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The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya ???????? ??????? ) was a Mamluk
Mamluk

A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
 dynasty
Dynasty

A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations. A dynasty is also often called a "Royal House", e.g. the House of Saud or House of Habsburg....
 of mostly Kipchak
Kipchaks

Kipchaks were an ancient Turkic people who originally formed part of the group of Kimek in Siberia along the middle reaches of Irtysh or along the Ob....
 Turkic
Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
 origin that ruled Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty
Burji dynasty

The Burji dynasty ???????? ??????? ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan....
, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) in Cairo
Cairo

Cairo , which means "the triumphant", is the Cairo and largest city of Egypt.It is the most populous metropolitan area in Egypt and is also one of the most populous in the world....
 at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub
As-Salih Ayyub

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.Biography...


History
The Mamluk
Mamluk

A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
s formed by chance the most powerful and wealthiest empire of the time that lasted for more than 250 years from 1250 to 1517.






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The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya ???????? ??????? ) was a Mamluk
Mamluk

A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
 dynasty
Dynasty

A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations. A dynasty is also often called a "Royal House", e.g. the House of Saud or House of Habsburg....
 of mostly Kipchak
Kipchaks

Kipchaks were an ancient Turkic people who originally formed part of the group of Kimek in Siberia along the middle reaches of Irtysh or along the Ob....
 Turkic
Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
 origin that ruled Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty
Burji dynasty

The Burji dynasty ???????? ??????? ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan....
, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) in Cairo
Cairo

Cairo , which means "the triumphant", is the Cairo and largest city of Egypt.It is the most populous metropolitan area in Egypt and is also one of the most populous in the world....
 at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub
As-Salih Ayyub

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.Biography...


History


The Mamluk
Mamluk

A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
s formed by chance the most powerful and wealthiest empire of the time that lasted for more than 250 years from 1250 to 1517. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub
As-Salih Ayyub

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.Biography...
 died, the Mamluks who were owned by him murdered his son and heir Turanshah
Al-Muazzam Turanshah

Turanshah, also Turan Shah was a son of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub and became Sultan of Egypt for a brief period and he was member of Kurdish Ayyubid Dynasty....
, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt then she married the Atabeg
Atabeg

Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic language origin , indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince....
 (commander in chief) Emir
Emir

Emir , is a high Nobility or office, used throughout the Arab World and historically in some Turkic peoples states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheikhs, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes, with "Emirate" being analogous to principality in this sense....
 Aybak
Aybak

Izz al-Din Aybak was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic peoples, or Bahri dynasty, line....
 and abdicated and Aybak became the Sultan (ruled 1250 - 1257). The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were helped by the Mongols
Mongols

The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
' sack of Baghdad
Baghdad

Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World....
 in 1258, which effectively destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. Cairo
Cairo

Cairo , which means "the triumphant", is the Cairo and largest city of Egypt.It is the most populous metropolitan area in Egypt and is also one of the most populous in the world....
 became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.

Mamluke
The Mamluks were power cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the Turkic
Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
 steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication of the Egyptians and Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut
Battle of Ain Jalut

The Battle of Ain Jalut took place on 3 September 1260 between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols in Palestine, in the Jezreel Valley in Galilee, just north of Biblical Samaria....
 in modern-day Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
 and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq
Iraq

Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros Mountains, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
. The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern Mediterranean basin
Mediterranean Basin

The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub...
. Baibars
Baibars

Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari , nicknamed Abu al-Futuh , was an important Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria....
, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz
Qutuz

Saif ad-Din Qutuz, also spelled Kutuz, Although Qutuz's reign was short, he is one of the most popular Mamluk sultans in the Islamic world and holds one of the highest positions in Islamic history....
 on the way home.

