French Republican Calendar

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French Republican Calendar

The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a calendar

Calendar

A calendar is a system of organize days for a social, religious, commercial or administrative purpose. This organization is done by giving names to periods of time ? typically days, weeks, months and years....
proposed during the French Revolution

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days in 1871 in Paris.

new calendar was created by a commission under the direction of the politician Charles Gilbert Romme seconded by Claude Joseph Ferry and Charles-François Dupuis.

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Encyclopedia

The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a calendar

Calendar

French Revolution

Origins and overview

The new calendar was created by a commission under the direction of the politician Charles Gilbert Romme seconded by Claude Joseph Ferry and Charles-François Dupuis. They associated to their work the chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau

Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau

Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau was a France chemist and politician. He is credited with producing the first systematic method of chemical nomenclature....
, the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange, the astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande, the mathematician Gaspard Monge

Gaspard Monge

Gaspard Monge, Comte de P?luse , was the inventor of descriptive geometry....
, the astronomer and naval geographer Alexandre Guy Pingré

Alexandre Guy Pingré

Alexandre Guy Pingr? was a France astronomer and naval geographer.He was born in Paris, France, and was educated at Senlis, where he became professor of theology in 1735....
, and the poet, actor and playwright Fabre d'Églantine, who invented the names of the months, with the help of André Thouin

André Thouin

Andr? Thouin was a French botanist who was born in Paris. He studied botany under Bernard de Jussieu . In 1793 Thouin attained the chair of horticulture at Mus?um national d'histoire naturelle in Paris....
, gardener at the Jardin des Plantes

Jardin des Plantes

The Jardin des Plantes is the main botanical garden in France. It is one of seven departments of the Mus?um national d'histoire naturelle....
of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle

Muséum national d'histoire naturelle

The Mus?um national d'Histoire naturelle is the France national museum of natural history....
in Paris

Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
. As the rapporteur

Rapporteur

Rapporteur is used in international and European legal and political contexts to refer to a person appointed by a deliberative body to investigate an issue or a situation and report to that body....
of the commission, Charles-Gilbert Romme presented the new calendar to the Jacobin

Jacobin Club

The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. It originated as the Club Benthorn, formed at Versailles as a group of Brittany deputies to the Estates-General of 1789 of 1789....
-controlled National Convention

National Convention

During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative Deliberative assembly which sat from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 ....
on 23 September 1793, which adopted it on 24 October 1793 and also extended it proleptically

Proleptic Julian calendar

The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding AD 4 when its quadrennial leap year stabilized. The leap years actually observed between its official implementation in 45 BC and AD 4 were erratic, see the Julian calendar article for details....
to its epoch

Epoch (reference date)

In the fields of chronology and periodization, an epoch means an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular era. The "epoch" then serves as a reference point from which time is measured....
of 22 September 1792. It is because of his position as rapporteur of the commission that the creation of the republican calendar is attributed to Romme.

Years appear in writing as Roman numerals

Roman numerals

Roman numerals are a numeral system of ancient Rome based on letters of the alphabet, which are combined to signify the sum of their values. The system is decimal but not directly Positional notation and does not include a zero....
(usually), with epoch 22 September 1792, the beginning of the 'Republican Era' (the day the French First Republic

French First Republic

The French First Republic was founded on 22 September, 1792, by the newly established National Convention. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon....
was proclaimed, one day after the Convention abolished the monarchy). As a result, Roman Numeral I indicates the first year of the republic, that is, the year before the calendar actually came into use. The first day of each year was that of the autumnal equinox. There were twelve month

Month

The month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as some natural Orbital period related to the motion of the Moon; month and Moon are cognates....
s, each divided into three ten-day weeks called décades. The tenth day, décadi, replaced Sunday as the day of rest and festivity. The five or six extra days needed to approximate the solar or tropical year

Tropical year

A tropical year is the length of time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice....
were placed after the months at the end of each year. Each day was divided into ten hours, each hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute had 100 decimal seconds. Thus an hour was more than twice as long as a conventional hour; a minute was slightly longer than a conventional minute; and a second was slightly shorter than a conventional second. Clock

Clock

A clock is an instrument used for indicating and maintaining the time and passage thereof. The word clock is derived ultimately from the Celtic languages words clagan and clocca meaning "bell"....
s were manufactured to display this decimal time

Decimal time

Decimal time is the representation of the time of day using units which are decimally related. This term is often used to refer specifically to #France, which divides the day into 10 decimal hours, each decimal hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds, as opposed to the more familiar standard time, whic...
, but it did not catch on and mandatory use was officially suspended 7 April 1795, although some cities continued to use decimal time as late as 1801.

A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a "Franciade." The name "Olympique" was originally proposed but changed to Franciade to commemorate the fact that it had taken the revolution four years to establish a republican government in France.

The leap year was called Sextile, an allusion to the "bissextile

Bissextus

Bissext, or bissextus , theday intercalated by the Julian calendar in the February of everyfourth year to make up the six hours by which the solar year was...
" leap year

Leap year

A leap year is a year containing one or more extra days in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year or seasonal year....
s of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, because it contained a sixth complementary day

Sansculottides

The Sansculottides are holidays following the last month of the year on the French Republican Calendar, which was used following the French Revolution from approximately 1793 to 1805....
.

The Concordat of 1801

Concordat of 1801

The Concordat of 1801 is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status....
re-established the Roman Catholic Church

Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
in France with effect from Easter

Easter

Easter is the most important religious feast in the Christianity liturgical year.Christians believe that Jesus was Resurrection of Jesus from the dead three days after his Crucifixion of Jesus, and celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day or Easter Sunday , two days after Good Friday....
Sunday, 18 April 1802, restoring the names of the days of the week

Week

A week is a grouping of days or a division of a larger grouping such as a lunar month, year, etc. The week allows for shorter routine than a month and benefits groups of people with organising market days, worship, taxes, etc....
with the ones they had in the Gregorian Calendar

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
, while keeping the rest of the Republican Calendar, and fixing Sunday as the official day of rest and religious celebration.

Napoléon finally abolished the calendar with effect from 1 January 1806 (the day after 10 Nivôse an XIV), a little over twelve years after its introduction. However, it was used again during the brief Paris Commune

Paris Commune

The Paris Commune was a government that briefly ruled Paris from March 28 to May 28, 1871. It existed before the split between Anarchism and Socialism, and is hailed by both as the first seizure of power by the working class....
, 6 May-23, 1871 (16 Floréal–3 Prairial An LXXIX).

Many conversion tables and programs exist, largely created by genealogists. Some enthusiasts in France still use the calendar, more out of historical re-enactment than practicality.

Some legal texts that were adopted when the Republican Calendar was official are still in force in France and even Belgium (which was incorporated into the former) and have kept their original dates for citation purposes.

The name "French Revolutionary Calendar" refers to the fact that the calendar was created during the Revolution, but is somewhat of a misnomer. Indeed, there was initially a debate as to whether the calendar should celebrate the Revolution, i.e., 1789, or the Republic, i.e., 1792. Immediately following 14 July 1789, papers and pamphlets started calling 1789 year I of Liberty and the following years II and III. It was in 1792, with the practical problem of dating financial transactions, that the legislative assembly was confronted with the problem of the calendar. Originally, the choice of epoch was either 1 January 1789 or 14 July 1789. After some hesitation the assembly decided on 2 January 1792 that all official documents would use the "era of Liberty" and that the year IV of Liberty started on 1 January 1792. This usage was modified on 22 September 1792 when the Republic was proclaimed and the Convention decided that all public documents would be dated Year I of the French Republic. The decree of 2 January 1793 stipulated that the year II of the Republic began on 1 January 1793. The establishment of the Republic was also used for the final version of the calendar, therefore, the calendar commemorates the Republic, not the Revolution. In France, it is only known as the calendrier républicain.

Current date and time

Criticism and shortcomings

Leap years

Leap Years

Leap Years is a 2001 in television drama television series that aired on the Showtime cable network. The show was created by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman, who had created the American version of the series Queer as Folk ....
in the calendar are a point of great dispute, due to the contradicting statements in the establishing decree stating: and:

These two specifications are incompatible, as leap years defined by the equinox do not recur on a regular four year schedule. Thus, the years III, VII, and XI were observed as leap years, and the years XV and XX were also planned as such, even though they were five years apart.

A fixed arithmetic rule for determining leap years was proposed in the name of the Committee of Public Education by Gilbert Romme on 19 Floréal An III (8 May 1795). The proposed rule was to determine leap years by applying the rules of the Gregorian calendar to the years of the French Republic (years IV, VIII, XII, etc. were to be leap years) except that year 4000 (the last year of ten 400-year periods) should be a common year instead of a leap year. Because this proposal was never adopted, the original astronomical rule continued, which excluded any other fixed arithmetic rule. The proposal was intended to avoid uncertain future leap years caused by the inaccurate astronomical knowledge of the 1790s (even today, this statement is still valid due to the uncertainty in ?T). In particular, the committee noted that the true equinox of year 144 was predicted to occur at "11:59:40 p.m.", which was closer to midnight than its inherent 3 to 4 minute uncertainty.

The calendar was abolished because having a ten-day working week gave workers less rest (one day off every ten instead of one day off every seven); because the equinox was a mobile date to start every new year (a fantastic source of confusion for almost everybody); and because it was incompatible with the secular rhythms of trade

Trade

Tradeis the willing exchange of goods, Service , or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter , the direct exchange of goods and services....
fairs and agricultural markets.

Another criticism of the calendar was that despite the poetic names of its months, they are tied to the climate and agriculture of France and therefore not applicable to France's overseas territories.

