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New Brunswick

New Brunswick , is one of Canada's Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 three Maritime provinces Maritimes

he Maritime provinces, also the Canadian Maritimes or simply the Maritimes, is a region [i] ... 

, and the only officially bilingual province in the country. Its capital is Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2005 is 758,000 .

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Timeline

1534   First known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Saint Lawrence

[i], is the outlet of North America's [[Great Lakes]... 

, in New Brunswick.

1783   Saint John Saint John, New Brunswick

Saint John is the largest city [i] in the province [i] of New Brunswick [i] and the oldest incorporated ... 

, New Brunswick, Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 - First United Empire Loyalists United Empire Loyalists

The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those British Loyalists [i] who resettled in British North America [i] ... 

 reach Parrtown.

1784   Britain Kingdom of Great Britain

Kingdom of Great Britain ... 

 creates the colony of New Brunswick

1867   The British North America Act Constitution of Canada

The Constitution [i] of Canada [i] is the supreme law in Canada. ... 

 receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 in an event known as Confederation Canadian Confederation

Canadian Confederation [i], or the Confederation of Canada, was the process by which the federal [i] ... 

. This unites the Province of Canada, Quebec Quebec

Quebec, or Qubec in French [i], In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first ... 

, Ontario Ontario

Ontario is the most populous and second-largest in area of Canada [i]'s ten provinces [i] ... 

, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a Canadian province [i] located on Canada [i]'s southeastern coast. ... 

 as of July 1. Ottawa Ottawa

Ottawa is the capital [i] of Canada [i], and the country's fourth largest city [i]. ... 

 becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald John A. Macdonald

Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB [i], KCMG [i], PC [i] ... 

 becomes the Dominion's first prime minister Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister [i] of Canada [i] , is the head of the Government of Canada [i]. ... 

.

1901   The 1,282 foot (390 meters) covered bridge crossing the St.John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 opens. It is the longest covered bridge Covered bridge

A covered bridge is a bridge [i], often single-lane, with enclosed sides and a roof. ... 

 in the world.

1997   Official opening of the Confederation Bridge Confederation Bridge

The Confederation Bridge is a bridge [i] spanning the Abegweit Passage [i] of Northumberland Strait [i], ... 

, the longest bridge spanning ice covered waters, between Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is a Canadian [i] province [i] coextensive with the island [i] ... 

 and New Brunswick.



Encyclopedia

New Brunswick , is one of Canada's Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 three Maritime provinces Maritimes

he Maritime provinces, also the Canadian Maritimes or simply the Maritimes, is a region [i] ... 

, and the only officially bilingual province in the country. Its capital is Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2005 is 758,000 .

Geography

New Brunswick, named after the German city of Braunschweig Braunschweig

Braunschweig is a city of 245,500 people , located in Lower Saxony [i], Germany [i] . ... 

 , is bounded on the north by Quebec Quebec

Quebec, or Qubec in French [i], In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first ... 

's Gaspé Peninsula and Chaleur Bay Chaleur Bay

Chaleur Bay or the Bay of Chaleur is an arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence [i] separating Quebec [i] ... 

 and on the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Saint Lawrence

[i], is the outlet of North America's [[Great Lakes]... 

 and Northumberland Strait. To the south, the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto connects it to peninsular Nova Scotia Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a Canadian province [i] located on Canada [i]'s southeastern coast. ... 

, most of which is separated from the mainland by the Bay of Fundy Bay of Fundy

The Bay of Fundy is a bay [i] located on the Atlantic [i] coast of North America [i] ... 

. On its west, the province borders the American United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 state U.S. state

A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities referred to as a state [i] ... 

 of Maine Maine

Maine is a U.S. state [i] in the New England [i] region of the northeastern United States [i]. ... 

. The boundary with the U.S. was settled during the "Aroostook War" of 1838-39, largely through the efforts of businessman and political activist John Baker. New Brunswick is one of two provinces to border a single U.S. state U.S. state

A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities referred to as a state [i] ... 

.

The total land and water area of the province is approximately 70,000 square kilometres. About 80% of the province is forested, with the other 20% consisting of agricultural land and urban areas. The major urban centres lie in the south of the province. The bulk of the arable land is found in the Upper St. John River Valley, with lesser amounts of farmland found in the southeast of the province.

While New Brunswick is one of Canada's Maritime Provinces Maritimes

he Maritime provinces, also the Canadian Maritimes or simply the Maritimes, is a region [i] ... 

