This is a list of the
EmperorAn emperor is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right...
s of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the
Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct and de jure succession to the ancient Roman Emperors...
by modern historians. This list does not include numerous co-emperors who never attained sole or senior status as rulers.
This list begins with Constantine I the Great, the first Christian emperor reigning from
ConstantinopleConstantinople was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire , the Latin Empire , and the Ottoman Empire...
.
DiocletianGaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus , born Diocles and commonly known as Diocletian , was Roman Emperor from 20 November 284 to 1 May 305. Born to a Dalmatian family of low status, he rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the emperor Carus...
before him had ruled from
NicomediaNicomedia was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens to the Propontis. The city was founded in 712/11 BC as a Megarian colony and, in early Antiquity, was called Astacus...
and replaced the republican trappings of the office with a straightforward
autocracyA autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is held by a self-appointed ruler. The term autocrat is derived from the word autokratōr...
. All Byzantine Emperors regarded themselves as Roman Emperors.
Although the Catholic West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, on 25 December 800,
Pope Leo IIIPope Saint Leo III was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor....
crowned King of Franks
CharlemagneCharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe...
as the "
Roman EmperorThe Holy Roman Emperor is a term used by historians to denote a Middle Ages ruler, who as German King had in addition received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope of the Holy Roman Church, and after the 16th century, the elected monarch governing the Holy Roman Empire, a Central...
(which eventually led to the formation of the
Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
) due to uneasy relations with the Orthodox East, an act which was considered as a disgrace by the Byzantines.
The title of all Emperors listed preceding
HeracliusFlavius Heraclius was a Byzantine Emperor of Armenian origin, who ruled the Eastern Roman Empire for over thirty years, from October 5, 610 to February 11, 641...
was officially
AugustusGaius Julius Caesar Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.
[These are the contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian after 45 BC...]
, although various other titles such as
DominusDominus may also refer to:* Christus Dominus, the Second Vatican Council's "Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops".* Dominus Flevit Church, on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem...
were used as well. For official purposes, their names were preceded by
ImperatorThe Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. It later went on to become a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen...
CaesarCaesar , Latin: Caesar , is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator...
and followed by Augustus. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek
BasileusBasileus , signifies "sovereign" or "king". It is perhaps best known in English as a title used by Byzantine emperors, but also has a longer history of use for persons of authority in ancient Greece, as well as for the kings of modern Greece.-Etymology:The etymology of basileus is unclear...
(Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant generally "king", "
sovereignA monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, a form of government in which the country or entity usually ruled or controlled by an individual who usually rules for life or until abdication...
" but now was used in place of Imperator. Following the establishment of a rival Empire in Western Europe (the
Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
), the title
AutokratorAutokratōr is a Greek epithet applied to an individual who exercises absolute power, unrestrained by superiors. In a historical context, it has been applied to military commanders-in-chief, and to Roman and Byzantine emperors as the translation of the Latin title imperator...
(Gr. Αυτοκράτωρ) was also increasingly used. Foreign kings were now titled by the neologism Regas (Gr. Ρήγας, from the Lat. "Rex") or by another generic term Archon (Gr. Άρχων, "ruler"). In the later centuries of the Empire, the emperor could be often referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of the Greeks," though they still considered themselves "Roman" Emperors. Towards the end of the Empire, they referred to themselves as "[Emperor's name] in Christ true Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans."
- For previous Emperors, see List of Roman Emperors
Constantinian dynastyThe Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324...
(306-363)
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Constantine ICaesar Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus , commonly known in English as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine , was Roman emperor from 306, and the sole holder of that office from 324 until his death in... "the Great" (Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) |
son of the Augustus Constantius ChlorusFlavius Valerius Constantius , also Constantius I, was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire . He was commonly called Chlorus an epithet given to him by Byzantine historians...
|
27 February c.280 |
25 July 306 Proclaimed "Augustus" upon the death of Constantius ChlorusFlavius Valerius Constantius , also Constantius I, was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire . He was commonly called Chlorus an epithet given to him by Byzantine historians... |
22 May 337 |
 |
Constantius IIFlavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II was a Roman Emperor of the Constantinian dynasty.-Early life:... (Flavius Iulius Constantius) |
second son of Constantine I |
7 August 317 |
22 May 337 Inherited Eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death |
5 October 361 died of illness on campaign |
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JulianFlavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian, Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher , was Roman Emperor , last of the Constantinian dynasty... "the Apostate" (Flavius Claudius Iulianus) |
grandson of Constantius Chlorus, cousin of Constantius II |
May 332 |
5 October 361 Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, became legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius |
28 June 363 Mortally wounded in battle |
Non-dynastic (363-364)
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Jovian ( Flavius Claudius Iovianus ) |
Guards' Captain amongst Julian's Eastern forces |
c.332 |
28 June 363 Elected by the army upon Julian's death |
17 February 364 Died on journey back to Constantinople |
Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty (364-457)
