These are
lists of incumbentThe incumbent, in politics, is the holder of a political office. This term is usually used in reference to elections, in which races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbent. For example, in the 2004 United States presidential election, George W...
s (individuals holding offices or positions), including
heads of stateHead of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state...
s or of
subnational entities| align="right" style="background:transparent;"| |align="right"| |}Administrative divisions are divisions of a political division. In other words, they are designated portions of a country. They are also called subnational entities. They are each granted a certain degree of autonomy, and...
.
A historical discipline,
archontologyArchontology is the study of historical offices and important positions in state, international, political, religious and other organizations and societies. It includes chronology, succession of office holders, their biographies and related records....
, focuses on the study of past and current incumbents.
Current incumbents may also be found in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the list of national leaders, recent changes in
2007 in politics-January:* January 1 - Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.* January 1 - South Korea's Ban Ki-moon becomes the new UN Secretary-General, replacing Kofi Annan....
, and past leaders on
State leaders by yearThis is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in any given year.-Twenty-first century:-Twentieth century:This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in any given year.-Twenty-first century:...
and
Colonial governors by yearThis is a list of the governors of colonies, protectorates, or other dependencies in each year. Where applicable, native rulers are also listed.-Twenty-first century:-Twentieth century:...
.
Various articles group lists by title, function or topic: e.g.
abdicationAbdication is the act of renouncing and resigning from a formal office, especially from the supreme office of state. In Roman law the term was also applied to the disowning of a family member, as the disinheriting of a son...
,
assassinated persons,
cabinet (government)A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council, or Executive Committee.- Overview :...
,
chancellorChancellor is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the...
, ex-monarchs (20th century),
head of governmentHead of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled Prime Minister, President of the Government, Premier, etc...
,
head of stateHead of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state...
,
lieutenant governorA lieutenant governor or lieutenant-governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction, but often the deputy or lieutenant to or ranking under a governor - a "second-in-command." In many Commonwealth of Nations states, lieutenant governors are usually deputy heads...
,
mayor"Mayor" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government....
,
military commanders,
ministerA minister is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. Senior ministers are members of the cabinet.-Origin:...
(and ministers by portfolio below),
order of precedenceAn order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of items. Most often it is used in the context of people by many organizations and governments...
,
peerageThe Peerage is a system of titles in the United Kingdom, which represents the upper ranks of British nobility and is part of the British honours system. The term is used both collectively to refer to the entire body of titles, and individually to refer to a specific title...
,
presidentPresident is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
,
prime ministerA prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician. In many systems, the prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and...
,
Reichstag participants (1792),
Secretary of StateSecretary of State is a commonly used title for a member of government. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple Secretaries of State in the government.In many countries, a Secretary of State is a mid-level post...
.
Heads of international organizations
- President of the European Commission
The President of the European Commission is the most powerful office in the European Union, as the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. The President is responsible for allocating portfolios to members of the Commission and can reshuffle or fire them if needed...
- United Nations Secretary-General
The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acronym UNSYG, is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United Nations....
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country...
- International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments...
Managing Directors
- Director-General of the World Trade Organization
The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is responsible for supervising the administrative functions of the World Trade Organization...
- NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ); ), also called "the Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949...
Secretaries General
- FIFA presidents
- International Olympic Committee Presidents
The International Olympic Committee is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on 23 June 1894. Its membership consists of the 205 National Olympic Committees....
Eastern Africa
- Burundi
Burundi , officially the Republic of Burundi, is a country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Its size is just under 28,000 km² with an estimated population of...
: Rulers of Burundi- Heads of state :*Kings of Burundi*Rulers and heads of state of Burundi*Vice-Presidents of Burundi- Colonial governors :*Provincial governors of Burundi*Colonial heads of Burundi*Colonial heads of Burundi *Colonial heads of Burundi...
- Comoros
The Comoros , officially the Union of the Comoros is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, located off the eastern coast of Africa, on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, between northern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique...
:
- Rulers of Comoros
- Heads of state :*Heads of state of the Comoros*Presidents of Comoros...
- Sultans on the Comoros
Several Sultanates on the Comoros, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean with an ethnically complex mix, were founded after the introduction of Islam into the area in the 15th century. Other uses depending on the island could also be styled fani, mfaume and ntibe. Unlike sultans in many other Arab...
- Djibouti
Djibouti , officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. On the other side of the Red Sea, on...
: Rulers of Djibouti
- Eritrea
Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen...
: Rulers of Eritrea- Colonial governors :*Provincial, colonial and federal heads of Eritrea...
- Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast. Its size is 1,100,000 km² with an...
: Rulers of Ethiopia- Heads of state :*Emperors of Ethiopia*Presidents of Ethiopia- Heads of subdivisions :*Rulers of Bosha*Rulers of the Gibe State of Limu-'Enarya*Rulers of the Gibe State of Gera*Rulers of the Gibe State of Goma*Rulers of the Gibe State of Guma...
- Kenya
The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean, at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Ethiopia , Somalia , Tanzania , Uganda plus Lake Victoria , and Sudan . The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya spans an area about 85% the size of France or Texas...
: Rulers of Kenya- Colonial governors :*Governors-General of Kenya*Colonial Heads of Kenya*Colonial Heads of Mombasa- Heads of former states :*Rulers of the Masai*Rulers of the Nandi*Rulers of Pate*Rulers of Wanga*Rulers of Wituland...
- Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are endemic to...
: Rulers of Madagascar
- Malawi
The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast and Mozambique, which surrounds it on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by...
(former Nyasaland, former British Central Africa Protectorate)
- Heads of State of Malawi
-List of Heads of State of Malawi:Affiliations:-
MCP = Malawi Congress Party - nationalist, authoritarian, sole legal party 1966-1993
UDF = United Democratic Front - liberal...
- Heads of Government of Malawi
List of Heads of Government of MalawiAffiliations:-
MCP = Malawi Congress Party nationalist, authoritarian, sole legal party 1966-1993
UDF = United Democratic Front liberal...
- Colonial Heads of Malawi (Nyasaland)
List of Colonial Heads of Malawi For continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Malawi...
- Mauritius
Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation off the coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands...
- Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498...
- Heads of State of Mozambique
-List:List of Heads of State of MozambiqueThe official residence is the Palácio da Ponta Vermelha.-Affiliations:FRELIMO = Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
RENAMO = Resistencia Nacional Moçambicana -See...
- Heads of Government of Mozambique
List of Heads of Government of MozambiqueAffiliations:-
FRELIMO = Frente da Libertação de Moçambique
...
- Heads of National Resistance Government of Mozambique
The National Resistance Government of Mozambique was in place from the start of the civil war against the central government of Mozambique in 1975 until an accord was reached with the government on 9 October 1992.-Affiliations:...
- Colonial Heads of Mozambique
List of Colonial Heads of MozambiqueFor continuation after independence, see: Presidents of Mozambique...
- Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda is a small landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. Home to approaching 10 million people, Rwanda supports the densest population in continental Africa, most of whom...
- Seychelles
Seychelles , officially the Republic of Seychelles , is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar...
- Somalia
Somalia , officially the Republic of Somalia and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a country located in the Horn of Africa...
- Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.The United...
- Uganda
The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania...
- Governors-General of Uganda
- Presidents of Uganda
- Prime Ministers of Uganda
-History:The position of Prime Minister was first used in Uganda after independence was declared in 1962. A republic was formed in 1963 with Mutesa II as president by prime minister Milton Obote. In 1966, Obote suspended the constitution and declared himself president...
- Kings of Nkole
The Mugabe or Omugabe of Ankole is the title given to the monarch of the kingdom of Ankole in Uganda, what used to be the kingdom of Nkore in pre-colonial times, and leader of the Banyankole...
- Kings of Buganda
Buganda is the kingdom of the Baganda people, the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda. The 5.5 million Baganda make up the largest Ugandan ethnic group, representing approximately 16.9% of Uganda's population...
- Zambia
The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is...
- Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers...
Middle Africa
- Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the...
- Heads of state of Angola
- List of heads of state of Angola :
- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#angola* African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland...
(see also: Presidents of AngolaThe President is both head of state and head of government in Angola. While the President does appoint a Prime Minister, executive authority usually belongs to the President.The position of President dates from Angola's independence from Portugal...
with information specific to that post)
- Heads of government of Angola
-List of heads of government of Angola:-Affiliations:-:
-See also:*Angola**Heads of state of Angola**Prime Minister of Angola**President of Angola**Colonial Heads of Angola...
(see also: Prime Minister of AngolaThe Prime Minister is a high government official in Angola, but is not the head of government.Along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The position was originally created when Angola achieved independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975,...
with information specific to that post)
- List of current Angolan ministers
- Colonial heads of Angola
- List of Colonial Heads of Angola :For continuation after independence, see: Heads of state of Angola- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#angola...
- Heads of state of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
- List of Heads of State of Democratic People's Republic of Angola :
- Affiliations:- :
- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#angola...
- Heads of government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
- List of Heads of Government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola :
- Affiliations:- :
- See also :*Angola**Heads of state of Angola**Heads of government of Angola**Colonial heads of Angola...
- Heads of state of Cabinda
This is a list of Heads of State of Cabinda.A short-lived secessionist regime in the Cabinda enclave of Angola....
- Heads of government of Cabinda
List of Heads of Government of Cabinda - Affiliations :
- See also :*Angola**Heads of state of Cabinda**Heads of state of Angola**Heads of government of Angola...
- Colonial and provincial heads of Cabinda
- List of Colonial and Provincial Heads of Cabinda :Coastal enclave, part of present-day Angola- See also :*Cabinda**Heads of state of Cabinda**Heads of government of Cabinda*Angola**Heads of state of Angola**Heads of government of Angola...
- Cameroon
The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of...
- Heads of state of Cameroon
This is a List of Heads of State of Cameroon.- Affiliations :
- See also :*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Heads of government of Cameroon...
- Heads of government of Cameroon
This is a list of Heads of Government of Cameroon- Cameroun Republic :- East Cameroon :- West Cameroon :- Affiliations :
- Sources :...
- Colonial heads of British Cameroon (Cameroons)
- Heads of government of British Cameroon (Cameroons)
- Colonial heads of French Cameroon (Cameroun)
The following is a list of French Cameroon chief administrators during the colonial period....
- Heads of government of French Cameroon (Cameroun)
This is a list of Heads of Government of French Cameroon .- Affiliations :
- See also :*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Colonial heads of French Cameroon **Colonial heads of British Cameroon...
- Colonial heads of German Cameroon (Kamerun)
- List of Colonial Heads of German Cameroon :- See also :*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Colonial heads of French Cameroon **Heads of government of French Cameroon **Colonial heads of British Cameroon...
- Colonial heads of Ambas Bay (Victoria Colony)
- List of Colonial Heads of Ambas Bay :- See also :*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Colonial heads of French Cameroon **Colonial heads of British Cameroon **Heads of government of British Cameroon...
- Rulers of Bamoun (Mum)
List of the rulers of the Bamum people, an ethnic group located in Cameroon.Mfon = Ruler-References:DeLancey, Mark W., and Mokeba, H...
- Rulers of Mandara
- Central African Republic
The Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa...
- Heads of state of the Central African Republic (and Central African Empire)
- Heads of government of the Central African Republic (and Central African Empire)
- Colonial heads of Central Africa (Oubangui-Chari)
- List of the Colonial Heads of Upper Oubangui and the region becoming the Central African Republic :...
- Chad
Chad , officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west...
- Heads of state of Chad
- List of Heads of State of Chad :- Affiliations :
...
- Heads of government of Chad
-History:The position of Prime Minister was first used in Chad during the military rule of Félix Malloum, who gained power in 1975. The Prime Minister at the time was influential and even had control of elements of the military. Prime Minister Hissène Habré used that military control to challenge...
- Colonial heads of Chad
- List of the Colonial Heads of Chad :For continuation after independence, see: President of Chad-See also:*Chad**Heads of state of Chad**Heads of government of Chad...
- Rulers of Baguirmi
- Rulers of the kingdom of Baguirmi :Territory located in present-day Chad-See also:*Chad**Heads of State of Chad**Heads of Government of Chad**Colonial Heads of Chad*Lists of Incumbents...
- Rulers of Wada’i
The Rulers of the Ouaddai Kingdom ruled a territory today located in the north of the Republic of Chad.-See also:*Chad**Heads of State of Chad**Heads of Government of Chad**Colonial Heads of Chad*Lists of Incumbents...
- Kanem-Bornu emperors, see Kanem-Bornu Empire
Kanem-Bornu Empire might refer to:* Kanem Empire, the Ancient African state founded in the 8th century in what is modern day Chad* Bornu Empire, the Medieval African state which continued the dynasty of the Kanem state from what is modern day Nigeria and Niger....
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire/'Congo-Kinshasa')
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country located in Central Africa, with a small length of Atlantic coastline. It is the third largest country in Africa...
- Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
This is the list of the Heads of State of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since independence. The current head of state is President Joseph Kabila.-Heads of State:-See also:*Congo, Democratic Republic of the...
- Heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Heads of state of the Congo Free State
- List of Heads of State of the Congo Free State :For continuation, see: Colonial heads of Congo- See also :*Congo, Democratic Republic of the**Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo**Heads of Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
- Colonial heads of Congo
-List of Colonial Heads of Congo:For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org/rulc3.html#congo_kinshasa*African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland...
