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The goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
 in the Family Asteraceae
Asteraceae

The family Asteraceae or Compositae is the largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species.The name 'Asteraceae' is derived from the type genus Aster , while 'Compositae', an older but still valid name, means composite and refers to the characteristic inflorescence, a special type of pseudanthium found in o...
.

Description
About 100 perennial species make up the genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 Solidago, most being found in the meadows and pastures, along roads, ditches and waste areas in North America
North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
. There are a handful of species from each of Mexico, South America, and Eurasia. Some American species have also been introduced into Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 some 250 years ago.

Many species are difficult to distinguish.






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Encyclopedia


The goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant
Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
 in the Family Asteraceae
Asteraceae

The family Asteraceae or Compositae is the largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species.The name 'Asteraceae' is derived from the type genus Aster , while 'Compositae', an older but still valid name, means composite and refers to the characteristic inflorescence, a special type of pseudanthium found in o...
.

Description


About 100 perennial species make up the genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 Solidago, most being found in the meadows and pastures, along roads, ditches and waste areas in North America
North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
. There are a handful of species from each of Mexico, South America, and Eurasia. Some American species have also been introduced into Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 some 250 years ago.

Many species are difficult to distinguish. Probably due to their bright, golden yellow flower heads blooming in late summer, the goldenrod is often unfairly blamed for causing hay fever
Hay Fever

Hay Fever is a comic play written by No?l Coward in 1924 and first produced in 1925 with Marie Tempest as the first Judith Bliss. Best described as a cross between high farce and a comedy of manners, the play is set in an English country house in the 1920s, and deals with the four eccentric members of the Bliss family and their outlandish b...
 in humans. The pollen causing these allergy problems is mainly produced by Ragweed
Ragweed

Ragweeds , also called bitterweeds and bloodweeds, are a genus of flowering plants from the sunflower family .The scientific name of this genus is sometimes claimed to be derived from the Ancient Greek term for the perfumed nourishment of the gods, ambrosia which would be ironic since the genus is best known for one fact:...
 (Ambrosia sp.), blooming at the same time as the goldenrod, but is wind-pollinated. Goldenrod pollen
Pollen

Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of Gametophyte , which produce the male gametes of spermatophyta. A hard coat covering the pollen grain protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens of the flower to the pistil of the next flower....
 is too heavy and sticky to be blown far from the flowers, and is thus mainly pollinated by insects.

Goldenrods are easily recognized by their golden inflorescence with hundreds of small capitula, but some are spike-like and other have auxiliary raceme
Raceme

A raceme is a type of inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate growth and bears pedicellate flowers — flowers having short floral stalks called Pedicel s — along the axis....
s.

They have slender stems
Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaf, inflorescence , conifer cones or other stems etc....
, usually hairless but S. canadensis shows hairs on the upper stem. They can grow to a length between 60 cm and 1.5 m.

Their alternate leaves are linear to lanceolate. Their margins are usually finely to sharply serrated.

Propagation is by wind-disseminated seed
Seed

A seed is a small Plant embryogenesis plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some Food storage. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant....
 or by underground rhizome
Rhizome

In botany, a rhizome is a characteristically horizontal plant stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes....
s. They form patches that are actually vegetative clone
Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction for plants, and is also called vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication, or vegetative cloning....
s of a single plant.

Use and cultivation

Goldenrod is used as a food plant by the larva
Larva

A larva is a young form of animal with indirect developmental biology, going through or undergoing metamorphosis .The larva can look completely different from the adult form, for example, a caterpillar differs from a butterfly....
e of various Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterfly. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterfly, skipper , and Hedylidae....
 species (see list of Lepidoptera that feed on goldenrods). The invading larva induces the plant to form a bulbous tissue mass (called a gall
Gall

Galls or plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues and can be caused by various parasites, from fungi and bacterium, to insects and mites....
) around it, upon which the larva then feeds. Various parasitoid
Parasitoid

A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant portion of its biological life cycle attached to or within a single host organism which it ultimately kills in the process....
 wasps find these galls, and lay eggs in the larvae, penetrating the bulb with their ovipositor
Ovipositor

The ovipositor is an organ used by some animals for oviposition, i.e. the laying of Egg . It consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages formed to transmit the egg, to prepare a place for it, and to place it properly....
. Woodpeckers have learned to peck open the galls and eat the insect in the center.

Goldenrods can be used for decoration and making tea
Tea

Tea refers to the agricultural products of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the Camellia sinensis plant, prepared and cured by various methods....
. Goldenrods are, in some places, held as a sign of good luck or good fortune; but they are considered weed
WEED

WEED is a radio station broadcasting a Gospel format. Licensed to Rocky Mount, North Carolina, USA, it serves the area. The station is currently owned by Northstar Broadcasting Corporation....
s by others.

