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List of Danish monarchs

List of Danish monarchs

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This is a list of Danish
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...

 monarch
Monarch
A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, a form of government in which the country or entity usually ruled or controlled by an individual who usually rules for life or until abdication...

s
, that is, the Kings and Queens regnant of Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...

. This includes:
  • The Kingdom of Denmark (up to 1397)
    • Personal union
      Personal union
      A personal union is the combination by which two or more different states are governed by the same monarch while their boundaries, their laws and their interests remain distinct. It should not be confused with a federation which is internationally considered a single state...

       of Denmark and Norway (1380–1397)
  • The Kalmar Union
    Kalmar Union
    The Kalmar Union is a historiographical term meaning a series of personal unions that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway , and Sweden under a single monarch, though intermittently and with a population less than 3,000,000.The countries had not...

     (1397–1536)
    • Union of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1397–1523)
    • Union of Denmark and Norway (1523–1536)
  • The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway (1536–1814)
  • The Kingdom of Denmark (1814 to present)
    • Iceland
      Iceland
      The Republic of Iceland is a European island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km². Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, whose surrounding area is home to approximately two thirds of the national population...

       (since the union between Denmark
      Denmark
      Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...

       and Norway
      Norway
      Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...

       in 1380. Independent in a personal union with Denmark 1918–1944. A sovereign republic since 1944.)
    • Greenland
      Greenland
      Greenland is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago...

       (since the union between Denmark
      Denmark
      Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...

       and Norway
      Norway
      Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...

       in 1380. Effective Danish control began in 1721. Integrated into the Danish realm in 1953. Internal home rule introduced 1979. Self-determination assumed in 2009.)
    • Faroe Islands
      Faroe Islands
      The Faroe Islands, sometimes Faeroe Islands, Faroe, or Faeroes are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland...

       (since the union between Denmark
      Denmark
      Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...

       and Norway
      Norway
      Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...

       in 1380. County of Denmark 1816–1948. Internal home rule introduced 1948.)

The house of Oldenburg
House of Oldenburg
The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe's most influential Royal Houses.It rose to prominence when Count Christian I of Oldenburg was elected King of Denmark in 1448, and of Norway in 1450...

 held the Danish Crown between 1448 and 1863, when it passed to the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , from Glücksburg in northernmost Germany, is a branch of the House of Oldenburg that is descended from King Christian III of Denmark...

, a cadet branch of the same house, descended from King Christian III of Denmark
Christian III of Denmark
Christian III , king of Denmark and Norway, was the son of Frederick I of Denmark and his first consort, Anna of Brandenburg.-Childhood:...

. The kingdom had been elective (although the eldest son or brother of the previous king was usually elected) until 1660, when it became hereditary and absolutist
Absolutism (European history)
Absolutism or The Age of Absolutism is a historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by any other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites...

. Until 1864 Denmark was also united in a personal union with the duchies of Schleswig
Schleswig
Schleswig or South Jutland is a region covering the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark...

 and Holstein
Holstein
Holstein is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is part of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of Germany....

.

Danish name forms are given in parenthesis.

8th–10th century kings


  • Ongendus
    Ongendus
    Ongendus was a king of the Danes, reigning c. 710.About 710, Saint Willibrord visited the Danes whilst Ongendus was ruling and returned with 30 boys to instruct in missionary work. No further details are given about Ongendus, other than that he was "more savage than any beast and harder than...

     (Angantyr): c. 710

  • Sigfred
    Sigfred
    Sigfred was the second official king of Denmark who ruled between the 780s and 790s. The precise date however remains unknown.He was the father of Gudfred, his youngest son who was his successor and who later reigned as king and ruler of Denmark. His father Ongendus was the reportedly the first...

    : 780s–790s

  • Gudfred
    Gudfred
    King Gudfred was a Danish Viking king, the younger son of King Sigfred. Alternate spelling include Godfred, Göttrick , Gøtrik , Gudrød , and Godofredus ....