- Rulers of Katanga
- Rulers of Kuba
- List of Rulers of Kuba :Territory located in present-day Nyim/ Nyimi = King / Kings- See also :*Congo**Congo, Democratic Republic of the***Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
- Rulers of Luba
- List of Rulers of Luba:Territory located in present-day muLopwe = Kings/emperors- See also :*Congo**Congo, Democratic Republic of the***Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
- Rulers of Ruund (Luunda)
- List of Rulers of Ruund :Territory located in present-day CongoMwaant Yaav/Mwaanta Yaava = Rulers- See also :*Congo**Congo, Democratic Republic of the***Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
- Rulers of Kasongo Luunda (Yaka)
- List of Rulers of Kasongo Luunda :Territory located in present-day CongoKyambvu = Rulers- See also :*Congo**Congo, Democratic Republic of the***Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
- Rulers of Kongo
- Kongo
The Kingdom of Kongo was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what are now northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo, and the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
- Rulers of Kongo
- Congo, Republic of the (Congo-Brazzaville)
The Republic of the Congo , also known as Congo-Brazzaville or the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda, and the Gulf of Guinea.The region was dominated...
- Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa. With an area of 28,000 km
2 it is one of the smallest countries in continental Africa. It has a population estimated at half a million...
- Gabon
Gabon is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with the Gulf of Guinea to the west, Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, and Cameroon to the north, with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. Its size is almost 270,000 km² with an estimated population...
- Heads of State of Gabon
-List of Heads of State of Gabon:
-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon* Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd...
- Heads of Government of Gabon
- List of Heads of Government of Gabon :
- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gabon...
- Colonial Heads of Gabon
- List of Colonial Heads of Gabon :See below for continuation 1886 to 17 August 1960For continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Gabon...
- Rulers of Orungu
The combination of heredity succession to the election. The king is elected by heads of clans, among the son or brothers of King deceased mother's side...
- São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Africa. It consists of two islands: São Tomé and Príncipe, located about apart and about , respectively, off the...
- Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe
-Latest election:- List of Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe :- Affiliations :
- See also:- :*São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of Government of São Tomé and Príncipe**Presidents of the Regional Government of Príncipe...
- Heads of Government of São Tomé and Príncipe
- List of Prime Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe :- Political affiliation :- See also :*São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe**Presidents of the Regional Government of Príncipe**Foreign Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe...
- Presidents of the Regional Government of Príncipe
-See also:*São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe**Heads of Government of São Tomé and Príncipe**Foreign Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe**Colonial Heads of São Tomé and Príncipe*Lists of Incumbents...
- Colonial Heads of São Tomé and Príncipe
The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were discovered and claimed by Portugal in the 1470’s. Government structures were set up in 1485. Each island was governed as a separate entity until 1753, when they were united as a single colony. In 1951, the islands became an overseas province of Portugal...
Northern Africa
- Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country on the Mediterranean sea, the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area.It is bordered by Tunisia in...
- Heads of state of Algeria
- Heads of government of Algeria
-Affiliations:-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rula1.html#algeria* Guinness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd...
(see also: Prime Ministers of AlgeriaThe Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria.The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members of the government that the new Prime Minister recommends. The People's National Assembly must approve the legislative program of the new...
with information specific to that post)
- Colonial heads of Algeria
- List of colonial heads of Algeria:Beylerbey: Bey of beys
Kalifah: Governor acting in the absence of the Beylerbey
Aga : Military CommanderFor continuation after independence, see: Presidents of Algeria- Sources :...
- Colonial heads of Oran
-List of colonial heads of Oran:Territory located in present-day Algeria, west of Algiers:Wali: Governor- See also :*Algeria**Heads of state of Algeria**Presidents of Algeria**Heads of government of Algeria**Colonial heads of Algeria...
- Rulers of Kel Ahaggar
- List of Rulers of Kel Ahaggar :Territory located in present-day Algeria:Amenokal = Ruler- See also :*Algeria**Heads of state of Algeria**Heads of government of Algeria...
- Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine)
- List of Rulers of Qusantina :Territory located in present-day Algeria:- See also :*Algeria**Heads of state of Algeria**Heads of government of Algeria**Colonial heads of Algeria*Lists of office-holders...
- Rulers of Tuggurt
- List of Rulers of Tuggurt :Territory located in present-day Southern Algeria- See also :*Algeria**Presidents of Algeria**Heads of Government of Algeria**Colonial Heads of Algeria*Tuareg*Lists of Incumbents...
- Mauretania
In Antiquity, Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of north Africa , corresponding to western Algeria, northern Morocco and Spanish Plazas de soberanía. The Mauri people were indicated with the Greek word mauros, black...
: Kings of Mauretania
- Numidia
Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia that later alternated between being a Roman province and being a Roman client state, and is no longer in existence today...
: Kings of Numidia
- Hammadid
The Hammadids, an offshoot of the Zirids, were a Berber dynasty who ruled an area roughly corresponding to modern Algeria for about a century and a half , until they were destroyed by the Almohads...
dynasty
- Rustamid
The Rustamid dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imām that ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from their capital Tahert in present Algeria until the Ismailite Fatimid Caliphs destroyed it. The dynasty had a Persian origin...
dynasty
- Ziyanid
Ziyanid was a North African Dynasty that ruled over Western Algeria from 1236-1555. They were Zenata Berber.Here is a list of Ziyanid rulers:*Yaghmurâsan Ibn Ziyân 1236-1283*Uthmân I 1283-1304*Muhammad I 1304-1308...
dynasty
- Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
- Rulers of Egypt
- Heads of government of Egypt
- Colonial heads of Egypt
- Pharaoh
Pharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. In antiquity this title began to be used for the ruler who was the religious and political leader of united ancient Egypt. This was true only during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of...
s
- Egyptian dynasties
- Bahri dynasty
The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks...
of Egypt
- Burji dynasty
The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have...
of Egypt
- Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubids were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin centered in Cairo and Damascus that ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they gradually gained...
- Fatimid Caliphs, see Fatimid
The Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fātimiyyūn was an Arab Shi'a dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, Sicily, Malta and the Levant from 5 January 909 to 1171. The caliphate was ruled by the Fatimids, who established the Egyptian city of Cairo as their capital. The term Fatimite is...
- Monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
- Libya
Libya , officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , is a country located in North Africa...
- Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 32 million and an area just under . Its capital is Rabat, and its largest city is Casablanca. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the...
- Kings of Morocco
- Heads of Government of Morocco
-Heads of government:-Affiliations:MDS = Democratic and Social Movement
MNP = National Popular Movement conservative
MP = Popular Movement
...
- Marinid dynasty
- Almohad dynasty
- Almoravid dynasty of Morocco
- Banu Isam
The Banu Isam were a Muslim Berber dynasty that ruled Ceuta, Spain, for four generations. The town had been destroyed in a Kharijite rebellion, and was lying waste; sometime in the middle of the ninth century, Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa tribe, resettled it and founded a dynasty that ruled the...
kings
- Kings of Berghouata
- Kings of Nekor, see Kingdom of Nekor
The Kingdom of Nekor was an emirate in the Rif area of modern day Morocco, with its capital initially at Temsaman but later at Nekor. It was founded by an immigrant of Yemen, Salih I ibn Mansur al-Himyarī in 710 AD, by Caliphal grant...
- Sudan
Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and in the Arab World, and tenth largest in the world by area...
(formerly Anglo-Egyptian -Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom.-Union with Egypt:...
)
- Presidents of Sudan
- Prime Ministers of Sudan
- List of heads of government of The Sudan :- Political affiliations :*NUP - National Unionist Party*SSU - Sudanese Socialist Union*UMMA - Umma Party*Mil - Military*n-p - Non-partisan...
- Presidents of Southern Sudan
- Vice-Presidents of Southern Sudan
- Kings of Makuria, see Makuria
The Kingdom of Makuria was a kingdom located in what is today Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt. It was one of a group of Nubian kingdoms that emerged during the decline of the Aksumite Empire, which had dominated the region from approximately 50 AD to AD 950...
- Kings of Sennar, see Kingdom of Sennar
The Funj sultanate of Sinnar, also Sennar, was a sultanate in the north of Sudan, named Funj after the ethnic group of its dynasty or Sinnar after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of northeast Africa between 1504 and 1821.-Origin:...
- Kush
The Kingdom of Kush or Cush was an ancient African state centered on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan. It was one of the earliest civilizations to develop in the Nile River Valley...
- Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. Tunisia is located southwest of the island of Sicily and south of Sardinia. Its size is almost 165,000 km² with an estimated population of just...
- Beys of Tunis
- Presidents of Tunisia
- Carthage
Carthage refers both to an ancient city in present-day Tunisia, and a modern-day suburb of Tunis. The civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic or Carthaginian...
: Kings of Carthage
- Aghlabid
The Aghlabids were a dynasty of emirs, members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, who ruled Ifriqiya, nominally on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph, for about a century, until overthrown by the new power of the Fatimids....
dynasty
- Hafsid dynasty
The Hafsids were a Berber dynasty ruling Ifriqiya from 1229 to 1574.-History:After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads under Abu Zakariya , Abu Zakariya organised the administration in Ifriqiya and built Tunis up as the economic and cultural...
- Zirid
The Zirid dynasty were a Berber dynasty, originating in Petite Kabylie among the Kutama tribe, that ruled Ifriqiya , initially on behalf of the Fatimids, for about two centuries, until weakened by the Banu Hilal and finally destroyed by the Almohads. Their capital was Kairouan...
dynasty of Tunisia
Southern Africa
- Botswana
The Republic of Botswana is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Citizens of Botswana are called "Batswana" , regardless of ethnicity. Formerly a British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966...
(former Bechuanaland)
- Heads of state of Botswana
This is a list of Heads of State of Botswana. The president is elected for a five year term by the parliament.- Affiliations :
Botswana Congress Party- Sources :...
- Heads of government of Botswana
- List of Heads of Government of Botswana :- Affiliations:- :
Botswana Congress Party- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana...
- Colonial heads of Botswana (Bechuanaland)
- List of Colonial Heads of Bechuanaland :For continuation after independence see: Heads of State of Botswana- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana...
- Rulers of baKgatla
- List of Rulers of baKgatla :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana ***Rulers of baKwêna...
- Rulers of baKwêna
- List of Rulers of baKwêna :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana...
- Rulers of Balete (baMalete)
- List of Rulers of Balete :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana...
- Rulers of baNgwaketse
The following is a list of rulers of baNgwaketse, a territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana...
- Rulers of Bangwato (bamaNgwato)
- List of Rulers of the Bangwato :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount ChiefNote...
- Rulers of baRôlông
- List of Rulers of baRôlông :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- Sources :*http://www.rulers.org/botstrad.htmlAt this point the Barolong found themselves separated by the Botswana - South Africa border...
- Rulers of baTawana
- List of Rulers of baTawana :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana...
- Rulers of baTlôkwa
- List of Rulers of baTlôkwa :Territory located in present-day Botswana.Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief- See also :*Botswana**Heads of state of Botswana**Heads of government of Botswana**Colonial heads of Botswana...
- Lesotho
Lesotho , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave — entirely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km² in size with an estimated population of almost 1,800,000. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is the southernmost...
- Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in Southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the east, and South Africa to the south and east...
- Presidents of Namibia
- Prime Ministers of Namibia
-Prime Ministers of Namibia :-See also:*Namibia**Politics of Namibia**List of colonial heads of Namibia **List of Presidents of Namibia**List of current government ministers of Namibia*Lists of Incumbents...
- Leaders of Damaraland
-See also:*Namibia*Damara*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
- Leaders of East Caprivi
- Political Affiliation :DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
(LoziEast Caprivi was a bantustan in South West Africa , intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Lozi people. It was set up in 1972 and self-government was granted in 1976...
)
- Leaders of Hereroland
-See also:*Namibia*Herero*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
- Leaders of Kavangoland
- Political Affiliation :DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Kavango*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
- Leaders of Namaland
- Political Affiliation :DTA - Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
- Leaders of Ovamboland
-See also:*Namibia*Ovambo*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
- Leaders of Rehoboth
-See also:*Namibia*Baster*Rehoboth, Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
(BasterlandRehoboth was a bantustan in South West Africa , intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Baster people...
)
- Leaders of Tswanaland
- Political Affiliation :DTA – Democratic Turnhalle Alliance-See also:*Namibia*Bantustans in South West Africa*Apartheid*Presidents of Namibia*Prime Ministers of Namibia...
- South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland, while Lesotho is an independent country surrounded by South Africa.Modern...
- List of Zulu kings
- Governors-General of South Africa
The Governor-General of the Union of South Africa was the representative of the British and later South African Crown in the Union of South Africa between 31 May 1910 and 31 May 1961...
- President of South Africa
The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under South Africa's Constitution. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President....
- Prime Ministers of South Africa
- Heads of State of Bophuthatswana
- List of the Heads of State of Bophuthatswana :- Political Affiliation :*BDP - Bophuthatswana Democratic Party*BNP - Bophuthatswana National Party*CDP - Christian Democratic Party...
- Heads of State of Ciskei
- List of the Heads of State of Ciskei :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Heads of State of Transkei
- List of the Heads of State of Transkei :-See also:*Bantustan*Heads of Government of Transkei*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa*Governor-General of the Union of South Africa...
- Heads of Government of Transkei
- List of the Heads of Government of Transkei :-See also:*Bantustan*Presidents of Transkei*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa*Governor-General of the Union of South Africa*Apartheid...
- Heads of State of Venda
- List of the Heads of State of Venda :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Chief Ministers of Gazankulu
- Leaders of Gazankulu :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Chief Ministers of KwaNdebele
- Leaders of KwaNdebele :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Chief Ministers of KaNgwane
- Leaders of KaNgwane :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Chief Ministers of KwaZulu
- Leaders of KwaZulu :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Chief Ministers of Lebowa
- Leaders of Lebowa :-See also:*Bantustan*President of South Africa*List of State Presidents of South Africa*List of Prime Ministers of South Africa...