In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Al Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France
Louis IX of France

Louis IX , commonly Saint Louis, was List of French monarchs from 1226 to his death. He was also Counts of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was a member of the House of Capet and the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile....
, who was later definitely defeated, captured in Fariskur and ransomed . Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
. In 1261 , after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in Cairo
Cairo

Cairo , which means "the triumphant", is the Cairo and largest city of Egypt.It is the most populous metropolitan area in Egypt and is also one of the most populous in the world....
, and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291. Many Tatars settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars. He defeated the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan
Battle of Elbistan

In 1277, the Mamluk sultan Baibars marched from Syria into the Mongol-dominated Seljuk Sultanate of R?m and attacked the Mongol occupation force in the Battle of Elbistan ....
 and sent the Abbasid
Abbasid

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The Caliphate is one of the high points of Islam, and at the time Muslim civilization, together with that of Byzantium, China and India, was the most developed part of the world....
 Caliph with only 250 men to attempted to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch
Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and was a cradle of gentile hi...
 from the Crusaders. In addition, he fought the Seljuks, and Hashshashin
Hashshashin

The Hashshashin from which the word Assassinations is thought to originate, was the Persian Empire derived designation of the Nizari branch of the Ismailism Shia Islam during the Middle Ages....
; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia
Nubia

Nubia is a region in Southern Egypt along the Nile and in what is now northern Sudan. Most of Nubia is situated in Sudan with about a quarter of its territory in Egypt....
 for the first time, before his death in 1277.

Sultan Qalawun
Qalawun

Saif al-Din Qalawun Al-Salihi was the seventh Mamluk sultan of Egypt. He was in the Bahri dynasty line and ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1290....
 defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280, and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by Abaqa outside Homs
Homs

Hims Hims did not emerge into the light of history until the 1st century BCE at the time of Seleucids. It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Royal Family of Emesa who gave the city its name....
. After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli
Tripoli, Lebanon

Tripoli is a city in Lebanon. Situated north of Batroun and the cape of Lithoprosopon, Tripoli is the capital of the North Governorate and the Districts of Lebanon of the same name....
 from the Crusaders in 1289. His son Khalil
Khalil

al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah al-Din Khalil ibn Qalawun ; . Was the eighth Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1290 until his assassination in December, 1293....
 captured Acre, the last Crusader city, in 1291.

The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299, but were again defeated in 1303. The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde
Golden Horde

The Golden Horde is a East-Slavic designation for the Mongol?later Turkic languages?Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus....
 who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad
Al-Nasir Muhammad

Al-Nasir Muhammad b. Cairo 1285, d. Cairo 1340) Was the ninth Mamluk sultan of Egypt who was inaugurated three times, from December 1293 to December 1294 , from 1299 to 1309 and from 1309 till his death in 1341 ....
 married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgaria
Bulgaria

The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
n, India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
n, and Abyssinian
Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
 potentates, as well as the pope
Pope

The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and head of state of Vatican City. The current pope is Pope Benedict XVI, who was elected April 19, 2005 in Papal conclave, 2005....
, the king of Aragon
List of Aragonese monarchs

This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. The Kingdom of Aragon included the present-day autonomous community of Aragon....
 and the king of France
List of French monarchs

The monarchs of France ruled, first as kings and later as emperors , from the Middle Ages to 1870. There is some disagreement as to when France came into existence....
. Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria
Alexandria

Alexandria , with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving about 80% of Egypt's imports and exports....
 with the Nile
Nile

The Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the List of rivers by length in the world.The Nile has two major tributary, the White Nile and Blue Nile, the latter being the source of most of the Nile's water and silt, but the former being the longer of the two....
. He died in 1341, and the constant changes of sultan that followed led to great disorder in the provinces; meanwhile, in 1349 , during Al-Nasir Muhammad first reign, Egypt and the Levant were visited by the Black Death
Black Death

The Black Death, was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis , but recently attributed by some factors to other diseases....
, which is said to have carried off many lives of the inhabitants.

In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian
Circassians

Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic languages Cherkess and is not the self-designation of any people. It has sometimes been applied indiscriminately to all the peoples of the North Caucasus, including the Mamluks....
 Emir Barquq; Barquq was proclaimed a sultan, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up the Burji dynasty
Burji dynasty

The Burji dynasty ???????? ??????? ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan....
.