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Valentinian IFlavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, was Roman Emperor from 364 until his death. Valentinian is often referred to as the "last great western emperor"... (Flavius Valentinianus) |
Officer under Julian and Jovian |
321 |
26 February 364 Elected by the army upon Jovian's death |
17 November 375 Died of cerebral haemorrhage |
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ValensFlavius Julius Valens was Roman Emperor , after he was given the Eastern part of the empire by his brother Valentinian I... ( Flavius Iulius Valens ) |
Minor soldier of the Roman army, brother of Valentinian I |
328 |
28 March 364 Appointed by his brother |
9 August 378 Killed at the Battle of AdrianopleThe Battle of Adrianople , sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels led by Fritigern... |
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GratianFlavius Gratianus , known usually by the anglicised name Gratian, was a Western Roman Emperor from 375 to 383.... ( Flavius Gratianus ) |
Son of Valentinian I, nephew of Valens |
18 April/23 May 359 |
9 August 378 Inherited rule of the East upon the death of Valens |
19 January 379 Appointed Theodosius I as Emperor of the East |
25 August 383 Assassinated during the rebellion of Magnus MaximusMagnus Maximus , also known as Maximianus and Macsen Wledig in Welsh, was a Hispano-Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire from 383 until his death, in 388, by order of Emperor Theodosius I.-Life:... |
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Theodosius IFlavius Theodosius , also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great , was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Reuniting the eastern and western portions of the empire, Theodosius was the last emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire... "the Great" ( Flavius Theodosius ) |
Aristocrat and military leader, brother-in-law of Gratian |
11 January 347 |
19 January 379 Appointed by Gratian |
17 January 395 old age |
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ArcadiusFlavius Arcadius was Byzantine Emperor in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire from 395 until his death.-History:Arcadius was born in Hispania, the elder son of Theodosius I and Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of Honorius, who would become a Western Roman Emperor... ( Flavius Arcadius ) |
Son of Theodosius I |
377/378 |
17 January 395 Upon the death of Theodosius I |
1 May 408 |
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Theodosius IIFlavius Theodosius , called the Calligrapher, known in English as Theodosius II, was a Eastern Roman Emperor . He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code as well for the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople... ( Flavius Theodosius ) |
Son of Arcadius |
10 April 401 |
1 May 408 Upon the death of Arcadius |
28 July 450 Riding accident |
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PulcheriaAelia Pulcheria was the daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius, a great influence on her brother Theodosius II and wife to Emperor Marcian. She is honoured as a saint by the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.... ( Aelia Pulcheria ) |
Daughter of Arcadius, sister of Theodosius II |
19 January 399 |
28 July 450 Upon the death of Theodosius II |
July 453 |
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MarcianFlavius Marcianus, known in English as Marcian, was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 450 until his death. Marcian's rule marked a recovery of the Eastern Empire, which the emperor protected from external menaces and reformed economically and financially... ( Flavius Marcianus ) |
Soldier, politician, husband of Pulcheria |
396 |
450 Upon his marriage to Pulcheria |
January 457 Gangrene contracted on a journey |
Leonid dynastyThe House of Leo ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 457 to 518 .The emperors of the House of Leo were:# Leo I the Thracian – soldier...
(457-518)
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Leo IFlavius Valerius Leo , known in English as Leo the Thracian or Leo I, was a Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 457 to 474... "the Thracian" (Flavius Valerius Leo ) |
Soldier |
401 |
7 February 457 Chosen by AsparFlavius Ardabur Aspar was an Alan patrician and magister militum of the Eastern Roman Empire.Son of the magister Ardaburius, Aspar played a crucial role in his father's expedition in 424 to defeat the western usurper, Joannes of Ravenna, and to install Galla Placidia and her son, Valentinian III,... , commander-in-chief of the army |
18 January 474 Died of dysentery |
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Leo IIFlavius Leo Iunior or Leo II served as Byzantine Emperor from January 18 to November 17, 474. He was the son of Zeno and Ariadne . As Leo's closest male relative, he was named successor upon his grandfather's death... ( Flavius Leo ) |
Grandson of Leo I |
467 |
18 January 474 Succeeded his grandfather Leo I |
17 November 474 Died of an unknown disease, possibly poisoned |
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ZenoFlavius Zeno, original name Tarasicodissa or Trascalissaeus, Byzantine Emperor was one of the more prominent of the early Byzantine Emperors. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues... ( Flavius Zeno ) (Born Tarasicodissa) |
Roman general of Isaurian origins; son-in-law of Leo I, father of Leo II |
c.425 |
Co-emperor: 9 February 474 Appointed by his son Leo II Sole Emperor: 17 November 474 Succeeded upon the death of Leo II |
9 January 475 Deposed by Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Leo I |
9 April 491 |
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BasiliscusFlavius Basiliscus was an Eastern Roman Emperor of the House of Leo, who ruled briefly , when Emperor Zeno had been forced out of Constantinople by a revolt.... ( Flavius Basiliscus ) |
Army General; brother-in-law of Leo I |
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9 January 475 Seized power from Zeno |
August 476 Deposed by Zeno |
476/477 |
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ZenoFlavius Zeno, original name Tarasicodissa or Trascalissaeus, Byzantine Emperor was one of the more prominent of the early Byzantine Emperors. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues... , restored ( Flavius Zeno ) (Born Tarasicodissa) |
Roman general of Isaurian origins; son-in-law of Leo I, father of Leo II |
c.425 |
restored August 476 Having deposed Basiliscus |
9 April 491 |
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Anastasius IFlavius Anastasius or Anastasius I was Byzantine Emperor from 11 April 491 until his death. He was born at Dyrrhachium no later than 430/431, the son of Pompeius, a nobleman of Dyrrachium, and his anonymous wife... ( Flavius Anastasius ) |
Palace official ("Silentiarius"); son-in-law of Leo I |
c.430 |
11 April 491 Chosen by Ariadne, widow of Zeno |
9 July 518 |
Justinian dynastyThe Justinian Dynasty is a family who ruled over the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 602. It originated with Justin I and ended with Maurice.* Justin I - *# No siblings from the marriage with Euphemia* Vigilantia, sister of Justin...
