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Lanna
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Lanna (English One Million Rice Fields, ) was a kingdom in the north of Thailand around the city of Chiang Mai.
The kingdom was founded in 1296 by King Mangrai the Great, when he succeeded his father as the leader of the Ngoen Yang city state. In 1262 he founded the city Chiang Rai as his capital, naming it after himself. The kingdom quickly grew by unifying the many local Tai rulers of the area under his leadership, as well as by enlarging to the south by annexing the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai in 1292 - the area around the modern-day city Lamphun.
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Lanna (English One Million Rice Fields, ) was a kingdom in the north of Thailand around the city of Chiang Mai.
The kingdom was founded in 1296 by King Mangrai the Great, when he succeeded his father as the leader of the Ngoen Yang city state. In 1262 he founded the city Chiang Rai as his capital, naming it after himself. The kingdom quickly grew by unifying the many local Tai rulers of the area under his leadership, as well as by enlarging to the south by annexing the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai in 1292 - the area around the modern-day city Lamphun. In 1296 he founded the city of Chiang Mai as the new capital of the kingdom with help from allies Ngam Muang of Phayao and Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai.
The golden age of Lanna was in the 15th century during the reign of Tilokkarat or Tilokaraja. In 1477 the 8th of the Buddhist councils was held near Chiang Mai, which worked on improving the Buddhist scriptures. The previously independent city state Nan, capital of a Tai Lue people, was added to the kingdom in 1449. Wars with Ayutthaya Kingdom, another Thai kingdom, also broke out.
Initial decline of the kingdom began in the early 16th century, and worsened after the death of King Kaeo in 1526. A war of succession ensued among the royal factions, kings were assassinated; or others had to abdicate. This political instability invited an invasion from the neighboring Burmese kingdom, and in 1558 Lanna had to surrender and thus became a vassal of Burma. When the dynasty of Mangrai became extinct in 1578, the Burmese sent their own princes to serve as rulers of Lanna.
The kings of Ayutthaya tried to capture Lanna several times, as the Burmese posed a threat to their kingdom as well. Even though around 1600 King Naresuan, and later in 1662 King Narai as well, succeeded in occupying Chiang Mai, they were repulsed by the Burmese after a short time.
In the early 1700s the Burmese divided the kingdom into a northern part, ruled from Chiang Saen, and a southern part, ruled from Chiang Mai. The northern part was for all practical purposes annexed by Burma, while the southern continued to be a vassal state.
After the Burmese destroyed Ayutthaya, King Taksin drove the Burmese out of Siam or Central Thailand. In Lanna, King Taksin helped Phraya Chaban (Bunma) of Chiang Mai and Prince Kawila of Lampang to successfully drive out the Burmese. On the night of February 14, 1774 Chiang Mai fell to the Siamese. Phraya Chaban (Bunma) ruled Chiang Mai as the first Duke of Chiang Mai and Prince Kawila became the first Duke of Lampang under Siamese rulership. King Rama I after ascending to the throne, awarded Kawila with more power, Kawila become the second Duke of Chiang Mai who ruled 57 cities. The two families became closer. Not only Princess Sri Anocha, Duke Kawila's sister, married to Vice King Boonma, King Rama I's only brother, but Princess Dararasmi, Duke Inthawichayanon's daughter also become King Rama V's Princess Consort. In 1877 a Viceroy from Bangkok was sent to help the duke. In 1899 Lanna was formally annexed by Siam, and administrated as the Monthon Phayap. The last of the Chiang Mai duke, Kaeo Nawarat, never held any true administrative power. Upon his death in 1939, no successor was named to replace him.