- Chief Ministers of QwaQwa
The following is a List of the Chief Ministers of the South African Apartheid era Bantustan of QwaQwa, also known as the Basotho ba Borwa.-Leaders of QwaQwa:Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.-See also:*Bantustan...
- Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland , sometimes called Ngwane, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south, and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.Swaziland is a small country, no...
Western Africa
- Benin
Benin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin....
(former Dahomey)
- Heads of state of Benin
-List of Heads of State of Benin:-Affiliations:-:
- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#benin* http://news.bbc.co.uk/...
- Heads of government of Benin
List of Heads of Government of Benin-Affiliations:
-Sources:* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#benin* http://news.bbc.co.uk/...
- Colonial heads of Benin (Dahomey and Porto-Novo)
- List of Colonial Heads of Dahomey and Porto-Novo :For continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Benin- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#benin...
- Colonial heads of São João Baptista de Ajudá
- List of Colonial Heads of Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá :Territory located in present-day coastal Benin-Sources:*http://www.vdiest.nl/Africa/benin.htm*http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Sao_Joao_Baptista.html- See also :*Benin...
- Rulers of Hogbonu (Ajashe/Porto-Novo)
-List of Rulers of Hogbonu :Territory located in present-day Benin.Later known as Ajache Ipo or Ajashe .Ahosu = King.- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/benitrad.html...
- Bariba (Borgu) states
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi
- List of Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi :Territory located in present-day Benin.Saka = Ruler.- See also :*Benin*Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande*Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki*Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku...
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande
- List of Rulers of the Bariba state of Kouande :Territory located in present-day Benin.The king of Kouande is called "Bagana" meaning Bull.Banga = Ruler.- See also :*Benin*Bariba*Bariba states...
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki
- List of Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki :Territory located in present-day Benin.Sarkin Nikki = Ruler.- See also :*Benin*Bariba*Bariba states**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande...
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku
The following is a list of Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku:- See also :*Benin*Bariba*Bariba states**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi**Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande**Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki...
- Berba states
- Ewe states
- Fon states
- Gurmanche states
- Mahi states
- Yoruba states
Yoruba people are one of the largest ethno-linguistic or ethnic groups in west Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language...
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa
Territory located in present-day Benin.Oba = Ruler.-See also:*Benin**Yoruba states***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe***Rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo...
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha
- List of Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha :Territory located in present-day Benin.- See also :*Benin**Yoruba states***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu***List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo...
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu
- List of Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu :Territory located in present-day Republic of Benin.In the Yoruba language, the word 'oba' means king or ruler. It is also common for the rulers of the various Yoruba domains to have their own special titles...
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe
Sabe is a territory located in present-day Benin.In the Yoruba language, the word Oba means king or ruler. It is also common for the oba's of the various Yoruba domains to have their own special titles. In Sabe the Oba is referred to as the Onisabe of SabeRecords for Sabe are fragmentary and...
- Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso , also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a landlocked nation in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the south east, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the south west.Its size is 274,000 km² with an...
(former Upper Volta)
- Heads of state of Burkina Faso
Maurice Yaméogo took office as president of the autonomous Republic of Upper Volta on December 11, 1959. The current style, Président du Faso, was assumed by Blaise Compaoré in 1991.- List of heads of state of Burkina Faso :...
- Heads of government of Burkina Faso
The office of Prime Minister of Burkina Faso was initially created in 1958, when Burkina Faso was a French colony named Upper Volta. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with consent of the legislature...
(see also: Prime Minister of Burkina Faso with information specific to that post)
- Colonial heads of Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)
This is a list of the colonial governors of French Upper Volta and high commissioners of the self-governing Republic of Upper Volta before attaining independence in 1960.-Lieutenant Governors :...
- Mossi States:-
- Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi
- List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako***Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo...
- Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko
- List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako***Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo...
- Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako
- List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Almami = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo
This is a list of Rulers of the Mossi State of Tenkodogo. Comprising part of Burkina Faso, Tenkodogo is the senior Mossi State.Naaba = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi...
- Rulers of the Mossi state of Wogodogo
Comprising part of Burkina Faso, Wogodogo is the imperial premier Mossi State.Moogo-naaba = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga
- List of Rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Bilanbedo = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bongandini
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi State of Bongandini :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con
Below is a list of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con, a territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.-List of rulers:-See also:*Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga*Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Kuala
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Kuala :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko***Rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Boopo = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Nungu
List of Rulers of the Nungu Kingdom sometimes referred to as the Gurma Kingdom or Empire. The state was created by the Gurmanche people who are closely related to the Mossi peopleThis territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Nunbado = Ruler...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Pama
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Pama :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Jafuali = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela
- List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela :Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.Pielabedo = Ruler- See also :*Burkina Faso**Mossi states***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi***Rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko...
- Cameroon
The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of...
- Heads of state of Cameroon
This is a List of Heads of State of Cameroon.- Affiliations :
- See also :*Cameroon**Politics of Cameroon**Heads of government of Cameroon...
- Prime Minister and Head of Government of Cameroon
- Political leaders of Cameroon
- Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde is an island country, spanning an archipelago located in the Macaronesia ecoregion of the North Atlantic Ocean, off the western coast of Africa, opposite Mauritania and Senegal....
- Heads of state of Cape Verde
- List of Heads of State of Cape Verde :- Affiliations :- See also :*Cape Verde**Heads of government of Cape Verde**Colonial heads of Cape Verde**List of political parties in Cape Verde*lists of office-holders-External links:*...
- Heads of government of Cape Verde
The Prime Minister of Cape Verde is the head of government in the archipelago country of Cape Verde. The National Assembly nominates the Prime Minister for the President's formal appointment. In turn, the Prime Minister makes recommendations for the Council of Ministers...
(see also: Prime Minister of Cape VerdeThe Prime Minister of Cape Verde is the head of government in the archipelago country of Cape Verde. The National Assembly nominates the Prime Minister for the President's formal appointment. In turn, the Prime Minister makes recommendations for the Council of Ministers...
with information specific to that post)
- Colonial heads of Cape Verde
List of Colonial Heads of the Cape Verde Islands- Santiago :
- Ribeira Grande :
- Boa Vista :...
- Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
' , formerly named, and often referred to as the Ivory Coast, officially the ', is a country in West Africa. The government officially discourages the use of the name Ivory Coast in English, preferring the French name to be used in all languages.With an area of 322,462 km
2 Côte...
- Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire
-List:Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.- Affiliations:- :
- See also :*Côte d'Ivoire**Heads of government of Côte d'Ivoire**Colonial heads of the Côte d'Ivoire **Politics of Côte d'Ivoire...
- Heads of government of Côte d'Ivoire
The office of Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire was created in 1957. From 1957 to 1958, the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire was subordinate to the French Governor of Côte d'Ivoire. From 1958 to 7 August 1960, the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire was subordinate to the French High Commissioner of Côte...
- Colonial heads of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
- List of Colonial Heads of Côte d'Ivoire :For continuation after independence, see: Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire- See also :*Côte d'Ivoire**Heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire...
- The Gambia
The Gambia , commonly known as Gambia, is a country in Western Africa. The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, bordered to the north, east, and south by Senegal, and has a small coast on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.Its borders roughly correspond to the path of the Gambia River,...
- Heads of State of The Gambia
- Chronological list of heads of state of The Gambia :- Sources :* http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#gambia* http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/gambia.htm...
(see also Governors-General of The Gambia)
- Heads of Government of The Gambia
-List of Heads of Government of The Gambia:-See also:* The Gambia** Heads of State of The Gambia** Colonial Heads of The Gambia* Lists of office-holders-References:...
- Colonial Heads of The Gambia
This is a list of colonial administrators in The Gambia from the establishment of the Fort James by the United Kingdom in 1815 until The Gambia's independence in 1965.- Commandants of Fort James :* Alexander Grant, 1815–1821...
- Ghana
The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa which borders Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...
: Rulers of Ghana-Colonial governors:*Governors-General of Ghana*Colonial Heads of Ghana *Colonial Heads of Danish Gold Coast*Colonial Heads of Dutch Gold Coastmoney maker-Akan states:*Rulers of the Akan state of Adanse*Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem...
- Emperors of Ghana
The Ghana Empire or Wagadou Empire was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, and Western Mali.This is believed to be the first of many empires that would rise in that part of Africa. It first began in the eighth century, when a dramatic shift in the economy of the Sahel area south of the...
- Guinea
Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea , is a country in West Africa formerly known as French Guinea . The country's current population is estimated at 10,211,437 ....
- Heads of State of Guinea
-Heads of State of Guinea:For Colonial Heads prior to independence, see: Colonial Heads of Guinea-See also:*Guinea**Colonial Heads of Guinea**National Council for Democracy and Development...
- Heads of Government of Guinea
The role of Head of Government of Guinea is fulfilled by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President of Guinea.-Heads of Government of Guinea:...
- Colonial Heads of Guinea
- List of Colonial Heads of Guinea :For continuation after independence, see: Presidents of Guinea- See also :*Guinea**Heads of State of Guinea**Heads of Government of Guinea...
- Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in western Africa, and one of the smallest states in continental Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....
- Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau
-List of Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau:-Latest election:-See also:*Guinea-Bissau**Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau**Colonial Heads of Portuguese Guinea**Colonial Heads of Bissau...
- Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau
List of Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau- See also :*Guinea-Bissau**List of heads of state of Guinea-Bissau**List of colonial heads of Portuguese Guinea**List of colonial heads of Bissau**List of colonial heads of Cacheu*lists of incumbents...
- Colonial Heads of Portuguese Guinea
What follows is a list of colonial heads of Portuguese Guinea .For continuation after independence see: Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau- See also :*Guinea-Bissau...
- Colonial Heads of Bissau
-List of Colonial Heads of Bissau:The territory is located in Guinea-Bissau.Early incumbents, all styled Captain-major:*1696 - 1699 José Pinheiro da Câmara*1699 - 1707 Rodrigo Oliveira da Fonseca*1707 - 1753 abandoned*1753 - 17.. Nicolau Pino de Araújo...
- Colonial Heads of Cacheu
- List of Colonial Heads of Cacheu :The territory is located in Guinea-Bissau.- See also :*Guinea-Bissau**Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau**Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau**Colonial Heads of Portuguese Guinea**Colonial Heads of Bissau...
- Liberia
Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2008 Census, the nation is home to 3,476,608 people and covers ....
- Presidents of Liberia
- Agents and Governors of Liberia
The following is a list of Agents and Governors of Liberia, made up of the 14 agents and two governors of the American Colonization Society from 1822 until Liberia's independence in 1847...
- Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked nation in Western Africa. Mali is the seventh largest country in Africa, bordering Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west...
(former French Sudan)
- Heads of State of Mali
The chronological list of the Heads of State of Mali is shown below:-Affiliations:
- See also :*Heads of Government of Mali*Colonial Heads of Mali*Lists of incumbents...
- Heads of Government of Mali
List of Heads of Government of MaliAffiliations:-
ADM = "Adema" Alliance pour la Démocratie en Mali-Parti Pan-Africain pour la Liberté, la Solidarité et la Justice centrist
CCD = Coalition for Change and Democracy
PARENA = Party for...
- Colonial Heads of Mali
List of Colonial Heads of MaliFor continuation after independence, see: Heads of State of Mali...
- Emperors of Mali, see Mali Empire
|native_name = Manden Kurufa|conventional_long_name = Mali Empire|common_name = Mali Empire|continent = Africa|region = North-West Africa|country = [Mali]|status = Empire|government_type g = Constitutional monarchy||year_start = 1230s...
- Kings of Mali, see Mansa
Mansa is a Mandinka word meaning "king of kings". It is particularly associated with the Keita Dynasty of the Mali Empire, which dominated West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifthteenth century...
- Songhai emperors, see Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai. Its capital was the city of...
- Mauritania
Mauritania , officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, by Senegal on the southwest, by Mali on the east and southeast, by Algeria on the northeast, and by the Morocco-controlled Western Sahara on the northwest...
- Heads of State of Mauritania
-Heads of state:-Affiliations:
-See also:*Mauritania**Heads of government of Mauritania**Colonial heads of Mauritania*Lists of office-holders...
- Heads of Government of Mauritania
-Heads of government:-Affiliations:
-See also:*Mauritania**Heads of State of Mauritania**Colonial Heads of Mauritania*Lists of office-holders...
- Colonial Heads of Mauritania
- List of colonial heads of Mauritania :For continuation after independence, see: Heads of state of Mauritania- See also :*Mauritania**Heads of state of Mauritania...
- Niger
Niger , officially the Republic of Niger is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east...
- Heads of State of Niger
- List of Heads of State of Niger :- Affiliations :
- See also :*Niger*List of colonial heads of Niger*Heads of Government of Niger*Lists of Incumbents...
- Heads of Government of Niger
-List of Heads of Government of Niger:-Affiliations:- See also :*Niger*List of colonial heads of Niger*Heads of State of Niger*Lists of Incumbents...
- Nigeria
Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger...
- Senegal
Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Senegal is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south, and it also encircles The Gambia on its three sides,...
- Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea in the north, Liberia in the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.4 million...
- Governors-General of Sierra Leone
- Presidents of Sierra Leone
The following is a list of heads of government of Sierra Leone from 1954 until 1978, when a single party constitution was adopted, and President of Sierra Leone became head of government as well.-Heads of Government of Sierra Leone:-See also:...
- Heads of Government of Sierra Leone
The following is a list of heads of government of Sierra Leone from 1954 until 1978, when a single party constitution was adopted, and President of Sierra Leone became head of government as well.-Heads of Government of Sierra Leone:-See also:...
- Togo
Togo is a country in West Africa bordering Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located...