Apparently, the designers of the calendar were unaware of the possibility of a lunisolar calendar

Lunisolar calendar

A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. If the solar year is defined as a tropical year then a lunisolar calendar will give an indication of the season; if it is taken as a sidereal year then the calendar will predict the constellation near which the full moo...
as their proposals do not appear to make any mention lunar month

Lunar month

In lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two identical syzygy . There are many variations. In Middle-Eastern and European traditions, the month starts when the new moon becomes first visible at evening after Astronomical conjunction with the Sun 1 or 2 days before that evening ....
s, lunisolar calendars, or of the Metonic cycle

Metonic cycle

The Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris in astronomy and calendar studies is a particular approximate Least common multiple of the tropical year and the Month#Synodic month....
. As a result the Republican calendar, just like the Julian

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
and Gregorian

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
calendars, has months whose lengths only have a vestigial relation to an actual physical phenomenon. This is inconsistent with Romme's assertion that the new calendar should be faithful to natural cycles and should not perpetuate past mistakes:

The proposal for the new calendar is a litany of criticism of previous efforts, the previous quote of Romme being representative. As another typical example is Romme's opinion about the nomenclature of the French Gregorian calendar:

This tone sets a high standard by which the Republican calendar might itself be judged.

Famous Republican Calendar dates

Perhaps the most famous date in this calendar was immortalised by Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
in the title of his pamphlet, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoléon (1852). The 18 Brumaire An VIII

18 Brumaire

The coup of 18 Brumaire was the coup d'?tat by which General Napoleon I of France overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate....
(9 November 1799) is considered, by many historians, the end of the French Revolution.

Another famous revolutionary date is 9 Thermidor An II

Thermidorian Reaction

The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Antoine Louis L?on de Richebourg de Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror....
(27 July 1794), the date the Convention turned against Robespierre, who, along with others associated with the Mountain

The Mountain

The Mountain refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly....
, was guillotine

Guillotine

The guillotine consists of a tall upright frame from which a long, smooth, heavy blade is suspended. This blade is raised with a rope and then allowed to drop, severing the victim's head from his or her body....
d the following day. (See Glossary of the French Revolution
Glossary of the French Revolution

This is a glossary of the French Revolution. It generally does not explicate names of individual people or their political associations; those can be found in List of people associated with the French Revolution....
for other significant dates under this calendar.)

Based on the above event, the term "Thermidorian" entered the Marxist vocabulary as referring to revolutionaries who destroy the revolution from the inside and turn against its true aims. For example, Trotsky and his followers used this term about Stalin.

Émile Zola

Émile Zola

?mile Fran?ois Zola was an influential France writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Naturalism , an important contributor to the development of Naturalism , and a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus....
's novel Germinal takes its name from the calendar, as does the dish, Lobster thermidor

Lobster Thermidor

Lobster Thermidor is a French cuisine dish consisting of a creamy cheese mixture of cooked lobster meat, egg yolks, and brandy or sherry, stuffed into a lobster shell, and optionally served with an oven-browned cheese crust....
. The frigates of the Floréal class

Floréal class frigate

The Flor?al class is a type of light "surveillance frigates" designed for the needs of the French Navy after the end of the Cold War, ordered in 1989....
all bear names of Republican months.

The Convention of 9 Brumaire An III, 30 October 1794, established the École Normale Supérieure

École Normale Supérieure

The ?cole normale sup?rieure is a France Grandes ?coles . The ENS was initially conceived during the French Revolution, and intended to provide the First French Republic with a new body of teacher, trained in the critical spirit and secular values of the the Enlightenment....
. The date appears prominently on the entrance to the school.

Months

The Republican calendar year began at the autumn equinox and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature:

Autumn:

Vendémiaire
Vendémiaire

Vend?miaire was the first month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word vendange .Vend?miaire was the first month of the autumn quarter ....
(from Latin vindemia, "grape harvest") Starting 22, 23 or 24 September
Brumaire
Brumaire

Brumaire was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word brume which occurs frequently in France at that time of the year....
(from French brume, "fog") Starting 22, 23 or 24 October
Frimaire
Frimaire

Frimaire was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word frimas, which means frost....
(From French frimas, "frost") Starting 21, 22 or 23 November

Winter:

Nivôse
Nivôse

For the frigate of the French Navy, see Niv?se Niv?se was the fourth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word nivosus, which means snow....
(from Latin nivosus, "snowy") Starting 21, 22 or 23 December
Pluviôse
Pluviôse

Pluvi?se was the fifth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word pluviosus, which means rain....
(from Latin pluvius, "rainy") Starting 20, 21 or 22 January
Ventôse
Ventôse

Vent?se was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ventosus, which means windy.Vent?se was the third month of the winter quarter ....
(from Latin ventosus, "windy") Starting 19, 20 or 21 February

Spring:

Germinal
Germinal (French Republican Calendar)

Germinal was the seventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word germen, which means germination...
(from Latin germen, "germination") Starting 20 or 21 Mar
Floréal
Floreal

Floreal is a municipality in the state of S?o Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 3,057 and the area is 204.23 km?....
(from Latin flos, "flower") Starting 20 or 21 Apr
Prairial
Prairial

Prairial was the ninth month in the French Republican Calendar. This month was named after the French language word pasture, which means meadow....
(from French prairie, "pasture") Starting 20 or 21 May

Summer:

Messidor
Messidor

Messidor was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word messis, which means harvest.Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter ....
(from Latin messis, "harvest") Starting 19 or 20 June
Thermidor
Thermidor

Thermidor was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word thermal which comes from the Greek word "Thermos" which means heat....
(or Fervidor) (from Greek thermon, "summer heat") Starting 19 or 20 July
Fructidor
Fructidor

Fructidor was the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word fructus, which means fruit....
(from Latin fructus, "fruit") Starting 18 or 19 August

Note: On many printed calendars of Year II ("Year 2"), 22 September 1793 – 21 September 1794, the month of Thermidor was named Fervidor.

The English translations stated above are approximate, as most of the month names were new words coined from French

French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
, Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
or Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
. The endings of the names are grouped by season.

In Britain, people mocked the Republican Calendar by calling the months: Wheezy, Sneezy and Freezy; Slippy, Drippy and Nippy; Showery, Flowery and Bowery; Wheaty, Heaty and Sweety.

Ten days of the week

The month is divided into three décades or 'weeks' of ten days each, named simply:

primidi (first day)
duodi (second day)
tridi (third day)
quartidi (fourth day)
quintidi (fifth day)
sextidi (sixth day)
septidi (seventh day)
octidi (eighth day)
nonidi (ninth day)
décadi (tenth day)

Décades were abandoned in Floréal an X (April 1802).

Days of the year

Instead of most days having an associated saint

Saint

A saint in Christianity is a human being who has been called to holiness. The term is used differently by various denominations, with some, such as the Anglicans, Methodists, and Lutherans distinguishing between Saints and saints....
as in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints

Roman Catholic calendar of saints

The General Roman Calendar indicates the days of the year to which are assigned the liturgical celebrations of Saint and of the mysteries of the Jesus Christ that are to be observed wherever the Roman Rite is used....
, each day has an animal (days ending in 5), a tool (days ending in 0) or else a plant or mineral (all other days).

