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Bahri dynasty
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The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks ( al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya ???????? ??????? ) was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) in Cairo at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub
History
The Mamluks formed by chance the most powerful and wealthiest empire of the time that lasted for more than 250 years from 1250 to 1517, while the British Empire lasted only 150. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks who were owned by him murdered his son and heir Turanshah, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt then she married the Atabeg (commander in chief) Emir Aybak and abdicated and Aybak became the Sultan ( ruled 1250 - 1257) .
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Encyclopedia
The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks ( al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya ???????? ??????? ) was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) in Cairo at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub
History
The Mamluks formed by chance the most powerful and wealthiest empire of the time that lasted for more than 250 years from 1250 to 1517, while the British Empire lasted only 150. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks who were owned by him murdered his son and heir Turanshah, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt then she married the Atabeg (commander in chief) Emir Aybak and abdicated and Aybak became the Sultan ( ruled 1250 - 1257) . The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were helped by the Mongols' sack of Baghdad in 1258, which effectively destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. Cairo became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.
The Mamluks were power cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the Turkic steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication of the Egyptians and Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in modern-day Israel and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq . The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern Mediterranean basin . Baibars, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz on the way home .
In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Al Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France, who was later definitely defeated, captured in Fariskur and ransomed . Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of Egypt. In 1261 , after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in Cairo , and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291 . Many Tatars settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars . He defeated the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan and sent the Abbasid Caliph with only 250 men to attempted to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch from the Crusaders . In addition, he fought the Seljuks , and Hashshashin; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia for the first time, before his death in 1277.
Sultan Qalawun defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280 , and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by Abaqa outside Homs . After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli from the Crusaders in 1289 . His son Khalil captured Acre, the last Crusader city, in 1291 .
The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299 , but were again defeated in 1303 . The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322.
Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgarian, Indian, and Abyssinian potentates, as well as the pope, the king of Aragon and the king of France . Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria with the Nile . He died in 1341, and the constant changes of sultan that followed led to great disorder in the provinces; meanwhile, in 1349 , during Al-Nasir Muhammad first reign, Egypt and the Levant were visited by the Black Death, which is said to have carried off many lives of of the inhabitants .
In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian Emir Barquq; Barquq was proclaimed a sultan , ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up the Burji dynasty .
List of Bahri Sultans- 1250-1250 Shajar al-Durr ??? ????
- 1250-1257 al-Muizz Izz-ad-Din Aybak ????? ?? ????? ????
- 1250-1252 al-Ashraf Muzafar ad-Din Musa ?????? ???? ????? ???? ( Ayyubid )
- 1257-1259 al-Mansur Nur ad-Din Ali ??????? ??? ????? ???
- 1259-1260 al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Qutuz ?????? ??? ????? ???
- 1260-1277 al-Zahir Rukn-ad-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????
- 1277-1279 al-Said Nasir-ad-Din Barakah Khan ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???
- 1279 al-Adil Badr al-Din Solamish ?????? ??? ????? ??????
- 1279-1290 al-Mansur Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
- 1290-1293 al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil ?????? ???? ????? ????
- 1293-1294 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ?????? ???? ????? ????first reign
- 1294-1297 al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha ?????? ??? ????? ?????
- 1297-1299 al-Mansur Husam ad-Din Lajin ??????? ???? ????? ?????
- 1299-1309 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ?????? ???? ????? ????second reign
- 1309 al-Muzaffar Rukn-ad-Din Baibars al-Jashankir ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????
- 1309-1340 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad?????? ???? ????? ???? third reign
- 1340-1341 al-Mansur Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???
- 1341-1342 al-Ashraf Ala'a-ad-Din Kujuk?????? ???? ????? ???
- 1342 an-Nasir Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad ?????? ???? ????? ????
- 1342-1345 as-Salih Imad-ad-Din Ismail ?????? ???? ????? ???????
- 1345-1346 al-Kamil Saif ad-Din Shaban I ?????? ??? ????? ?????
- 1346-1347 al-Muzaffar Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I ?????? ??? ????? ????
- 1347-1351 an-Nasir Badr-ad-Din abu al-Mali al-Hasan ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? first reign
- 1351-1354 as-Salih Salah-ad-Din ben Muhamed ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????
- 1354-1361 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan ?????? ???? ????? ?????second reign
- 1361-1363 al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Muhammad ??????? ???? ????? ????
- 1363-1376 al-Ashraf Zayn-ad-Din Abu al-Mali Shaban ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
- 1376-1382 al-Mansur Ala'a-ad-Din Ali ??????? ???? ????? ???
- 1382 as-Salih Salah-ad-Din Hajji I ?????? ???? ????? ????first reign
- 1382-1389 az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq ?????? ??? ????? ????? (Burji dynasty)
- 1389 Hajji II ????second reign (with honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur)
See also
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