Caribbean
- Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda is an island nation located on the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major islands Antigua and Barbuda and a number of smaller islets...
- Bahamas
The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an English-speaking country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba, Hispaniola and the Caribbean Sea, northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United...
- Governors-General of the Bahamas
- Heads of Government of the Bahamas
-Heads of Government:-Affiliations:-:
-Sources:*http://www.rulers.org/*http://www.hk-bahamas.de/en/parties.php*http://www.politicalresources.net/bahamas.htm...
- Colonial Heads of the Bahamas
This is a list of colonial heads of the Bahamas. The first English settlement in the Bahamas was on Eleuthera. In 1670, the king granted the Bahamas to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, but the islands were left to themselves. The local pirates proclaimed a 'Privateers'...
- Barbados
Barbados , situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent West Indian Continental Island-nation in the western Atlantic Ocean. For over three centuries Barbados was a colony and protectorate of the United Kingdom; and still currently maintains Queen Elizabeth II as head of state...
- Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island country in the Caribbean. It consists of the island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. Cuba is home to over 11 million people and is...
- Dominica
Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth of Dominica has an...
- Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are occupied by two countries...
- Grenada
Grenada is an island country and sovereign state consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the...
- Governors-General of Grenada
- Prime Ministers of Grenada
- Colonial Heads of Grenada
This is a list of Rulers of Grenada from the establishment of French rule in 1649 until its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. For a list of British Government representatives in Grenada after independence, see Governor-General of Grenada....
- Colonial Heads of the Windward Islands
This is a list of viceroys in the British Windward Islands. The colony of the Windward Islands was created in 1833 and consisted of Grenada, Barbados , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tobago , St. Lucia , and Dominica . The Governor of Barbados was also the Governor of the Windward Islands,...
- Haiti
Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Creole- and French-speaking Caribbean country. Along with the Dominican Republic, it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago...
- Jamaica
Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to 11,100 km
2. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harboring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic...
- Governors-General of Jamaica
The Governor-General of Jamaica represents the Jamaican monarch, and head of state, who holds the title of King or Queen of Jamaica ....
- Prime Ministers of Jamaica
The Prime Minister of Jamaica is Jamaica's head of government, currently Bruce Golding. Bruce Golding was elected as the new leader of the governing Jamaica Labour Party and succeeded Portia Simpson-Miller to become Jamaica's eighth Prime Minister on 11 September 2007...
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis , located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island nation in the West Indies...
- Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia is an island nation in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. Its size is 620 km² with an...
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a nation in the Lesser Antilles chain, which lies at the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean. Its territory consists of the main island of Saint Vincent and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines, which are a chain of...
- Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the...
Central America
- Belize
Belize , is a country in Central America. Belize has a diverse society, composed of many cultures and speaking many languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language...
- Governors-General of Belize
- Prime Ministers of Belize
- Maya rulers of Caracol, see Caracol
Caracol or El Caracol is the name given to a large ancient Maya archaeological site, located in what is now the Cayo District of Belize. It is situated approximately 25 miles south of Xunantunich and San Ignacio Cayo, at an elevation of 1500 feet above sea-level, in the foothills of the Maya...
- Costa Rica
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the east and south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south and the Caribbean Sea to the east.Costa Rica, which translates literally as "Rich Coast", constitutionally...
- El Salvador
El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as does Nicaragua further south. It has a population of approximately 5.7 million people as of 2009 on...
- Presidents of El Salvador
This page contains a list of presidents of El Salvador. There has been a total of 55 presidents; many have served in office more than once.-Post-Central American Dissolution :#Juan Lindo : 22 February 1841 - 1 February 1842...
- Guatemala
Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its size is just under 110,000 km² with an estimated population...
- Presidents of Guatemala
The title of President of Guatemala has been the usual title of the leader of Guatemala since 1839, when that title was assumed by Mariano Rivera Paz...
- Maya rulers of Tikal, see Tikal
Tikal is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centres of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now modern-day northern Guatemala...
- Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras...
- Presidents of Honduras
This page lists the Presidents of Honduras.Colonial Honduras declared its independence from Spain on 15 September 1821. From 5 January 1822 to 1 July 1823, Honduras was part of the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide....
- Maya kings of Xukpi, see Copán
The Pre-Columbian city today known as Copán is a locale in western Honduras, in the Copán Department, near to the Guatemalan border. It is the site of a major Maya kingdom of the Classic era ....
- Nicaragua
Nicaragua officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km
2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of...
- Presidents of Nicaragua
The position of President of Nicaragua was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1838 the title of the position was known as Head of State and from 1838 to 1854 as Supreme Director .-Supreme Directors of Nicaragua :*José Núñez *Evaristo Rocha...
- Panama
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of both Central America and, in turn, North America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the...
North America
- Canada
Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
- Office-holders of Canada
This is a list of leaders and office-holders of Canada. See also Canadian incumbents by year.-Monarchs:* Monarchs of Canadian territories * Monarchs of Canada -Governors General:* Governors General of Canada...
- Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
- Presidents of Mexico
- Aztec
The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.Often the term...
emperors, see Hueyi Tlatoani
- Maya rulers of Calakmul, see Calakmul
Calakmul is the name given to site of one of the largest ancient Maya cities ever uncovered...
- Maya rulers of Palenque, see Palenque
Palenque was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the seventh century CE. After its decline it was absorbed into the jungle, but has been excavated and restored and is now a famous archaeological site attracting thousands of visitors...
- Maya rulers of Tonina, see Tonina
Tonina is a pre-Columbian archaeological site and ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas, some 13 km east of the town of Ocosingo....
- Toltec
The word Toltec refers to populations and polities that inhabited pre-Columbian central Mexico. The word has been used in different ways in Mesoamerican studies by different scholars to refer to the ancestors mentioned in the mythical/historical narratives of the Aztecs...
rulers
- Viceroys of New Spain
- United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
- Office-holders of the United States
This is a list of leaders and office-holders of United States of America. See also United States order of precedence.- Heads of state and government :*President of the United States*Vice President of the United States...
South America
- Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico,...
- Bolivia
Bolivia, officially Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west....
- Presidents of Bolivia
The President of Bolivia is the head of state of Bolivia. According to the current constitution, the president is elected by popular vote for a single non-renewable five year term...
- Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean...
- Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
- Presidents of Chile
- Kings of Easter Island
- The First King :The legendary first king of Easter Island is said to have been Hotu Matu‘a, who supposedly arrived around 500 to 600 A.D. Legend insists that this man was the chief of a tribe that lived on Marae Renga. The Marae Renga is said to have existed in a place known as the "Hiva region"...
- Royal Governors of Chile
The Royal Governor of Chile ruled over the Spanish colonial administrative district known as the Kingdom of Chile. This district was also called the Captaincy General of Chile, and as a result the Royal Governor also held the title of a Captain General...
- Colombia
Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean...
- Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador , literally, "Republic of the equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America that...
- Guyana
Guyana officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean.Guyana was discovered in 1498 by the Europeans,Guyana's past is punctuated by battles fought and won,...
- Uruguay
Uruguay , is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.46 million people, of whom 1.1 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88–94% of the population are of mostly European and/or mixed descent.Uruguay's only land border is...
- Paraguay
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay , is one of the two landlocked countries which lie entirely within the Western Hemisphere, the other being Bolivia, both in South America....
- Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico...
- Presidents of Peru
- Inca
The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca Empire arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in early 13th century...
n emperors, see Inca EmpireThe Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca Empire arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in early 13th century...
- Viceroys of Peru
- Suriname
Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America....
- Venezuela
Venezuela , officially titled Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It is a continental mainland with numerous islands located off its coastline in the Caribbean Sea...
Central Asia
- Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country situated in Eurasia that is ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also the world's largest landlocked country. Its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe...
- Göktürk
The Göktürks were a powerful nomadic confederation of medieval Inner Asia. Known in Chinese sources as 突厥 , the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin Khan The Göktürks (Old Turkic: Celestial Turks or "Blue Turks") were a powerful nomadic confederation of medieval Inner Asia. Known in Chinese...
kagans
- Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, it is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east....
- Khans of Kara-Khitai, see Kara-Khitan Khanate
The Kara-Khitan Khanate, or Western Liao was a Khitan empire in Central Asia. The dynasty was founded by Yelü Dashi, who led the remnants of the Chinese Liao Dynasty to Central Asia after fleeing from the Jurchen conquest of their homeland in North and Northeast China...
- Tajikistan
Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east...
Eastern Asia
- China
China is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
& dependencies
- Chinese sovereign
Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout history.-Emperor Title:...
s
- Table of Chinese monarchs
The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way inclusive. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King . With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang...
- People's Republic of China
The People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the most populous in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately one-fifth of the world's population...
- President of the People's Republic of China
The President of the People's Republic of China , literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic, or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席, literally State Chairman) is the head of state of the People's Republic of China. The office was created by the 1982 Constitution...
- Premier of the People's Republic of China
The Premier of the State Council , sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "Prime Minister", is the Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of China , who is the head of government...
- Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia that has evolved from a single-party state with full global recognition and jurisdiction over China into a democratic state with limited international recognition and jurisdiction only over Taiwan and minor islands, though it...
(Taiwan)
- President of the Republic of China
The President of the Republic of China is the head of state of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded in 1911 governing China...
- Premier of the Republic of China
The President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of The Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...
- Governors and Chairpersons of Taiwan, see Taiwan Province
Taiwan Province is one of the two administrative divisions referred to as provinces and governed by the Republic of China also commonly known as "Taiwan". The province covers approproximately 98% of the territory under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China...
- Hong Kong
Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a highly autonomous territory of the People's Republic of China, facing Guangdong to the north and the South China Sea to the east, west and south...
- Governor of Hong Kong
The Governor of Hong Kong was the head of Government, ex-officio Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Hong Kong during British rule between 1841 and 1997....
(under British rule, now replaced by Chief Executive)
- Chief Executive of Hong Kong
The Chief Executive of Hong Kong is the head of the government of Hong Kong and the principal representative of Hong Kong. The position was created to replace the Governor of Hong Kong, who was the head of the Hong Kong government during British rule....
- Macau
The Macau Special Administrative Region , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong...
- Governor of Macau
The Governor of Macau was a Portuguese colonial official who headed the colony of Macau, before 1623 called Captain-major . The post was replaced on December 20, 1999 upon the transfer of administration to the People's Republic of China by the office of the Chief Executive of the Macau Special...
(under Portuguese rule, now replaced by Chief Executive)
- Chief Executive of Macau
The Chief Executive of Macau is the head of the government of Macau, a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China and a former Portuguese overseas province.Under the Basic Law of Macau, the CE's role is:...
- Tibet
Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north of the Himalayas. It is home to the indigenous Tibetan people, and to some other ethnic groups such as Monpas and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese people. Tibet is the highest region on earth, with an average...
- List of imperial ambans in Tibet
- The Table of Chinese monarchs
The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way inclusive. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King . With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang...
China
- List of kings of Tibet China
- Japan
is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
- Rulers of Japan
The rulers of Japan have been its Emperors, whether effectively or nominally, for its entire recorded history. These include the ancient legendary emperors, the attested but undated emperors of the Yamato period , and the clearly dated emperors of 539 to the present...
(Emperors, Regents, Shoguns and Prime Ministers)
- Emperors of Japan
- Prime Minister of Japan
The is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Minister for the general administration of the Cabinet...
- Ashikaga shogunate
The was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family.This period is also known as the Muromachi period and gets its name from the Muromachi street of Kyoto where the third shogun Yoshimitsu established his residence...
- Kamakura shogunate
The Kamakura shogunate was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 1333. It was based in Kamakura...
- Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the and the , was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city, Edo, which now is called Tokyo...
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 24 miles from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator,...
- Grand Khan of Mongolia
- Prime Minister of Mongolia
The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian government's executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. The Prime Minister is appointed by Parliament, and can be removed by a vote of no confidence....
- Korea
Korea is a civilization and formerly unified nation currently divided into two states. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it borders China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait....
- Rulers of Korea
- North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , is a state in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer area between North Korea and South Korea...
- South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often simply referred to as Korea, is a country in East Asia, located on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul, the second largest...
- Presidents of South Korea
The President of the Republic of Korea is, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, chief executive of the government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of state of the Republic of Korea...
- Rulers of Korea
- Taiwan
Taiwan , also known as Formosa , is the largest island of the Republic of China in East Asia. Taiwan is located east of the Taiwan Strait, off the southeastern coast of mainland China...
(Republic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia that has evolved from a single-party state with full global recognition and jurisdiction over China into a democratic state with limited international recognition and jurisdiction only over Taiwan and minor islands, though it...
)
Southeastern Asia
- Brunei
Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia...
- Sultans of Brunei
Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, GCB GCMG is the 29th Sultan of Brunei, the eldest son of Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the previous Sultan of Brunei, and Pengiran Anak Damit....
- Cambodia
The Kingdom of Cambodia , formerly known as Kampuchea , is a country in South East Asia with a population of over 14 million people. The kingdom's capital and largest city is Phnom Penh...
- King of Cambodia
The current title of the Head of State of Cambodia is King.
This is a complete list of all Heads of State of Cambodia, both Presidents, Kings and Heads of State.- Funan Empire: 68-627 :- Chenla Empire: 550-802 :...
- Khmer emperors, see Khmer Empire
The Khmer Empire was the third largest empire of South East Asia , based in what is now Cambodia. The empire, which seceded from the kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia...
- Indonesia
The Republic of Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With an estimated population of around 237 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, with the world's largest population of Muslims.Indonesia is a republic, with an...
- Presidents of Indonesia
- Majapahit
- Sailendra
Sailendra is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java.The Sailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments, including the world famous Borobudur...