    : 804–810

  • Hemming: 810–811/812

  • Sigfred
    Sigfred
    Sigfred was the second official king of Denmark who ruled between the 780s and 790s. The precise date however remains unknown.He was the father of Gudfred, his youngest son who was his successor and who later reigned as king and ruler of Denmark. His father Ongendus was the reportedly the first...

     and Anulo: c. 812

  • Harald Klak
    Harald Klak
    Harald 'Klak' Halfdansson was a king in Jutland around 812–814 and again from 819–827.-Family:...

     and his brother Ragnfrid: 812–813

  • Sons of Gudfred: 814–820s
    • Horik I
      Horik I
      Horik I reigned as sole King of Denmark from 827 to his violent death in 854. His reign was marked by Danish raids on the Franco-German empire of Louis the Pious, son and successor of Charlemagne....

      : (814) 827–854

  • Horik II
    Horik II
    Horik II, also known as Erik Barn , was King of Denmark from the murder of Horik I in 854 to c. 873. After a brief civil war which nearly wiped out the branches of the royal family, legend has it that a single royal child was left alive, hence the name Erik the Child. The problem with the story is...

     (Erik Barn): 850s – 860s

  • Late 9th century kings
    • Halfdan
      Halfdan Ragnarsson
      Halfdan was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. It has been suggested that he is the same person as Ragnar's son Hvitserk. He pillaged with his brothers in England in 855, and later became a leader of the Great Heathen Army. He was the ruler of London 871–872 where he had coins made.In 875, he...

      : 870s
    • Sigfred
      Sigfred
      Sigfred was the second official king of Denmark who ruled between the 780s and 790s. The precise date however remains unknown.He was the father of Gudfred, his youngest son who was his successor and who later reigned as king and ruler of Denmark. His father Ongendus was the reportedly the first...

      : c. 873–891
    • Gudfred: c. 880s

  • Heiligo (Helge): 890s

  • The so called "Swedish dynasty": Early 10th century
    • Olof
      Olof the Brash
      Olaf, according to the Danish king Sweyn Estridson and Adam of Bremen, was a Swedish chieftain who conquered Denmark in the late 9th century or early 10th century and founded the House of Olaf....

    • Gyrd and Gnupa
      Gyrd and Gnupa
      Gyrd and Gnupa were kings of Denmark in the 10th century according to Sweyn II of Denmark and Adam of Bremen. They were the sons of the Swedish chieftain Olof the Brash who had conquered Denmark and they ruled together according to Swedish tradition.Gnupa is mentioned on the two Sigtrygg...

    • Sigtrygg
      Sigtrygg Gnupasson
      Sigtrygg Gnupasson was a king of Denmark of the Swedish House of Olaf who ruled in the 10th century, according to Adam of Bremen and Sweyn II of Denmark....


  • Harthacnut
    Harthacnut of Denmark
    Harthacnut was a legendary King of Denmark. He is alternatively given as the son of an otherwise unknown "Sweyn," or, as presented by Ragnarssona þáttr, of the semi-mythic viking chieftain Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, himself one of the sons of the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok...

     (Hardeknud or Hardegon): 930s

Viking Age/medieval kings

# Picture Name King from King until
1 Gorm the Old (Gorm den Gamle) 934/36? 958
2 Harald I Bluetooth (Harald Blåtand) 958 986/87
3 Sweyn I Forkbeard
Sweyn I of Denmark
Sweyn I Forkbeard, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in English Sven the Dane, also known as Swegen and Tuck , was king of Denmark and England, as well as parts of Norway. He was a Viking leader and the father of Cnut the Great...

 (Svend Tveskæg)
986/87 February 3, 1014
4 Harald II
Harald II of Denmark
Harald II of Denmark was king of Denmark from 1014 to 1018. He was the eldest son of Sweyn I of Denmark and Gunhilda and was regent while his father was fighting Ethelred the Unready in England. He inherited the Danish throne in 1014 and died in 1018. After his death, he was succeeded by his...

1014 1018
5 Cnut the Great (Knud den Store or Knud II) 1018 November 12, 1035
6 Harthacnut (Hardeknud or Knud III) 1035 June 8, 1042
7 Magnus the Good
Magnus I of Norway
Magnus I was the King of Norway from 1035 to 1047 and the King of Denmark from 1042 to 1047. He was the illegitimate son of King Olaf Haraldsson, also known as Saint Olaf, by his concubine Alvhild...

 (Magnus den Gode)
1042 October 25, 1047
8 Sweyn II Estridson (Svend Estridsen) 1047 April 28, 1074
9 Harald III
Harald III of Denmark
Harald III Hen was king of Denmark from 1074 or 1076 to 1080. Harald III was the eldest illegitimate son of Sweyn II of Denmark. He was married to Margareta Hasbjörnsdatter....

