 9, 2008 and currently airs in the United States of America on Thursdays at 9:00 p.m....
), Claire Forlani
Claire Forlani

Claire Forlani is a British people actress of Italian people-English people descent....
(CSI: NY
CSI: NY

CSI: NY is an United States police procedural television series, which premiered on September 22, 2004. The series was the second Spinoff , indirectly, from the popular CBS show, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and directly from CSI: Miami, during an episode of which several of the CSI: NY characters made their first appearan...
), Sonya Walger
Sonya Walger

Sonya Walger is a United Kingdom actress. She is perhaps best known for her revealing role in the controversial HBO series Tell Me You Love Me and as Characters of Lost#Penelope "Penny" Widmore on American Broadcasting Company's Lost ...
(CSI:NY)
Law and Order
Law and Order

Law and Order may refer to:*Law and order , a term common in political debate and discussion, generally indicating support of a strict criminal justice system...
- Linus Roache
Linus Roache

Linus William Roache is an England actor.He was born in Manchester, the son of Coronation Street actor William Roache and actress Anna Cropper....
The Wire
The Wire (TV series)

The Wire is an United States television drama series set in Baltimore, Maryland, Maryland, where it was also produced. Created, Executive producer#Television, and primarily written by author and former police reporter David Simon, the series was broadcast by the premium television cable television HBO in the United States....
- Dominic West
Dominic West

Dominic West is an England actor of Irish descent best known for his role as Detective Jimmy McNulty in the HBO drama The Wire. He is also known for his role as comic book supervillain Jigsaw in Punisher: War Zone....
, Idris Elba
Idris Elba

Idris Akuna Elba is a British Television program, theatre, and film actor who has starred in both British and American productions. Idris Elba grew up in Hackney, East London....
.
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles - Lena Headey
Lena Headey

Lena Headey is an England actress known for playing Sarah Connor on FOX Network's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, as well as appearing in such films as The Remains of the Day , Possession , The Brothers Grimm and 300 ....
- Shirley Manson
Shirley Manson

Shirley Ann Manson is a Scotland musician and actress, best known internationally as the lead singer of the Madison, Wisconsin-based alternative rock band Garbage ....
Other - Marianne Jean-Baptiste
Marianne Jean-Baptiste

Marianne Raigipcien Jean-Baptiste is an Academy Award- and Golden Globe-nominated English people actress.She became a star overnight following the international success of the social drama Secrets & Lies in 1996 receiving an Academy Award nomination....
(Without a Trace
Without a Trace

Without a Trace is an United States television program set in New York City. The show is about a fictitious full-time Federal Bureau of Investigation missing persons unit....
), David McCallum
David McCallum

David Keith McCallum, Jr. is a Scottish people actor and the son of concertmaster violinist David McCallum, Sr.. He is best known for his roles as Illya Kuryakin, a Russian-born secret agent, on the 1960s television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E., and Ducky Mallard on the series NCIS ....
(NCIS
NCIS (TV series)

NCIS , aka Navy NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service, is an American police procedural television series revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, which conducts criminal investigations involving the United Stat...
), Santiago Cabrera
Santiago Cabrera

Santiago Cabrera is a Chilean actor, raised in and currently residing in London, England....
(Heroes
Heroes (TV series)

Heroes is an American science fiction dramatic programming created by Tim Kring, which premiered on NBC on September 25, 2006. The series tells the stories of ordinary individuals from around the world who inexplicably develop Superpower , and their roles in preventing disasters, usually foreseen in images produced by precognitive painter...
), Ashley Jensen
Ashley Jensen

Ashley Samantha Jensen is an Emmy Award-nominated Scotland actress, best known for her roles in Extras and Ugly Betty....
(Ugly Betty
Ugly Betty

Ugly Betty is an Emmy, Golden Globe, SAG and Peabody Award winning American television program comedy-drama series starring America Ferrera in the title role, along with Eric Mabius, Vanessa L....
), John Oliver (The Daily Show
The Daily Show

The Daily Show is an United States news satire television program airing each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central in the United States....
), Damian Lewis
Damian Lewis

Damian Watcyn Lewis is a Golden Globe-nominated England actor and film producer, who is probably best known for portraying Major Richard Winters, one of the most famous soldiers in World War Two, in the Emmy-award winning HBO miniseries Band of Brothers and Soames Forsyte in the ITV miniseries The Forsyte Saga ....
(Life), Anna Friel
Anna Friel