- Srivijaya
Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Maritime Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months...
- Kings of Mataram, see Kingdom of Mataram
Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as the founder of Sanjaya dynasty. The Sanjaya dynasty reign the kingdom, but then in later period the kingdom was ruled by Isyana Dynasty...
- Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia that consists of thirteen states and three Federal Territories, with a total landmass of . The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 28 million inhabitants...
- Yang di-Pertuan Agong
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest-ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia. The office was first established at independence in 1957. In accordance with the constitution, the holder of this office is "the Supreme Head of the Federation" and as such is...
- Prime Ministers of Malaysia
The Prime Minister of Malaysia is the indirectly elected head of government of Malaysia. He is formally appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the head of state, and is invariably the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives, the elected lower house of Parliament...
- Sultans of Malacca, see Sultanate of Malacca
The Sultanate of Malacca was established by Parameswara, it was first a Hindu Kingdom in 1402 and later converted to Islam with the marriage of the princess of Pasai in 1409...
- Philippines
The Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
- Spanish Royal Governor of the Philippines
The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Spain and the United States from 1565 to 1946.-Spanish Colonial Government :...
- American Governor-General of the Philippines
The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Spain and the United States from 1565 to 1946.-Spanish Colonial Government :...
- Presidents of the Philippines
The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. The President of the Philippines in Filipino is referred to as Ang Pangulo or Pangulo...
- Datu
Datu is the title for tribal chief and monarchs in the Philippines. Together with Sultan and Rajah, they are also titles used for native royalty and are currently used in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. These titles are the equivalent of European dukes and marquesses...
s, RajaRaja is the Hindustani term for a monarch, or princely ruler of the Kshatriya varna...
s, and Sultans of the Philippine Islands, see Sultanate of SuluThe Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim state that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, in the southern Philippines. The sultanate was founded in 1450, but other sources place the date earlier...
and History of the PhilippinesThe history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar on March 16, 1521.Prior to Magellan's arrival,...
- Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At , Singapore is a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast...
- President of Singapore
The President of the Republic of Singapore is Singapore's head of state. In a Westminster parliamentary system, which Singapore possesses, the prime minister is the head of the government while the position of president is largely ceremonial. Before 1993, the President of Singapore was chosen by...
- Prime Minister of Singapore
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of government of the Republic of Singapore...
- Thailand
The Kingdom of Thailand is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia.It is bordered to the north by Laos and Burma, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and Burma...
- Prime Ministers of Thailand
- Kings of Thailand
- Chakri dynasty
- Kings of Ayutthaya, see Ayutthaya kingdom
Ayutthaya was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767 until it was invaded by the Burmese. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese , Indians, Japanese and Persians, and later the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and French, permitting them to set up...
- Kings of Haripunchai, see Haripunchai
- Kings of Lanna, see Lanna
The Kingdom of Lanna was a state in what is now northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries. The cultural development of the people of Lanna, the Tai Yuan people, had begun long before as successive Tai Yuan kingdoms preceded Lanna...
- Kings of Sukhothai, see Sukhothai kingdom
The Sukhothai kingdom was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. It was First Thai Empire. It existed from 1238 till 1438...
- Vietnam
Vietnam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east...
- Vietnamese dynasties
The history of Vietnam begins around 2,700 years ago. Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled...
- Nguyen Dynasty
- Prime Minister of Vietnam
-Office:The Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government. The Prime Minister presides over the Vietnamese cabinet, and is responsible for appointing and supervising ministers...
- Kings of Vietnam, see History of Vietnam
The history of Vietnam begins around 2,700 years ago. Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled...
- Ly Dynasty
The Lý Dynasty , sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty , was a Vietnamese dynasty that began in 1009 when Lý Thái Tổ overthrew the Prior Lê Dynasty and ended in 1225 when the queen Lý Chiêu Hoàng was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her husband, Trần Cảnh...
- Leaders of South Vietnam
-Commissioner:-Chief of the Provisory Government:-President of the Provisional Government:-President of the Provisional Government:- President of the Provisional Government :-Chief of State:-Prime Minister:-President:-Prime Minister:...
Southern Asia
- Afghanistan
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
- Afghan Transitional Administration personnel
- Leaders of Afghanistan
- Heads of Government of Afghanistan
- Rulers of Kabul
List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Kabul:...
- Rulers of Herat
List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Herat...
- Rulers of Kandahar
List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Kandahar...
- Rulers of Peshawar
List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Peshawar...
- Rulers of Ghazni
List of Afghan Rulers in present-day Afghanistan with capital at Ghazni...
- Ghaznavid emperors, see Ghaznavid Empire
The Ghaznavids were a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin which existed from 975 to 1187 and ruled much of Persia, Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. The Ghaznavid state was centered in Ghazni, a city in present Afghanistan...
- Shahi
The Shahi , Sahi , also called Shahiya dynasties was one of the Middle kingdoms of India which ruled portions of the Kabul Valley and the old province of Gandhara The Shahi (Devanagari शाही) , Sahi , also called Shahiya dynasties was one of the Middle kingdoms of India which ruled portions of...
dynasty
- Bangladesh
, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
- Presidents of Bangladesh
- Prime Ministers of Bangladesh
The Prime Minister of Bangladesh is, in practice, the most powerful political position in Bangladesh. The President of Bangladesh is considered senior to the Prime Minister, but holds a largely ceremonial role...
- Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked nation in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalaya Mountains and is bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby state of Nepal to the west by...
- India
India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
- Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia and the world's youngest republic. It is bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
- Kings of Nepal
The Kingdom of Nepal was a monarchy in South Asia, established in 1768 under Prithvi Narayan Shah and abolished in 2008 when the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was proclaimed.-Unification:...
- Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia, located about off the southern coast of India...
- Presidents of Sri Lanka
- Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Western Asia
- Armenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
- Cyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country situated in the eastern Mediterranean, south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon....
- Kings of Cyprus
The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489. It was ruled by the French House of Lusignan.-History:...
- Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus
The Kingdom of Cyprus, as an offshoot of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, maintained many of the same offices, such as: seneschal, constable, marshal, admiral, Chamberlain, and chancellor....
- Georgia
Georgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
- List of Georgian kings
- Bagrationi dynasty
The Bagrationi dynasty was the ruling family of Georgia. Their ascendency lasted from the early Middle Ages until the early 19th century. In modern usage, this royal line is frequently referred to as the Georgian Bagratids, a Hellenized form of their dynastic name.The origin of the Bagrationi...
- Emirs of Tbilisi
The Emirs of Tbilisi ruled over the parts of today’s eastern Georgia from their base in the city of Tbilisi, from 736 to 1080 . Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands, the emirate was an important outpost of the Muslim rule in the Caucasus until recaptured by the...
- Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanid period and came into international use from 1935, before which the country was known internationally as Persia...
- List of kings of Persia
- Supreme Leader of Iran
The post of Supreme Leader was created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, in accordance with the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists...
- President of Iran
The President of Iran is the highest popularly elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, but is subordinate to the Supreme Leader. According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran the president is responsible for the "functions of the executive", such as signing treaties,...
- Prime Minister of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.-Prime Ministers of Qajar era:In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by...
- Iraq
Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , also known as Mesopotamia, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.Iraq shares borders with Jordan to the west, Syria...
- Sumer
Sumer was a civilization and historical region in southern Iraq . It is the earliest known civilization in the world and is known as the Cradle of Civilization...
- Kings of Sumer
The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript, originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It records the location of "official" kingship, along with the rulers and their supposed reign lengths...
- Rulers of Lagash
Lagash is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia...
- Akkad
The Akkadian Empire was an empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in Ancient Iraq ....
- Kings of Akkad
- List of Kings of Akkad :Also rendered as Agade. A major empire in ancient Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BCE. The area covered by the kingdom is now located in the region of present-day Iraq, eastern Turkey and northern Syria....
- Gutian kings
- Kings of Assyria
The list of Assyrian kings is compiled from the Assyrian King List, an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost limmu lists...
- Kings of Babylon
- Rulers of Adiabene
Adiabene was an ancient Assyrian semi-independent kingdom in Mesopotamia, with its capital at Arbela . Its rulers converted to Judaism in the 1st Century....
- Abbasid Caliphs
The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al Andalus....
- Annazid
The Annazid or Banu Annaz or Al-Anazis ,, were a Kurdish dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day Iran-Iraq frontier that included Kermanshah,Ilam, Hulwan, Dinawar , Sharazour, Daquq, Daskara, Bandanijin, and No'maniya ...
dynasty
- Kings of Iraq
- President of Iraq
The President of Iraq is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution." The President is elected by the Council of...
- Prime Ministers of Iraq
The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's head of government. Prime Minister was originally an appointed office, subsidiary to the head of state, and the nominal leader of the Iraqi parliament. Under the newly adopted constitution the Prime Minister is to be the country's active executive authority...
- Civilian Administrator of Iraq
- Israel
Israel officially the State of Israel , is a developed state in Western Asia located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its...
- Prime Minister of Israel
The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and the most powerful political figure in Israel . The prime minister is the country's chief executive. The official residence of the prime minister, Beit Rosh Hamemshala is in Jerusalem...
- President of Israel
The President of the State of Israel is the head of state of Israel. The position is largely an apolitical ceremonial figurehead role, with executive real power lying in the hands of the Prime Minister. The current president is Shimon Peres who took office on 15 July 2007...
- Rulers of Israel and Judah
The history of ancient Israel and Judah is known to us essentially from the Hebrew Bible...
- Kings of Israel
The Kingdom of Israel ) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy . It existed roughly from the 930s BC until about the 720s BC, when the kingdom was conquered by the Assyrian Empire...
- Kings of Judah
The Kingdom of Judah existed at two periods in Jewish history. According to the Hebrew Bible, a kingdom emerged in Judah after the death of Saul, when the tribe of Judah elevated David, who came from the Tribe of Judah, to rule over it. After seven years David became king of a reunited Kingdom of...
- Kings of Judea
- High Priests of Israel
- Crusader State
The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land . The Middle Eastern Islamic powers eventually conquered them...
s
- Kings of Jerusalem
This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day.-Kings of Jerusalem :...
- Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
The Crusader state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, created in 1099, was divided into a number of smaller seigneuries.-Introduction:According to the 13th century jurist John of Ibelin the four highest barons in the kingdom proper were:* the Count of Jaffa and Ascalon...
- Princes of Galilee
The Principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin. The direct holdings of the principality were around Tiberias, in Galilee proper, but with all its vassals, the lordship covered all Galilee...
- Lords of Toron
Toron, now Tibnin or Tebnine in southern Lebanon, was a major Crusader castle, built in the Lebanon mountains on the road from Tyre to Damascus....
- Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon
The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries comprising the major crusader state, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.-History:...
- Lords of Ramla
The Lordship of Ramla was one of the vassal states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was part of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon.-History:During the first crusade Ramla was abandoned by its Muslim inhabitants, as it lacked the defenses necessary to withstand a siege...
- Lords of Ibelin
Ibelin was a castle in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century , which gave its name to an important family of nobles.-The castle:...
- Lords of Oultrejordain
Oultrejordain or Oultrejourdain was the name used during the Crusades for an extensive and partly undefined region to the east of the Jordan river, an area known in ancient times as Edom and Moab...
- Lords of Sidon
The Lordship of Sidon was one of the four major fiefdoms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, one of the Crusader States. However, in reality, it appears to have been much smaller than the others and had the same level of significance as several neighbors, such as Toron and Beirut, which were...
- Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
There were six major officers of the kingdom of Jerusalem: the constable, the marshal, the seneschal, the chamberlain , the butler and the chancellor...
- Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in Western Asia spanning the southern part of the Syrian Desert down to the Gulf of Aqaba. Jordan shares borders with Syria to the north, Iraq to the northeast, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, the Gulf of Aqaba to the southwest,...
(formerly Transjordan)
- Kings of Jordan
- Rulers of Nabatea
The Rulers of Nabataea, reigned over the Nabataean kingdom , inhabited by the Nabateans, located in present-day Jordan, southern Syria, southern Israel and north-western Saudi Arabia.- List :...
- Kuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab emirate bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Iraq to the north and west. The greatest distance from north to south is 200 km and from east to west 170 km . The name is a diminutive of an Arabic word meaning "fortress built near water." It has a...
- Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of Lebanon
[Republic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies...]
- Presidents of Lebanon
- Prime Ministers of Lebanon
- Kings of Tyre
- Counts of Tripoli
The County of Tripoli was the last Crusader state founded in the Levant, located in what today is known as northern Lebanon, where exists the modern city of Tripoli. The Crusader state was captured and created by Christian forces in 1109, originally held by Bertrand of Toulouse as a vassal of...
- Officers of the County of Tripoli
As in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli had a smattering of offices: seneschal, constable, marshal, Chamberlain, and chancellor.These were the Great Officers of the County of Tripoli by office:-Constable:...
- Oman
Oman , officially the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest....
(formerly Muscat (and Oman))
- Sultans of Oman
-Antiquity:Achaemenid , an Iranian dynasty, controlled and/or influenced the Omani peninsula. This influential control was most likely exerted from a coastal center such as Sohar....
- Qatar
Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally ', is an Arab emirate in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the larger Arabian Peninsula...
- Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia , is an Arab country and the largest country of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Jordan on the northwest, Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south...
- Sharif of Mecca
The Sharif of Mecca or Sharif of Hejaz was the title of the former governors of Hejaz and a traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina...
- Kings of Saudi Arabia
- Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest....
- Presidents of Syria
- Prime Ministers of Syria
- Kings of Syria
The title King of Syria, was established briefly following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Faysal ibn Husayn of the House of Hashim was proclaimed King of Greater Syria on 7 March, 1920 in Damascus, following the Arab revolt against the Ottomans of 1916–1918...