, it differs from its neighbours both ethnoculturally and physiographically. Both Nova Scotia Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a Canadian province [i] located on Canada [i]'s southeastern coast. ... 

 and Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is a Canadian [i] province [i] coextensive with the island [i]... 

 are either wholly or nearly surrounded by water and the ocean therefore tends to define their climate, economy and culture. New Brunswick, on the other hand, although having a significant seacoast, is sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean proper and has a large interior which is removed from oceanic effects. New Brunswick therefore tends to be defined by its rivers rather than its seacoast.

The major river systems in the province include the St. John River Saint John River

The Saint John River is a river, approximately 418 mi long, located in the U.S. state [i] of Maine [i] a ... 

, Petitcodiac River Petitcodiac River

The Petitcodiac River is located in southeastern New Brunswick [i],Canada [i], originating in the Caledo ... 

, Miramichi River, St. Croix River and the Restigouche River Restigouche River

The Restigouche River is a Canadian [i] river located in the northwestern part of the province of ... 

. The St. John River is thought to be the second longest river on the North American eastern seaboard between the St. Lawrence River Saint Lawrence River

The Saint Lawrence River is a large west-to-east flowing river [i] in the middle latitudes of North America [i] ... 

 and the Mississippi River Mississippi River

The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe [i] word misi-ziibi meaning 'grea ... 

.

New Brunswick lies entirely within the Appalachian Mountain Appalachian Mountains

The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of North America [i]n mountains, partly in Canada [i], but m ... 

 range, a chain of ancient, eroded mountains which have created river valleys and low, gently rolling hills throughout large parts of the province. The eastern and central part of the province consists of the New Brunswick Lowland, whereas the Caledonia Highlands and St. Croix Highlands extend along the Bay of Fundy coast, reaching elevations of 300 metres. The northwestern part of the province is comprised of the remote and more rugged Miramichi Highlands, Chaleur Uplands, and the Notre Dame Mountains with a maximum elevation at Mount Carleton of 820 metres.

10 largest municipalities by population
Municipality20011996
Saint John Saint John, New Brunswick

Saint John is the largest city [i] in the province [i] of New Brunswick [i] and the oldest incorporated ... 

69 66172 494
Moncton Moncton, New Brunswick

Moncton is the second largest city in the Canadian [i] province of New Brunswick [i] and lies at ... 

61 04659 313
Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

47 56046 507
Miramichi Miramichi, New Brunswick

Miramichi redirects here. See also Miramichi River [i], Miramichi [i],
... 

18 50819 241
Edmundston17 37317 876
Riverview17 01016 684
Dieppe Dieppe, New Brunswick

Dieppe is a city [i] on the Petitcodiac River [i] in southeastern New Brunswick [i], Canada [i]. ... 

14 95112 497
Quispamsis13 75713 579
Bathurst12 92413 815
Rothesay11 50511 470


The major urban areas of the province are Metropolitan Saint John and Greater Moncton . Both of these census metropolitan areas have urban populations between 120,000 and 130,000. Greater Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

  has a census agglomeration population of 85,000.

The population of New Brunswick is majority English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority called Acadians Acadian

The Acadians are the descendants of the original French [i] settlers of parts of the northeaster ... 

 . Most Acadians migrated to the area from the Vienne region of France. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada.

History

The aboriginal nations of New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq are a First Nations [i] people, indigenous to northeastern New England [i], Canada [i]'s Atlantic Provinces [i] ... 

 , Maliseet and Passamaquoddy Passamaquoddy

The Passamaquoddy are a Native American [i]/First Nations [i] peop ... 

. The Mi'kmaq territories are mostly in the east of the province. The Maliseets are located in the northwest and the Passamaquoddy tribe is situated in the southwest, around Passamaquoddy Bay. Until the 16th century 16th century

As a means of recording the passage of time [i], the 16th century was that century [i] which lasted from ... 

, New Brunswick was exclusively the domain of what are now termed the First Nations First Nations

First Nations is a term of ethnicity [i] used in Canada [i]. ... 

.