 (Harald Hén)
April 28, 1074 April 17, 1080
10 Canute IV the Saint (Knud den Hellige) April 17, 1080 July 10, 1086
11 Olaf I
Olaf I of Denmark
Olaf I of Denmark , was king of Denmark following his brother Canute IV starting from 1086. He was a natural son of king Sweyn Estridson and married Ingegard, princess of Norway, the daughter of Harald Hårdråde....

 (Oluf Hunger)
July 10, 1086 August 18, 1095
12 Eric I the Good
Eric I of Denmark
Eric I of Denmark , also known as Eric the Good Eric Evergood , was King of Denmark following his brother Olaf I in 1095. He was a son of King Sweyn Estridson, by his wife Gunhild Sveinsdotter, and he married Boedil Thurgotsdatter.He was born in the town of Slangerup in North Zealand...

 (Erik Ejegod)
August 18, 1095 July 10, 1103
13 Niels
Niels of Denmark
Niels of Denmark , was king of Denmark following his brother Eric I. He was presumably the youngest son of king Sweyn Estridson and married Margaret Fredkulla, princess of Sweden, with whom he had Magnus the Strong, and later Ulvhild Håkansdotter.Four of Niels' older brothers had ascended to the...

1104 June 4, 1134
14 Eric II
Eric II of Denmark
Erik II Emune was king of Denmark between 1134 and 1137. His nickname means "the Memorable". Erik was an illegitimate son of Eric I of Denmark....

 (Erik Emune)
June 4, 1134 July 18, 1137
15 Eric III
Eric III of Denmark
Eric Lamb was the king of Denmark from 1137 until he abdicated in 1146. He was the grandson of Eric I of Denmark....

 (Erik Lam)
July 18, 1137 August 8, 1146
16–18 Sweyn III
Sweyn III of Denmark
Sven III Grathe was the king of Denmark between 1146 and 1157. He served as a co-regent with Canute V of Denmark from 1152 until 1154 and again in 1157.Sweyn was the illegitimate son of Erik II Emune and a mistress....

 (Svend Grathe),
Canute V
Canute V of Denmark
Canute V of Denmark Canute V of Denmark Canute V of Denmark was a King of Denmark and a co-regent with Sweyn III and Valdemar I between 1146 and 1157.Canute was the son of King Niels' son Magnus, who had slain Canute Lavard, the uncle of Sweyn III...

 (Knud V), and
Valdemar I the Great
Valdemar I of Denmark
Valdemar I of Denmark , also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. Buried in Skt. Bendts Church, Ringsted....

 (Valdemar den Store)
1146
1146
1154
October 23, 1157
August 9, 1157
(1182)
18 Valdemar I the Great
Valdemar I of Denmark
Valdemar I of Denmark , also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. Buried in Skt. Bendts Church, Ringsted....

 (Valdemar den Store)
(1154)
October 23, 1157
May 12, 1182
19 Canute VI
Canute VI of Denmark
Canute VI was King of Denmark . Canute VI was the eldest son of King Valdemar I and Sophia of Polotsk.-Life:...

 (Knud VI)
1182 November 12, 1202
20 Valdemar II the Victorious
Valdemar II of Denmark
Valdemar II , called Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious , was the King of Denmark from November 12, 1202 until his death in 1241...

 (Valdemar Sejr)
November 12, 1202 March 28, 1241
21 Eric IV
Eric IV of Denmark
Eric IV , was king of Denmark from 1241 until his death. He was the son of Valdemar II by his wife, Princess Berengária of Portugal, and brother to Abel and Christopher I.Eric was coruler with his father from 1232....

 (Erik IV Plovpenning)
March 28, 1241 August 10, 1250
22 Abel
Abel of Denmark
Abel of Denmark was Duke of Schleswig from 1232 to 1252 and King of Denmark from 1250 until his death in 1252. Abel's reign was the shortest of any Danish monarch. He was the son of Valdemar II by his wife, Princess Berengária of Portugal, and brother to Eric IV and Christopher I...