List of Lanna Monarchs
City States Period
Lawachangkarat or Lavachankaraja Dynasty
Ngoen Yang or Yon or Yonok State
- Lawachangkarat or Lavachankaraja or Lao Chong
- Lao Kao Kaeo Ma Mueang
- Lao Sao
- Lao Tang or Lao Phang
- Lao Klom or Lao Luang
- Lao Leo
- Lao Kap
- Lao Khim or Lao Kin
- Lao Khiang (The royal court moved to Ngeon Yang)
- Lao Khiu
- Lao Thoeng or Lao Ting
- Lao Tueng or Lao Toeng
- Lao Khon
- Lao Som
- Lao Kuak or Lao Phuak
- Lao Kiu or Lao Kwin
- Lao Chong
- Chom Pha Rueang
- Lao Choeng or Lao Chueang or Khun Chueang
- Lao Ngoen Rueang
- Lao Sin or Lao Chuen
- Lao Ming
- Lao Mueang or Lao Moeng
- Lao Meng
- Mangrai the Great, 1261-1311 (The first king of Mangrai dynasty in Chiang Mai)
Kingdom Period 1296-1558
Mangrai Dynasty
- Mangrai the Great, 1261-1311
- Chaiyasongkhram or Jayasangrama, 1311-1325
- Saenphu, 1325-1334
- Khamfu, 1334-1336
- Phayu, 1336-1355
- Kuena, 1355-1385
- Saenmueangma, 1385-1401
- Samfangkaen, 1402-1441
- Tilokkarat or Tilokaraja, 1441-1487
- Yotchiangrai, 1487-1495
- Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, 1495-1525
- Ket or Muangketklao, 1525-1538 (1st reign)
- Saikham, 1538-1543
- Ket or Mueangketklao, 1543-1545 (2nd reign)
- Chiraprapha or Jiraprabha, 1545-1546 (queen's reign)
- Chaiyachettha or Jayajestha, 1546-1547
- interregnum, 1547-1551
- Mekuti, 1551-1564 (Burmese conquest and control of Lanna 1558)
- Wisutthathewi or Visuddhadevi, 1564-1578 (queen's reign)
Lanna under Burmese rule 1578-1774
Governorate of Chiangmai
- Sawathi Noratra Mangsosi, 1578-1607 (Burmese ruled Lanna directly)
- Phra Choi, 1607-1608 (1st time)
- Phra Chaiyathip, 1608-1613
- Phra Choi, 1613-1615 (2nd time)
- Duke Sisongmueang of Nan, 1615-1631
- Phraya Luangthipphanet, 1631-1655
- Phra Saenmueang, 1655-1659
- Duke of Phrae, 1659-1672
- Viceroy Uengsae of Ava, 1672-1675
- Cheputarai, 1675-1707
- Mang Raenara, 1707-1727
- Thepsing or Debasingha, 1727 (independent ruler)
- Ong Kham, 1727-1759
- Ong Chan, 1759-1761
- Chao Khihut, 1761-1763
- Po Aphaikhamini, 1763-1768
- Po Mayu'nguan, 1768-1774
Ducal Period under Thai or Siamese Protector 1774-1899
Early Duchy of Chiang Mai
- Phraya Chaban (Bunma) 1774-1782
House of Chaochetton or Thipchang
Duchy of Chiangmai 1782-1939
- Kawila, 1782-1813 (Ex-Duke of Lampang)
- Thammalangka or Dharmalanka, 1813-1822
- Khamfan, 1823-1825 (Ex-Duke of Lamphun)
- Phutthawong or Buddhavansa, 1826-1846
- Mahotaraprathet, 1847-1854
- Kawirolot Suriyawong, 1856-1870
- Inthawichayanon, 1873-1896
- Inthawarorot Suriyawong, 1901-1909 (Thai annexed Lanna)
- Kaeo Navarat, 1911-1939 (title dissolved)
Duchy of Lampang 1732-1925
- Thipchang, 1732-1759 (Burmese Era)
- Chaikaeo, 1759-1774 (Burmese Era)
- Kawila, 1774-1782 (The first ruler under Siamese, became Duke of Chiang Mai in 1782)
- Khamsom, 1782-1794
- Duangthip, 1794-1825
- Chaiwong or Jayavansa, 1825-1838
- Khattiya, 1838
- Noi In, 1838-1848 (Ex-Duke of Lamphun)
- Worayannarangsi or Varayanaransi, 1848-1873
- Phrommaphiwong or Brahmabhivansa, 1873-1887
- Suriya Changwang or Surya Changwang, 1887
- Noranan Chaichawalit or Narananda Jayajavalit, 1887-1897
- Bunyawat Wongmanit or Bunyavadya Vansamanit, 1897-1922 (Thai annexed Lanna)
- Chao Ratchabut (Noi Mueangphruan), 1922-1925 (title dissolved)
Duchy of Lamphun 1805-1943
- Khamfan, 1805-1815 (Duke of Chiang Mai in 1823)
- Bunmamueang, 1815-1827
- Noi In, 1827-1837 (Duke of Lampang in 1838)
- Khamtan, 1838-1841
- Thammalangka or Dharmalanka, 1841-1843
- Chailangkaphisan Sophakkhun, 1848-1871
- Daradirekratphairot, 1871-1888
- Hemphinphaichit, 1888-1895
- Inthayongyotchot, 1895-1911 (Thai annexed Lanna)
- Chakkham Khachonsak, 1911-1943 (title dissolved)
All the rulers of this dynasty :
Historical Writings on Lanna
- The Chiang Mai chronicles - Probably started in the late 15th century and enlarged with every copying of the palm leaves manuscript. Current version is from 1828, English translation available as ISBN 974-7100-62-2.
- Jinakaramalini - composed by Ratanapañña (16th c.) an account of the early rise of Buddhism in Thailand and details on many historical events.
See also
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