Early European settlement

The first known European exploration of present-day New Brunswick was by French France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country [i] whose metropolitan territory [i] ... 

 explorer Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier, was a French [i] explorer [i] popularly thought of as one of ... 

 in 1534, who discovered and named the Baie des Chaleurs Chaleur Bay

Chaleur Bay or the Bay of Chaleur is an arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence [i] separating Quebec [i] ... 

 between northern New Brunswick and the Gaspe peninsula of Quebec. The next French contact was in 1604, when a party led by Pierre Dugua and Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain was a French [i] geographer [i], draftsman [i], explorer [i] ... 

 sailed into Passamaquoddy Bay and set up a camp for the winter on an island at the mouth of the St. Croix River. 36 out of the 87 members of the party died of scurvy Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease [i] that results from insufficient intake of vitamin C [i], which is required for c ... 

 by winter's end and the colony was relocated across the Bay of Fundy Bay of Fundy

The Bay of Fundy is a bay [i] located on the Atlantic [i] coast of North America [i] ... 

 the following year to Port Royal in present day Nova Scotia Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a Canadian province [i] located on Canada [i]'s southeastern coast. ... 

. Gradually, other French settlements and seigneuries were founded along the Saint John River Saint John River

The Saint John River is a river, approximately 418 mi long, located in the U.S. state [i] of Maine [i] a ... 

, including one by Charles de la Tour Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour

... 

, and the upper Bay of Fundy, including a number of villages in the Memramcook Memramcook, New Brunswick

Memramcook is a village in southeastern New Brunswick [i], 10 minutes from Moncton, located in the Memramcook River [i] ... 

 and Petitcodiac river valleys and St. Pierre, at the site of present-day Bathurst on the Baie des Chaleurs Chaleur Bay

Chaleur Bay or the Bay of Chaleur is an arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence [i] separating Quebec [i] ... 

. The whole region of New Brunswick were at that time proclaimed to be part of the royal French colony of Acadia. The French maintained good relations with the First Nations during their tenure.

The first British Great Britain

Great Britain is an island lying off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe [i] and to the east of Ireland [i] ... 

 claim to New Brunswick was in 1621, when Sir William Alexander was granted, by James I James I of England

James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland was King of England [i] ... 

, all of present-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and part of Maine. The entire tract was to be called '"Nova Scotia", Latin for "New Scotland". Naturally, the French did not take kindly to the English claims. France however gradually lost control of Acadia in a series of wars during the 18th century.

One of its provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which formally ended the War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a major Europe [i]an conflict that arose in 1701 [i] after the de ... 

, was the surrender of peninsular Nova Scotia to the English crown. All of what would later become New Brunswick, as well as "Île St-Jean" and "Île Royale" would remain under French control.

The bulk of the Acadian population now found themselves residing in the new British colony of Nova Scotia. The remainder of Acadia including the New Brunswick region was only lightly populated, with major Acadian settlements in New Brunswick only found in the Beaubassin Tantramar Marshes

The Tantramar Marshes are on the southern part of the Isthmus of Chignecto [i], which joins Nova Scotia [i] ... 

 , Memramcook Memramcook, New Brunswick

Memramcook is a village in southeastern New Brunswick [i], 10 minutes from Moncton, located in the Memramcook River [i] ... 

, and Petitcodiac regions as well as at Fort la Tour and Fort Anne .

During the Seven Years' War Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War, some of the theatres [i] of which are called the Pomeranian War and ... 

 , the British extended their control to include all of New Brunswick. Fort Beausejour Fort Beauséjour

... 

  was captured by an English force commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton Robert Monckton

Robert Monckton was an officer [i] of the British army [i] and a colonial administrator [i]... 

 at the very beginning of the war in 1755. Acadians from the nearby Beaubassin and Petitcodiac regions were subsequently expelled just as had the Acadians from peninsular Nova Scotia been deported earlier the same year. Other skirmishes followed and Fort Anne fell in 1759. Following this, all of present day New Brunswick came under British control. France ultimately lost control of its North American empire after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, fought September 13 [i], 1759 [i], was a decisive battle of the North American [i] ... 

 in Quebec Quebec

Quebec, or Qubec in French [i], In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first ... 

 in 1759.

A British colony

After the Seven Year's War, most of what is now New Brunswick were incorporated into Sunbury County in the colony of Nova Scotia. New Brunswick's relative location away from the Atlantic coastline hindered new settlement during the immediate post war period; although there were some notable exceptions such as the founding of "The Bend" in 1766 by Pennsylvania Dutch settlers sponsored by Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin

[i] [[New York|New York State]... 

's Philadelphia Land Company. Other American settlements developed, principally in former Acadian lands in the southeast region, especially around Sackville Sackville, New Brunswick

Sackville is a town in Westmorland County [i], located in South-Easter... 