(518-602)
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Justin IFlavius Iustinus , known in English as Justin I, was a Byzantine Emperor , who rose through the ranks of the Byzantine army and ultimately became its emperor, in spite of the fact he was illiterate and almost seventy-years-old at the time of accession... (Flavius Iustinus ) |
General, commander of the City Guards under Anastasius I |
c.450 |
July 518 Elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I |
1 August 527 |
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Justinian IFlavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ; AD 483 – 13 or 14 November 565, known in English as Justinian I or Justinian the Great, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death... (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) |
Nephew and heir of Justin I |
482/483 |
1 August 527 Inherited the throne on the death of Justin I |
13/14 November 565 |
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Justin IIFlavius Iustinus Augustus was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 578. He was the nephew of Justinian I, and husband of Sophia, the niece of the late empress Theodora, and therefore member of the Justinian Dynasty... (Flavius Iustinus Iunior) |
Nephew and heir of Justinian I |
c.520 |
14 November 565 Inherited the throne on the death of Justinian I |
5 October 578 |
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Tiberius II ConstantineFlavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus or Tiberius II Constantine, known in Greek as Tiberios Konstantinos was a Byzantine emperor of the Justinian Dynasty.... (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus) |
"Comes" of the Excubitors, friend and adoptive son of Justin II |
c.520 |
5 October 578 Became full Emperor on the death of Justin II |
14 August 582 possibly poisoned by Maurice |
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MauriceFlavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus , known in English as Maurice and in Greek as Maurikios, was a soldier and Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 582-602... (Flavius Mauricius Tiberius) |
Commander-in-chief of Cappadocian origins; son-in-law of Tiberius II |
539 |
14 August 582 Succeeded upon the death of his father-in-law Tiberius II |
November 602 Forced to abdicate by Phocas |
27 November 602 Executed by Phocas |
Non-dynastic (602-610)
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PhocasFlavius Phocas Augustus, was Byzantine Emperor from 602 to 610. He usurped the throne from the Emperor Maurice, and was himself overthrown by Heraclius after losing a civil war.-Origins:... (Flavius Phocas ) |
sub-altern in the Balkan army, leader of rebellion; deposed Maurice |
? |
November 602 Seized power in a rebellion against Maurice |
610 Executed by Heraclius |
Heraclian dynasty (610-711)
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HerakleiosFlavius Heraclius was a Byzantine Emperor of Armenian origin, who ruled the Eastern Roman Empire for over thirty years, from October 5, 610 to February 11, 641... (Ηράκλειος, Hērakleios) Heraclius (Flavius Heraclius) |
son of Exarch Heraclius the Elder Heraclius the Elder was an Armenian Exarch of Africa and the father of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. In 608, Heraclius the Elder renounced his loyalty to the Emperor Phocas, who had overthrown the Emperor Maurice six years earlier. The rebels issued coins showing both Heraclii dressed as consuls,... ; deposed Phocas |
c.575 |
5 October 610 Seized power in a rebellion against Phocas |
11 February 641 |
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Constantine IIIHeraclius Novus Constantinus , known in English as Constantine III, was the eldest son of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudocia, and ruled as Emperor for four months in 641.Constantine III's birth name was Heraclius Novus Constantinus ,... (Ηράκλειος (νέος) Κωνσταντίνος, Herakleios Novos Kōnstantinos) Constantine III ( Heraclius Novus Constantinus ) |
eldest son of Herakleios |
3 May 612 |
11 February 641 Succeeded to throne with Heraklonas following death of Herakleios |
24/26 May 641 Tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Martina |
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HeraklonasConstantinus Heraclius , known in English as Heraklonas, Heraclonas , or Heracleonas, , was the son of Heraclius and his niece Martina, and was Byzantine Emperor briefly between February and September 641.He was baptised and officially reigned as Constantinus Heraclius, but the diminutive nickname... (Κωνσταντίνος Ηράκλειος, Kōnstantinos Herakleios) Heraclianus (Constantinus Heraclius) |
younger son of Herakleios |
626 |
11 February 641 Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following death of Herakleios |
September 641 Deposed by Senate |
c.641 Presumed to have died in exile |
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Constans IIConstans II , also called "Constantine the Bearded" , was Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668. He also was the last emperor to become consul in 642, becoming the last Roman consul in history.Constans is a diminutive nickname given to the emperor, who had been baptized Herakleios and reigned... (Κώνστας Β', Kōnstas II); born Herakleios Constantine (Ηράκλειος Κωνσταντίνος, Herakleios Kōnstantinos ); called "Constantine the Bearded" (Κωνσταντίνος Πωγωνάτος, Kōnstantinos Pogonatos) Constans II (Constantus II); born Heraclius Constantine ( Heraclius Constantinus ); called "Constantine the Bearded" |