Goldenrods are mostly short-day plants
Photoperiodism

Photoperiodicity is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night. It occurs in plants and animals....
 and bloom in late summer and early fall and some species produce abundant nectar when moisture is plentiful before bloom, and the bloom period is relatively warm and sunny. Honey
Honey

Honey is a sweet fluid produced by honey bees , and derived from the nectar of flowers. According to the United States National Honey Board and various international food regulations, "honey stipulates a pure product that does not allow for the addition of any other substance?this includes, but is not limited to, water or other sweeteners...
 from goldenrods often is dark and strong due to admixtures of other nectars. However when there is a strong honey flow
Honey flow

Honey flow is a term used by beekeeping indicating that one or more major nectar sources are in bloom and the weather is favorable for bees to fly and collect the nectar in abundance....
, a light (often water white), spicy-tasting honey
Monofloral honey

Monofloral honey is a type of honey which has a high value in the marketplace because it has a distinctive flavor or other attribute due to its being predominantly from the nectar of one plant species....
 is produced. While the bees are ripening the honey there is a rank odor and taste, but finished honey is much milder.

Garden use

British gardeners adopted goldenrod long before Americans. Goldenrod only began to gain some acceptance in American gardening (other than wildflower gardening) during the 1980s. A hybrid with aster, known as x Solidaster is less unruly, with pale yellow flowers, equally suitable for dried arrangements.

Solidago canadensis was introduced as a garden plant in Central Europe, and is now common in the wild. In Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
, it is considered an invasive species
Invasive species

Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions. The first definition expresses the phrase in terms of non-indigenous species that adversely affect the habitats they invade economically, environmentally or ecologically....
 that displaces native vegetation from its natural habitat.

Goldenrod is a companion plant, playing host to some beneficial insects, and repelling some pests.

Solidago Canadensis 20050815 248

Industrial use

Inventor Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb....
 experimented with goldenrod to produce rubber
Rubber

Natural rubber is an elastomer?an Elasticity_ hydrocarbon polymer?that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex , found in the sap of some plants....
, which it contains naturally. Edison created a fertilization and cultivation process to maximize the rubber content in each plant. His experiments produced a 12 foot tall plant that yielded as much as 12 percent rubber. The rubber produced through Edison's process was resilient and long lasting. The tires on the Model T given to him by his friend Henry Ford
Henry Ford

Henry Ford was the United States founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T History of the automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry....
 were made from goldenrod. Examples of the rubber can still be found in his laboratory, elastic and rot free after more than 50 years. However, even though Edison turned his research over to the U.S. government a year before his death, goldenrod rubber never went beyond the experimental stage.

Medicinal use

The variety Solidago virgaurea is used as a traditional kidney tonic. It is used by practitioners of herbal medicine
Herbalism

Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. Herbalism is also known as botanical medicine, medical herbalism, herbal medicine, herbology, and phytotherapy....
 as an agent to counter inflammation and irritation of the kidneys when bacterial infection or stones are present. Goldenrod has also been used as part of a tincture to aid in cleansing of the kidney/bladder during a healing fast, in conjunction with Potassium broth and specific juices. 'Solidago odora' is also sold as a medicinal, for these issues: mucus, kidney/bladder cleansing and stones, colds, digestion.

Cultural significance

The goldenrod is the state flower of the U.S. state
U.S. state

A U.S. state is any one of the 50 state of the United States that share sovereignty with the federal government of the United States . Because of this shared sovereignty, an United States is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of Domicile ....
s of Kentucky
Kentucky

The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a U.S. state located in the East Central United States of America. Kentucky is normally included in the group of Southern United States , but it is uncommonly included, geographically and culturally, in the Midwestern United States....
 (adopted March 16, 1926) and Nebraska
Nebraska

Nebraska is a U.S. state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Western United States.Nebraska probably gets its name from the archaic Chiwere language words ?? Br?sge or the Omaha-Ponca language N? Bth?ska meaning "flat water," after the Platte River that flows through the state....
 (adopted April 4, 1895). It used to be the state flower of Alabama
Alabama

Alabama is a state located in the Southern United States of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west....
, being adopted as such on September 6, 1927, but was later rejected in favour of the camellia
Camellia

Camellia, the camellias, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are native to eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalaya east to Japan and Indonesia....
. Goldenrod was recently named the state wildflower for South Carolina
South Carolina

South Carolina is a U.S. state in the Southern United States of the United States. It borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north....
.