Anna Louise Friel is a Golden Globe Award-nominated England actor from Rochdale, in Greater Manchester. She currently stars as List of characters in Pushing Daisies#Charlotte "Chuck" Charles, the female lead in the United States television series Pushing Daisies....
(Pushing Daisies
Pushing Daisies

Pushing Daisies is an United States television dramedy created by Bryan Fuller. Fuller also serves as the show's executive producer alongside Bruce Cohen, Dan Jinks, Brooke Kennedy, Peter Ocko, and Barry Sonnenfeld....
), Sophia Myles
Sophia Myles

Sophia Jane Myles is a British film and television actor....
(Moonlight
Moonlight (TV series)

Moonlight is an American paranormal romance television drama created by Ron Koslow and Trevor Munson, who also served as executive producers alongside Joel Silver, Gerard Bocaccio and Rod Holcomb....
), Michelle Ryan
Michelle Ryan

Michelle Claire Ryan is an England actress.She was previously best known for portraying the role of Zoe Slater on the BBC soap opera EastEnders....
(Bionic Woman
Bionic Woman

Bionic Woman may refer to:* The Bionic Woman, a television series that aired from 1976 to 1978 on ABC and NBC** Jaime Sommers , the main character...
), Zuleikha Robinson
Zuleikha Robinson

'Zuleikha Robinson' is United Kingdom actress, raised in Thailand and Malaysia by a Burmese Indians mother and an English people father.. Her name means "beautiful one" in Persian language.She is a graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Los Angeles, and best known for playing Yves Adele Harlow in the X-Files spin-off, The L...
(New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam (TV series)

New Amsterdam was an United States television drama, which premiered March 4, 2008 on FOX, and ended after its eighth episode. The series was created by Allan Loeb and Christian Taylor , who also serve as executive producers alongside David Manson, Leslie Holleran, Steven Pearl and Lasse Hallstr?m....
)

The BBC airs two television networks in the US, BBC America

BBC America

BBC America is an United States television network, owned and operated by BBC Worldwide, and available on both cable television and satellite television....
and BBC World

BBC World

BBC World News is the BBC's international news and current affairs television channel. It has the largest audience of any BBC channel and any news channel in the world....
. Also, the BBC and PBS share many collaborations and rebroadcasts: eg: Monty Python's Flying Circus

Monty Python's Flying Circus

Monty Python?s Flying Circus is a BBC sketch comedy programme from the Monty Python comedy team, and the group's initial claim to fame. The show was noted for its surreality, Wiktionary:risqu? or innuendo-laden humour, sight gags, and sketches without punchlines....
, Doctor Who

Doctor Who

Doctor Who is a British Science fiction on television programme produced by the BBC. The programme depicts the adventures of a mysterious alien Time travel known as "Doctor " who travels in his space and time-ship, the TARDIS, which normally appears from the exterior to be a blue 1950s police box....
, Nova

Nova

A nova is a cataclysmic nuclear explosion caused by the Accretion of hydrogen onto the surface of a white dwarf star. Novae are not to be confused with Type Ia supernovae, or another form of stellar explosion first announced by Caltech in May 2007, Luminous Red Novae....
and Masterpiece Theatre

Masterpiece Theatre

Masterpiece is a drama anthology television series produced by WGBH-TV. It premiered on Public Broadcasting Service on January 10, 1971, making it America's longest-running weekly primetime drama series....
, etc. The BBC also frequently collaborates with US network HBO, examples include Rome

Rome (TV series)

Rome is a British Academy Television Awards, Golden Globe-nominated and Primetime Emmy Award-winning historical drama film television series co-created by John Milius, William J....
, Band of Brothers

Band of Brothers

Band of Brothers is a ten-part television World War II miniseries based on the book of the same title written by historian and biographer Stephen Ambrose....
, and The Gathering Storm

The Gathering Storm

The Gathering Storm may refer to:* The Gathering Storm, the first volume of Sir Winston Churchill's The Second World War ** The Gathering Storm , a television film about Churchill, starring Richard Burton...
. C-Span

C-SPAN

C-SPAN is an United States cable television Television network dedicated to airing non-stop coverage of government proceedings and public affairs programming....
, the American government channel, also weekly rebroadcasts Prime Minister's Questions

Prime Minister's Questions

Prime Minister's Questions is a constitutional convention in the United Kingdom, where every Wednesday when the British House of Commons is sitting the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom spends half an hour answering questions from Member of Parliament ....
on Sundays.