son of Constantine III |
7 November 630 |
641 Made co-Emperor by Hereklonas, sole emperor in that same year |
15 September 668 Assassinated, possibly on the orders of Mezezius |
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MezeziusMezezius , was an Armenian noble who served as a general of Byzantium, later usurping the Byzantine throne in Sicily from 668 to 669.According to a letter from Pope Gregory II to emperor Leo III, he was Count of the Opsikion, the imperial retinue , and a later Syriac chronicle describes him as a... |
Usurper Emperor |
Unknown |
668 |
669 |
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Constantine IVConstantine IV , ; sometimes incorrectly called Pogonatos, "the Bearded", by confusion with his father; was Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685. He had been named a co-emperor with his father Constans II in 654, and became senior emperor when Constans was assassinated in 668... (Κωνσταντίνος, Kōnstantinos) Constantine (Constantinos) |
son of Constans II |
652 |
15 September 668 succeeded following murder of Constans II |
September 685 Died of dysentery |
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Justinian IIJustinian II , known as Rinotmetos or Rhinotmetus , was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian Dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711... |
son of Constantine IV |
669 |
Co-emperor in 681, sole emperor in 685. |
695 Deposed by military revolt |
December 711 |
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LeontiosLeontios or Leontius , , was Byzantine emperor from 695 to 698. His actual and official name was Leo , but he is known by the name used for him in Byzantine chronicles.- Early life :Leontios was born in Isauria... |
Usurper Emperor |
Unknown |
695 |
698 Deposed by military revolt |
705 |
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Tiberios IIITiberios III or Tiberius III , , was Byzantine emperor from 698 to 705.Tiberius was a Germanic navy officer originally named Apsimarus , who rose to the position of droungarios of the Cibyrrhaeotic Theme. He participated in the failed campaign to regain Carthage in 698... |
Usurper Emperor |
Unknown |
698 |
705 Deposed by a Bulgarian-supported revolt |
705 |
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Justinian IIJustinian II , known as Rinotmetos or Rhinotmetus , was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian Dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711... |
son of Constantine IV |
669 |
705 |
711 Deposed by military revolt |
December 711 |
Non-dynastic (711-717)
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PhilippikosPhilippikos or Philippicus , was Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin from 711 to 713.Philippicus was originally named Bardanes , and was the son of the patrician Nikephorus, who was of Armenian extraction from an Armenian colony in Pergamum.Relying on the support of the Monothelite party, he made... |
A general of ArmenianThe Armenians are a nation and ethnic group which originated in the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland. It is estimated that there are 8 million Armenians around the world. There is a large concentration of Armenians in the Caucasus, especially in Armenia, and there is a significant presence in... origins; deposed Justinian II |
Unknown |
December, 711 |
3 June 713 Deposed by a military revolt |
Later in the 8th century |
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Anastasios IIArtemius Anastasius , known in English as Anastasios II or Anastasius II, , was Byzantine emperor from 713 to 715.... |
a bureaucraut, imperial secretary for Philippikos |
Unknown |
June 713 |
November 715 Deposed by a military revolt |
718 |
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Theodosios IIITheodosios III or Theodosius III , was Byzantine Emperor from 715 to March 25, 717.Theodosius was a financial officer and tax collector in the southern portion of the theme of Opsikion. According to one theory he was the son of the former Emperor Tiberius III. When the thematic troops rebelled... |
a financial officer, tax collector in the Opsikian Theme |
Unknown |
May 715 |
25 March 717 Deposed by a military revolt |
Later in the 8th century |
Isaurian dynasty (717-802)
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Leo III the IsaurianLeo III the Isaurian or the Syrian , was Byzantine emperor from 717 until his death in 741... |
a general from Germanikeia Kahramanmaraş is the capital city of Kahramanmaraş Province in southeastern Turkey. The city lies on a plain at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and has a population of 326,198 as of 2000... , Commagene |
c. 685 |
25 March 717 |
18 June 741 |
18 June 741 |
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Constantine VConstantine V was Byzantine emperor from 741 to 775; ); .-Early life:... |
Son of Leo III |
July, 718 |
Co-ruler in 720, senior ruler in 741 |
14 September 775 |
14 September 775 |
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Artabasdos Artavasdos, latinized as Artabasdos or Artabasdus , was Byzantine Emperor of Armenian descent from June 741 or 742 until November 743... |
Son-in-law of Leo III, brother-in-law of Constantine V |
Unknown |
Rival emperor from June 741/2 |
2 November 743 |
Later in the 8th century |