. Some American settlement also occurred at Parrtown at the mouth of the Saint John River. English settlers from Yorkshire Yorkshire

Yorkshire is the largest historic county [i] of England [i] and Great Britain [i] ... 

 also settled in the Tantramar region near Sackville prior to the Revolutionary War American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War , also known as the American War of Independence, was a war between... 

.

Significant population growth would not occur until after the American Revolution American Revolution

The American Revolution was a political movement that ended British [i] control ... 

, when Britain convinced refugee Loyalists from New England New England

New England is a region of the United States [i] located in the northeastern corner of the country. ... 

 to settle in the area by giving them free land. . In particular, Jonathan Eddy and his "rangers" harassed and laid siege to the British garrison at Fort Cumberland during the early parts of the American Revolution. It was only after the arrival of a relief force from Halifax Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia

Halifax Regional Municipality, commonly referred to as HRM, is a Canadian [i] regional municipality [i] ... 

 that the siege was lifted.

With the arrival of the Loyalist refugees in Parrtown in 1783, the need to organize the territory politically became acute. The newly arrived Loyalists felt no allegiance to Halifax and wanted to separate from Nova Scotia to isolate themselves from the democratic, republican influences existing in that city. They felt that the government of Nova Scotia represented a Yankee population which had been sympathetic to the American Revolutionary movement, and which disparaged the intensely anti-American, anti-republican attitudes of the Loyalists. "They [the loyalists]," Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote from Saint John, New Brunswick, December 28, 1786, "have experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova Scotia, who are even more disaffected towards the British Government than any of the new States ever were. This makes me much doubt their remaining long dependent." [Clark 150-51]

The British administrators of the time, for their part, felt that the colonial capital was so distant from the developing territories to the west of the Isthmus of Chignecto that the colony of Nova Scotia should be split. The Province of New Brunswick was therefore officially created by Sir Thomas Carleton on August 16, 1784.

New Brunswick was named in honour of the British monarch, King George III George III of the United Kingdom

George III was King of Great Britain [i] and King of Ireland [i] from 25 October [i] ... 

, who was descended from the House of Brunswick House of Hanover

The House of Hanover were a German [i] royal [i] dynasty [i] of Lombard [i] descent ... 

 . Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

, the capital city, was likewise named for George III's second son, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York.

The choice of Fredericton as the colonial capitol shocked the residents of the larger Parrtown . The reason given was because Fredericton's inland location meant it was less prone to enemy attack. Saint John did, however, become Canada's first incorporated city. Saint John also found itself home to the American traitor Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold

Benedict Arnold was a general [i] in the Continental Army [i] during the American Revolutionary War [i].... 

, whose shady local business dealings meant that local Loyalists also came to revile him.

Some of the deported Acadians from Nova Scotia found their way back to "Acadie" during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They settled mostly in coastal regions along the eastern and northern shores of the new colony of New Brunswick. There they lived in relative isolation as they tried to maintain their language and traditions.

The War of 1812 War of 1812

The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America [i] and Britain [i] ... 

 had little effect on New Brunswick. Forts such as the Carleton Martello Tower in Saint John and the St. Andrews Blockhouse were constructed, but no action was seen. Locally, New Brunswickers were on good terms with their neighbours in Maine and the rest of New England. There was even one incident during the war where the town of St. Stephen St. Stephen, New Brunswick

St. Stephen is a town situated on the east bank of the St. Croix River [i] in Charlotte County [i] ... 

 lent its supplies of gunpowder to Calais, Maine Calais, Maine

Calais is a city in the state of Maine [i] in the United States [i] on the St. Croix River [i] ... 

, across the river, for the Fourth of July Independence Day celebrations.

Further north along the Maine-New Brunswick border, the boundary was disputed. Officials in London London

London is the capital [i] city of England [i] and of the United Kingdom [i]. ... 

 and Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. is the capital [i] city [i] of the United States of America [i]. ... 

 stated their claims, but many local residents did not care one way or the other, even after they were pushed to state their preference by British magistrates. When one resident of Edmundston was asked which side he supported, he replied "the Republic of Madawaska". The name is still used today and describes the northwestern corner of the province. The boundary dispute, known as the Aroostook War, was settled in 1842.

Immigration in the early part of the 19th century was mostly from the west country of England and from Scotland Scotland

Scotland is a nation [i] in northwest Europe [i] and one of the constituent [i] countries [i] ... 

, but also from Waterford Waterford

Waterford (Irish [i]: Port Lirge) is, historically, the capital of County Waterford [i] ... 

