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Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya

In Middle Ages, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria....
 (modern Tunisia
Tunisia

Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast....
) from 1229 to 1574.

History
After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads under Abu Zakariya
Abu Zakariya

Abu Zakariya Yahya   was the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya.He was the Almohad governor of Gab?s and then of Tunis by 1229....
 (1229-1249), Abu Zakariya
Abu Zakariya

Abu Zakariya Yahya   was the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya.He was the Almohad governor of Gab?s and then of Tunis by 1229....
 organised the administration in Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya

In Middle Ages, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria....
 (the Roman province
Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a province was the basic, and until the Tetrarchy , largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the Italia ....
 of Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
 in modern Maghreb
Maghreb

The Maghreb , also rendered Maghrib , meaning "place of sunset" or "western" in Arabic, is a region in North Africa. The term is generally applied to all of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but in older Arabic usage pertained only to the area of the three countries between the high ranges of the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea....
; today's Tunisia
Tunisia

Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast....
, eastern Algeria
Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
 and western Libya
Libya

Libya , officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
) and built Tunis
Tunis

Tunis is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Governorate, with a population of 1 200,000 in 2008 and over 3,980,500 in the municipal area....
 up as the economic and cultural centre of the empire. At the same time, many Muslims from Andalucia fleeing the Spanish
Spain in the Middle Ages

After the disorders of the passage of the Vandal#Iberia and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 408, the history of Medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the Arianismist Visigoths , who were Christianization with their king Reccared in 587....
 Reconquista
Reconquista

The Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims....
 of Castile
Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity, is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of Kingdom of Le?n and Kingdom of Castile, or more concretely, with the union of their parliaments a few decades later....
 and Aragon
Aragon

Aragon is an autonomous communities of Spain of Spain. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces of Spain from north to south: Huesca , Zaragoza , and Teruel ....
 were absorbed.






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Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya

In Middle Ages, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria....
 (modern Tunisia
Tunisia

Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast....
) from 1229 to 1574.

History


After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads under Abu Zakariya
Abu Zakariya

Abu Zakariya Yahya   was the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya.He was the Almohad governor of Gab?s and then of Tunis by 1229....
 (1229-1249), Abu Zakariya
Abu Zakariya

Abu Zakariya Yahya   was the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya.He was the Almohad governor of Gab?s and then of Tunis by 1229....
 organised the administration in Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya

In Middle Ages, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria....
 (the Roman province
Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a province was the basic, and until the Tetrarchy , largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the Italia ....
 of Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
 in modern Maghreb
Maghreb

The Maghreb , also rendered Maghrib , meaning "place of sunset" or "western" in Arabic, is a region in North Africa. The term is generally applied to all of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but in older Arabic usage pertained only to the area of the three countries between the high ranges of the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea....
; today's Tunisia
Tunisia

Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast....
, eastern Algeria
Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
 and western Libya
Libya

Libya , officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
) and built Tunis
Tunis

Tunis is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Governorate, with a population of 1 200,000 in 2008 and over 3,980,500 in the municipal area....
 up as the economic and cultural centre of the empire. At the same time, many Muslims from Andalucia fleeing the Spanish
Spain in the Middle Ages

After the disorders of the passage of the Vandal#Iberia and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 408, the history of Medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the Arianismist Visigoths , who were Christianization with their king Reccared in 587....
 Reconquista
Reconquista

The Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims....
 of Castile
Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity, is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of Kingdom of Le?n and Kingdom of Castile, or more concretely, with the union of their parliaments a few decades later....
 and Aragon
Aragon

Aragon is an autonomous communities of Spain of Spain. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces of Spain from north to south: Huesca , Zaragoza , and Teruel ....
 were absorbed. His successor Muhammad I al-Mustansir
Muhammad I al-Mustansir

Muhammad I al-Mustansir   was the second ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya and the first to claim the title of Khalif. Al-Mustansir concluded a peace agreement to end the Eighth Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, King of France, in 1270....
 (1249-1277) took the title of caliph
Caliph

The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah....
.