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Leo IV the KhazarLeo IV the Khazar , , was Byzantine Emperor from 775 to 780.Leo was the son of Emperor Constantine V by his first wife, Irene of Khazaria . His maternal grandfather was Bihar, a Khazar ruler.Leo was crowned co-emperor by his father in 751, and was married to the Athenian Irene in 769... |
Son of Constantine V |
25 January 750 |
Co-ruler in 751, senior ruler in 775 |
8 September 780 |
8 September 780 |
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Constantine VIConstantine VI was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797.Constantine VI was the only child of Emperor Leo IV and Irene. Constantine was crowned co-emperor by his father in 776, and succeeded as sole emperor at the age of nine under the regency of Irene in 780.In 782 he was betrothed to Rotrude, a... |
Son of Leo IV and Irene |
771 |
Co-ruler in 776, sole emperor in 780 |
August 797 |
c. 797, though sources are contradictory on the subject |
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Irene of Athens |
Wife of Leo IV, mother of Constantine VI |
c. 752 |
August 797 |
31 October 802 |
9 August 803 |
Nikephoros' dynasty (802-813)
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Nikephoros INikephoros I or Nicephorus I, Logothetes or Genikos , was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811, when he was killed in the disastrous Battle of Pliska.... |
logothetēs tou genikouThe Byzantine Empire had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy, which was inherited from the Roman Empire. At the apex of the pyramid stood the Emperor, sole ruler and divinely ordained, but beneath him a multitude of officials and court functionaries operated the administrative machinery... (finance minister) |
Unknown |
31 October 802 |
26 July 811 |
26 July 811 |
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StaurakiosStaurakios or Stauracius , was Byzantine emperor from July 26 to October 2, 811.The son of Emperor Nikephoros I, Staurakios had been crowned as co-emperor by his father in 803. The chronicler Theophanes the Confessor claims that Staurakios was guilty of rape, a claim perhaps colored by his... |
Son of Nikephoros I |
Unknown |
Co-ruler in 803, senior ruler in 811 |
2 October 811 |
11 January 812 |
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Michael I RangabeMichael I Rangabe was Byzantine Emperor from 811 to 813.Michael was the son of the patrician Theophylaktos Rangabe, the admiral of the Aegean fleet... |
Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, brother-in-law of Staurakios |
Unknown |
2 October 811 |
11 July 813 |
11 January 844 |
Non-dynastic (813-820)
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Leo V the ArmenianLeo V the Armenian , , was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 813 to 820.-Life:... |
Strategos of the Anatolic theme |
c. 775 |
11 July 813 |
25 December 820 |
25 December 820 |
Phrygian dynasty (820-867)
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Michael IIMichael II the Amorian , also called Traulos or Psellos , meaning "the Stammerer", reigned as Byzantine emperor from 820 to his death.... the Stammerer or the Amorian (Μιχαήλ Β' ο Τραυλός ή Ψελλός) |
Strategos, son-in-law of Constantine VI |
770 |
25 December 820 |
2 October 829 |
|
TheophilusTheophilos or Theophilus or Theophilou was Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin from 829 to 842. He was the second emperor of the Phrygian dynasty.-Life:... (Θεόφιλος) |
son of Michael II |
813 |
2 October 829 |
20 January 842 |
|
Theodora Theodora was the wife of the Byzantine emperor Theophilus.-Family:Originally from Paphlagonia, Theodora was of Armenian aristocratic descent.... (Θεοδώρα) |
wife of Theophilus |
c. 815 |
842 |
855 |
867 |
|
Michael IIIMichael III the Drunkard , , Byzantine Emperor from 842 to 867. Michael III was the third and traditionally last member of the Phrygian Dynasty.-Life:... the Drunkard (Μιχαήλ Γ' ο Μέθυσος) |
son of Theophilos |
19 January 840 |
842 |
23 September 867 |
Macedonian dynasty (867-1056)
| Picture |
Name |
Status |
Birth |
Emperor from |
Emperor until |
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|
Basil I the MacedonianBasil I, called the Macedonian was Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin from 867 to 886. Born a simple peasant in Thrace, he rose in the imperial court, and usurped the imperial throne from Michael III... (Βασίλειος Α' ο Μακεδών) |
married Michael III's widow |
c. 811 |
867 |
2 August 886 |
|
Leo VI the WiseLeo VI, surnamed the Wise or the Philosopher , was Byzantine emperor with Armenian descent from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty , he was very well-read, leading to his surname... (Λέων ΣΤ' ο Σοφός) |
likely either son of Basil I or Michael III |
19 September 866 |
886 |
11 May 912 |
| |
Alexander (Αλέξανδρος Γ') |
son of Basil I; regent for nephew |
870 |
912 |
913 |
|
Constantine VII PorphyrogennetosConstantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" , was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander... (Κωνσταντίνος Ζ' ο Πορφυρογέννητος) |
son of Leo VI |
9 September 905 |
15 May 908 |
9 November 959 |
|
Romanos I Lekapenos (Ρωμανός Α' ο Λεκαπηνός) |
father-in-law of Constantine VII |
c. 870 |
17 December 920 |
16 December 944 |
15 June 948 |
|
Romanos II Porphyrogennetos (Ρωμανός Β' ο Πορφυρογέννητος) |
son of Constantine VII |
15 March 938 |
November 959 |
15 March 963 |
|
Nikephoros II Phokas (Νικηφόρος Β' ο Φωκάς) |
married Theophano, Romanos II's widow, regent for Basil II |
c. 912 |
16 August 963 |
969 |
|
John I Tzimiskes (Ιωάννης Α' Κουρκούας ο Τσιμισκής) |