November 1, 1250 June 29, 1252
23 Christopher I
Christopher I of Denmark
Christopher I was King of Denmark between 1252 and 1259. He was the son of Valdemar II of Denmark by his wife, Princess Berengária of Portugal, and brother to Abel and Eric IV. He was elected King upon the death of his older brother Abel in the summer of 1252...

 (Christoffer I)
December 25, 1252 May 29, 1259
24 Eric V
Eric V of Denmark
Eric V "Klipping" was King of Denmark and son of Christopher I. Until 1264 he ruled under the auspices of his mother, the competent Queen Dowager Margaret Sambiria. Between 1261 and 1262, Eric was a prisoner in Holstein following a military defeat...

 (Erik Klipping)
May 29, 1259 November 22, 1286
25 Eric VI
Eric VI of Denmark
Eric VI Menved was King of Denmark and a son of Eric V and Agnes of Brandenburg.He became king in 1286 at age 12, when his father was murdered 20 November by unknown assailants...

 (Erik Menved)
November 22, 1286 November 13, 1319
26 Christopher II
Christopher II of Denmark
Christopher II was king of Denmark from 1320 to 1326 and again from 1329 until his death. He was son of Eric V. His name is connected with national disaster, as his rule ended in an almost total dissolution of the Danish state.Being the brother of King Eric VI, Christopher was a possible heir to...

 (Christoffer II)
January 25, 1320 1326
27 Valdemar III
Valdemar III of Denmark
Valdemar III of Denmark was a king of Denmark from 1326 to 1329 briefly when underage, as well as in 1325–26 and from 1330 to 1364 Duke of Schleswig. He was a rival king set up against the unsuccessful Christopher II and was widely opposed by his many subjects...

1326 1329
- Christopher II
Christopher II of Denmark
Christopher II was king of Denmark from 1320 to 1326 and again from 1329 until his death. He was son of Eric V. His name is connected with national disaster, as his rule ended in an almost total dissolution of the Danish state.Being the brother of King Eric VI, Christopher was a possible heir to...

 (Christoffer II)
(2nd time)
1329 August 2, 1332
- (no king) (Interregnum
Interregnum
An interregnum is a period of discontinuity of a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next , and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap...

)
1332 1340
28 Valdemar IV
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Valdemar Atterdag was a King of Denmark from 1340 to 1375.He was the youngest son of Christopher II and spent most of his childhood and youth in exile at the court of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in Bavaria after the defeats of his father...

 (Valdemar Atterdag)
April 22, 1340 October 24, 1375
29 Olaf II
Olav IV of Norway
Oluf IV Haakonsson was king of Denmark as Oluf II and king of Norway as Olav IV . Oluf was son of King Haakon VI of Norway and the grandson of Magnus II of Sweden. His mother was Queen Margaret of Denmark which made him the grandson of Valdemar IV of Denmark...

 (Oluf II)
October 24, 1375 August 23, 1387
30 Margaret I
Margaret I of Denmark
Margaret I was Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden , and founder of the Kalmar Union, which united the Scandinavian countries for over a century.-Name:...

 (Margrete I)
(October 24, 1375)
August 23, 1387
June 17, 1397
(October 28, 1412)
31 Eric VII of Pomerania (Erik af Pommern) June 17, 1397
(October 28, 1412)
1439
32 Christopher III of Bavaria (Christoffer af Bayern) April 9, 1440 January 6, 1448

House of Oldenburg
House of Oldenburg
The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe's most influential Royal Houses.It rose to prominence when Count Christian I of Oldenburg was elected King of Denmark in 1448, and of Norway in 1450...

 

# Picture Name King from King until
33 Christian I
Christian I of Denmark
Christian I , Danish monarch and union king of Denmark , Norway and Sweden , under the Kalmar Union. In Sweden his short tenure as monarch was preceded by regents, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna and Erik Axelsson Tott and succeeded by regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa...

September 28, 1448 May 21, 1481
34 John (Hans) May 21, 1481 February 20, 1513
35 Christian II
Christian II of Denmark
Christian II was a Danish monarch and King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden , during the Kalmar Union...

February 20, 1513 April 13, 1523
36 Frederick I
Frederick I of Denmark
Frederick I of Denmark and Norway was the son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden and of Dorothea of Brandenburg...

April 13, 1523 April 10, 1533
- (Interregnum
Interregnum
An interregnum is a period of discontinuity of a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next , and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap...