In the 14th century the empire underwent a temporary decline. Although the Hafsids succeeded for a time in subjugating the empire of the Abdalwids of Tlemcen
Tlemcen

Tlemcen is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the Tlemcen Province. Its population is 132,341 as of the 1998 census. Located inland, it is located in the center of a region known for its olive plantations and vineyards....
 for a time, but between 1347 and 1357 it was twice conquered by the Merinids
Marinid

The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin .The Marinid dynasty was a Berber dynasty formed in 1244....
 in Morocco
Morocco

Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 34 million and an area just under 447,000 km2....
. These however could not defeat the Bedouin
Bedouin

The Bedouin, , are predominantly Muslim, desert-dwelling Arab nomadic pastoralist, or previously nomadic group, found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert , Sinai Peninsula, and Negev to the Arabian Desert....
, so that the Hafsids were able to regain their empire. As at the same time epidemics of plague caused a considerable fall in population, the rule of the Hafsids was weakened further.

Under the Hafsids, piracy
Piracy

Piracy is a warlike act committed by a foreign nonstate actor, especially robbery or crime committed at sea, on a river, or sometimes on shore, either from a vessel flying no national flag, or one flying a national flag but without authorization from a nation....
 against Christian shipping grew stronger in the 14th century, particularly under Abd al-Aziz II (1394-1434). The profits were used for a great building programme and for the support of art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
 and culture
Culture

Culture is difficult to define. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions....
. However piracy also provoked retaliation from Aragon and Venice
Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
, which several times attacked Tunisian coastal cities. Under Utman (1435-1488) the Hafsids reached their last zenith, as the caravan
Caravan (travellers)

A caravan is a group of people traveling together, often on a trade expedition. Caravans were used mainly in desert areas and throughout the Silk Road, where traveling in groups aided in defense against bandits as well as helped to improve economies of scale in trade....
 trade through the Sahara
Sahara

The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert. At over 9,000,000 square kilometers , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as the United States or the continent of Europe....
 and with Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 was developed, as well as sea trade with Venice and Aragon. The Bedouins and the cities of the empire became largely independent, so that the Hafsids controlled only Tunis and Constantine
Constantine, Algeria

Constantine is the capital of Constantine Province in north-eastern Algeria. Slightly inland, it is about 80 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea coast....
.

In the 16th century the Hafsids increasingly became caught up in the power struggle between Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
 and the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
-supported Corsairs. The latter conquered Tunis in 1574 and toppled the Hafsids, who had at times accepted Spanish sovereignty over them.

Hafsid rulers


  • Abd al-Wahid (1207-1216)
  • Abd-Allah (1224-1229)
  • Abu Zakariya
    Abu Zakariya

    Abu Zakariya Yahya   was the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya.He was the Almohad governor of Gab?s and then of Tunis by 1229....
     (1229-1249)
  • Muhammad I al-Mustansir
    Muhammad I al-Mustansir

    Muhammad I al-Mustansir   was the second ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya and the first to claim the title of Khalif. Al-Mustansir concluded a peace agreement to end the Eighth Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, King of France, in 1270....
     (1249-1277)
  • Yahya II al-Watiq (1277-1279)
  • Ibrahim I (1279-1283)
  • Ibn Abi Umara (1283-1284)
  • Abu Hafs Umar I (1284-1295)
  • Muhammad I (1295-1309)
  • Abu Bakr I (1309)
  • Aba al-Baqa Khalid an-Nasir (1309-1311)
  • Aba Yahya Zakariya al-Lihyani (1311-1317)
  • Muhammad II (1317-1318)
  • Abu Bakr II (1318-1346)
  • Abu Hafs Umar II (1346-1349)
  • Ahmad I (1349)
  • Ishaq II (1350-1369)
  • Abu al-Baqa Khalid (1369-1371)
  • Ahmad II (1371-1394)
  • Abd al-Aziz II (1394-1434)
  • Muhammad III (1434-1436)
  • Uthman (1436-1488)
  • Abu Zakariya Yahya (1488-1489)
  • Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid) (1489-1490)
  • Abu Yahya Zakariya (1490-1494)
  • Muhammad IV (1494–1526)
  • Muhammad V (1526-1543)
  • Ahmad III (1543–1570)
  • Muhammad VI (1574-1574)