Autumn

Vendémiaire Vendémiaire Vend?miaire was the first month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word vendange .Vend?miaire was the first month of the autumn quarter .... (22 Sep ~ 21 Oct)	Brumaire Brumaire Brumaire was the second month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word brume which occurs frequently in France at that time of the year.... (22 Oct ~ 20 Nov)	Frimaire Frimaire Frimaire was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word frimas, which means frost.... (21 Nov ~ 20 Dec)
Raisin Grape File:Table grapes on white.jpgA grape is the non-Climacteric #In_botany fruit that grows on the Perennial plant and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis.... (Grape) Safran Saffron Saffron is a spice derived from the dried gynoecium of the flower of the saffron crocus , a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. The flower has three Carpels, which are the anatomical terms of location ends of the plant's carpels.... (Saffron) Châtaigne Chestnut Chestnut , is a genus of eight or nine species of deciduous trees and shrubs in the Beech family Fagaceae, native to temperate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.... (Chestnut) Colchique Crocus *Crocus* is a genus of perennial plant flowering plants, native to a large area from coastal and subalpine areas of central and southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East, across Central Asia to western China.... (Crocus) Cheval Horse The horse is a hoofed mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolution of the horse over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, odd-toed ungulate animal of today.... (Horse) Balsamine Impatiens *Impatiens* is a genus of about 850–1,000 species of flowering plants, widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and tropics.... (Impatiens) Carotte Carrot The carrot is a root vegetable, usually orange or white, or red-white blend in colour, with a crisp texture when fresh. The edible part of a carrot is a taproot.... (Carrot) Amarante Amaranth *Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth* or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. Approximately 60 species are presently recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold.... (Amaranth) Panais Parsnip The parsnip is a root vegetable related to the carrot. Parsnips resemble carrots, but are paler than most of them and have a stronger flavor. Like carrots, parsnips are native to Eurasia and have been eaten there since ancient times.... (Parsnip) Cuve Storage tank A storage tank is a container, usually for holding liquids, sometimes for compressed gases . The term can be used for reservoirs , and for manufactured containers.... (Vat) Pomme de terre Potato The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial plant Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family. The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well.... (Potato) Immortelle Strawflower The genus *Helichrysum* consists of an estimated 600 species, in the sunflower family . The type species is Helichrysum orientale.The name is derived from the Greek words helisso and chrysos .... (Strawflower) Potiron Cucurbita maxima 'Cucurbita maxima', one of at least five species of cultivated squash, is one of the most diverse domesticated species, perhaps with more cultivated forms than any other crop This species originated in South America from the wild, free-living C.... (Butter Squash) Réséda (Mignonette) Âne Donkey The 'donkey' or 'ass', Equus africanus asinus, is a Domestication member of the Equidae or horse family, and an Odd-toed ungulates. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the Wild Ass, E.... (Donkey) Belle de nuit Mirabilis jalapa *Mirabilis jalapa* is the most commonly grown ornamental species of Mirabilis, and is available in a range of colours. Mirabilis in Latin means wonderful and Jalapa is a town in Mexico.... (The four o'clock flower) Citrouille Pumpkin Pumpkin is a gourd-like Squash of the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae . It is a common name of or can refer to cultivars of any one of the following species: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita moschata.... (Pumpkin) Sarrasin Buckwheat Buckwheat refers to plants in two genera of the dicot family Polygonaceae: the Eurasian genus Fagopyrum, and the North American genus Eriogonum.... (Buckwheat) Tournesol Sunflower The sunflower is an annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering head . The stem can grow as high as 3 meters , and the flower head can reach 30 cm in diameter with the "large" seeds.... (Sunflower) Pressoir Fruit press A fruit press is a device used to separate fruit solids - Plant stems, Peel s, seeds, pulp, leaves, and detritus - from fruit juice.... (Wine-Press) Chanvre Hemp File:Industrialhemp.jpgHemp is the common name for plants of the entire genus Cannabis, although the term is often used to refer only to Cannabis strains cultivated for industrial use.... (Hemp) Pêche Peach The peach is known as a species of Prunus native to China that bears an edible juicy fruit also called a peach. It is a deciduous tree growing to 5?10 m tall, belonging to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae.... (Peach) Navet Turnip The turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, bulbous taproot. Small, tender, varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as fodder for livestock.... (Turnip) Amaryllis Amaryllis *Amaryllis* is a monotypic genus of plant also known as the Belladonna Lily or naked ladies. The single species, Amaryllis belladonna, is a native of South Africa, particularly the rocky southwest region near the Cape.... (Amaryllis) Bœuf (Ox) Aubergine (Eggplant) Piment Chili pepper Chili pepper is the fruit of the plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the Solanaceae, Solanaceae. Botany considers the plant a berry bush.... (Chili Pepper) Tomate Tomato The Tomato is an herbaceous, usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family, as are its close cousins Nicotiana, potatoes, aubergine , chilli peppers, and the poisonous Atropa belladonna.... (Tomato) Orge Barley Barley is an annual plant cereal grain derived from the grass *Hordeum vulgare. It serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food, as well as the making of alcoholic beverages beer and whisky.... (Barley) Tonneau Aging barrel An aging barrel* is a barrel used to age wine or Distilled beverages such as whiskey, brandy, or rum.When a wine or whiskey/whisky ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in .... (Barrel)	Pomme APPLE This article is about the satellite APPLE. For the fruit apple, see Apple. For other uses see Apple .The Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment , was an experimental communication satellite with a C-Band transponder launched by Indian Space Research Organisation satellite on June 19, 1981 by Ariane 1, a launch vehicle of the European Spac... (Apple) Céleri Celery *Apium graveolens* is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery or celeriac depending on whether the petioles or roots are eaten.... (Celery) Poire Pear The pear is an edible pome fruit produced by a tree of genus Pyrus . The pear is classified within Maloideae, a subfamily within Rosaceae. The apple , which it resembles in floral structure, is also a member of this subfamily.... (Pear) Betterave Beet The beet is a plant in the Amaranthaceae. It is best known its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is probably the red root vegetable known as the garden beet.... (Beet root) Oie Goose *Goose* is the English-language name for a considerable number of birds, belonging to the family Anatidae. This family also includes swans, most of which are larger than geese, and ducks, which are smaller.... (Goose) Héliotrope Heliotropium The heliotropes is a genus of plants in the family Boraginaceae with 250 to 300 species.The name "heliotrope" derives from the fact that these plants turn their leaves to the sun.... (Heliotrope) Fig FIG FIG may refer to:* F?d?ration Internationale de Gymnastique* International Federation of Surveyors... ue (Fig) Scorsonère Black salsify *Scorzonera hispanica, black salsify* or Spanish salsify, also known as black oyster plant, serpent root, viper's herb, viper's grass or simply Scorzonera, is a Perennial plant member of the sunflower family , cultivated as a root vegetable in the same way as some of the members of the salsify genus... (Black Salsify) Alisier Wild Service Tree *Sorbus torminalis* , sometimes known as the Chequer Tree or Checker Tree, is a species of Sorbus native to Europe from England and Wales east to Denmark and Poland, south to northwest Africa, and southeast to southwest Asia from Asia Minor to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains.... (Chequer Tree) Charrue Plough The plough is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history, and represents one of the major advances in agriculture.... (Plough) Salsifis Salsify The Goatsbeards or Salsifies are the genus *Tragopogon* of flowering plants within the family Asteraceae. They include the vegetable called salsify as well as a number of common wild flowers, some of which are usually regarded as weeds.... (Salsify) Macre Water caltrop The water caltrop or water chestnut is either of two species of the genus Trapa: Trapa natans and Trapa bicornis. Both species are floating annual plant aquatic plants, growing in slow-moving water up to 5 meters deep, native to warm temperate parts of Eurasia and Africa.... (Water chestnut) Topinambour Jerusalem artichoke The Jerusalem artichoke , also called the sunroot or sunchoke or earth apple or topinambur, is a species of Helianthus native to the eastern United States, from Maine west to North Dakota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.... (Jerusalem Artichoke) Endive Endive Endive , Cichorium endivia is a leaf vegetable belonging to the