On some British digital television platforms, it is also possible to watch American channels direct from the United States such as Fox News, as well as American Channels setup for a British audience, such as CNBC Europe

CNBC Europe

CNBC Europe is a business and finance news television channel, the Europe sister station of CNBC. The network is owned and operated by NBC Universal and headquartered in London, where it shares the Adrian Smith -designed 10 Fleet Place building with Dow Jones & Company....
, CNN

CNN

Cable News Network, almost always referred to by its initialism CNN, is a major US Cable News Network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first station to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television network in the United States....
, NASN, ESPN Classic (UK)

ESPN Classic (UK)

The United Kingdom version of ESPN Classic launched on March 14, 2006 on Sky Digital Channel 442, the first channel in the UK under the ESPN branding....
, Paramount Comedy

Paramount Comedy

Paramount Comedy can refer to a number of different comedy television channels operated by Viacom under the Paramount Pictures brand:...
and FX (UK)

FX (UK)

FX is a TV channel in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, owned by Fox Broadcasting Company, launched in 12 January 2004 and originally branded as FX289 in reference to its Sky Digital Electronic program guide number....
. The Super Bowl

Super Bowl

In professional American football, the Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League . The game and its ancillary festivities constitute Super Bowl Sunday....
has been aired in the United Kingdom since 1983, and was aired on free television on Five in 2003. London was also the venue for the first competitive NFL game ever to be played outside North America in October 2007.

Newspapers

British Sunday broadsheet

Broadsheet

Broadsheet is the largest of the various newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages . The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a single sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of matter, from ballads to political satire....
newspaper the The Observer
The Observer

The Observer is a United Kingdom newspaper published on Sundays. In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Guardian, it takes a Liberalism/social democratic line on most issues....
includes a condensed copy of The New York Times
The New York Times

The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
.

Bibliography

Ephraim Douglass Adams
Ephraim Douglass Adams

Ephraim Douglass Adams was an United States educator, born in Decorah,Iowa, Iowa and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1887. He took a post-graduate course also at his alma mater, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1890....
; Great Britain and the American Civil War 2 vol 1925
H. C. Allen; Great Britain and the United States: A History of Anglo-American Relations, 1783-1952 (1954)
Burt, Alfred L. The United States, Great Britain, and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812.
Charles S. Campbell, Anglo-American Understanding 1898-1903 (1957)
John Charmley
John Charmley

John Charmley is a United Kingdom Diplomatic history and a professor of modern history at the University of East Anglia, where he is head of the School of History....
. Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940-57 (1996)
Martin Crawford. The Anglo-American Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Times and America, 1850-1862 (1987)
Alan P Dobson. Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (1995)
John Dumbrell. A special relationship: Anglo-American relations form the cold war to Iraq (2006)
Robert M. Hendershot. Family Spats: Perception, Illusion, and Sentimentality in the Anglo-American Special Relationship (2008)
Jonathan Hollowell; Twentieth-Century Anglo-American Relations (2001)
Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Eric Hitchens is a United Kingdom-born, United Kingdom and United States author, journalist and literary critic. Currently living in Washington, D.C., he has been a columnist at Vanity Fair magazine, The Atlantic, World Affairs , The Nation , Slate , Free Inquiry, and a variety of other media outlets....
. Blood, Class and Empire: The Enduring Anglo-American Relationship (2004)
Roger Louis; Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941-1945 (1978)* William Roger Louis and Hedley Bull. The "Special Relationship": Anglo-American Relations since 1945 (1987)
Bradford Perkins
Bradford Perkins

Bradford Perkins is a founding partner of Perkins Eastman, an international architecture, interior design, urban design, planning, landscape architecture, graphic design, and project management firm....
; The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795-1805 (1955)
Edwin J Perkins. Financing Anglo-American trade: The House of Brown, 1800-1880 (1975)
Shawcross, William. Allies: The U.S., Britain, Europe and the War in Iraq (2004)
Woods, Randall Bennett. Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-1946 (1990)

External links

November 2003, University of Dundee
University of Dundee

The University of Dundee is a university in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee, Scotland.Founded in 1881 and existing for most of its early existence as a Collegiate university of the University of St Andrews, the University of Dundee became an independent institution in 1967 whilst retaining much of its ancient universities of Scotland he...
,
The hatred of England, by Goldwin Smith
Goldwin Smith

Goldwin Smith was a United Kingdom-Canadian historian and journalist....
(The North American review
North American Review

The North American Review was the first literary magazine in the United States. Founded in Boston in 1815 by journalist Nathan Hale and others, it was published continuously until 1940, when publication was suspended due to World War II....
, Volume 150, Issue 402, May 1890.)

Anglo-American relations

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Bibliography

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