brother-in-law of Romanus II |
c. 925 |
11 December 969 |
10 January 976 |
|
Basil II the Bulgar-SlayerBasil II, later surnamed the Bulgar-slayer , known in his time as Basil the Porphyrogenitus and Basil the Young to distinguish him from his ancestor Basil I the Macedonian, was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty who reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025.The first part of his... (Βασίλειος Β' ο Βουλγαροκτόνος) |
son of Romanos II |
958 |
10 January 976 |
15 December 1025 |
|
Constantine VIII Constantine VIII , was reigning Byzantine emperor from 15 December 1025 until his death. He was the son of the Emperor Romanos II and Theophano, and the younger brother of the eminent Basil II, who died childless and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in his hands.-Family:As a youth,... (Κωνσταντίνος Η' ο Πορφυρογέννητος) |
son of Romanos II |
960 |
15 December 1025 |
15 November 1028 |
|
Zoe Zoe , was Empress of the Byzantine Empire with co-rulers November 15, 1028–1050, and senior reigning Empress from April 19 to June 11, 1042.-Early life:... (Ζωή η Προφυρογέννητη) |
daughter of Constantine VIII |
c. 978 |
15 November 1028 |
June 1050 |
|
Romanos III Argyros (Ρωμανός Γ' ο Αργυρός) |
Zoe's first husband |
968 |
15 November 1028 |
11 April 1034 |
| |
Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael IV the Paphlagonian , , was Byzantine emperor from April 11, 1034 to December 10, 1041... (Μιχαήλ Δ' ο Παφλαγών) |
Zoe's second husband |
1010 |
11 April 1034 |
10 December 1041 |
|
Michael VMichael V "the Caulker" or Kalaphates , , was Byzantine emperor for 4 months in 1041–1042, as the nephew and successor of Michael IV and the adoptive son of his wife, the Empress Zoe.Michael V was the son of Stephen by Maria, a sister of Emperor Michael IV... the Caulker (Μιχαήλ Ε' ο Καλαφάτης) |
Michael IV's nephew |
1015 |
10 December 1041 |
20 April 1042 |
24 August 1042 |
|
TheodoraTheodora was a Byzantine Empress with Armenian descent. She was co-empress from 1042 and from January 11, 1055 to after August 31, 1056 actively ruled the Eastern Roman Empire or, the Roman Empire of the Middle Ages that often is described as the Byzantine Empire... (Θεοδώρα) |
daughter of Constantine VIII |
984 |
20 April 1042 |
1042 |
after 31 August 1056 |
|
Constantine IX Monomachos (Κωνσταντίνος Θ' ο Μονομάχος) |
Zoe's third husband |
c. 1000 |
11 June 1042 |
11 January 1055 |
|
TheodoraTheodora was a Byzantine Empress with Armenian descent. She was co-empress from 1042 and from January 11, 1055 to after August 31, 1056 actively ruled the Eastern Roman Empire or, the Roman Empire of the Middle Ages that often is described as the Byzantine Empire... (Θεοδώρα) |
daughter of Constantine VIII |
984 |
11 January 1055 |
after 31 August 1056 |
Non-dynastic (1056-1057)
| Picture |
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Emperor until |
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Michael VI Michael VI Bringas , called Stratiotikos or Stratioticus or Gerontas , was Byzantine emperor from 1056 to 1057.... |
Court bureaucraut, defence minister |
Unknown |
September, 1056 |
31 August 1057 |
c. 1059 |
Komnenid dynasty (1057-1059)
| Picture |
Name |
Status |
Birth |
Emperor from |
Emperor until |
Death |
|
Isaac I Komnenos Isaac I Komnenos or Comnenus , was Byzantine Emperor supposedly of Armenian origin from 1057 to 1059, and the first reigning member of the Komnenos dynasty.-Life:... |
commander of the field army in Anatolia |
c. 1005 |
5 June 1057 as rival emperor, sole emperor since 31 August 1057 |
22 November 1059 |
c. 1061 |
Doukid dynasty (1059-1081)
| Picture |
Name |
Status |
Birth |
Emperor from |
Emperor until |
Death |
|
Constantine X Constantine X Doukas or Ducas , was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 1059 to 1067.-Reign:Constantine Doukas was the son of Andronikos Doukas, a Paphlagonian nobleman who may have served as governor of the theme of Moesia... Doukas (Κωνσταντίνος Ι' ο Δούκας) |
|
1006 |
24 November 1059 |
22 May 1067 |
|
Michael VII Michael VII Doukas or Ducas , nicknamed Parapinakēs, was Byzantine emperor from 1071 to 1078.... Doukas Quarter-short (Μιχαήλ Ζ' Δούκας Παραπινάκης) |
son of Constantine X |
1050 |
22 May 1067 |
24 March 1078 |
1090 |
|
Romanos IV Romanos IV Diogenes or Romanus IV Diogenes was Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071.- Accession to the throne :... Diogenes (Ρωμανός Δ' Διογένης) |
married Eudokia Makrembolitissa Eudokia Makrembolitissa or Eudocia Macrembolitissa , , was the second wife of the Byzantine emperor Constantine X Doukas. After his death she became the wife of Romanos IV Diogenes. She was also the niece of Michael Keroularios, Patriarch of Constantinople, whose sister had married John... , Constantine X's widow |
1032 |
1067 |
1071 |
1072 |
|
Nikephoros III Nikephoros III Botaneiates or Nicephorus III Botaniates , Byzantine emperor from 1078 to 1081, belonged to a family which claimed descent from the Roman Fabii and the Byzantine Phokas family.Nikephoros Botaneiates had served as general under Constantine IX and Romanos IV... Botaneiates (Νικηφόρος Γ' Βοτανειάτης) |
Strategos claiming descent from the Fabii |
1001 |
31 March 1078 |
10 December 1081 |
Komnenid dynastyThe Komnenos or Comnenus was a Byzantine Greek noble family and an important ruling Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, as they are widely considered to have reversed the decline of the Byzantine Empire for over a century, from c.1081 to c.1185....