- Rulers of Damascus
This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.-Aram Damascus:*Rezon I *Tabrimmon*Ben-Hadad I *Hadadezer *Hazael *Ben-Hadad III...
- Zengid dynasty
The Zengid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkish origin, which ruled parts of Syria and northern Iraq on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.-History:...
- Princes of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade.-Foundation:...
- Officers of the Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch mirrored the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in it selection of great offices: constable, marshal, seneschal, admiral, Chamberlain, butler, chancellor and at certain times also bailiff....
- Emirs of Shaizar
Shaizar, Shayzar or Saijar was a medieval town and fortress in Syria, ruled by the Banu Munqidh dynasty, which played an important part in the Christian and Muslim politics of the crusades.- Early history :...
- Ghassanid
The Ghassanids were a group of South Arabian Christian tribes that emigrated in the early 3rd century from Yemen to the Hauran in southern Syria, Jordan and the Holy Land where some intermarried with Hellenized Roman settlers and Greek-speaking Early Christian communities...
kings
- Rulers of Aleppo
-Hamdanids:*Saif al-Daula *Saad al-Daula 967–991*Saeed al-Daula 991–1002*Abu al-Hassan 1002–1004*Abu al-Maaly 1004-The Fatimids:*Lu'lu' 1004–1009*Murtada Ad Dawla Mansur 1009–1015*Fath The Slave 1015–1023...
- Hanilgalbat
Mitanni or Hanigalbat was a loosely organized Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria from ca. 1500 BC-1300 BC...
: Kings of Hanilgabat, see HanilgalbatMitanni or Hanigalbat was a loosely organized Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria from ca. 1500 BC-1300 BC...
and MitanniMitanni or Hanigalbat was a loosely organized Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria from ca. 1500 BC-1300 BC...
- Kings of Ugarit
Ugarit was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast...
- Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
- List of Hittite kings
- Kings of Lydia
- Kings of Arzawa
Arzawa was the name of a region or kingdom in Western Anatolia, which later to be known as Lydia in the post-Hittite era. It was the western neighbour and sometimes vassal of the Hittites, and probably bordered on the Assuwa league to the north...
- Kings of Bithynia
- Kings of Cappadocia
- Attalid Kings of Pergamon
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city...
- Kings of Pontus
- Kings of Kommagene
- Kings of Galatia
- Osroene
Osroene , also known by the name of its capital city, Edessa , was a historic Syriac kingdom located in Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.It was a Syriac speaking kingdom.Osroene,...
- Byzantine Emperors
- Latin Emperors of Constantinople
The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261...
- Empire of Trebizond
The Empire of Trebizond, founded in April 1204, was one of three Byzantine successor states of the Byzantine Empire. However, the creation of the Empire of Trebizond was not directly related to the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, rather it had broken away from the Byzantine Empire...
- Marwanid
Marwanid, , was a Kurdish dynasty in Northern Mesopotamia and Armenia, centered around the city of Amed . Other cities under rule were Arzan, Mayyāfāriqīn , Hisn Kayfa , Khilāṭ, Manzikart, Arjish. The founder of the dynasty was a Kurdish shepherd, Abu Shujā Bādh bin Dustak...
dynasty
- Counts of Edessa
The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around Edessa, a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity....
- Seljuk sultans of Rüm
The Sultanate of Rûm was the continuation of the Great Seljuq Empire in Anatolia, in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. Since the court of the sultanate was highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals...
- List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
- Pretenders of the Ottoman Empire
- Presidents of Turkey
- Prime Ministers of Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia. The UAE consists of seven states, termed emirates, which are Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras...
- Yemen
Yemen , officially the Republic of Yemen is a country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia...
- Presidents of Yemen
- Prime Ministers of Yemen
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government in that country. The current prime minister, Ali Mohammed Mujur, has held the position since 7 April 2007. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President...
- Presidents of North Yemen
This is a complete list of the Presidents of the Yemen Arab Republic which existed from 1962-1990.For presidents of Yemen after 1990, see List of Presidents of Yemen.- See also :...
- Prime Ministers of North Yemen
The Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic was the head of government of that country in what is now northern Yemen. The Prime Minister was appointed by the President. There were 28 Prime Ministers of North Yemen....
- Presidents of South Yemen
The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, commonly referred to as South Yemen, became independent as the People's Republic of South Yemen in 30 November,1967. The President of the Republic served as head of state, appointing a Prime Minister to serve as head of government.In Juni 22, 1969, the...
- Prime Ministers of South Yemen
The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, commonly referred to as South Yemen, became independent as the People's Republic of South Yemen in 1967. The Prime Minister, appointed by the President, served as the head of government...
Eastern Europe
- Belarus
Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the north. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel , Mahilyow and Vitebsk...
- Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a country in Central Europe that is sometimes considered to be Eastern European. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The capital and largest city is Prague...
- Hungary
Hungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south....
- Presidents of Moldova
- Prime Ministers of Moldova
- Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
- Polish rulers, Timeline of rulers of Poland
- Polish Prime Ministers
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland represents the Council of Ministers and directs their work, supervises territorial self-government within the guidelines and in ways described in the Constitution and other legislation, and acts as the superior for all government administration workers...
- Presidents of Poland
The President of the Republic of Poland is the Polish Head of State. His or her rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland....
- Dukes of Silesia
In accordance with the last will and testament of Poland's Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth, Poland was upon his death divided into 4-5 hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and a royal province of Kraków reserved for the eldest, who was to be High Duke of all Poland...
- Dukes of Mazovia
The Dukes of Masovia were a line of the Piast dynasty who ruled in Masovia. The following is a list of all rulers of the Duchy of Masovia and its parts...
- Dukes of Greater Poland
The Duchy of Greater Poland was a historical state of Poland, which existed from 1138 until 1320.-History:At the death of Polish duke Boleslaus III the Wrymouth , according to his testament, his country was divided by his will into 4-5 hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and the royal...
- Dukes of Leczyca
- Dukes of Sieradz
- List of Polish rulers
- Duchy of Cieszyn
- Dukes of Pomerania
- 10th and 11th century - Dukes of the Slavic Pomeranian tribes :* 1046 mention of Zemuzil * 1113 Gallus Anonymus mentions several dukes of Pomerania: Swantibor, Gniewomir, and an unnamed duke besieged in Kołobrzeg .-Duchy of Pomerania:*1121-1135 Wartislaw I*1135-1155 Ratibor I, ancestor of the...
- Romania
Romania is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory...
- Prime Ministers of Romania
- Presidents of Romania
- Romanian European Commissioner
- Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
and the Soviet UnionThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the , tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common short name is Soviet Union, from , Sovetskiy Soyuz...
- List of Russian rulers: early Grand Dukes and Tsars
- Leaders of the Soviet Union
- President of the Soviet Union
The President of the Soviet Union was the Head of State of the USSR from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991. Mikhail Gorbachev was the only person to occupy the office. Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between March 1990 and August 1991...
- Premier of the Soviet Union
Premier of the Soviet Union is the commonly used English term for the offices of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR...
- President of Russia
- Prime Minister of Russia
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is the second most powerful official of the Russian Federation, who, under Article 24 of the Federal Constitutional Law On the Government of the Russian Federation, "heads the Government of the Russian Federation".Nowhere in the Russian Law...
- Khans of the Golden Horde
The Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol—later Turkicized—Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus...
- List of Kazan khans
- List of Khazar rulers
- Rulers of Kievan Rus'
- Grand Prince of Tver
The title of Prince of Tver was borne by the head of the branch of the Rurikid dynasty that ruled the Principality of Tver. In 1247 Tver was allocated to Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky, and became an independent principality...
- Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe with a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is its capital, Bratislava...
- Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev is both the capital and the largest city of...
- Rulers of Kievan Rus'
- List of rulers of Halych and Volhynia
- Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
Hetman was the title used by commanders of the Ruthenian Dnieper Cossacks from the end of the sixteenth century. The title hetman was adopted from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
- List of Crimean khans
- President of Ukraine
The President of Ukraine is the head of state of Ukraine, representing the state in international relations, administers the foreign political activity of the State, conducts negotiations and concludes international treaties of Ukraine....
- Prime Minister of Ukraine
Northern Europe
- Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...
- Danish monarchs
- Prime Ministers of Denmark
- List of dubious Danish kings
The legendary kings of Denmarks are the predecessors of Gorm the Old, half history and half legend. The accounts of the Danish kings are confusing and contradictory, and so this presentation tries to separate the various sources from each other...
- Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands, sometimes Faeroe Islands, Faroe, or Faeroes are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland...
- Faroese monarchs
- Prime Ministers of the Faroe Islands
This is a list of the people who have been prime minister of the Faroe Islands.The Faroese term for the function, Løgmaður literally means "Lawman". See also: Lawspeaker, the Scandinavian legal office, and Løgting, the Faroese parliament....
- Governor of the Faroe Islands
- Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago...
- Prime Ministers of Greenland
- Governors of Greenland
- Inspectors of Greenland
- Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...
- Estonian rulers
- Ministers of Defence of Estonia
- Prime Ministers of Estonia
The Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the President after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and conferred by Parliament. This is usually the leader of the largest party or coalition in the...
- Presidents of Estonia
The President of the Republic is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia.Estonia is a parliamentary democracy, therefore President is mainly a symbolic figure and holds no executive power. The President has to suspend his membership in any political party for his term in office...
- State Elders of Estonia
- Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland
, is a Nordic country and democracy situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland...
- Prime Minister of Finland
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government of Finland. The Prime Minister is currently married to the president, and is appointed by the President, who is the Head of State...
- President of Finland
The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the President and the government, with the President possessing extensive powers. The President is elected directly by the people for a term of six years. Since 1991, no...
- Finnish rulers
- Provincial Governors of Finland
The Governor, Maaherra, or Landshövding, of a province of Finland heads the activities of the State Provincial Office, Lääninhallitus, or Länsstyrelse...
- Iceland
The Republic of Iceland is a European island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km². Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, whose surrounding area is home to approximately two thirds of the national population...
- Presidents of Iceland
The President of Iceland is Iceland's elected head of state. The president is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage and has limited powers. The president is not the head of government; the Prime Minister of Iceland is the head of government. There have been five presidents since...
- Prime Ministers of Iceland
The Prime Minister of Iceland is Iceland's head of government. The prime minister is appointed formally by the President and exercises executive authority along with the cabinet subject to parliamentary support....
- Icelandic rulers
- List of lawspeakers, see Lawspeaker
A lawspeaker is a unique Scandinavian legal office. It has its basis in a common Germanic oral tradition, where wise men were asked to recite the law, but it was only in Scandinavia that the function evolved into an office...
- Ireland
Ireland is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain...
: Rulers of Ireland-Heads of states:*High Kings of Ireland*Kings of Ireland*Lords of Ireland*President of Dáil Éireann *President of Ireland -Heads of government:*Presidents of the Executive Council...
- Latvia
Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , and to the southeast by Belarus . Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden...
- Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of...
- Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
- Norwegian monarchs
- Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne
In 1990 the Norwegian constitution was altered, granting equal primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. Since this was not done retroactively, the first member of the royal family it applies to is...
- Norwegian Prime Ministers
This is a list of viceroys , governors , first ministers and prime ministers of Norway....
- Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
- List of Norwegian monarchs
- Kings of Agder, see Sørlandet
Southern Norway is the name of the geographical region of the Skagerrak coast of southern Norway consisting of the two counties Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder. The total combined area of Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder is 6368 sq. mi. or 16493 sq...
- Kings of Hadeland
Hadeland is a traditional district in the south-eastern part of Norway. It is located around the southern part of lake Randsfjorden in Oppland county, and consists of the municipalities of Gran, Jevnaker and Lunner. Hadeland occupies the area north of the hills of Nordmarka close to the Norwegian...
- Kings of Hedmark
° is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Oppland and Akershus. The county administration is in Hamar.Hedmark makes up the northeastern part of Østlandet, the southeastern part of the country. It includes a long part of the borderline with Sweden, Dalarna County and Värmland County. The...
- Kings of Oppland
is a county in Norway, bordering Sør-Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration is in Lillehammer. Oppland is, together with Hedmark, one of the only two landlocked counties of Norway.- Geography :...
- Kings of Sogn
Sogn is a traditional district in Western Norway . It is located in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, surrounding the Sognefjord....
- Kings of Solør
Solør is a Norwegian traditional district consisting of the Glomma valley between Elverum in the north and Kongsvinger in the south. It is part of the county of Hedmark, and includes the municipalities Våler, Åsnes and Grue and former municipality Brandval....
- Kings of Toten
Toten is a traditional district in Oppland county in the eastern part of Norway. It consists of the municipalities Østre Toten, Vestre Toten, and Gjøvik.Toten was a petty kingdom in the early Viking Ages, with Halfdan Hvitbeinn as the most notable king....
- Kings of Vestfold
is a county in Norway, bordering Buskerud and Telemark. The county administration is in Tønsberg.Vestfold is located west of the Oslofjord, as the name indicates. It includes many smaller, but well-known towns in Norway, such as Larvik, Sandefjord, Tønsberg and Horten. The river Numedalslågen runs...
- Kings of Vingulmark
Vingulmark is the old name for the area which today makes up the counties of Østfold, western parts of Akershus , and eastern parts of Buskerud , and includes the site of Norway's capital, Oslo...
- Earls of Lade, see Trøndelag
Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. The name, Trøndelag, consists of the tribal name Trønder...
- Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
- Swedish monarchs
- Prime Minister of Sweden
The Prime Minister is the head of government in Sweden. Before 1876, when the office of Prime Minister was instituted, Sweden did not have a formal head of government...