, Ireland often having come through or lived in Newfoundland prior. A large influx of settlers came to New Brunswick in 1845 from Ireland Ireland

Ireland is the third largest [i] island [i] in Europe [i]. ... 

 as a result of the Potato Famine Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)

The Great Famine or the Great Hunger , known more commonly outside of Ireland [i] as the Irish ... 

. Many of these people settled in Saint John or Chatham, which to this day calls itself the "Irish Capital of Canada". The Catholic population often clashed with the existing Protestant residents, coming to a head with a gun battle in Saint John in 1849.

Throughout the 19th century, shipbuilding Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is the construction of ship [i]s. ... 

, both on the Bay of Fundy Bay of Fundy

The Bay of Fundy is a bay [i] located on the Atlantic [i] coast of North America [i] ... 

 shore and on the Miramichi Miramichi, New Brunswick

Miramichi redirects here. See also Miramichi River [i], Miramichi [i],
... 

, was the dominant industry in New Brunswick. The Marco Polo Marco Polo

Marco Polo was a Venetian [i] trader and explorer [i] who, together with... 

, arguably the fastest clipper ship ever built was launched from Saint John in 1851. Resource-based industries such as logging and farming were also important to the New Brunswick economy. From the 1850's through to the end of the century, several railways were built across the province, making it easier for these inland resources to make it to markets elsewhere. Moncton Moncton, New Brunswick

Moncton is the second largest city in the Canadian [i] province of New Brunswick [i] and lies at ... 

, previously a sleepy agricultural community and later a shipbuilding centre became the railway hub for the colony and later for the entire Maritime Provinces Maritimes

he Maritime provinces, also the Canadian Maritimes or simply the Maritimes, is a region [i] ... 

. Moncton would subsequently grow rapidly and would challenge Saint John for economic dominance.

New Brunswick in Canada

New Brunswick was one of the four original provinces of Canada formed with Confederation in 1867. The Charlottetown Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

Charlottetown is a Canadian [i] city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island [i]. ... 

 Conference of 1864 was initially intended only to discuss a Maritime Union of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a Canadian province [i] located on Canada [i]'s southeastern coast. ... 

 and Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is a Canadian [i] province [i] coextensive with the island [i]... 

, but, given the American Civil War and British interest in avoiding a repeat in its remaining colonies, interest in expanding the geographic scope developed in the Province of Canada  and the meeting's agenda was altered. Many residents of the Maritimes wanted no part of this larger Confederation, for fear that the region's needs would be overshadowed by those of the rest of the country. Many politicians involved - such as Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley Samuel Leonard Tilley

Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley , PC [i] , KCMG [i] ... 

; New Brunswick's best-known Father of Confederation Fathers of Confederation

Sorry, no overview for this topic 

 found themselves without a seat after the next election.

Following Confederation, New Brunswick suffered the effects of an economic downturn. New national policies and trade barriers as a result of Confederation disrupted the historic trading relationship between the Maritime Provinces and New England. The situation in New Brunswick was worsened by the Great Fire of 1877 in Saint John and by the decline of the wooden sailing shipbuilding Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is the construction of ship [i]s. ... 

 industry. Finally, the global recession sparked by the Panic of 1893 significantly affected the local export economy. Many skilled workers moved west to other parts of Canada or south to the United States United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

, but as the 20th Century dawned, the province's economy began to expand again. Manufacturing gained strength with the construction of several cotton mills across the province and, in the crucial forestry sector, the sawmills Sawmill

-
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||-
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A sawmill is a facility where logs [i] are cut into board [i]s.
... 

 that had dotted inland sections of the province gave way to larger pulp and paper mills. Nevertheless, unemployment remained relatively high and the Great Depression Great Depression

The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn [i] which started in 1929 and lasting ... 

 provided another setback. Two influential families, the Irvings and the McCains McCain Foods Limited

McCain Foods Limited, a privately owned company established in 1957 [i] by the McCain brothers in Florenceville [i] ... 

, emerged from the depression to begin to modernize and vertically integrate the provincial economy.

The Acadians Acadian

The Acadians are the descendants of the original French [i] settlers of parts of the northeaster ... 