(1081-1185)
| Picture |
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Birth |
Emperor from |
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|
Alexios I KomnenosAlexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus , was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and the founder of the Komnenian dynasty... (Αλέξιος Α' Κομνηνός) |
Nephew of Isaac I, military commander |
1048 |
4 April 1081 |
15 August 1118 |
|
John II KomnenosJohn II Komnenos or Comnenus was Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143. Also known as Kaloïōannēs , he was the eldest son of emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina... (Ιωάννης Β' Κομνηνός o Καλός) |
son of Alexios I |
13 September 1087 |
1118 |
8 April 1143 |
|
Manuel I KomnenosManuel I Komnenos, or Comnenus was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean... (Μανουήλ Α' Κομνηνός ο Μέγας) |
son of John II |
28 November 1118 |
1143 |
24 September 1180 |
| |
Alexios II KomnenosAlexios II Komnenos or Alexius II Comnenus , Byzantine emperor , was the son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch... (Αλέξιος B' Κομνηνός) |
son of Manuel I |
14 September 1169 |
1180 |
October 1183 |
 |
Andronikos I Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos or Andronicus I Comnenus was a Byzantine emperor , son of prince Isaac Komnenos. His paternal grandparents were Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Eirene Doukaina.-Early years:... (Ανδρόνικος Α' Κομνηνός) |
nephew of John II |
c. 1118 |
1183 |
2 September 1185 |
Angelid dynasty (1185-1204)
| Picture |
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Emperor until |
Death |
|
Isaac II Angelos Isaac II Angelos or Angelus was Byzantine emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204.... (Ισαάκιος Β' Άγγελος) |
great-grandson of Alexios I |
September 1156 |
1185 |
1195 |
January 1205 |
| |
Alexios III Angelos Alexios III Angelos was Byzantine emperor from 1195 to 1203.- Early life:Alexios III Angelos was the second son of Andronicos Angelos and Euphrosyne Castamonitissa. Andronicus was himself a son of Theodora Comnene, the youngest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Ducaena. Thus... (Αλέξιος Γ' Άγγελος) |
brother of Isaac II |
1153 |
1195 |
1203 |
1211 |
|
Isaac II Angelos Isaac II Angelos or Angelus was Byzantine emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204.... (Ισαάκιος Β' Άγγελος) |
great-grandson of Alexios I |
September 1156 |
1203 |
1204 |
January 1205 |
|
Alexios IV AngelosAlexios IV Angelos or Alexius IV Angelus was Byzantine Emperor from August 1203 to January 1204. He was the son of emperor Isaac II Angelus and his first wife Irene. His paternal uncle was Emperor Alexius III Angelus.-Prince in exile:The young Alexios was imprisoned in 1195 when Alexios III... (Αλέξιος Δ' Άγγελος) |
son of Isaac II |
1182 |
1203 |
1204 |
| |
Nikolaos Kanabos (Νικόλαος Καναβός) |
|
|
25 January 1204 |
5 February 1205 |
|
Alexios V Doukas Alexios V Doukas, surnamed Mourtzouphlos was Byzantine emperor during the second and final siege of Constantinople by the participants of the Fourth Crusade. He was related to the imperial Doukas family.His nickname "Mourtzouphlos" referred to either his bushy, overhanging eyebrows or his sullen... (Αλέξιος Ε' Δούκας) |
son-in-law of Alexios III |
1140 |
5 February 1204 |
12 April 1204 |
December 1205 |
Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204-1261)
| Picture |
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Status |
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Emperor until |
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| |
Constantine Laskaris Constantine Laskaris was Byzantine emperor for a few months from 1204 to early 1205.- Early Years :Constantine Laskaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine family. Virtually nothing is known of him prior to the events of the Fourth Crusade... |
Defender of Constantinople |
Unknown |
Claimant emperor in 1204 |
c. 1205 |
c. 1205 |
| |
Theodore I LaskarisTheodoros I Komnenos Laskaris was emperor of Nicaea .-Family:... |
Brother of Constantine Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III |
c. 1174 |
proclaimed 1205, crowned 1208 |
1221 |
1221 |
|
John III Doukas VatatzesJohn III Doukas Vatatzes, latinized as Ducas Vatatzes was emperor of Nicaea 1221-1254.-Life:... |
son-in-law of Theodore I |
c. 1192 |
December, 1221 |
3 November 1254 |
3 November 1254 |
| |
Theodore II Laskaris Theodore II Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris was emperor of Nicaea, 1254–1258.-Life:... |
son of John III, grandson of Theodore I |
1221/1222 |
proclaimed 4 November 1254 crowned 1255 |
18 August 1258 |
18 August 1258 |
| |
John IV Laskaris John IV Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris , December 25 1250 – c. 1305) was emperor of Nicaea from August 18, 1258 to December 25, 1261... |
son of Theodore II |
25 December 1250 |
18 August 1258 |
25 December 1261 |
c. 1305 |
Palaiologan Dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261-1453)
| Picture |
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Status |
Birth |
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Emperor until |
Death |
|
Michael VIII PalaiologosMichael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus reigned as Byzantine emperor 1259–1282. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaeologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453... |
Great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage |
1223 |
1 January 1259 as co-emperor, senior emperor since 25 December 1261 |
11 December 1282 |
11 December 1282 |
|
Andronikos II Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos — also Andronicus II Palaeologus — reigned as Byzantine emperor from 1282 to 1328... |
Son of Michael VIII |
25 March 1259 |
nominal co-emperor in September, 1261, crowned in 1272. Senior emperor on 11 December 1282 |
24 May 1328 |
13 February 1332 |
|
Michael IX Palaiologos Michael IX Palaiologos or Palaeologus , , reigned as Byzantine co-emperor with full imperial style 1294/1295–1320... |