- Swedish Field Marshals
- County Governors of Sweden
- Swedish semi-legendary kings
The semi-legendary kings of Sweden are the long line of Swedish kings who preceded Eric the Victorious, according to sources such as the Norse Sagas, Beowulf, Rimbert, Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, but who are of disputed historicity because many of them appear in more or less unreliable...
- Mythological kings of Sweden
In sources such as Heimskringla and Ynglinga saga there appear early Swedish kings who belong in the domain of mythology, but it is often suggested that some of them at least have a historical basis. This was one of the last of Thor Heyerdahl's archeo-anthropological theories, as in The search for...
- Kings of Geatland
Geatish kings existed before the provinces of Götaland/Gautland/Geatland) were united with the many other provinces that Sweden now consists of....
- United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
: List of rulers of the United Kingdom and predecessor states
Southern Europe
- Albania
Albania , officially the Republic of Albania , is a Mediterranean country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south-east...
- Andorra
Andorra , officially the Principality of Andorra , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of ...
- Co-Princes of Andorra
- Bishop of Urgell
The Diocese of Urgell is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical unit in Catalonia, Spain, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly earlier.Among its most notable events are Bishop Felix's adoptionist revolt, the coup of Bishop Esclua and the overthrowing of the bishop by members of aristocratic...
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( or (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula...
- Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north , Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south...
- Bulgarian monarchs
- Presidents of Bulgaria
- Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
- Kings of Odrysia
The Odrysian kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th century BC and the 3rd century BC. It consisted largely of present-day Bulgaria, spreading to parts of Romanian Northern Dobruja, parts of Northern Greece and modern-day European Turkey...
- Thrace
Thrace is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. As a geographical concept, Thrace designates a region bounded on the north by the Balkan Mountains, on the south by the Rhodope Mountains and the Aegean Sea and on the east by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara...
- Moesia
Moesia was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Balkans, along the south bank of the Danube River...
: Roman governors of Lower MoesiaThis is a list of Roman governors of Lower Moesia , nowadays located in the modern states of Bulgaria and Romania .-References:...
- Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb...
- List of rulers of Croatia
- Presidents of Croatia
The President of the Republic is Croatia's head of state. Croatia is a parliamentary democracy where the President's main role is leading the armed forces and Croation diplomacy together with the Government, in addition to a number of procedural duties of this eminent public office...
- Prime Ministers of Croatia
- Governors and Heads of State of Fiume
- List of Governors and Heads of State of Fiume :- See also :*Lists of incumbents...
- Heads of State of Krajina
This is list of presidents of the Republic of Serbian Krajina from its declaration in 1991 until 1995, when Croatia launched Operation Storm and occupied RSK.-Presidents of the Republic of Serbian Krajina :...
- Heads of Government of Krajina
This is list of prime ministers of the Republic of Serbian Krajina from its declaration in 1991 until 1995, when Croatia launched Operation Storm and occupied RSK.-Prime Ministers of the Republic of Serbian Krajina :...
- Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
: Rulers of Greece-Antiquity:*Kings of Sparta*Kings of Athens*Archons of Athens*Kings of Macedon*Kings of Pontus*Kings of Paionia*Roman Emperors* Kings of Kommagene* Kings of Lydia* Attalid Kings of Pergamon-Middle Ages:*Byzantine Emperors*Emperors of Nicaea...
- Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
: Rulers of Italy-Heads of state:*Presidents of the Italian Republic*King of Italy-Ministers:*Italian Minister of the Interior*Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs*Italian Minister of Defense*Italian Minister of Justice*Italian Minister of Public Instruction-Princely states:...
- Kosovo
Kosovo is a disputed territory in the Balkans. Its majority is governed by the partially-recognised Republic of Kosovo , a self-declared independent state which has de facto control over the territory; the exceptions are some Serb enclaves...
: Presidents of Kosovo
- Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta , is a densely populated developed European country in the European Union. The Southern European island nation is an archipelago that includes the inhabited islands of Malta, Gozo and Comino, along with a number of smaller, uninhabited islands...
- Presidents of Malta
The President of Malta is the constitutional head of state of the Republic of Malta. The President is elected by the Resolution of the unicameral House of Representatives for a five year term. The President of Malta is the guardian of the Constitution of Malta being himself the only one who takes...
, 1974-present
- Prime Ministers of Malta
The Prime Minister of Malta is the head of the executive branch of the Republic of Malta. The Prime Minister is the Head of Government assisted by his cabinet in day to day running of the country and a minister in his own right...
, 1921-1933, 1947-1958, 1962-present
- Monarchs of Malta
The Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo have been ruled by Phoenician, Byzantine and Roman aristocrats, before passing to various European monarchies. Foreign monarchical rule over Malta lasted a total of 874 years...
, 1090-1798, 1800-1974
- Counts of Malta, 1190-1427
- Grand Masters of Malta, 1530-1798
- Governors and Governors-General of Malta
-Governors of Malta, 1813-1964:*Lieut.-General Sir Thomas Maitland *General Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings *Major-General Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby *Lieut.-General Sir Henry Bouverie *Lieut.-General Sir Patrick Stuart *Right...
, 1813-1974
- Nobility of Malta
- The Maltese Nobility :According to the Report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the claims of the Maltese Nobility , there are three categories of titles of nobility which enjoy precedence in Malta, the first being those created by the Grand Masters of the Order of Saint John during its...
- Montenegro
Montenegro , is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east and Albania to the south...
- Rulers of Montenegro
- President of Montenegro
The President of Montenegro is the head of state of the Montenegro. The current president is Filip Vujanović, who was reelected in the first round of the 2008 presidential election with 51.9% of the vote...
- Prime Minister of Montenegro
Prime Minister of Montenegro, is the leader of the Government of Montenegro. The prime minister directs the work of the Government, and submits to the Parliament of Montenegro the Government's Program including a list of proposed ministers...
- Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
- San Marino
The Most Serene Republic of San Marino is a country situated in the Apennine Mountains. It is a landlocked enclave, completely surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over 60 km² with an estimated population of almost 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino...
- Captains Regent of San Marino, 1900–present
- Captains Regent of San Marino, 1700–1900
- Captains Regent of San Marino, 1500–1700
- Captains Regent of San Marino, 1243–1500
- Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country located in both Central and Southeastern Europe. Its territory covers the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and central part of the Balkans...
- Slovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north...
- Presidents of Slovenia
The function of President of the Republic of Slovenia was established on 23 December 1991, when the National Assembly of Slovenia passed a new constitution as a result of independence from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia....
- Prime Minister of Slovenia
There have been five prime ministers of Slovenia since that country gained its independence in the breakup of Yugoslavia. Unlike the President of Slovenia, who is directly elected, the Prime Minister is appointed by Parliament, and must control a majority there in order to govern.-Prime...
- Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
- Rulers of Spain
-Aragon:*Kings of Aragon and Counts of Barcelona*Lieutenants of the Kingdom of Aragón*Chancellors and Council Presidents of Aragón-Other Spanish kingdoms:*Asturian monarchs*Kings of Castile and of Leon*Kings of Navarre*Kings of Galicia*Kings of León...
- Prime Ministers of Spain
- Vatican City
Vatican City , officially the State of the Vatican City , is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the capital city of Italy...
- Popes
- Cardinal Secretary of State
The Cardinal Secretary of State—officially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope—presides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia...
Western Europe
- Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
- Rulers of Austria
- Emperors of Austria
The phrase Emperor of Austria describes an hereditary imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by the Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and continually held by him and his immediate successors until the Habsburg dynasty was overthrown in 1918.In the face of aggressions by...
- Foreign Ministers of Austria-Hungary
- Ministers-President of Austria
- Federal Presidents of Austria
The Austrian Federal President is the federal head of state of Austria. Though theoretically entrusted with great power by the constitution, in practice the President acts, for the most part, merely as a ceremonial figurehead. The President of Austria is directly elected by universal adult...
- Chancellors of Austria
The Chancellor of Austria is the head of government in Austria. The chancellor's deputy is the Vice Chancellor. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria.-Appointment:...
(Vice Chancellors of Austria)
- Habsburg
- Babenberg
- Margraves, dukes, and archdukes of Austria
- Dukes of Styria, see Styria (duchy)
The history of Styria concerns the region roughly corresponding to the modern state of Styria from its settlement by Slavs in the Dark Ages until the present...
- Dukes of Carinthia, see Carinthia (duchy)
The Duchy of Carinthia was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 976 until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918...
- Belgium
The Kingdom of Belgium is a country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO...
- France
France , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
: Rulers of France
- Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
: Rulers of Germany-Heads of state:*Presidents of Germany*List of German presidents since 1919*List of German monarchs**German rulers in 1874**German rulers in 1875**German rulers in 1876**German rulers in 1877**German rulers in 1878**German rulers in 1879...
- Liechtenstein
The Principality of Liechtenstein is a doubly landlocked alpine microstate in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 km² and it has an estimated population of 35,000...
- Luxembourg
Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a small, landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany...
- Monaco
Monaco , officially the Principality of Monaco , is a small sovereign city-state located in South Western Europe on the northern central coast of the Mediterranean Sea, having a land border on three sides only with France, and being about away from Italy. Its size is just under 2 km² with an...
- Princes of Monaco
- Succession to the Monegasque Throne
The line of succession to the Monegasque Throne passes to the descendants of the reigning Prince of Monaco in accordance with male-preference primogeniture...
- Ministers of State
The Minister of State is the head of the government of Monaco, though he is appointed by and subordinate to the Prince or Princess of Monaco. During his term, he is responsible for leading the government's action and is in charge of foreign relations...
- Netherlands
The Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
- Dutch monarchy
The Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since.-History:The first king of the Netherlands, from 1806 until 1810, was French...
- Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
- Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands ruled the Habsburg Netherlands, as a representative of the Duke of Burgundy , the King of Spain or the Archduke of Austria , all from the house of Habsburg.- Habsburg Netherlands :...
- Low Countries
The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse rivers...
(Netherlands, Belgium):
- Rulers of East Frisia
- Rulers of Frisia
Of the first historically verifiable rulers of Frisia, whether they are called dukes or kings, the last royal dynasty below is established by the chronicles of Merovingian kings of the Franks, with whom they were contemporaries...
- Prince of Orange
- Duke of Brabant
- Lords and margraves of Bergen op Zoom
The following is a list of lords and later on margraves of Bergen op Zoom. Bergen op Zoom became separated from the lordship of Breda in 1287 under the nominal overlordship of the duchy of Brabant. In 1559 the lordship was elevated to the rank of margraviate...
- Dukes and counts of Guelders
Guelders or Gueldres is the name of a historical county, later duchy, in the Low Countries.The duchy was named after the town of Geldern , which is now in Germany...
- Duke of Lower Lorraine
- Count of Bouillon
Bouillon is a municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Luxembourg Province.The municipality, which covers 149.09 km², had 5,477 inhabitants, giving a population density of 36.7 inhabitants per km².- History :...
- Count of Flanders
- Count of Hainaut
The counts of Hainaut were the rulers of the county of Hainaut, a historical region in the Low Countries.-House of Reginar:*Reginar I *Sigard *Hagano *Reginar I , second time...
- Count of Holland
The Counts of Holland ruled over the County of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century.-House of Holland:The first count of Holland, Dirk I, was the son or foster-son of Gerolf, Count in Frisia...
- Counts of Leuven
The counts of Leuven and counts of Brussels were originally petty barons of the central region of Belgium.They acquired great influence in the Holy Roman Empire and acquired more titles over time. In 1183, they were created Dukes of Brabant...
- Bishop of Utrecht
The Bishopric of Utrecht was a Diocese based in the Dutch city of Utrecht. It was one of the Prince-Bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire.The Bishopric of Utrecht continued as a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1024 until 1528, when the secular authority and territorial possessions of the...
- Marquis of Namur
The following is a list of Marquisses or Margraves of Namur.Namur was not often an independent state, rather under the dominion of other entities like the counties of Hainaut and Flanders or the Duchy of Burgundy....
- Switzerland
Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 states named cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities...
- Members of the Swiss Federal Council
- Presidents of the Confederation
- Heads of the Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports, see Military of Switzerland
- Heads of the Department of Foreign Affairs: see International relations of Switzerland
- Heads of the Department of Home Affairs
The Federal Department of Home Affairs is a department of the federal administration of Switzerland and serves as the Swiss ministry of the interior...
- Heads of the Federal Department of Finance
The Federal Department of Finance ; ; ) is one of the seven departments of the Swiss federal government. The department is headquartered in Bern and is headed by a member of the Swiss Federal Council, Switzerland's finance minister...
- Heads of the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
The Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications is one of the seven departments of the Swiss federal government, headed by a member of the Swiss Federal Council.-Organisation:...
- Heads of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs
The Federal Department of Economic Affairs is one of the seven departments of the federal government of Switzerland, headed by a member of the Swiss Federal Council.-Organisation:The Department is composed of the following offices:...
- Heads of the Federal Department of Justice and Police
The Federal Department of Justice and Police is one of the seven departments of the Swiss federal government, headed by a member of the Swiss Federal Council, the Swiss minister of justice. Until 1979, the department was known as the Department of Justice and Police...
- Federal Chancellors of Switzerland
- Presidents of the Swiss National Council
The President of the National Council of Switzerland presides over the National Council and the Federal Assembly. The President is often considered the highest ranking representative of the Swiss federal state, but not head of state...
- Presidents of the Swiss Council of States
- Members of the Swiss National Council
- Members of the Swiss Council of States
- Chief Justices of the Swiss Supreme Court
- Presidents of the Swiss Diet (before 1848)
Australasia
- Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the continental mainland , the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans...
- Monarchs of Australia
- Governors-General of Australia
The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia . He or she exercises the supreme executive power of the Commonwealth...