Asteraceae. Endive can be cooked or used raw in salads.Endive is also a common name for some types of chicory .... (Endive) Dindon Turkey (bird) A turkey is either of two Extant taxon of large birds in the genus *Meleagris. One species, Meleagris gallopavo, commonly known as the Wild Turkey, is native to the forests of North America.... (Turkey) Chervis (Skirret) Cresson Watercress Watercresses* are fast-growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, perennial plants native from Europe to central Asia, and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by human beings.... (Watercress) Dentelaire Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family.... (Leadworts) Grenade Pomegranate The pomegranate is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to between five and eight metres tall. The pomegranate is native to the region from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and has been cultivated and naturalized over the whole Mediterranean Basin region and the Caucasus since ancient times.... (Pomegranate) Herse Harrow (tool) In agriculture, a set of harrows is an implement for cultivating the surface of the soil. In this way it is distinct in its effect from the plough, which is used for deeper cultivation.... (Harrow) Bacchante Wild ginger Wild ginger may refer to any of a variety of plants, often with a similar appearance, odour or taste to cultivated ginger. Species involved include:... (Asarum baccharis) Azerole Crataegus azarolus *Crataegus azarolus* is a species of Crataegus known by the common names azarole, mosphilla, and Mediterranean medlar. It is native to the Mediterranean Basin and it is grown there and elsewhere as an ornamental plant and for its fruit.... (Azarole) Garance Madder *Rubia* is a genus of the madder family Rubiaceae, which contains about 60 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and sub-shrubs native to the Old World, Africa, temperate Asia and America.... (Madder) Orange Orange (fruit) An orange?specifically, the sweet orange?is the citrus Citrus sinensis and its fruit. The orange is a Hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo and tangerine .... (Orange) Faisan Pheasant Pheasants are a group of large birds in the order Galliformes.Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, with males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments such as wattle and long tails.... (Pheasant) Pistache Pistachio The pistachio is a small tree native to mountainous regions of Iran, Turkmenistan, Turkey and western Afghanistan, that produces an important nut #Culinary definition and uses.... (Pistachio) Macjonc Lathyrus tuberosus *Lathyrus tuberosus, also known as the Tuberous Pea, Earthnut Pea, or Aardaker, is a small, vine perennial plant, native in moist temperate parts of Europe and western Asia.... (Tuberous pea) Coing Quince The Quince* , or Cydonia oblonga, is the sole member of the genus Cydonia and native to warm-temperate southwest Asia in the Caucasus region.... (Quince) Cormier Service Tree *Sorbus domestica* is a species of Sorbus native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa , and southwest Asia .It is a deciduous tree growing to 15?20 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, though can also be a shrub 2?3 m tall on exposed sites.... (Service tree) Rouleau Roller (agricultural tool) The roller is an agriculture tool used for flattening land or breaking up large clumps of soil, especially after tillage. Typically, rollers are pulled by tractors or, prior to mechanisation, a team of animals such as horses or cattle.... (Roller)	Raiponce (Rampion) Turneps Turnip The turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, bulbous taproot. Small, tender, varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as fodder for livestock.... (Turnip) Chicorée Chicory Common chicory is a bushy perennial plant herb with blue, lavender, or occasionally white flowers. It grows as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and in North America, where it has become naturalized.... (Chicory) Nèfle Medlar Medlar is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the subfamily Maloideae of the family Rosaceae. One, Common Medlar Mespilus germanica, is a long-known native of southwest Asia and possibly also southeastern Europe, and the other, Stern's Medlar Mespilus canescens, was recently discovered in North America.... (Medlar) Cochon Pig Pigs, also called hogs or swine, are a genus of even-toed ungulates within the Family Suidae. The name pig, hog, or swine most commonly refers to the Domestic pig in everyday parlance, but technically encompasses several distinct species, including the Wild Boar.... (Pig) Mâche Corn salad Corn salad is a small dicot annual plant of the family Valerianaceae. It is also called Lewiston cornsalad, lamb's lettuce, field salad, m?che, and rapunzel.... (Corn Salad) Chou-fleur Cauliflower Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed.... (Cauliflower) Miel Honey Honey is a sweet fluid produced by honey bees , and derived from the nectar of flowers. According to the United States National Honey Board and various international food regulations, "honey stipulates a pure product that does not allow for the addition of any other substance?this includes, but is not limited to, water or other sweeteners... (Honey) Genièvre Juniperus communis *Juniperus communis, the Common Juniper, is a species in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. It has the largest range of any woody plant, throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30?N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia.... (Juniper) Pioche Pickaxe A pickaxe* is a hand tool with a hard head attached perpendicular to the handle.Some people make the distinction that a pickaxe has a head with a pointed end and a flat end, and a pick has both ends pointed, or only one end; but most people use the words to mean the same thing.... (Pickaxe) Cire Wax Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by bees and used by them in constructing their honeycombs.It is an imprecisely defined term generally understood to be a substance with properties similar to beeswax, namely... (Wax) Raifort Horseradish Horseradish is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family, which also includes Mustard plant, wasabi, and cabbages. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia, but is popular around the world today.... (Horseradish) Cèdre Cedar Cedar is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae. They are most closely related to the Firs , sharing a very similar cone structure.... (Cedar tree) Sapin Fir Firs are a genus of between 45-55 species of evergreen Pinophyta in the family Pinaceae. All are trees, reaching heights of 10-80 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5-4 m when mature.... (Fir tree) Chevreuil Roe Deer The European Roe Deer is a deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian Sea coastal regions. There is a separate species known as the Siberian Roe Deer that is found from the Ural Mountains to as far east as China and Siberia.... (Roe Deer) Ajonc Gorse Gorse comprises a genus of about 20 species of evergreen shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to western Europe and northwest Africa, with the majority of species in Iberian Peninsula.... (Gorse) Cyprès Cupressus sempervirens *Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean Cypress* is a species of Cupressus native to the eastern Mediterranean region, in northeast Libya, southeast Greece , southern Turkey, Cyprus, western Syria, Lebanon, Israel and western Jordan, and also a disjunct population in Iran.... (Cypress Tree) Lierre Ivy *Hedera* is a genus of 15 species of climbing or ground-creeping evergreen woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to the Macaronesia, western, central and southern Europe, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan.... (Ivy) Sabine Juniperus sabina *Juniperus sabina* is a species of juniper native to the mountains of central and southern Europe and western and central Asia, from Spain east to eastern Siberia, typically growing at altitudes of 1,000-3,300 m.... (Savin Juniper) Hoyau Hoe (tool) A Hoe is an agricultural tool used toagitate the surface of the soil around plants, to remove weedspile soil around the base of plants ;create narrow furrows and shallow trenches for planting seeds and bulbs;... (Grub-hoe) Érable sucré (Sugar Maple) Bruyère (Heather) Roseau Phragmites Phragmites australis, the common reed, is a large perennial plant Poaceae found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.... (Reed plant) Oseille Sorrel Common Sorrel* or Garden Sorrel , often simply called sorrel and also known as Spinach Dock or Narrow-leaved Dock, is a perennial plant Herbaceous plant that is cultivated as a garden herb or leaf vegetable .... (Sorrel) Grillon Cricket (insect) Crickets, family Gryllidae , are insects somewhat related to grasshoppers and more closely related to Tettigoniidae . They have somewhat flattened bodies and long antenna .... (Cricket) Pignon Pine nut Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pines . About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting; in other pines the seeds are also edible, but are too small to be of value as a human food.... (Pinenut) Liège Cork (material) Cork material is a prime-subset of generic Cork cambium, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork Oak tree, Quercus suber, with Portugal producing 50% of cork worldwide.... (cork) Truffe (Truffle) Olive Olive The Olive is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Lebanon, Syria and the maritime parts of Turkey and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea.... (Olive) Pelle Shovel A shovel is a tool for lifting and moving loose material such as coal, gravel, snow, soil, or sand and is an extremely common tool which is used extensively in agriculture, construction and gardening.... (Shovel)