)
1533 1534
37 Christian III
Christian III of Denmark
Christian III , king of Denmark and Norway, was the son of Frederick I of Denmark and his first consort, Anna of Brandenburg.-Childhood:...

July 4, 1534 January 1, 1559
38 Frederick II January 1, 1559 April 4, 1588
39 Christian IV
Christian IV of Denmark
Christian IV was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death. He is sometimes referred to as Christian Firtal in Denmark and Christian Kvart or Quart in Norway.-Biography:...

April 4, 1588 February 28, 1648
40 Frederick III
Frederick III of Denmark
Frederick III was king of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death. He stands as the ruler who introduced absolute monarchy in Denmark.-Before becoming king:...

February 28, 1648 February 9, 1670
41 Christian V
Christian V of Denmark
Christian V , was king of Denmark and Norway from 1670 to 1699. The son of Frederick III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg...

February 9, 1670 August 25, 1699
42 Frederick IV
Frederick IV of Denmark
Frederick IV was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death. Frederick was the son of Christian V and Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel .-Foreign affairs:...

August 25, 1699 October 12, 1730
43 Christian VI
Christian VI of Denmark
Christian VI was King of Denmark and Norway from 1730 to 1746.He was the son of Frederick IV and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. He married Sophia Magdalen of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and fathered Frederick V....

October 12, 1730 August 6, 1746
44 Frederick V
Frederick V of Denmark
Frederick V was king of Denmark and Norway from 1746, son of Christian VI of Denmark and Sophia Magdalen of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.-First marriage:...

August 6, 1746 January 14, 1766
45 Christian VII
Christian VII of Denmark
Christian VII was King of Denmark and Norway, and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1766 until his death. He was the son of Frederick V, King of Denmark, and his first consort Louisa, daughter of George II of Great Britain.He became king on his father’s death on 14 January 1766, weeks before his...

January 14, 1766 March 13, 1808
46 Frederick VI
Frederick VI of Denmark
Frederick VI reigned as King of Denmark from 1808 to 1839, and as king of Norway from 1808 to 1814. He also served as Regent of Denmark from 1784 to 1808 under his father's name, just like his British cousin The Prince of Wales, later King George IV...

(April 14, 1784)
March 13, 1808
December 3, 1839
47 Christian VIII
Christian VIII of Denmark
Christian VIII , king of Denmark 1839–48 and, as Christian Frederick, of Norway 1814, the eldest son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway and Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, was born in 1786 at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen...

December 3, 1839 January 20, 1848
48 Frederick VII
Frederick VII of Denmark
Frederick VII was King of Denmark. He reigned from 1848 until his death. He was the last Danish monarch of the older Royal branch of the House of Oldenburg, and also the last king of Denmark to rule as an absolute monarch...

January 20, 1848 November 15, 1863

House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , from Glücksburg in northernmost Germany, is a branch of the House of Oldenburg that is descended from King Christian III of Denmark...

 

# Picture Name Monarch from Monarch until
49 Christian IX
Christian IX of Denmark
Christian IX was King of Denmark from 16 November 1863 to 29 January 1906. He became known as the father-in-law of Europe, as his six children married into other royal houses; most current European monarchs are descended from him.-Early life:He was born in Gottorp, the fourth son of Friedrich...

November 15, 1863 January 29, 1906
50 Frederick VIII
Frederick VIII of Denmark
Frederik VIII was King of Denmark from 1906 to 1912.-Biography:He was the eldest son of King Christian IX and his wife, Denmark's heiress, Louise of Hesse - and was born in Copenhagen...

January 29, 1906 May 14, 1912
51 Christian X
Christian X of Denmark
Christian X was King of Denmark from 1912 to 1947 and last king of Iceland between 1918 and 1944. He was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen....

May 14, 1912 April 20, 1947
52 Frederick IX
Frederick IX of Denmark
Frederick IX was King of Denmark from 20 April 1947 until his death...

April 20, 1947 January 14, 1972
53 Margrethe II
Margrethe II of Denmark
Margrethe II is the Queen of Denmark...

January 14, 1972 Incumbent
Incumbent
The incumbent, in politics, is the holder of a political office. This term is usually used in reference to elections, in which races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbent. For example, in the 2004 United States presidential election, George W...


See also