Son of Andronikos II |
17 April 1277 |
co-emperor in 1281, crowned in 1294/1295. |
12 October 1320 |
12 October 1320 |
| |
Andronikos III Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos, Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus reigned as Byzantine emperor 1328–1341, after being rival emperor since 1321. Andronikos III was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Princess Rita of Armenia... |
Son of Michael IX |
25 March 1297 |
co-emperor in 1316, rival emperor since July, 1321. Senior emperor on 24 May 1328. |
15 June 1341 |
15 June 1341 |
| |
John V PalaiologosJohn V Palaiologos or Palaeologus , was the son of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and Anna of Savoy. His maternal grandparents were Count Amadeus V of Savoy and his second wife Maria of Brabant... |
Son of Andronikos III |
18 June 1332 |
Emperor in 15 June 1341 |
8 February 1347 |
16 February 1391 |
|
John VI KantakouzenosJohn VI Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzene , Byzantine emperor from 1347 to 1354, was born at Constantinople.-Life:... |
A maternal relative of the Palaiologoi Palaiologos , alternatively Palaeologus, was a Greek noble family, which produced the last ruling dynasty of the Byzantine Empire. After the Fourth Crusade, members of the family escaped to the Empire of Nicaea, where Michael VIII Palaiologos became co-emperor in 1259, recaptured Constantinople and... |
c. 1292 |
rival emperor on 26 October 1341, senior emperor on 8 February 1347. |
4 December 1354 |
15 June 1383 |
| |
Matthew Kantakouzenos Matthew Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzenus was Byzantine Emperor from 1353 to 1357.-Life:... |
Son of John VI, brother-in-law of John V |
c. 1325 |
co-emperor on 15 April 1353, rival emperor since 4 December 1354. |
December, 1357 |
between 1383 and 1391 |
| |
John V PalaiologosJohn V Palaiologos or Palaeologus , was the son of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and Anna of Savoy. His maternal grandparents were Count Amadeus V of Savoy and his second wife Maria of Brabant... |
Son of Andronikos III, son-in-law of John VI |
18 June 1332 |
co-emperor in 1347, rival emperor in 1352. Senior Emperor on 4 December 1354 |
12 August 1376 |
16 February 1391 |
| |
Andronikos IV Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos or Andronicus IV Palaeologus , was Byzantine emperor from 1376 to 1379.-Life:... |
Son of John V, grandson of John VI |
2 April 1348 |
co-emperor c. 1352, Senior Emperor on 12 August 1376 |
1 July 1379 |
28 June 1385 |
| |
John V PalaiologosJohn V Palaiologos or Palaeologus , was the son of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and Anna of Savoy. His maternal grandparents were Count Amadeus V of Savoy and his second wife Maria of Brabant... |
Son of Andronikos III, son-in-law of John VI |
18 June 1332 |
Senior Emperor on 1 July 1379 |
14 April 1390 |
16 February 1391 |
| |
John VII Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Byzantine Emperor for five months in 1390.-Life:... |
Son of Andronikos IV |
1370 |
Co-emperor from 1376 to 1379, senior emperor on 14 April 1390. |
17 September 1390 |
22 September 1408 |
| |
John V PalaiologosJohn V Palaiologos or Palaeologus , was the son of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and Anna of Savoy. His maternal grandparents were Count Amadeus V of Savoy and his second wife Maria of Brabant... |
Son of Andronikos III, son-in-law of John VI |
18 June 1332 |
Senior Emperor on 17 September 1390 |
16 February 1391 |
16 February 1391 |
|
Manuel II PalaiologosManuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425.-Life:... |
Son of John V, grandson of John VI, brother of Andronikos IV |
27 June 1350 |
Co-emperor in 1373, Senior Emperor on 16 February 1391 |
21 July 1425 |
21 July 1425 |
| |
Andronikos V Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos or Andronicus V Palaeologus was co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire with his father John VII Palaiologos.-Life:... |
Son of John VII |
c. 1400 |
co-emperor c. 1403 |
c. 1407 |
c. 1407 |
|
John VIII PalaiologosJohn VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus , was Byzantine Emperor from 1425 to 1448.-Life:... |
Son of Manuel II |
18 December 1392 |
Co-emperor c. 1416, sole emperor on 21 July 1425 |
31 October 1448 |
31 October 1448 |
|
Constantine XIConstantine XI Palaiologos or Palaeologus was the last reigning Roman Emperor... |
Son of Manuel II, brother of John VIII |
8 February 1405 |
6 January 1449 |
29 May 1453 |
29 May 1453 |
Palaiologan Dynasty (claimants in exile)
| Picture |
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Status |
Birth |
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Emperor until |
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| |
Demetrios Palaiologos Demetrios Palaiologos or Demetrius Palaeologus , Despot in the Morea de facto 1436–1438 and 1451–1460 and de jure 1438–1451, previously governor of Lemnos 1422–1440, and of Mesembria 1440–1451... |
Son of Manuel II, brother of John VIII and Constantine XI |
c. 1407 |
1453 |
1460 |
1470 |
| |
Thomas Palaiologos Thomas Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Despot in Morea from 1428 until the Ottoman conquest in 1460. After the desertion of his older brother to the Turks in 1460, Thomas Palaiologos became the legitimate claimant to the Byzantine throne.-Life:Thomas Palaiologos was the youngest surviving son of... |
Son of Manuel II, brother of John VIII and Constantine XI |
c. 1409 |
1453 |
12 May 1465 |
12 May 1465 |
| |
Andreas Palaiologos Andreas Palaiologos de jure Byzantine emperor and Despot of Morea from 1465 until death in 1502.He was the nephew of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor of Constantinople... |
Son of Thomas |
c. 1453 |
12 May 1465 |
1502 |
1502 |
See also
- Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct and de jure succession to the ancient Roman Emperors...
- Latin Empire
The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261...
- List of Byzantine Empire-related topics
- List of Roman Emperors