List of Bahri Sultans

  • 1250-1250 Shajar al-Durr ??? ????
  • 1250-1257 al-Muizz Izz-ad-Din Aybak ????? ?? ????? ????
  • 1250-1252 al-Ashraf Muzafar ad-Din Musa ?????? ???? ????? ???? (Ayyubid )
  • 1257-1259 al-Mansur Nur ad-Din Ali
    Al-Mansur Ali

    Al-Mansur Ali See Also *List of rulers of EgyptReferences...
     ??????? ??? ????? ???
  • 1259-1260 al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Qutuz ?????? ??? ????? ???
  • 1260-1277 al-Zahir Rukn-ad-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari
    Baibars

    Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari , nicknamed Abu al-Futuh , was an important Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria....
     ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????
  • 1277-1279 al-Said Nasir-ad-Din Barakah Khan
    Al-Said Barakah

    Al-Said Barakah ...
     ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???
  • 1279 al-Adil Badr al-Din Solamish
    Solamish

    Badr al-Din Solamish royal name: al-Malik al-Adil Badr al-Din Solamish was a Sultan of Egypt in 1279. was the son of the eminent Sultan Baibars who was of Kipchaks origin....
     ?????? ??? ????? ??????
  • 1279-1290 al-Mansur Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi
    Qalawun

    Saif al-Din Qalawun Al-Salihi was the seventh Mamluk sultan of Egypt. He was in the Bahri dynasty line and ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1290....
     ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
  • 1290-1293 al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil ?????? ???? ????? ????
  • 1293-1294 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ?????? ???? ????? ????first reign
  • 1294-1297 al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha
    Al-Adil Kitbugha

    Kitbugha , was the 10th Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from December 1294 to November 1296....
     ?????? ??? ????? ?????
  • 1297-1299 al-Mansur Husam ad-Din Lajin
    Lajin

    Lajin royal name: al-Malik al-Mansour Hossam ad-Din Lajin al-Mansuri See Also *List of rulers of Egypt ...
     ??????? ???? ????? ?????
  • 1299-1309 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ?????? ???? ????? ????second reign
  • 1309 al-Muzaffar Rukn-ad-Din Baibars al-Jashankir
    Baibars II

    Not to be confused with his more famous namesake, BaibarsBaibars al-Jashnakir or Baibars II. Royal name: al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Jashnakir al-Mansuri, ....
     ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????
  • 1309-1340 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad?????? ???? ????? ???? third reign
  • 1340-1341 al-Mansur Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr
    Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr

    Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr was a Mamluk sultan of Egypt in 1341....
     ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???
  • 1341-1342 al-Ashraf Ala'a-ad-Din Kujuk
    Kujuk

    Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk royal name: al-Malik al-Ashraf Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 1341 to 1342....
    ?????? ???? ????? ???
  • 1342 an-Nasir Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
    Shihab ad-Din Ahmad

    Shihab ad-Din Ahmad royal name: al-Malik al-Nasir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1342....
     ?????? ???? ????? ????
  • 1342-1345 as-Salih Imad-ad-Din Ismail ?????? ???? ????? ???????
  • 1345-1346 al-Kamil Saif ad-Din Shaban I ?????? ??? ????? ?????
  • 1346-1347 al-Muzaffar Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I ?????? ??? ????? ????
  • 1347-1351 an-Nasir Badr-ad-Din abu al-Mali al-Hasan ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? first reign
  • 1351-1354 as-Salih Salah-ad-Din ben Muhamed ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????
  • 1354-1361 an-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan ?????? ???? ????? ?????second reign
  • 1361-1363 al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Muhammad ??????? ???? ????? ????
  • 1363-1376 al-Ashraf Zayn-ad-Din Abu al-Mali Shaban ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
  • 1376-1382 al-Mansur Ala'a-ad-Din Ali ??????? ???? ????? ???
  • 1382 as-Salih Salah-ad-Din Hajji I ?????? ???? ????? ????first reign
  • 1382-1389 az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq ?????? ??? ????? ????? (Burji dynasty)
  • 1389 Hajji II ????second reign (with honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur)


See also


  • Aybak
    Aybak

    Izz al-Din Aybak was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic peoples, or Bahri dynasty, line....
  • History of Arab Egypt
  • Mamluk
    Mamluk

    A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
  • Qala'un Mosque
    Qala'un Mosque

    The Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qala'un Mosque is an early 14th century mosque at the Citadel in Cairo, Egypt . It was built by the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasr Muhammad in 1318 as the royal mosque of the Cairo Citadel, where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers....
  • Shajar al-Durr