, who had mostly fended for themselves on the northern and eastern shores, were traditionally isolated from the English speakers that dominated the rest of the province. Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in predominantly French areas was noticeably less evolved than in the rest of the province. This changed with the election of premier Louis Robichaud Louis Robichaud

Louis Joseph Robichaud, PC [i] , CC [i] , QC [i]... 

 in 1960. He embarked on the ambitious Equal Opportunity Plan in which education, rural road maintenance, and health care fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage of all areas of the province. County councils were abolished with rural areas outside cities, towns and villages coming under direct provincial jurisdiction. The 1969 Official Languages Act made French an official language, on par with English. Linguistic tensions rose on both sides, with the militant Parti Acadien enjoying brief popularity in the 1970s and anglophone groups pushing to repeal language reforms in the 1980s, but tensions had all but disappeared by the 1990s.

Cities

New Brunswick has eight officially incorporated cities, listed here in descending order by population:
  • Saint John Saint John, New Brunswick

    Saint John is the largest city [i] in the province [i] of New Brunswick [i] and the oldest incorporated ... 

  • Moncton Moncton, New Brunswick

    Moncton is the second largest city in the Canadian [i] province of New Brunswick [i] and lies at ... 

  • Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

    Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

  • Miramichi Miramichi, New Brunswick

    Miramichi redirects here. See also Miramichi River [i], Miramichi [i],

... 


  • Edmundston
  • Dieppe Dieppe, New Brunswick

    Dieppe is a city [i] on the Petitcodiac River [i] in southeastern New Brunswick [i], Canada [i]. ... 

  • Bathurst
  • Campbellton Campbellton, New Brunswick

    Campbellton is the smallest of the eight officially incorporated cities [i] in New Brunswick [i], Canada [i] ... 




See also a List of communities in New Brunswick.




Saint John Saint John, New Brunswick

Saint John is the largest city [i] in the province [i] of New Brunswick [i] and the oldest incorporated ... 

 is a port city, with heavy industry in the form of pulp and paper, oil refineries, and drydocks, all owned by the family of the late K.C. Irving. The Irving family also controls much of the province's economy and three of its four daily English language newspapers. Saint John Saint John, New Brunswick

Saint John is the largest city [i] in the province [i] of New Brunswick [i] and the oldest incorporated ... 

 is conventionally written out in full, to distinguish it from St. John's St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

The Canadian [i] city of St.... 

, the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador is a province [i] of Canada [i], the tenth to join the Confederation [i] ... 

, with which it is commonly confused by those outside of the Atlantic Provinces Atlantic Canada

Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the name given to the four Canadian provinces [i] ... 

.

Moncton Moncton, New Brunswick

Moncton is the second largest city in the Canadian [i] province of New Brunswick [i] and lies at ... 

 is the second largest city in New Brunswick and its metropolitan area is the fastest growing urban population in the province. It is principally a transportation, distribution, commercial and retail centre. Moncton has a sizeable francophone Acadian minority and is considered by the Acadians to be their unofficial "capital". The majority of Moncton's recent growth is traced to economic policies which has led to depopulation in the northeastern area of the province.

Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

, in addition to being the capital of the province, is a genteel university town, and home to the Beaverbrook Art Gallery Beaverbrook Art Gallery

The Beaverbrook Art Gallery is a small prestigious art gallery [i] located in Fredericton [i] ... 

, Theatre New Brunswick, the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame, and other amenities, including Christ Church Cathedral, whose foundation is the oldest in Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 or the United States United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

. Fredericton is nicknamed the "City of Stately Elms". It has boasted of the largest stand of elms outside of Central Park Central Park

Central Park is a large public, urban park [i] in the borough of Manhattan [i] in New York City [i]. ... 

 since Dutch Elm Disease Dutch elm disease

Dutch elm disease is a fungal [i] disease of elm [i] trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle [i] ... 

 devastated this species in the early twentieth century 20th century

The 20th century started on 1 January [i] 1901 [i] and ended on 31 December [i] 2000 [i], according to t... 

.

Politics

New Brunswick has a unicameral Unicameralism

Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliament [i]ary chamber. ... 

 legislature consisting of 55 seats. The governing party is the party that wins the most seats in the provincial election. Elections are held at least every five years but may be called at any time by the Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant governor

A Lieutenant Governor or Lieutenant-Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or de... 

  on consultation with the Premier of the day. The government may also fall at any time if it loses a vote of non-confidence. The Premier is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the legislature. As of September 18, 2006, the Liberals hold the majority with 30 out of 55 seats, making Shawn Graham Shawn Graham

Shawn Graham is a New Brunswick politician [i]. ... 

 the Premier-elect of New Brunswick.