- Cabinet of Australia
The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior ministers of the Crown, responsible to parliament. The Cabinet is appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serves at the former's pleasure. The strictly private Cabinet meetings occur once a week to discuss vital...
- Prime Ministers of Australia
The Prime Minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. The office of Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful political office in Australia...
- Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
The Deputy Prime Minister of Australia is the second-most senior officer in the Government of Australia. The Deputy Prime Ministership has been a ministerial portfolio since 1968, and the Deputy Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister.The current...
- Attornies General of Australia
The Attorney-General of Australia is the first law officer of the Crown, chief law officer of the Commonwealth of Australia and a minister of the Crown. The Attorney-General is usually a member of the Federal Cabinet, but there is no constitutional requirement that this be the case...
- Ministers for Defence
The Minister for Defence of Australia administers his portfolio through the Australian Defence Organisation, which comprises the Department of Defence and the Australian Defence Force. Senator John Faulkner is the current Minister....
- Ministers for Foreign Affairs
In the Government of Australia, the Minister for Foreign Affairs is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In common with international practice, the office is often informally referred to as Foreign Minister...
- Treasurers of Australia
The Treasurer of Australia is the minister in the Government of Australia responsible for government expenditure and revenue raising. He is the head of the Department of the Treasury. The Treasurer plays a key role in the economic policy of the government...
- Premiers of New South Wales
Before the 1890s, there was no formal party system in New South Wales. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only. In the 1860s and 1870s, there was a fairly coherent "liberal" tendency, led first by Charles Cowper and then by Henry Parkes. Liberals generally favoured land...
- Premiers of Queensland
Before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only. Before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and...
- Premiers of South Australia
Before the 1890s, there was no formal party system in South Australia. The liberals dominated government from 1893 to 1905 with Labor support, with the conservatives mostly in opposition. Labor took government when they gained more seats than the liberals in 1905, which saw non-Labor politics begin...
- Premiers of Tasmania
Before the 1890s, there was no formal party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only.-List of Premiers in Tasmania:-Living former premiers:...
- Premiers of Victoria
Before the 1890s, there was no formal party system in Victoria. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only. From the 1880s, until after Federation in 1901, Victorian politics were dominated by Protectionist Liberals, who were opposed by Free Trade Conservatives...
- Premier of Western Australia
The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive government in the Australian State of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions...
- Heads of Government of Norfolk Island
-List of Heads of Government of Norfolk Island:...
- Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
In Australia, a Chief Minister is the head of government of a self-governing territory, while the head of government of a state is a Premier.The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is appointed by the Administrator, who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whatever party holds the...
- Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory
The Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory is the head of government of the Australian Capital Territory. The leader of the largest party in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly usually takes on the role...
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- Governors of New South Wales
The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the...
- Governors of Queensland
The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level.In accordance with the...
- Governors of South Australia
The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level.In...
- Governors of Tasmania
The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level.In accordance with the...
- Governors of Victoria
The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level...
- Governor of Western Australia
The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of Australia's Monarch Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor performs important constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including:* presiding over the Executive Council;...
- Administrative Heads of Norfolk Island
- Administrator of the Northern Territory
In accordance with the provisions of the Northern Territory Act 1978 , the Northern Territory received self-government on 1 July 1978 under its own Administrator of the Northern Territory appointed by the Governor-General of Australia...
- Administrative Heads of Jervis Bay
List of Administrative Heads of Jervis Bay, Australia...
- Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic Territory
List of Administrative Heads of Australian Antarctic Territory...
- Administrative Heads of Macquarie Island
List of Administrative Heads of Macquarie IslandDirectors of the Australian Meteorological BureauOfficers in charge Macquarie Island Meteorological Station under the Director of the Australian Meteorological Bureau...
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- Cocos Islands
The Territory of Cocos Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group...
- King of the Cocos Islands
- New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud...
- Governors-General of New Zealand
The Governor-General of New Zealand is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand . The Governor-General acts as the Queen's vice-regal representative in New Zealand and is often viewed as the de facto head of state.The Constitution Act 1986 provides that a "The Governor-General...
- New Zealand Cabinet
The New Zealand Cabinet functions as the policy and decision-making body of the executive branch within the New Zealand government system. The Prime Minister and many Ministers of the Crown serve as members of the Cabinet....
- Prime Ministers of New Zealand
The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand...
- Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand is second most senior officer in the Government of New Zealand, although this seniority does not necessarily translate into power....
- Ministers of Finance
The Minister of Finance is a senior figure within the government of New Zealand. The position is often considered to be the most important Cabinet role after that of the Prime Minister....
- Ministers of Foreign Affairs
The Minister of Foreign Affairs is a major ministerial portfolio in the government of New Zealand.The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Murray McCully, who was National Party Spokeperson of Foreign Affairs and Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs. There are also Associate Minister roles...
- Speakers of the House of Representatives
In New Zealand the Speaker of the House of Representatives is the individual who chairs the country's legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives...
- Māori Kings and Queens
The Māori King Movement or Kīngitanga is a movement that arose among some of the Māori tribes of New Zealand in the 1850s to establish a symbolic role similar in status to that of the monarch of the colonising people, the British....
- Mayors of Auckland
The Mayor of Auckland is the directly elected head of the Auckland City Council, the municipal government of Auckland City, New Zealand. Other cities in the Greater Auckland area - Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City - have their own mayors...
- Mayors of Christchurch
The Mayor of Christchurch is the head of the municipal government of Christchurch, New Zealand, and presides over the Christchurch City Council. The Mayor is directly elected using a First Past the Post electoral system.The current Mayor is Bob Parker....
- Mayors of Dunedin
The Mayor of Dunedin is the head of the municipal government of Dunedin, New Zealand, and presides over the Dunedin City Council. The Mayor is directly elected, using the Single Transferable Vote system in 2007....
- Mayors of Wellington
The Mayor of Wellington is the head of the municipal government of Wellington, New Zealand, and presides over the Wellington City Council. The Mayor of Wellington administers only Wellington City itself — other municipalities in adjacent areas of the Wellington Region such as Lower Hutt, Upper...
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Melanesia
- Fiji
Fiji , officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands , is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean east of Vanuatu, west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu. The country comprises an archipelago of about 322 islands, of which 106 are permanently inhabited, and 522 islets...
- Chairmen of Fiji's Great Council of Chiefs
The Great Council of Chiefs is a formal assembly of Fiji's senior hereditary chiefs, along with some representatives of the national government and provincial councils, who may or may not be hereditary chiefs themselves...
- Chief Justice of Fiji
The Chief Justice is Fiji's highest judicial officer. He or she is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, who is required by the Constitution to consult the Leader of the Opposition. This does not give the Leader of the Opposition a veto, only the right to be consulted. ...
- Colonial Governors of Fiji
Fiji was a British Crown Colony from 1874 to 1970, and an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth from 1970 to 1987. During this period, the Head of State was the British Monarch, but in practice his or her functions were normally exercised locally by the Governor prior to independence ,...
- Fijian Heads of State
- Foreign Ministers of Fiji
The Minister for Foreign Affairs is Fiji's Cabinet Minister responsible for international relations and diplomacy...
- Governors-General of Fiji
Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874, and an independent dominion in the Commonwealth in 1970. Queen Elizabeth II remained the Head of State, holding the title of Queen of Fiji until 1987, when she formally abdicated following two military coups...
- House of Representatives of Fiji - current membership (2004)
The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of Fiji's Parliament. It is the more powerful of the two chambers; it alone has the power to initiate legislation...
- Ministers for Fijian Affairs
The Minister for Fijian Affairs is the Cabinet Minister responsible for the preservation of Fijian culture and for the economic and social development of indigenous Fijians. Prior to 1999, the Minister for Fijian Affairs also presided over the Great Council of Chiefs, but since then the Great...
- Presidents of Fiji
Fiji's Head of State is the President of the Republic of the Fiji Islands. He or she was appointed by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term under the terms of the now-suspended 1997 constitution...
- Prime Ministers of Fiji
As a former British colony, Fiji has largely adopted British political models and follows the Westminster, or Cabinet, system of government, in which the executive branch of government is responsible to the legislature. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but must be supported, or at...
- Senate of Fiji - current membership (2004)
The Senate of Fiji is the upper chamber of Parliament. It is the less powerful of the two chambers; it may not initiate legislation, but may amend or veto it. The Senate's powers over financial bills are more restricted: it may veto them in their entirety, but may not amend them...
- Speakers of the Fijian House of Representatives
The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Fijian House of Representatives. At its first session following a general election, the House of Representatives elects a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. With a view to ensuring impartiality, the Speaker is not allowed to be a member of the House, though...
- Vice-Presidents of Fiji
The Fijian vice-presidency is a mostly ceremonial office. The position was created in 1990, to provide a constitutional successor to the President, in the event of the latter's death or resignation, or of his otherwise being unable to carry out his duties...
- Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands...
- Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea
Polynesia
- Cook Islands
The Cook Islands are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. The fifteen small islands in this South Pacific Ocean country have a total land area of 240 square kilometres , but the Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone covers 1.8 million square kilometres...
- Prime Ministers of the Cook Islands
The Prime Minister of the Cook Islands is the most powerful official within the government of the Cook Islands, a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand. The office was established in 1965, when self-government was first granted to the islands...
- Samoa
Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa , is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and Savai'i...
- Samoan Heads of State
- List of Rulers of Samoa
- Members of the Council of Deputies of Samoa
- Prime Ministers of Samoa
The Prime Minister of Samoa is the head of government in Samoa.-List of Prime Ministers of Samoa:-See also:*Samoa**Politics of Samoa**List of colonial heads of Samoa**O le Ao o le Malo*Lists of Incumbents...
- Chief Justice of Samoa
- Finance Ministers of Samoa
- Foreign Affairs Ministers of Samoa
- Health Ministers of Samoa
- Education Ministers of Samoa
- Public Works Ministers of Samoa
- Fono Aoao Faitulafono o Samoa - current membership (2006)
Ministers by portfolio
- Defence minister
A defence minister is a cabinet position which regulates the armed forces in some sovereign nations. The minister usually has a very important role in a cabinet....
- List of ministers of the environment
- Finance minister
The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government.A minister of finance has many different jobs in a government. He or she helps form the government budget, stimulate the economy, and control finances...
- Foreign minister
A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign nation. The ministry for foreign affairs is often regarded as the most senior ministerial position below that of the head of government ; it is often granted to...
- Interior minister
An interior ministry is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, national security, and immigration matters. The ministry is often headed by a minister of the interior or minister of home affairs...
Christian
- List of current patriarchs
- List of Patriarchs, Archbishops and Bishops
- Anglican Communion
- Archbishop of Canterbury
Also see Leaders of ChristianityThe Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, the see that churches must be in communion with in order to be...
- List of Archbishops of Canterbury
- Anglican Primates
- Roman Catholic
- Catholic Popes
- Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights
The Order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem , or for short the Teutonic Order , is a German Roman Catholic religious order. It was formed to aid Catholics on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals to care for the sick and injured...
- Grand Masters of the Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple , were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders...
- Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
- Grand Masters of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Bishop Albert of Riga founded the military order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1202; Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204. The membership of the order comprised German "warrior monks"...
- Other denomination
A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name, structure, and doctrine within Christianity.Worldwide, Christians are divided, often along ethnic and linguistic lines, into separate churches and traditions. Technically, divisions between one group and another are...
s
- General
thumbnail|left|1st General, William BoothGeneral is the title of the International Leader of The Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers .Usage of the term General began with the Founder of The Salvation...
of The Salvation Army
- Moderator
The Moderator of the United Church of Canada is the presiding leader of the United Church of Canada, Canada's largest Protestant denomination. The church is highly decentralized and non-dogmatic and the moderator has only limited power...
of the United Church of CanadaThe United Church of Canada, the second-largest Christian denomination in Canada after the Roman Catholic Church, is an evangelical Protestant denomination founded in 1925 as a merger of four Protestant denominations:...
Judaism
- Chief Rabbis of the United Kingdom
- Chief Rabbis of Israel
The Chief Rabbinate of Israel is the supreme Jewish religious governing body in the state of Israel. There are always two active Chief Rabbis in Israel, an Ashkenazi rabbi and a Sephardi rabbi known as the Rishon L'Tzion....
Buddhist
- Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama is a lineage of religious officials of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. "Lama" is a general term referring to Tibetan Buddhist teachers...
- Panchen Lama
The Panchen Lama is the second highest ranking Lama after the Dalai Lama in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism . The successive Panchen lamas form a tulku reincarnation lineage which are said to be the incarnations of Amitabha Buddha...
- Karmapa
The Karmapa is the head of the Karma Kagyu, the largest sub-school of the Kagyupa , itself one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism....
- Shamarpa
Shamarpa , also known as Shamar Rinpoche or more formally Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche is a lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism and the mind manifestation of Amitabha Buddha, He is traditionally associated with Yangpachen monastery near Lhasa.The first Shamarpa, Khedrup Drakpa...
- Sakya Trizin
Sakya Trizin means "Sakya Throne Holder" in the Tibetan language. It is the traditional title of the head of the Sakya Order of Tibetan Buddhism.The Sakya Order of Tibetan Buddhism was founded in 1073, when Khon Konchog Gyalpo, a member of Tibet’s noble Khön family, established a monastery in the...
- Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
The Supreme Patriarch or Sangharaja is the head of the order of Buddhist monks in Thailand. The position is formally appointed by the King of Thailand, although the actual selection is made by senior clergymen...
- Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
The Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia is the effective leader of the Buddhist community in Cambodia.-History:...
- Supreme Patriarch of Laos
Others
- Pontifices maximi
- President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
External links