In Midwestern states in the mid-twentieth century it was said that when the goldenrod bloomed, it would soon be time to go back to school--the blossoms appeared in mid- to late August, shortly before the traditional start of school on the day after Labor Day
Labor Day

Labor Day is a United States federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September . The holiday originated in 1882 as the Central Labor Union sought to create "a day off for the working citizens"....
.

In Sufjan Stevens
Sufjan Stevens

Sufjan Stevens is an United States singer-songwriter and musician from Petoskey, Michigan. Stevens first began releasing his music on the Asthmatic Kitty label, a label he formed with his stepfather, beginning with the 2000 release A Sun Came....
' song, Casimir Pulaski Day
Casimir Pulaski Day

Casimir Pulaski Day is a holiday observed in Illinois on the first Monday of every March to commemorate Kazimierz Pulaski , a Revolutionary War cavalry officer born in Poland as Kazimierz Pulaski....
, the narrator brings goldenrod to his girlfriend upon finding out that she has been diagnosed with bone cancer. 's song, Solidago, tells the story of Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb....
's experiments with making goldenrod a domestic source of rubber that ended with the invention of synthetic rubber during WWII.

The Sweet Goldenrod (Solidago odora) is also the state herb of Delaware
Delaware

Delaware is a U.S. state located on the East Coast of the United States in the Mid-Atlantic States region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, a British nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom Cape Henlopen was originally named....
 as of June 24, 1996.

Species

  • Solidago albopilosa E.L. Braun : Whitehair Goldenrod
  • Solidago altiplanities C.& J. Taylor : High Plains Goldenrod
  • Solidago arguta Ait. : Atlantic Goldenrod
    • Solidago arguta. var. arguta : Atlantic Goldenrod
    • Solidago arguta var. boottii (Hook.) Palmer & Steyermark : Boott's Goldenrod
    • Solidago arguta var. caroliniana Gray : Atlantic Goldenrod
    • Solidago arguta var. harrisii (Steele) Cronq. : Harris' Goldenrod
    • Solidago arguta var. neurolepis (Fern.) Steyermark : Atlantic Goldenrod
  • Solidago auriculata Shuttlw. ex Blake : Eared Goldenrod
  • Solidago bicolor L. : White Goldenrod
  • Solidago brachyphylla Chapman : Dixie Goldenrod
  • Solidago buckleyi Torr. & Gray : Buckley's Goldenrod (VU)
  • Solidago caesia L. : Wreath Goldenrod
    • Solidago caesia var. caesia : Wreath Goldenrod
    • Solidago caesia var. curtisii (Torr. & Gray) Wood : Mountain Decumbent Goldenrod
  • Solidago calcicola Fern. : Limestone Goldenrod
  • Solidago californica Nutt. : California Goldenrod
  • Solidago canadensis
    Solidago canadensis

    Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
     L. : Canada Goldenrod, Canadian Goldenrod
    • Solidago canadensis
      Solidago canadensis

      Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
       var. canadensis : Canada Goldenrod
    • Solidago canadensis
      Solidago canadensis

      Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
       var. gilvocanescens Rydb. : Shorthair Goldenrod
    • Solidago canadensis
      Solidago canadensis

      Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
       var. hargeri Fern. : Harger's Goldenrod
    • Solidago canadensis
      Solidago canadensis

      Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
       var. lepida (DC.) Cronq. : Canada Goldenrod
    • Solidago canadensis
      Solidago canadensis

      Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
       var. salebrosa (Piper) M.E. Jones : Salebrosa Goldenrod
    • Solidago canadensis
      Solidago canadensis

      Solidago canadensis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
       var. scabra Torr. & Gray : Canada Goldenrod
  • Solidago cutleri Fern. : Cutler's alpine Goldenrod
  • Solidago deamii Fern. : Deam's Goldenrod
  • Solidago discoidea Ell. : Rayless Mock Goldenrod
  • Solidago fistulosa P. Mill. : Pinebarren Goldenrod
  • Solidago flaccidifolia Small : Mountain Goldenrod
  • Solidago flexicaulis
    Solidago flexicaulis

    Solidago flexicaulis is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the United States. It is often grown as a wildflower....
     L. : Zigzag Goldenrod
  • Solidago gattingeri Chapman : Gattinger's Goldenrod
  • Solidago gigantea Ait. : Giant Goldenrod
  • Solidago glomerata Michx. : Clustered Goldenrod
  • Solidago gracillima Torr. & Gray : Virginia Goldenrod
  • Solidago guiradonis Gray : Guirado Goldenrod
  • Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. : Hairy Goldenrod
    • Solidago hispida var. arnoglossa Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
    • Solidago hispida var. hispida : