In Depth
See Also

U-boat

U-boat is the anglicization of the German German language

German is a West Germanic language [i]. ... 

 word U-Boot, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot . The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both world wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 and the United States United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 to Europe Europe

Europe is one of the seven traditional continent [i]s of the Earth [i]. ... 

. Austria Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dual Monarchy or k.u.k. [i] ... 

n submarines of World War I World War I

World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All War... 

 were also known as "U-boats". The distinction between U-boat and submarine is common in English-language usage but unknown in German German language

German is a West Germanic language [i]. ... 

 where the term U-Boot refers to any submarine.

Discussions

  Discussion Features

   Ask a question about 'U-boat'

   Start a new discussion about 'U-boat'

   Answer questions about 'U-boat'

   'U-boat' discussion forum

Timeline

1905   The first U-boat

1915   Sinking of the battleship ''HMS Formidable'', off Lyme Regis Lyme Regis

Lyme Regis is a coastal town in West Dorset [i], England [i], situated 25 mile [i]s west of Dorchester [i] ... 

, Dorset Dorset

Dorset is a county in the south-west of England [i], on the English Channel [i] coast. ... 

, England England

England is the largest and most populous constituent country [i] of the United Kingdom [i]. ... 

, by a German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 U-Boat.

1915   World War I World War I

World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All War... 

: The RMS ''Lusitania'' RMS Lusitania

The RMS [i] Lusitania was a British [i] ocean liner [i] owned by th ... 

 is sunk by a German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 U-boat killing 1,198.

1917   World War I: Germany Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine Submarine

A submarine is a specialized watercraft [i] that can operate underwater [i]. ... 

 warfare.

1941   World War II: 950 miles off the coast of Brazil Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest and most populous country [i] ... 

, the freighter SS ''Robin Moor'' becomes the first United States United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 ship sunk by a German U-boat. in May 1941]]

1941   World War II World War II

World War II, or the Second World War, was a worldwide [i] conflict [i] fought betwe ... 

: The destroyer USS ''Reuben James'' USS Reuben James (DD-245)

USS Reuben James, a post-World War I [i] four-stack Clemson-class [i] destroyer [i] ... 

 is torpedoed by a German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 U-boat near Iceland Iceland

Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland is a volcanic island nation [i] in the northern Atlantic Ocean [i] ... 

, killing more than 100 United States Navy United States Navy

The United States Navy is the branch of the United States armed forces [i] responsible for conducting naval [i] ... 

 sailors.

1941   World War II: The aircraft carrier Aircraft carrier

Additive synthesis is a technique of audio synthesis which creates music [i]al timbre [i]. ... 

 HMS ''Ark Royal'' HMS Ark Royal (91)

colspan="2" align="center"> [i] ... 

 is hit by German U-boat U-81

1942   World War II World War II

World War II, or the Second World War, was a worldwide [i] conflict [i] fought betwe ... 

: German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 U-Boats sink three more merchant ships in Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Saint Lawrence

[i], is the outlet of North America's [[Great Lakes]... 

.

1942   World War II World War II

World War II, or the Second World War, was a worldwide [i] conflict [i] fought betwe ... 

: Battle of the Atlantic Second Battle of the Atlantic

The Second Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign [i] of World War II [i], ... 

 - German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz Karl Dönitz

Karl Dnitz ; September 16, 1891 – December 24, 1980) was a German naval leader, famous for his com... 

 orders the last U-boats to withdraw from their United States United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 Atlantic coast positions in response to an effective American convoy system.

1942   A German U-boat sinks the ferry SS Caribou SS Caribou

SS Caribou was a passenger ferry used by the Newfoundland [i] government's ferry service between Port aux Basques [i] ... 

, killing 137.

   More Events >>



Encyclopedia



U-boat is the anglicization of the German German language

German is a West Germanic language [i]. ... 

 word U-Boot, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot . The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both world wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 and the United States United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 to Europe Europe

Europe is one of the seven traditional continent [i]s of the Earth [i]. ... 

. Austria Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dual Monarchy or k.u.k. [i] ... 

n submarines of World War I World War I

World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All War... 

 were also known as "U-boats".

The distinction between
U-boat and submarine is common in English-language usage but unknown in German German language

German is a West Germanic language [i]. ... 

 where the term
U-Boot refers to any submarine.

World War I



At the start of World War I World War I

World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War and "The War to End All War... 

, Germany had twenty-nine U-boats, but in the first ten weeks, five British cruisers had been lost to them. On 5th September 1914, HMS
Pathfinder became the first warship to be sunk by a torpedo attack from the U-21. Later on in September, U 9 sank the obsolete British warships Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue .

For the first few months of the war, U-boat anti-commerce actions observed the current "prize rules" which governed the treatment of enemy civilian ships and their occupants. Surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective and on 4th February 1915, the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters arounf the British Isles. This was cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping blockades. Under the instructions given to U-boat captains, they could sink merchant ships, potentially neutral ones, without prior warning. A statement by the U.S. Government, holding Germany "strictly accountable" for any loss of American lives, made no material difference.

On May 7, 1915, U 20 sank the liner RMS Lusitania RMS Lusitania

The RMS [i] Lusitania was a British [i] ocean liner [i] owned by th ... 

. Though there was a great deal of outrage at the sinking of an "innocent" merchant ship at the time, there is evidence that the Lusitania had munitions aboard, making it a valid target under international law. Of the 1,198 lives lost, 128 were American civilians including noted theatrical producer Charles Frohman and Alfred Vanderbilt, member of the prestigious Vanderbilt family Vanderbilt family

The Vanderbilts are a prominent family in history of the United States [i]. ... 

. This event turned American public opinion against Germany and was a significant factor in getting the United States involved in the war on the Allied side.

The U.S. response, a threat to sever diplomatic relations Diplomacy


Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiation [i]s between representatives of groups or ... 

 persuaded the Germans to re-impose restrictions on U-boat activity. The U.S. reiterated its objections to German submarine warfare whenever their citizens died and the Germans fully re-applied prize rules. This, however, removed the effectiveness of the U-boat fleet and the Germans consequently sought a decisive surface action, an strategy which culminated in the Battle of Jutland Battle of Jutland

The Battle of Jutland , was the largest naval battle [i] of World War I [i], and the only full-scale cla... 

.

Although the Germans could claim victory at Jutland, they were aware that the British Grand Fleet British Grand Fleet

During World War I [i], the British Home Fleet [i] was renamed the Grand Fleet. ... 

 remained in control at sea. It was necesary to return to effective anti-commerce warfare, by U-boats. Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer Reinhard Scheer

Reinhard Scheer was a Vice-admiral in the German navy.... 

, Commander in Chief, High Seas Fleet High Seas Fleet

The High Seas Fleet was the main battle fleet of the Kaiserliche Marine [i] during World War I [i]. ... 

 pressed for all-out U-boat war, persuaded that a high rate of shipping losses would force Britain to seek an early peace, before the United States could react effectively.

The renewed German campaign was effective, sinking 1.4 million tons of shipping between October 1916 and January 1917. Despite this, the political situation demanded even greater pressure and Germany announced, on 31 January 1917, that its U-boats would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare from February 1. On 17 March 1917, German submarines sank three American merchant vessels and the U.S. declared war in April 1917.

In the end, the German strategy failed to destroy Allied shipping before U.S. manpower and materiel Materiel

Materiel is a term used in English to refer to the equipment [i] and supplies [i] in military [i] ... 

 could be brought bear in France. An armistice became effective on 11th November, 1918.

At the end of World War I, as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was a conference organized by the victors of World War I [i] to negot ... 

, the Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty [i] which officially ended World War I [i] between the Allied and Associated Powers [i] ... 

 restricted the total tonnage of the German fleet. The treaty also restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the construction of submarines. Before the start of World War II, Germany started rebuilding U-boats and training crews, hiding these activities as "research" or other covers, so that when World War II started, Germany already had a few U-Boats ready for warfare.

World War II

During World War II World War II

World War II, or the Second World War, was a worldwide [i] conflict [i] fought betwe ... 

, U-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic Second Battle of the Atlantic

The Second Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign [i] of World War II [i], ... 

, which lasted the duration of the war. Germany had the largest submarine fleet in World War II, due to the Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty [i] which officially ended World War I [i] between the Allied and Associated Powers [i] ... 

 which limited the surface navy of Germany to six battleships Battleship

Battleship was the name given to the most powerfully gun-armed [i] and most heavily armor [i] ... 

 , six cruisers Cruiser

A cruiser is a large warship [i] capable of engaging multiple targets simultaneously. ... 

 and 12 destroyers Destroyer

In naval [i] terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship [i] int ... 

. Although Winston Churchill Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG [i], OM [i], CH [i] ... 

, the United Kingdom United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country and sovereign state [i] tha ... 

's Prime Minister wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-Boat peril", evidence later accumulated showed that 98% of convoyed British ships in first 28 months of the war crossed the Atlantic safely, and at no time was the U-boat force close to a successful blockade of the United Kingdom.


In the early stages of the war the U-boats were extremely effective in destroying Allied shipping, ranging from the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada to the Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water [i] bordered and nearly landlock [i]ed by North America [i]. ... 

, and from the Arctic Arctic

The Arctic is the area around the Earth [i]'s North Pole [i], opposite the Antarctican [i] ar ... 

 to the West and Southern Africa Africa

Africa is one of the greatest sized continents of the Earth.... 

n coasts and even as far east as Penang Penang

Penang is the name of an island in the Straits of Malacca [i], and also of one of the states [i]... 

. Because speed and range were severely limited underwater while running on battery power, U-boats were required to spend most of their time surfaced running on diesel engine Diesel engine

The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine [i]; more specifically, it is a compression ... 

s, diving only when attacked or for rare daytime torpedo strikes. Contary to popular notion, the most common u-boat attack was conducted on the surface and at night.

The U-boat is essentially a sophisticated launch platform for their main weapon, the torpedo Torpedo

A modern torpedo, historically called a locomotive torpedo, is a self-propelled projectile [i] tha ... 

. World War II torpedoes suffered from many limitations: they could only be launched from periscope Periscope

A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position.... 

 depth or while surfaced; until later on in the war they were completely unguided, travelling in a straight line until they either collided with an object or ran out of energy. Torpedoes were fitted with one of two types of fuses, one which detonated the warhead upon impact with a solid object and another which detonated magnetically, upon sensing a large metal object nearby. Ideally, when using magnetic torpedoes, the commander would know the target ship's draft and set the torpedo's depth so that it passed just underneath, detonating via the magnetic fuse. The explosion would create a temporary gas bubble underneath the suddenly unsupported keel, which would split as a result. In this way, even large or heavily-armored ships could be sunk or disabled with a single well-placed hit. In practice, however, both the depth-keeping equipment and magnetic fuses were notoriously unreliable in the early part of the war. Torpedoes would all too often run at an improper depth, detonate prematurely or even bounce harmlessly off the target's hull. Many commanders lost all faith in their torpedoes and the problems took some time to be fully rectified.

In the later years, Germany developed an acoustic homing torpedo which was designed to run to an arming distance of 400 meters and then zero in on the loudest noise it heard. This sometimes turned out to be the U-boat itself, and at least two submarines were probably sunk by their own torpedoes. U-boats also adopted "pattern-running" torpedoes which ran to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder-like pattern. When fired at a convoy, this increased the probability of a hit in case the weapon missed its primary target.

Counter-measures

Advances in convoy tactics, the full entry of the U.S. United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 into the war with its enormous ship-building capacity, high frequency direction finding , radar Radar

RADAR is a system that uses radio [i] waves to detect, determine the direction and distance and/or speed ... 

, sonar Sonar

SONAR  — or sonar — is a technique that uses sound [i] propagation under wa ... 

 , depth charge Depth charge

The depth charge is the oldest anti-submarine [i] weapon [i]. ... 

s, the cracking of the German Enigma code Enigma machine

In the history of cryptography [i], the Enigma was a portable cipher [i] machine [i] used to encrypt [i] ... 

, the introduction of the Leigh Light Leigh light

The Leigh Light was a British [i] World War II [i] era anti-submarine device [i] ... 

, and the range of escort aircraft, all turned the tide against the U-boats. In the end, the U-boat fleet suffered extremely heavy casualties, losing 743 U-boats and about 30,000 submariners .

Technical developments

During World War II, the Kriegsmarine Kriegsmarine

The Kriegsmarine was the name of the German Navy [i] between 1935 [i] and 1945 [i], during the Nazi [i] ... 

 produced many different types of U-boats as technology evolved. Most notable are type VII as the "workhorse" of the fleet which was by far the most-produced type; type IX boats were larger and specifically designed for long-range patrols. With the type XXI "Elektroboot", German sub designers realized that the U-boat depended on its submerged ability both for survival and lethality. The XXI featured a revolutionary streamlined hull design and propulsion system which allowed it to cruise submerged for long periods and reach unprecedented submerged speeds.

Throughout the war an arms race evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine, especially in the arenas of detection and counter-detection. Sonar allowed allied warships to detect submerged u-boats beyond visual range but was not effective against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the war, a u-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface. Advancements in radar became particularly deadly for the u-boat crews, especially once aircraft-mounted units were developed. As a countermeasure, u-boats were fitted with radar detection antennas which were intended to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in. U-boat radar was also developed, but many captains chose not to utilize it for fear of broadcasting their position to enemy patrols.

The Germans took the idea of the "Schnorchel" from captured Dutch submarines. The Schnorchel was a retractable pipe which allowed U-boats to run on diesel power while submerged at periscope depth, thus reducing the possibility of detection. It was far from a perfect solution, however; there were problems with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it went underwater in rough weather; when this happened, the diesels would instantaneously suck volumes of air from the boat's compartments and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. The schnorchel also had the effect of making the boat essentially blind, noisy, and deaf. Finally, allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the profile of the schnorchel itself could be detected from a distance.

Enigma

The British had a major advantage in their ability to read the German naval Enigma codes. An understanding of the German methods had been brought to Britain via France from Polish code-breakers. Thereafter, code-books and equipment were captured by raids on German weather ships and by fortuitous captures of U-boats. The speedy decoding of messages was vital in directing convoys away from wolf-packs and allowing interception and destruction of U-boats. This was demonstrated when the Naval Enigma machines were altered in February 1942 and sinkings greatly increased.

The U-110, a Type IXB German Type IX submarine

The Type IX U-boat was designed by Germany [i] in 1935 [i] and 1936 [i] as a large ocean-going submarine [i] ... 

, had been captured in 1941 by the United Kingdom United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country and sovereign state [i] tha ... 

's Royal Navy Royal Navy

The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom [i] is the oldest of the British armed services [i] ... 

 and its Enigma machine and documents were removed. The U-505 Unterseeboot 505

* U-571 [i]
  • List of U-boats [i] ... 

    , a Type IXC German Type IX submarine

    The Type IX U-boat was designed by Germany [i] in 1935 [i] and 1936 [i] as a large ocean-going submarine [i] ... 

    , was captured by the United States Navy United States Navy

    The United States Navy is the branch of the United States armed forces [i] responsible for conducting naval [i] ... 

     in 1944. It is presently a museum ship Museum ship

    A museum ship, or sometimes memorial ship, is an old ship [i] that has been preserved and converte... 

     in Chicago, Illinois Chicago

    Chicago is the largest city [i] in the U.S. state [i] of Illinois [i], as well as the third-most populous [i] ... 

     at the Museum of Science and Industry Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)

    The Museum of Science and Industry is located in Chicago [i], Illinois [i] in Jackson Park [i] ... 

    . The capture of U-505 was noteworthy due to the capture of her codebooks, but there were fears that a security breach would alert the Germans to the capture of their codes.

Battle of the St. Lawrence

Two significant attacks took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four allied ore Ore

An ore is a volume of rock [i] containing components or minerals [i] in a mode of occurrence which ... 

 carriers at Bell Island Bell Island

Bell Island is an island located off Newfoundland [i]'s Avalon Peninsula [i] in Conception Bay [i].
... 

, Newfoundland Newfoundland

Newfoundland is a large island off the east coast of North America [i], and the most populous part o ... 

. The carriers Cargo ship

A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship [i] or vessel that carries cargo [i], goods and mate... 

 SS Saganaga and the SS Lord Strathcona were sunk by U 513 on September 5 1942, while the SS Rosecastle and PLM 27 were sunk by U-518 on November 2 with the loss of 69 lives. When the submarine fired a torpedo at the loading pier, Bell Island Bell Island

Bell Island is an island located off Newfoundland [i]'s Avalon Peninsula [i] in Conception Bay [i].
... 

 became the only location in North America North America

North America is a continent [i] in the Earth [i]'s northern hemisphere [i] and almost fully in the western hemisphere [i]... 

 to be subject to direct attack by German forces in World War II.

Major U-boat classes

  • Type I German Type I submarine

    The Type I U-boat was the first post-World War I [i] attempt by the German [i] Kriegsmarine [i] ... 

  • Type II German Type II submarine

    The Type II U-boat was designed by Germany [i] as a coastal

... 


  • Type V
  • Type VII German Type VII submarine

    Type VII U-boats were the workhorse [i]s of the German [i] World War II [i] U-boot-waffe [i] ... 

  • Type IX German Type IX submarine

    The Type IX U-boat was designed by Germany [i] in 1935 [i] and 1936 [i] as a large ocean-going submarine [i] ... 

  • Type X
  • Type XI
  • Type XIV
  • Type XVII
  • Type XVIII
  • Type XXI German Type XXI submarine

    Type XXI U-boats, also known as "Elektroboote", were the first submarine [i]s designed to operate entire ... 

  • Type XXIII
  • Midget submarines, including Biber Biber

    During the Second World War [i], the Biber was a German midget submarine [i], with two externally mounte ... 

    , Hai, Molch, Seehund Seehund

    The Seehund was a successful series of German [i] midget submarine [i]s created during World War II [i] ... 

    .

Post-WWII

In the 1960s Germany re-entered the submarine business. Because Germany was initially restricted to a 450 tonne displacement limit, the Bundesmarine German Navy

The German Navy is the navy [i] of Germany [i] and part of the Bundeswehr [i].
... 

 focused on small coastal submarines to protect against the Soviet threat in the Baltic sea. The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement with one of the first being amagnetic steel Steel

Steel is a metal [i] alloy [i] whose major component is iron [i], with carbon [i] content between 0.02% ... 

 to protect against naval mines Naval mine

A naval mine is a self-contained explosive [i] device placed in water to destroy ship [i]s or submarine [i] ... 

 and MAD.

While the initial Type 201 was a failure due to hull cracking the subsequent Type 205 Type 205 submarine

The Type 205 was a class of diesel-electric [i] German [i] hunter-killer [i] submarine [i]s. ... 

, first commissioned in 1967, was a success with 12 being built for the German navy. To continue the U-Boat tradition and "brand name" the new boats received the classic U designation starting with the U 1.

With the Danish government's purchase of two Type 205 boats the Germany government realized the potential for the submarine as an export commodity. Three of the improved Type 206 boats were sold to the Israeli Navy Israeli Sea Corps

The Israeli Sea Corps is the naval arm [i] of the Israel Defense Forces [i],... 

 becoming the Gal class. The German Type 209 Type 209 submarine

The German Type 209 diesel-electric submarine was the most popular export-sales submarine [i] in the wor ... 

 diesel-electric submarine was the most popular export-sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. With a larger 1000-1500 tonne displacement the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 Navies with 51 examples being built as of 2006.

Germany has brought the U-Boat name into the 21st century with the new Type 212 Type 212 submarine

The German Type 212 is an advanced design of non-nuclear U-boat [i] developed by Howaldtswerke [i]-Deuts ... 

. The 212 features an air-independent propulsion system utilizing hydrogen fuel cells. This system is safer than previous closed cycle diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor and quieter than both. The Type 212 is considered to be the quietest submarine in the world. While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy, the Type 214 has been designed as the follow-on export model and has been sold to Greece and South Korea.

In July 2006 Germany will commission its newest U-boat, the U 34, a Type 212.

Popular culture

  • Das Boot Das Boot

    Das Boot is a feature film directed by Wolfgang Petersen [i], adapted from a novel of the same name ... 

    is a critically acclaimed German movie adapted from a mini-series about life aboard a U-Boat. The mini-series itself was adapted from a novel of the same name by war correspondent Lothar-Günther Buchheim.
  • The Enemy Below The Enemy Below

    The Enemy Below is a 1957 film [i] which tells the story of battle between the captain of an American [i]... 

     and the more recent U-571, are movies revolving around WWII submarine warfare.
  • Silent Hunter III Silent Hunter III

    Silent Hunter III is a submarine [i] simulation [i] developed [i] and published [i] ... 

    , a computer submarine simulation game, centers on the German U-boat of WWII.
  • , a First-person shooter First-person shooter

    First-person shooter is a genre [i] of computer and video games [i] whic ... 

     computer game, featured a level in which the player fought their way through a German U-boat.
  • In episode 4 of the anime Anime

    is an abbreviation of the English [i] word "animation" but in Japanese is spelled ??????? wr ... 

     Black Lagoon Black Lagoon

    For the horror movie, please visit Creature from the Black Lagoon [i].

... 

, the characters attempt to retrieve a lost painting from a sunken Type IXC German Type IX submarine

The Type IX U-boat was designed by Germany [i] in 1935 [i] and 1936 [i] as a large ocean-going submarine [i] ... 

 U-Boat.

See also

  • Submarine warfare
  • List of U-boats
  • List of the most successful U-boats
  • Foreign U-Boats
  • Karl Dönitz Karl Dönitz

    Karl Dnitz ; September 16, 1891 – December 24, 1980) was a German naval leader, famous for his com... 

  • Operation Deadlight
  • S. S. Athenia
  • Laconia incident
  • Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA
  • Hunt for the Red October

Notes


References

  • John Abbatiello. Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I: British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats
  • Buchheim, Lothar-Günther, Das Boot . Movie adaptation Das Boot

    Das Boot is a feature film directed by Wolfgang Petersen [i], adapted from a novel of the same name ... 

     in 1981, directed by Wolfgang Petersen Wolfgang Petersen

    Wolfgang Petersen is a German [i] film director [i].

... 


  • Gannon, Michael Black May. Dell Publishing. ISBN 0-440-23564-2
  • Gray, Edwyn A. The U-Boat War, 1914-1918
  • Kurson, Robert . Shadow Divers: The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II. Random House Publishing. ISBN 0375508589
  • Stern, Robert C. . Battle Beneath the Waves: U-boats at war. Arms and Armor/Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-200-6.
  • van der Vat, Dan. The Atlantic Campaign Harper & Row, 1988. Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between WW1 and WW2, and suggests a continuous war.

External links

  • Project Gutenberg edition Project Gutenberg

    Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works....