Winter

Nivôse Nivôse For the frigate of the French Navy, see Niv?se Niv?se was the fourth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word nivosus, which means snow.... (21 Dec ~ 19 Jan)	Pluviôse Pluviôse Pluvi?se was the fifth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word pluviosus, which means rain.... (20 Jan ~ 18 Feb)	Ventôse Ventôse Vent?se was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ventosus, which means windy.Vent?se was the third month of the winter quarter .... (19 Feb ~ 20 Mar)
Tourbe Peat Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation biological tissue. Peat forms in wetlands or peatlands, variously called bogs, Moorland, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests.... (Peat) Houille Coal Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.... (Coal) Bitume Bitumen Bitumen is a mixture of organic compounds liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky, entirely soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.... (Bitumen) Soufre (Sulphur) Chien Dog The dog is a domesticated subspecies of the Gray Wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties.... (Dog) Lave Lava Lava is molten Rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. When first expelled from a volcanic vent, it is a liquid at temperatures from 700 ?C to 1,200 ?C .... (Lava) Terre végétale Topsoil Topsoil is the upper, outermost layer of soil, usually the top 2 to 8 inches. It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biology soil activity occurs.... (Topsoil) Fumier Manure Manure is organic matter used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and Nutrient#Nutrients and the environment, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacterium in the soil.... (Manure) Salpêtre Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula PotassiumNitrogenOxygen3. A naturally occurring mineral source of nitrogen, KNO3 constitutes a critical oxidation component of black powder/gunpowder.... (Saltpeter) Fléau Flail (agriculture) A flail is an agriculture tool used for threshing to separate cereals from their husks.It is usually made from two or more large sticks attached by a short chain; one stick is held and swung, causing the other to strike a pile of grain, loosening the husks.... (Flail) Granit Granite Granite is a common and widely occurring type of Intrusion , felsic, igneous rock rock . Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally with some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as Porphyry .... (Granite stone) Argile Clay Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired.... (Clay) Ardoise Slate Slate is a fine-grained, foliation , homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcano ash through low grade regional metamorphism.... (Slate) Grès Sandstone Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock Particle size . Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust .... (Sandstone) Lapin Rabbit Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are seven different genus in the family taxonomy as rabbits, including the European rabbit , Cottontail rabbit , and the Amami rabbit .... (Rabbit) Silex Flint Flint is a hard, sedimentary rock cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as Nodule s and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones.... (Flint) Marne Marl Marl or Marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and aragonite. Marl is originally an old term loosely applied to a variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay and calcium carbonate, formed under... (Marl) Pierre à chaux Limestone File:Limestone Formation In Waitomo.jpgLimestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite . The deposition of limestone strata is often a by-product and indicator of biological activity in the geology record.... (Limestone) Marbre Marble Marble is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock resulting from the metamorphism of limestone, composed mostly of calcite . It is extensively used for Marble sculpture, as a architecture material, and in many other applications.... (Marble) Van (Winnowing basket) Pierre à plâtre Gypsum Gypsum is a very soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula calciumsulfuroxygen4?2water.... (Gypsum) Sel Salt A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge .... (Salt) Fer Iron Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is a Group 8 element and period 4 element. Iron is lustrous and silvery in color.... (Iron) Cuivre Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.... (Copper) Chat Cat The cat , also known as the Domestication cat or house cat to distinguish it from other Felinae and Felidae, is a small predationy carnivore species of crepuscular mammal that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin, snakes, scorpions, and other unwanted household pests.... (Cat) Étain Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide, SnO2.... (Tin) Plomb Lead Lead is a main-group Chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metal .... (Lead) Zinc Zinc Zinc is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is a first-row transition metal of the group 12 element of the periodic table.... (Zinc) Mercure Mercury (element) Mercury , also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum , is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of six elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure.... (Mercury (metal)) Crible Sieve In general, a sieve separates wanted/desired elements from unwanted material using a tool such as a mesh, net or other filtration or distillation methods, but it is also used for classification of powders by particle size, or for size measurement as an analytical technique.... (Sieve)	Lauréole Daphne laureola *Daphne laureola, or Spurge-laurel* , is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae. Despite the name, this woodland plant is neither a spurge nor a laurel#Botany but is one of the two species of Daphne native to Great Britain - the other being Daphne mezereum both of which have a strong preference fo... (Spurge-laurel) Mousse Moss Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1?10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations.... (Moss) Fragon (Butcher's Broom) Perce-neige Snowdrop Snowdrop is the common name for members of the genus Galanthus, a small genus of about 20 species in the family Amaryllidaceae; snowdrops are among the first bulbs to bloom in spring, although certain species flower in late autumn and winter.... (Snowdrop) Taureau Cattle Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domestication ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. They are raised as livestock for meat , dairy products , leather and as draft animals .... (Bull) Laurier-thym Viburnum tinus *Viburnum tinus* is a species of flowering plant in the genus Viburnum, native to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. Laurus signifies the leaves' similarities to bay laurel; tinus means "tenth born".... (Laurustinus) Amadouvier Fomes fomentarius *Fomes fomentarius* is a bracket fungus often named horse's hoof fungus or tinder fungus. It can be found in North America and Europe, typically on birch, but also on beech.... (Tinder polypore) Mézéréon Daphne mezereum *Daphne mezereum* is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and western Asia, north to northern England and central Scandinavia.... (Daphne mezereum) Peuplier Poplar *Populus* is a genus of between 25?35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere.... (Poplar Tree) Coignée Axe The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for Millennium to shape, split and cut wood, harvest Lumber, as a weapon and a ceremony or Heraldry symbol.... (Axe) Ellébore Hellebore Commonly known as Hellebores, members of the genus *Helleborus* comprise approximately 20 species of herbaceous perennial plant flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Helleboreae.... (Hellebore) Brocoli Broccoli Broccoli is a plant of the cabbage family Brassicaceae .It is classified as the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea. Broccoli possesses abundant arboreal, luscious, fleshy, flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible, sturdy, meaty stalk.... (Broccoli) Laurier Bay Laurel The Bay Laurel , also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or Bay Tree, is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub reaching 10?18 m tall, native to the Mediterranean region.... (Laurel) Avelinier (Filbert) Vache Cattle Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domestication ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. They are raised as livestock for meat , dairy products , leather and as draft animals .... (Cow) Buis (Box Tree) Lichen Lichen Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiosis association of a fungus with a Photosynthesis partner , usually either a green algae or Cyanobacteria .... (Lichen) If Taxus baccata *Taxus baccata* is a Pinophyta native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia. It is the tree originally known as yew, though with other related trees becoming known, it may be now known as the common yew, or European yew.... (Yew tree) Pulmonaire Lungwort The lungworts are the genus *Pulmonaria* of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, with one species east to central Asia.... (Lungwort) Serpette Billhook The billhook is a traditional cutting tool used mainly in European agriculture and forestry, but also common in other parts of the world where it was introduced by European settlers.... (Billhook) Thlaspi Thlaspi arvense *Thlaspi arvense* is a foetid Eurasian plant having round flat pods; naturalized throughout North America. It is also related to the Lepidium species in the cabbage family.... (Pennycress) Thimelé Daphne (plant) *Daphne* is a genus of between 50-95 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs in the plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to Asia, Europe, and north Africa.... (Rose Daphne) Chiendent (Couch Grass) Trainasse Polygonum aviculare *Polygonum aviculare* or Common Knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock . It is also called birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass.... (Common Knotgrass) Lièvre Hare Hares and jackrabbits are leporids belonging to the genus *Lepus. Very young hares, less than one year old, are called leverets.... (Hare) Guède Woad Woad* is the common name of the flowering plant *Isatis tinctoria* in the family Brassicaceae. It is commonly called dyer's woad, and sometimes incorrectly listed as *Isatis indigotica* .... (Woad) Noisetier Hazel The hazels are a genus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate northern hemisphere. The genus is usually placed in the birch family Betulaceae, though some botanists split the hazels into a separate family Corylaceae.Hazel plants prefer a nice warm, mild,moist climate nothing more nothing less.... (Hazel) Cyclamen Cyclamen *Cyclamen* is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants, traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae, but in recent years reclassified in the family Myrsinaceae.... (Cyclamen) Chélidoine Greater celandine *Chelidonium majus, commonly known as the greater celandine* or tetterwort , is the only species in the genus Chelidonium, family Papaveraceae.... (Celandine) Traîneau (Sleigh)	Tussilage Coltsfoot Coltsfoot is a plant in the family Asteraceae.It has been used medicinally as a cough suppressant. The name "tussilago" itself means "cough suppressant." The plant has been used since at least historical times to treat lung ailments such as asthma as well as various coughs by way of smoking.... (Coltsfoot) Cornouiller Dogwood The Dogwoods comprise a group of 30-50 species of mostly deciduous woody plants growing as shrubs and trees; some species are herbaceous perennial plants and a few of the woody species are evergreen.... (Dogwood) Violier Matthiola *Matthiola* or stock is a genus of flowering plants. It is named after Pietro Andrea Mattioli.A cool season annual. Flowers are singles or doubles in a wide array of colors and are very sweet smelling.... (Matthiola) Troène Privet Privet was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub Ligustrum vulgare, and later also for the more reliably evergreen Ligustrum ovalifolium , used extensively for privacy hedging .... (Privet) Bouc Goat The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep: both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae.... (Billygoat) Asaret Wild ginger Wild ginger may refer to any of a variety of plants, often with a similar appearance, odour or taste to cultivated ginger. Species involved include:... (Wild Ginger) Alaterne Buckthorn The Buckthorns are a genus of about 100 species of shrubs or small trees from 1-10 m tall , in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. They are native throughout the temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere, and also more locally in the subtropical Southern Hemisphere in parts of Africa and South America.... (Buckthorn) Violette Violet (plant) *Viola* is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae, with around 400?500 species distributed around the world. Most species are found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, however viola species are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes in South America.... (Violet (plant)) Marceau Goat Willow *Salix caprea* , is a common species of willow native to Europe and western and central Asia.It is a deciduous shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6-12 m, rarely to 20 m.... (Goat Willow) Bêche Spade A spade is a tool designed primarily for the purpose of digging or removing earth. The first spade was made of riven wood. After the art of metalworking was discovered, spades were made with sharper tips of metal.... (Spade) Narcisse (Narcissus) Orme Elm Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae. Elms first appeared in the Miocene period about 40 million years ago.... (Elm Tree) Fumeterre Fumaria officinalis *Fumaria officinalis* is the most common species of the genus Fumaria in Western Europe and Central Europe. It is an herbaceous annual plant, which grows erect, with stalks about 10 to 50 cm long.... (Common fumitory) Vélar (Hedge Mustard) Chèvre Goat The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep: both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae.... (Goat) Épinard Spinach Spinach is a flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceae. It is native to central and southwestern Asia. It is an annual plant , which grows to a height of up to 30 cm.... (Spinach) Doronic Doronicum *Doronicum* is a genus of the botany family Asteraceae.... (Large-flowered Leopard's Bane) Mouron (Pimpernel) Cerfeuil Chervil Chervil is a delicate annual plant herb related to parsley. Sometimes called garden chervil, it is used to season mild-flavoured dishes and is a constituent of the French herb mixture fines herbes.... (Chervil) Cordeau Twine Twine is a strong thread or string composed of two or more smaller strands or yarns twisted together. More generally, the term can be applied to any thin cord.... (Twine) Mandragore Mandrake (plant) Mandrake is the common name for members of the plant genus *Mandragora* belonging to the nightshades family . Because mandrake contains deliriant hallucinogenic tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and the roots sometimes contain bifurcations causing them to resemble human figures, their roots have long been used in magic rituals, t... (Mandrake) Persil Parsley Parsley is a bright green, biennial plant herb, also used as spice. It is very common in Middle Eastern cuisine, European cuisine, and American cuisine cooking.... (Parsley) Cochléaria Scurvy-grass Scurvy-grass is a genus of about 30 species of Annual plant and perennial plant herbs in the cabbage family Brassicaceae. They are widely distributed in temperate and arctic areas of the northern hemisphere, most commonly found in coastal regions, on cliff-tops and salt marshes where their high tolerance of sodium chloride enables them to av... (Scurvy-grass) Pâquerette Bellis perennis *Bellis perennis* is a common European species of Daisy, often considered the archetypal species of that name. Many related plants also share the name "Daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies it is sometimes qualified as Common Daisy, Lawn Daisy or occasionally English daisy.... (Daisy) Thon Tuna Tuna are several species of ocean-dwelling fish in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus. Tunas are fast swimmers?they have been clocked at 70 km/h ?and include several species that are warm-blooded.... (Tuna) Pissenlit (Dandelion) Sylvie Anemone nemorosa *Anemone nemorosa* is an early-spring flowering plant in the genus Anemone in the family Ranunculaceae. Common names include wood anemone, windflower, thimbleweed and smell fox, an allusion to the musky smell of the leaves.... (Wood Anemone) Capillaire Adiantum capillus-veneris *Adiantum capillus-veneris, the black maidenhair fern, is a species of fern in the genus Adiantum* with a subcosmopolitan distribution, native to western and southern Europe, Africa, North America, Central America.... (Maidenhair fern) Frêne Ash tree *Fraxinus* is a genus of usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen. The leaf are opposite , and mostly pinnately-compound, simple in a few species.... (Ash Tree) Plantoir (Dibber Dibber A dibber or dibble is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that seeds, seedlings or small bulbs can be planted. Dibbers come in a variety of designs including the straight dibber, T-handled dibber, trowel dibber, and L-shaped dibber.... : a hand gardening tool)