There are two dominant political parties in New Brunswick, the Liberal Party New Brunswick Liberal Association

The New Brunswick Liberal Association, more popularly known as the New Brunswick Liberal Party or ... 

 and the Progressive Conservative Party Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick

The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick is a right-of-centre political party in New Brunswick [i] ... 

. While consistently polling approximately 10% of the electoral vote since the early 1980s, the New Democratic Party New Brunswick New Democratic Party

The New Brunswick New Democratic Party is a social democratic [i] political party in New Brunswick [i] ... 

 have elected few members to the Legislative Assembly. From time to time, other parties such as the Confederation of Regions Party Confederation of Regions Party of Canada

The Confederation of Regions Party was a right-wing [i] Canadian [i] political party [i] founded ... 

 have held seats in the legislature, but only on the strength of a strong protest vote. As such, New Brunswick essentially operates as a two-party system.

The dynamics of New Brunswick politics are notably different from those of other provinces in Canada. The lack of a single dominant urban centre in the province means that government has to be responsive to issues affecting all areas of the province. In addition, the presence of a large francophone minority dictates that consensus politics is necessary, even when there is a majority government present. In this manner, the ebb and flow of New Brunswick provincial politics tends to parallel the situation on the federal stage more closely than in any other province.

Over the course of the last 50 years, there has been a distinct tendency for the province to elect youthful dynamic leaders and give them long tenures with strong majorities. All recent leaders have been bilingual. This combination of attributes tends to make New Brunswick Premiers influential players on the federal stage. The former Premier Bernard Lord  is touted as a potential leader of the Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada

The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the "Tories [i]", is a right-of-centre [i] ... 

 should Prime Minister Stephen Harper Stephen Harper

Stephen Joseph Harper is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada [i] and leader of the Conservative Party of Canada [i]... 

 withdraw from politics. Another former Liberal Premier Frank McKenna Frank McKenna

Francis Joseph "Frank" McKenna, QC [i], PC [i], ONB [i] ... 

 had been considered to be the front-runner to succeed Prime Minister Paul Martin Paul Martin

Paul Edgar Philippe Martin was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada [i] and the former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada [i]... 

 but he chose in the end not to run.

Economy

New Brunswick has a modern service based economy dominated by the finance, insurance, health care and educational sectors and this is based out of all three of the principal urban centres. In addition to the above, heavy industry is found in Saint John, Fredericton is dominated by government services, universities and the military and Moncton is a retail, transportation and distribution centre with important rail and air transportation facilities. The rural primary economy is best known for forestry Forestry

Forestry is the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forest [i]s and plantation [i]s, and ... 

, mining Mining

Mining is the extraction of valuable [i] mineral [i]s or other geological [i] materials f ... 

, mixed farming Agriculture

Farming redirects here. For Farming in computer games, see Farmer [i].
... 

 and fishing Fishing

Fishing is the activity of hunting [i] for fish [i]. ... 

. The most valuable crop is potatoes, while the most valuable fish catches are lobster American lobster

The American lobster is a species [i] of lobster [i], also known as the northern lobster, or the ' ... 

 and scallop Scallop

Scallops are the family Pectinidae of bivalve [i] mollusc [i]s.... 

s. Tourism is becoming increasingly important, especially in the Passamaquoddy region , and in the southeast of the province, centred by Moncton and Shediac Shediac, New Brunswick

Shediac is a town [i] located in Shediac Parish [i], Westmorland County [i] ... 

. The largest employers are the Irving group of companies, several large multinational forest companies, the Government of New Brunswick, and the McCain McCain Foods Limited

McCain Foods Limited, a privately owned company established in 1957 [i] by the McCain brothers in Florenceville [i] ... 

 group of companies.

Education

New Brunswick has a complete network of English and French language public schools serving from kindergarten to high school. There are also several private secondary schools having either secular or religious affiliations. One example being the Rothesay Netherwood School near Saint John.

The New Brunswick Community College system has campuses in all regions of province. There is a comprehensive system of both French and English campuses offering basically parallel programs. Each campus however tends to have areas of concentration to allow for specialization. There are also specialized training colleges that are private and not part of the NBCC system. An example of this would be the Moncton Flight College.