Spring

Germinal Germinal (French Republican Calendar) Germinal was the seventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word germen, which means germination... (21 Mar ~ 19 Apr)	Floréal Floreal Floreal is a municipality in the state of S?o Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 3,057 and the area is 204.23 km?.... (20 Apr ~ 19 May)	Prairial Prairial Prairial was the ninth month in the French Republican Calendar. This month was named after the French language word pasture, which means meadow.... (20 May ~ 18 Jun)
Primevère Primula vulgaris *Primula vulgaris* is a species of Primula native to western and southern Europe , northwest Africa , and southwest Asia . The common name is primrose, or occasionally common primrose or English primrose to distinguish it from other Primula species also called primroses.... (Primrose) Platane Platanus *Platanus* is a small genus of trees native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole members of the family Platanaceae.They are all large trees to 30?50 m tall, deciduous , and are mostly found in riparian or other wetland habitat in the wild, though proving drought tolerant in cultivation away from streams.... (Plane Tree) Asperge Asparagus *Asparagus officinalis* is a flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus from which the vegetable known as asparagus is obtained.... (Asparagus) Tulip Tulip *Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a genus of about 150 species of bulbous flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. The native range of the species includes southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the west to northeast of China.... e (Tulip) Poule Chicken The chicken* is a Domestication fowl. Recent evidence suggests that domestication of the chicken was under way in Vietnam over 10,000 years ago.... (Hen) Bette Chard Chard , also known by the common names Swiss Chard, Silverbeet, Perpetual Spinach, Spinach Beet, Crab Beet, Seakale Beet and Mangold, is a leafy vegetable and a Beta vulgaris subsp.... (Chard Plant) Bouleau Birch Birch is the name of any tree of the genus *Betula* , in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae.... (Birch Tree) Jonquille (Daffodil) Aulne Alder Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants belonging to the birch family . The genus comprises about 30 species of Plant sexuality trees and shrubs, few reaching large size, distributed throughout the North Temperate Zone and in the New World also along the Andes southwards to Argentina.... (Alder) Couvoir Hatchery A hatchery is a facility where Egg s are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish or poultry. It may be used for ex-situ conservation purposes, i.e.... (Hatchery) Pervenche Vinca *Vinca* or Periwinkle is a genus of five species in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The common name periwinkle is shared with the related genus Catharanthus.... (Periwinkle) Charme Hornbeam Plants in the genus *Carpinus* are commonly called Hornbeams. They are relatively small hardwood trees. Many botanists place the hornbeams in the birch family Betulaceae, though some group them with the hazels and hop-hornbeams in a segregate family, Corylaceae.... (Hornbeam) Morille (Morel) Hêtre Beech Beech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe and North America.The leaf of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 cm long and 4–10 cm broad.... (Beech Tree) Abeille Bee Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. Bees are a monophyly lineage within the superfamily Apoidea, presently classified by the unranked taxon name Anthophila.... (Bee) Laitue Lettuce Lettuce is a temperate annual plant or biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable. In many countries, it is typically eaten cold, raw, in salads, hamburgers, tacos, and in many other dishes.... (Lettuce) Mélèze Larch Larches are conifers in the genus *Larix, in the family Pinaceae. They are native to much of the cooler temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the far north, and high on mountains further south.... (Larch) Ciguë Conium Conium* is a genus of two species of highly poisonous Perennial plant herbaceous flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and the Mediterranean region , and to southern Africa .... (Hemlock) Radis Radish The radish is an Eating root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman Empire times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world.... (Radish) Ruche Beehive (beekeeping) A beehive is an enclosed structure in which some honey bee species of the genus Apis live and raise their young. Natural beehives are naturally-occurring structures occupied by honey bee colonies, while domesticated honey bees live in man-made beehives, often in an apiary.... (Hive) Gainier Cercis *Cercis, or Redbuds, is a genus of about 6-10 species in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to warm-temperate regions.... (Judas tree) Romaine Romaine lettuce Romaine* or cos lettuce is a variety of lettuce which grows in a long head of sturdy leaves with a firm rib down the center. Unlike most lettuces, it is tolerant of heat.... (Lettuce) Marronnier Chestnut oak The Chestnut oak is a species of oak in the List of Quercus species#Section Quercus, Quercus sect. Quercus. It is native to the Eastern United States United States, where it is one of the most important ridgetop trees from southern Maine southwest to central Mississippi, with an outlying northwestern population in southern Michigan.... (Chestnut Oak) Roquette Arugula *Eruca sativa* , also known as rocket or arugula, is an edible plant. It is a species of Eruca native to the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal east to Jordan and Turkey.... (Arugula or Rocket) Pigeon (Pigeon) Lilas Lilac *Syringa* is a genus of about 20?25 species of flowering plants in the olive family , native to Europe and Asia.They are deciduous shrubs or small trees, ranging in size from 2?10 m tall, with stems up to 20?30 cm diameter.... (Lilac) Anémone Anemone *Anemone* , is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae in the north and south temperate zones. They are closely related to Pasque flowers and Hepaticas ; some botanists include both of these genera within Anemone.... (Anemone) Pensée Pansy The pansy or pansy violets are a large group of hybrid plants cultivated as garden flowers. Pansies are derived from Viola species Viola tricolor Hybrid ized with other viola species, these hybrids are referred to as Viola ? wittrockiana or less commonly Viola tricolor hortensis.... (Pansy) Myrtille Blueberry Blueberries are flowering plants in the genus Vaccinium, sect. Cyanococcus. The species are native only to North America. They are shrubs varying in size from 10 cm tall to 4 m tall; the smaller species are known as "lowbush blueberries" , and the larger species as "highbush blueberries".... (Blueberry) Greffoir Knife A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of a handle attached to a blade that is used for cutting. Knives were used at least Stone Age, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools.... (Knife)	Rose Rose A rose is a perennial plant flower shrub or vine of the genus *Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species and comes in a variety of colors.... (Rose) Chêne Oak The term oak* can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus , which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus.... (Oak Tree) Fougère Fern A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta.... (Fern) Aubépine Crataegus Hawthorn is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America.... (Hawthorn) Rossignol Nightingale The Nightingale , also known as Rufous and Common Nightingale, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the Thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae.... (Nightingale) Ancolie Aquilegia *Aquilegia* is a genus of about 60-70 species of columbines, herbaceous perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere.... (Columbine) Muguet (Lily of the Valley) Champignon (Button mushroom) Hyacinthe (Hyacinth) Râteau Rake (tool) A rake is an agriculture and horticulture implement consisting of a toothed bar fixed transversely to a handle, and used to collect leaf, hay, grass, etc., and, in gardening, for loosening the soil, light weeding and levelling, and generally for purposes performed in agriculture by the harrow .... (Rake) Rhubarb Rhubarb *Rheum* is a genus of perennial plants that grows from thick short rhizomes. The genus is in the family Polygonaceae, and includes the vegetable rhubarb The plants have large leaf that are somewhat triangular shaped with long fleshy Petiole s.... e (Rhubarb) Sainfoin Sainfoin Sainfoins are Eurasian perennial plant herbs of the legume family . Including doubtfully distinct species and provisionally accepted taxa, about 150 species of sainfoins are presently known.... (Sainfoin) Bâton-d'or Wallflower The genus *Erysimum* includes more than 220 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus Cheiranthus is sometimes included herein whole or in part.... (Wallflower) Chamérops Chamaerops *Chamaerops* is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae , comprising a single species *Chamaerops humilis* . It is native to the western Mediterranean region, in southwestern Europe and northwest Africa .... (Fan Palm tree) Ver à soie (Silkworm) Consoude Comfrey For the place, see Comfrey, MinnesotaComfrey is an important herb in organic gardening, having many medicinal and fertilizer uses.... (Comfrey) Pimprenelle Salad Burnet Salad Burnet is a plant in the family Rosaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. It is a perennial plant herbaceous plant growing to 40-90 cm tall, typically found in dry grassy meadows, often on limestone soils.... (Salad Burnet) Corbeille d'or Alyssum *Alyssum* is a genus of about 100-170 species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.... (Basket of Gold) Arroche (Orache) Sarcloir Hoe (tool) A Hoe is an agricultural tool used toagitate the surface of the soil around plants, to remove weedspile soil around the base of plants ;create narrow furrows and shallow trenches for planting seeds and bulbs;... (Garden hoe) Statice Armeria maritima Armeria maritima* is the botanical name for a species of flowering plant.It is a popular garden flower, known by several common names, including "thrift", "sea thrift", and "sea pink".... (Thrift) Fritillaire (Fritillary) Bourrache Borage Borage , also known as "starflower" is an annual herb originating in Syria, but naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region, as well as Asia Minor, Europe, North Africa, and South America.... (Borage) Valériane Valerian (plant) Valerian is a hardy perennial plant flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September.... (Valerian) Carp Carp Carp is a common name for various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish originally from Eurasia and southeast Asia.... e (Carp) Fusain Euonymus The spindles, genus *Euonymus, comprise about 170?180 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs and small trees. They live mostly in East Asia, including the Himalayas, and they also have a distribution in Europe, Asia, Australasia, North America and Madagascar.... (Spindle (shrub)) Civette (Chive) Buglosse Anchusa The genus Anchusa* Carolus Linnaeus belongs to the tribe Boragineae of the borage family . It includes about 40 species.These species grow in Europe, North Africa, South Africa en Western Asia.... (Bugloss) Sénevé Mustard plant Mustards are several plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as Mustard .... (Wild mustard) Houlette (Shepherd's crook)	Luzerne Alfalfa Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop. In the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand it is known as lucerne and as lucerne grass in south Asia.... (Alfalfa) Hémérocalle Daylily Daylily is the common name of the species, hybrids and cultivars of the genus *Hemerocallis. These flowers of this plants are highly diverse in colour and form, often resulting from hybridization by gardening enthusiasts, the thousands of registered cultivars are appreciated and studied by international Hemerocallis* societies.... (Daylily) Trèfle Clover Clover , or trefoil, is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family Fabaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution; the highest diversity is found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also occur in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.... (Clover) Angélique Garden Angelica Garden Angelica is a biennial plant from the umbelliferous family Apiaceae. Alternative English names are Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, and Norwegian angelica... (Angelica) Canard Duck Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. The ducks are divided between several subfamilies listed in full in the Anatidae article; they do not represent a clade but a form taxon, being the Anatidae not considered swans and goose.... (Duck) Mélisse Lemon balm Lemon balm , not to be confused with bee balm, Monarda species, is a perennial plant herb in the mentha family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region.... (Lemon Balm) Fromental Arrhenatherum *Arrhenatherum, commonly called Oat-Grass or Button-grass, is a genus with seven species and subspecies from the grass family Poaceae. It grows in Europe and the Mediterranean.... (Oat grass) Martagon Lilium martagon Lilium martagon* is a species of Lilium. It has a widespread native region extending from central Europe east through northern Asia to Mongolia and Korea.... (Martagon lily) Serpolet Thyme Thyme is a well known herb; in common usage the name may refer to* any or all members of the plant genus Thymus ,* common thyme, Thymus vulgaris, and some other species that are used as culinary herbs or for medicinal purposes.... (Thyme plant) Faux Scythe A scythe is an agriculture hand tool for mowing grass or reaping agriculture. It was largely replaced by horse-drawn and then tractor machinery, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia.... (Scythe) Fraise Strawberry *Fragaria* is the name of a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits.... (Strawberry) Bétoine (Woundwort) Pois Pea A pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the legume *Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas. Although treated as a vegetable in cooking, it is botanically a fruit.... (Pea) Acacia Acacia Acacia* is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described in Africa by the Sweden botanist Carolus Linnaeus in 1773.... (Acacia) Caille Quail Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds in the pheasant family Phasianidae. New World quails and buttonquails and are not closely related but named for their similar appearance and behaviour.... (Quail) Œillet (Carnation) Sureau Elderberry *Sambucus* is a genus of between 5 and 30 species of shrubs or small trees, formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but now shown by genetic evidence to be correctly classified in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae.... (Elderberry) Pavot Poppy A poppy is any of a number of showy flowers, typically withone per Plant stem, belonging to the Papaveraceae. They include a number of attractive wildflower species with showy flowers found growing singularly or in large groups; many species are also grown in gardens.... (Poppy plant) Tilleul Tilia *Tilia* is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia , Europe and eastern North America; it is not native to western North America.... (Linden or Lime tree) Fourche Pitchfork A pitchfork is an agricultural tool with a long handle and long, thin, widely separated pointed tines used to lift and pitch loose material, such as hay, leaf, grapes, dung or other agricultural materials.... (Pitchfork) Barbeau Barbus barbus *Barbus barbus* is a species of freshwater fish in the Cyprinidae family of minnows and carps. It shares the common name "barbel" with its many relatives in the genus Barbus and is properly known as the Common Barbel.... (Common Barbel) Camomille (Camomile) Chèvrefeuille Honeysuckle Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. There are about 180 species of honeysuckle, with by far the greatest diversity in China, where over 100 species occur; by comparison, Europe and North America have only about 20 native species each.... (Honeysuckle) Caille-lait Galium album *Galium album* is a herbaceous annual plant of the family Rubiaceae. This plant is native to Europe and has several common names, including Upright bedstraw, Upright hedge bedstraw and White bedstraw.... (Bedstraw) Tanche Tench The tench or doctor fish is a freshwater and brackish water fish of the cyprinid family found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob River and Yenisei Rivers.... (Tench) Jasmin Jasmine Jasmine is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family ,with about 200 species, native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World.... (Jasmine Plant) Verveine Verbena *Verbena* is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 250 species of annual plant and perennial plant herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants.... (Verbena) Thym Thyme Thyme is a well known herb; in common usage the name may refer to* any or all members of the plant genus Thymus ,* common thyme, Thymus vulgaris, and some other species that are used as culinary herbs or for medicinal purposes.... (Thyme Plant) Pivoine Peony The peony or paeony is the only genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, southern Europe and western North America.... (Peony Plant) Chariot (Hand Cart)

Summer

Messidor Messidor Messidor was the tenth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word messis, which means harvest.Messidor was the first month of the summer quarter .... (19 Jun ~ 18 Jul)	Thermidor Thermidor Thermidor was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French language word thermal which comes from the Greek word "Thermos" which means heat.... (19 Jul ~ 17 Aug)	Fructidor Fructidor Fructidor was the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word fructus, which means fruit.... (18 Aug ~ 16 Sep)
Seigle Rye Rye is a Poaceae grown extensively as a grain and forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe and is closely related to barley and wheat. Rye grain is used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, some rye whiskey, some vodkas, and animal fodder.... (Rye) Avoine Oat The common oat is a species of Cereal Agriculture for its seed, which is known by the same name . While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and rolled oats, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed.... (Oats) Oignon Onion Onion is a term used for many plants in the genus Allium. They are known by the common name "onion" but, used without qualifiers, it usually refers to *Allium cepa.... (Onion) Véronique Veronica (plant) Veronica* is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species; it was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae.... (Speedwell) Mule Mule In its common modern meaning, a mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.Mules are classified as an F1 hybrid.The term "mule" was formerly applied to the infertile offspring of any two creatures of different species.... t (Mule) Romarin Rosemary Rosemary is a woody, perennial plant herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaf. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs.... (Rosemary) Concombre Cucumber The cucumber is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash , and in the same genus as the muskmelon.... (Cucumber) Échalote Shallot The term shallot is used to describe two different Allium species of plant. The French grey challot or griselle, which has been considered to be the ?true shallot? by many, is Allium oschaninii, a species that grows wild from Central Asia to Southwest Asia.... (Shallot) Absinthe Artemisia absinthium *Artemisia absinthium* is a species of Artemisia , native to temperate regions of Eurasia and northern Africa.It is a herbaceous perennial plant, with a hard, woody rhizome.... (Wormwood) Faucille Sickle A sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool with a curved blade typically used for harvesting cereal crop or cutting grass for hay. The inside of the curve is sharp, so that the user can draw or swing the blade against the base of the crop, catching it in the curve and slicing it at the same time.... (Sickle) Coriandre Coriander Coriander is an annual plant herb in the family Apiaceae. It is also known as cilantro, particularly in the USA. Coriander is native to southwestern Asia west to north Africa.... (Coriander) Artichaut Globe artichoke The Globe Artichoke is a Perennial plant thistle originating in southern Europe around the Mediterranean. It grows to 1.5-2 m tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery glaucous-green leaf 50?82 cm long.... (Artichoke) Girofle Clove Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world.... (Clove) Lavande Lavender The Lavenders Lavandula are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region south to tropical Africa and to the southeast regions of India.... (Lavender) Chamois Chamois The chamois is a goat-like animal native to the Carpathian Mountains of Romania, the European Alps, the Gran Sasso region of the central Italian Apennine Mountains, the Tatra Mountains, the Balkans, parts of Turkey, and the Caucasus.... (Chamois) Tabac Tobacco Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide, and in the form of nicotine tartrate it is used in some medicines.... (Tobacco) Groseille Redcurrant The Red currant is a member of the genus Ribes in the gooseberry family Grossulariaceae, native to parts of western Europe . It is a deciduous shrub normally growing to 1-1.5 m tall, occasionally 2 m, with five-lobed leaf arranged spirally on the stems.... (Currant) Gesse Lathyrus The genus *Lathyrus* consists of the sweet peas and vetchlings, flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae. There are approximately 160 species of Lathyrus; they are native to temperate areas, with a breakdown of 52 species in Europe, 30 species in North America, 78 in Asia, 24 in tropical East Africa, and 24 in temperat... (Hairy Vetchling) Cerise Cherry The word cherry refers to a fleshy fruit that contains a single stony seed. The cherry belongs to the family Rosaceae, genus Prunus, along with almonds, peaches, plums, apricots and bird cherry .... (Cherry) Parc Park A park is a Environmental protection, in its natural or semi-natural state or planted, and set aside for human recreation and enjoyment.... (Park) Menthe Mentha *Mentha* is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the Family Lamiaceae . Species within Mentha have a cosmopolitan distribution distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America.... (Mint) Cumin Cumin Cumin is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to East India.... (Cumin) Haricot Bean Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genus of the Family Fabaceae used for human food or animal feed.The whole young pods of bean plants, if picked before the pods ripen and dry, can be tender enough to eat whole, whether cooked or raw.... (Bean) Orcanète (Alkanet) Pintade (Guinea fowl) Sauge Common sage *Salvia officinalis* is a small perennial evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is native to the Mediterranean region and commonly grown as a kitchen and medicinal herb or as an ornamental garden plant.... (Sage Plant) Ail Garlic Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, and chive.... (Garlic) Vesce (Tare) Blé Wheat Wheat , is a worldwide cultivated Poaceae from the Levant region of the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most-produced food among the cereal just above rice.... (Wheat) Chalémie Shawm The shawm was a medieval and Renaissance musical instrument of the woodwind family made in Europe from the late 13th century until the 17th century.... (Shawm)	Épeautre Spelt Spelt is a hexaploid species of wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times; it now survives as a relict crop in Central Europe and has found a new market as a health food.... (Spelt) Bouillon blanc Common Mullein *Verbascum thapsus* is a species of mullein native to Europe, northern Africa and Asia, and introduced in the Americas and Australia.It is a hairy biennial plant that can grow to 2 metre or more tall.... (Common Mullein) Melon Muskmelon Muskmelon is a species of melon that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. These include smooth skinned varieties, such as honeydew, and different netted cultivars known as cantaloupes .... (Melon) Ivraie Ryegrass Ryegrass is a genus of nine species of tufted grasses, family Poaceae. Also called tares , these plants are native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, but are widely cultivated and naturalised elsewhere.... (Ryegrass) Bélier Sheep #REDIRECT Domestic sheep... (Ram) Prêle Horsetail *Equisetum* is the only living genus in the Equisetaceae, a family of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. They are commonly known as horsetails.... (Horsetail) Armoise Artemisia vulgaris 'Artemisia vulgaris' is one of several species in the genus Artemisia with names containing mugwort. It is also occasionally known as Felon Herb, Chrysanthemum Weed, Wild Wormwood, or St.... (Mugwort) Carthame Safflower Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual, usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves. Plants are 30 to 150 cm tall with globular flower heads and commonly, brilliant yellow, orange or red flowers which bloom in July.... (Safflower) Mûre BlackBerry The BlackBerry is a wireless handheld device introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager. In 2002, the more commonly known smartphone BlackBerry was released, which supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, internet faxing, web browsing and other wireless information services as well as a multi-touch interface.... (Blackberry) Arrosoir Watering can A watering can is a portable container, usually with a handle and a spout, used to water plants by hand. It has existed since at least the 17th century and has since been improved.... (Watering Can) Panis Switchgrass *Panicum virgatum, commonly known as switchgrass, is a perennial warm season grass native to North America, where it occurs naturally from 55? N latitude in Canada southwards into the United States and Mexico.... (Switchgrass) Salicorne Glasswort Salicornia* is a genus of succulent, halophyte plants that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. Salicornia species are native to the United States, Europe, South Africa and South Asia.... (Common Glasswort) Abricot Apricot The Apricot is a species of Prunus, classified with the plum in the subgenus Prunus. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation, but most likely in northern and western China and Central Asia, possibly also Korea and Japan.... (Apricot) Basil Basil Basil , of the Family Lamiaceae. Basil is a tender low-growing herb that is grown as a Perennial plant in warm, tropical climates. Basil is originally native to Iran, India and other tropical regions of Asia, having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years.... ic (Basil) Brebis Sheep #REDIRECT Domestic sheep... (Ewe) Guimauve Althaea officinalis *Althaea officinalis* is a species native to Africa, which is used as a medicinal plant and ornamental plant.... (Marshmallow) Lin Flax Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean region to India and was probably first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent.... (Flax) Amande Almond The Almond is a species of tree of the genus Prunus, belonging to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae and native to the Middle East.... (Almond) Gentian Gentian *Gentiana* is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Gentian family , tribe Gentianeae and monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species, it is considered a large genus.... e (Gentian) Écluse Lock (water transport) A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied; whereas in a caisson lock, a boat lift, or on a canal inclined plane, it is the chamber itself that rises and falls.... (Lock) Carline (Carline thistle) Câprier Caper The caper is a perennial spiny bush that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers. A caper is also the pickled bud of this plant.... (Caper) Lentil Lentil The lentil or daal or pulse is a bushy annual plant of the Fabaceae family, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 15 inches tall and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.... le (Lentil) Aunée Inula *Inula* is a large genus of about 90 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe, Asia and Africa. It has been reported that this genus is paraphyletic, based on chemical data of the phenolic compounds of this genus.... (Inula) Loutre Otter Otters are semi-aquatic fish-eating mammals. The otter Rank Lutrinae forms part of the Family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others.... (Otter) Myrte Myrtle The Myrtle is a genus of one or two species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae, native to southern Europe and north Africa. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees, growing to 5 m tall.... (Myrtle) Colza Rapeseed Rapeseed , also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae .... (Rapeseed) Lupin Lupin Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the genus *Lupinus* in the legume family . The genus comprises between 200-600 species, with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America - ) and - in the Mediterranean region and Africa.... (Lupin) Coton Cotton Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa.... (Cotton) Moulin Windmill A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind. It is designed to convert the energy of the wind into more useful forms using rotating blades or sails.... (Mill)	Prune Plum A plum or gage is a drupe tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera in the shoots having a terminal bud and the side buds solitary , the flowers being grouped 1-5 together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone.... (Plum) Millet Millet The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal Crop or grains, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. They do not form a scientific classification group, but rather a functional or agronomic one.... (Millet) Lycoperdon Puffball A puffball is a member of any of a number of groups of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage.... (Puffball) Escourgeon Barley Barley is an annual plant cereal grain derived from the grass *Hordeum vulgare. It serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food, as well as the making of alcoholic beverages beer and whisky.... (Six-row Barley) Saumon Salmon Salmon* is the common name for several species of fish of the family Salmonidae. Several other fish in the family are called trout,the difference is often attributed to the migratory life of the salmon as compared to the residential behaviour of trout, this holds true for the Atlantic salmon.... (Salmon) Tubéreuse Tuberose The tuberose is a perennial plant of the agave family Agavaceae, extracts of which are used as a middle note in perfumery. The common name derives from the Latin tuberosa, meaning swollen or tuberous in reference to its root system.... (Tuberose) Sucrion Barley Barley is an annual plant cereal grain derived from the grass *Hordeum vulgare. It serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food, as well as the making of alcoholic beverages beer and whisky.... (Winter Barley) Apocyn Apocynaceae The Apocynaceae* or dogbane family is a family of Angiosperms that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas.Many species are tall trees found in tropical rainforests, and most are from the tropics and subtropics, but some grow in tropical dry, xeric environments.... (Apocynum) Réglisse Liquorice Liquorice or licorice is the root of *Glycyrrhiza glabra* , from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume , related to Anise, Star Anise and Fennel and native to southern Europe and parts of Asia.... (Liquorice) Échelle Ladder A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or Step . There are two types: rigid ladders that can be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall, and rope ladders that are hung from the top.... (Ladder) Pastèque Watermelon Watermelon refers to both fruit and plant of a vine-like herb originally from southern Africa and one of the most common types of melon. This flowering plant produces a special type of fruit known by botany as a Epigynous berry, which has a thick Peel and fleshy center ; pepos are derived from an inferior ovary and are characteristic of... (Watermelon) Fenouil Fennel Fennel is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum . It is a member of the family Apiaceae . It is a hardy, perennial plant, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaf.... (Fennel) Épine vinette (Barberry) Noix Walnut Walnuts are plants in the family Juglandaceae. They are deciduous trees, 10–40 meter s tall , with pinnate leaves 200?900 millimetres long , with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the wingnut but not the hickory in the same family.... (Walnut) Truite Trout Trout are a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. Salmon belong to some of the same genera as trout but, unlike most trout, most salmon species spend almost all their lives in salt water.... (Trout) Citron Lemon The lemon is the common name for Citrus limon. The reproductive tissue surrounds the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The lemon is used for culinary and nonculinary purposes throughout the world.... (Lemon) Cardère Dipsacus *Dipsacus* is a genus of flowering plant in the family Dipsacaceae. The members of this genus are known as teasel or teazel or teazle.... (Teasel) Nerprun Buckthorn The Buckthorns are a genus of about 100 species of shrubs or small trees from 1-10 m tall , in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. They are native throughout the temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere, and also more locally in the subtropical Southern Hemisphere in parts of Africa and South America.... (Buckthorn) Tagette Tagetes *Tagetes* is a genus of 52 species of Annual plant and perennial plant herbaceous plants in the daisy family . They are native to the area stretching from the southwestern United States into Mexico and south throughout South America.... (Mexican Marigold) Hotte Sack A sack is a bag, especially a large one for carrying or storing goods.Sack can also mean, as a verb:* To Termination of employment* To Quarterback sack behind the line of scrimmage in American and Canadian football... (Sack) Églantine (Wild Rose) Noisette (Hazelnut) Houblon Humulus lupulus *Humulus lupulus* is a species of Humulus in the Cannabaceae family.Common hop is a dioecious, Perennial plant herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to the cold-hardy rhizome in autumn.... (Hops) Sorgho Sorghum Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of Poaceae, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture.... (Sorghum) Écrevisse Crayfish Crayfish, crawfish, or crawdads are fresh water crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are related. They breathe through feather-like gills and are found in bodies of water that do not freeze to the bottom; they are also mostly found in brooks and streams where there is fresh water running, and which have shelter ag... (Crayfish) Bigarade Bitter orange The name "bitter orange" refers to a citrus tree and its fruit. Many varieties of bitter oranges are used for their essential oil, which is used in perfume and as a flavoring.... (Bitter Orange) Verge d'or Goldenrod The goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant in the Family Asteraceae.... (Goldenrod) Maïs Maize Maize , known as corn in some countries, is a cereal domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread throughout the American continents.... (Maize or Corn) Marron Chestnut Chestnut , is a genus of eight or nine species of deciduous trees and shrubs in the Beech family Fagaceae, native to temperate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.... (Chestnut) Panier Basket A basket is a container which is traditionally constructed from stiff fibers, often made of willow. . The top is either left open or the basket may be fitted with a lid.... (Pack Basket)