There are four publicly funded secular universities in the province. These include:

... 

 was founded as King's College in Fredericton Fredericton, New Brunswick

Fredericton is the capital [i] of the Canadian province [i] of New Brunswick [i]. ... 

 in 1785 with Anglican affiliation. Today it is a medium-sized public English comprehensive university with its principal campus in Fredericton and a satellite campus in Saint John Saint John, New Brunswick

Saint John is the largest city [i] in the province [i] of New Brunswick [i] and the oldest incorporated ... 

 and a student body of about 12,000. It is the oldest public post-secondary education institution in North America North America

North America is a continent [i] in the Earth [i]'s northern hemisphere [i] and almost fully in the western hemisphere [i]... 

.
  • St. Thomas University was founded in Chatham in 1910 with Catholic affiliation. Today it is a small public English undergraduate university located in Fredericton with a student body of about 3,000. The university's liberal arts program is complemented by professional programs in education and social work.
  • Mount Allison University Mount Allison University

    Located in Sackville [i], New Brunswick [i], Canada [i], Mount Allison University' ... 

     was founded in Sackville Sackville, New Brunswick

    Sackville is a town in Westmorland County [i], located in South-Easter... 

     in 1839 with Methodist and subsequently United Church affiliation. Today it is a small public English undergraduate university with a student body of about 2,200 still located in Sackville. Faculties include Arts, Science, Commerce, Music and Fine Arts. The Maclean's Maclean's

    Maclean's is Canada [i]'s leading weekly news magazine [i]. ... 

     magazine survey of Canadian universities has ranked Mount Allision as one of the best in the undergraduate university category since the survey was begun. Mount Allison produces a Rhodes Scholar Rhodes Scholarship

    The Rhodes Scholarships were initiated after the death of Cecil John Rhodes [i] and have been awarde ... 

     about once every two years on the average, and was the first university in the British Empire British Empire

    The British Empire was the most extensive empire [i] in world history and for a ... 

     to grant a Bachelor's degree to a woman.
  • The Université de Moncton system was founded in 1963 and is comprised from founding Catholic colleges which were located in Memramcook Memramcook, New Brunswick

    Memramcook is a village in southeastern New Brunswick [i], 10 minutes from Moncton, located in the Memramcook River [i] ... 

    , Bathurst and Edmundston. Today it is a medium-sized public French comprehensive university with its principal campus in Moncton Moncton, New Brunswick

    Moncton is the second largest city in the Canadian [i] province of New Brunswick [i] and lies at ... 

     and satellite campuses in Edmundston and Shippagan Shippagan, New Brunswick

    Shippagan is a town [i] in northeastern New Brunswick [i], Canada [i], at the tip of the Acadian Peninsula [i] ... 

    . The student body is about 5,500.


There are also two private universities with religious affiliations in the province. These are:
  • Atlantic Baptist University, located in Moncton Moncton, New Brunswick

    Moncton is the second largest city in the Canadian [i] province of New Brunswick [i] and lies at ... 

    , is a small liberal arts university with a student body of over 700. The school was founded in 1949, became degree granting in 1970 and received its full university designation in 1996. Degrees are offered in Arts, Science, Education and Religious Studies. The school is operated by the Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches.
  • St. Stephen's University, located in St. Stephen Saint Stephen

    Saint Stephen is the Protomartyr, or first martyr [i], of Christianity [i] and is venerated as ... 

    , is a very small non denominational religious based university. The school was founded in 1975 and received its university designation in 1998. At present, the only degrees available are in Arts and Ministry. cheese and fries are good in canada but not in italy.

People

First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq are a First Nations [i] people, indigenous to northeastern New England [i], Canada [i]'s Atlantic Provinces [i] ... 

 and Maliseet. The first European settlers, the Acadians Acadian

The Acadians are the descendants of the original French [i] settlers of parts of the northeaster ... 

, are today survivors of the Great Expulsion Great Upheaval

The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation or the Acadian Exp... 

  which drove several thousand French residents into exile in North America, the UK and France for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to George III of Great Britain George III of the United Kingdom

George III was King of Great Britain [i] and King of Ireland [i] from 25 October [i] ... 

 during the French and Indian War French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was the nine-year North American chapter of the Seven Years' War [i]. ... 

. American Acadians, who wound up in Louisiana Louisiana

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... 

 and other parts of the American South, are often referred to as Cajuns Cajun

The Cajuns are an ethnic group [i] consisting of the descendants of Acadian [i] exiles and other peoples... 

.

Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from United Empire Loyalists United Empire Loyalists

The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those British Loyalists [i] who resettled in British North America [i] ... 

 who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit . There is also a significant population of Irish Irish people

The Irish are a northwest European ethnic group [i] who originated in Ireland [i]. ... 

 ancestry, especially in Saint John and the