Complementary days

Five extra days — six in leap year

Leap year

A leap year is a year containing one or more extra days in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year or seasonal year....
s — were national holidays at the end of every year. These were originally known as les sans-culottides (after sans-culottes
Sans-culottes

Sans-culottes was a term created 1790 - 1792 by the French aristocracy to describe the poorer members of the Third Estate, according to the dominant theory because they usually wore pantaloons instead of the chic knee-length culotte....
), but after year III (1795) as les jours complémentaires:

1st Complementary Day: La Fête de la Vertu "Celebration of Virtue" on 17 or 18 September
2nd Complementary Day: La Fête du Génie "Celebration of Talent" on 18 or 19 September
3rd Complementary Day: La Fête du Travail "Celebration of Labour" on 19 or 20 September
4th Complementary Day: La Fête de l'Opinion "Celebration of Convictions" on 20 or 21 September
5th Complementary Day: La Fête des Récompenses "Celebration of Honors (Awards)" on 21 or 22 September
Revolution Day: La Fête de la Révolution "Celebration of the Revolution" on 22 September (or 23 September Leap years)

Converting from the Gregorian Calendar

The calendar was abolished in the year XIV (1805). After this date, opinions seem to differ on the method by which the leap years would have been determined if the calendar were still in force. There are at least four hypotheses used to convert dates from the Gregorian calendar:

The leap years would continue to vary in order to ensure that each year the autumnal equinox falls on 1 Vendémiaire, as was the case from year I to year XIV. This is the only method that was ever in legal effect, although it means that sometimes five years pass between leap years.
The leap year would have jumped after year 15 to year 20, after which a leap year would have fallen on each year divisible by four (thus in 20, 24, 28…), except most century years, according to Romme's proposed fixed rules. This would have simplified conversions between the Republican and Gregorian calendars since the Republican leap day would usually follow a few months after 29 February, at the end of each year divisible by four, so that the date of the Republican New Year remains the same (22 September) in the Gregorian calendar for the entire third century of the Republican Era (1992-2091 CE).
The leap years would have continued in a fixed rule every four years from the last one (thus years 15, 19, 23, 27…) with the leap day added before, rather than after, each year divisible by four, except most century years. This rule has the advantage that it is both simple to calculate and is continuous with every year in which the calendar was in official use during the First Republic
First Republic

Around the world there have been a number of First Republics:...
. Concordances were printed in France, after the Republican Calendar was abandoned, using this rule to determine dates for long-term contracts.
Beginning with year 20, years divisible by four would be leap years, except for years divisible by 128. Remark, that this rule was first proposed by von Mädler
Johann Heinrich von Mädler

Johann Heinrich von M?dler was a German astronomer.He was orphaned at age 19 by an outbreak of typhus, and found himself responsible for raising three younger sisters....
, not before the late 19th century. The date of the Republican New Year remains the same (23 September) in the Gregorian calendar every year from 129 to 256 (1920-2047 CE).

The following table shows when several years of the Republican Era begin on the Gregorian calendar, according to each of the four above methods:

RE	CE	Equinox	Romme	Continuous	128-Year
CCXIV (214)	2005	22 September*	22 September	22 September	23 September
CCXV (215)	2006	23 September	22 September	22 September*	23 September
CCXVI (216)	2007	23 September	22 September*	23 September	23 September*
CCXVII (217)	2008	22 September	22 September	22 September	23 September
CCXVIII (218)	2009	22 September*	22 September	22 September	23 September
CCXIX (219)	2010	23 September	22 September	22 September*	23 September

* Leap year, extra day added at end of year

Another, modern civil calendar proposal also applies the 128-years rule, keeps the year numbering and the names of the months, but maintains the old roman New Year's Day, the lengths of month like the seven-days-week.

External links

(fr es en eo pt de nl)

French Republican Calendar

Origins and overview

Current date and time

Criticism and shortcomings

Famous Republican Calendar dates

Months

Ten days of the week

Days of the year

Autumn

Winter

Spring

Summer

Complementary days

Converting from the Gregorian Calendar

See also

External links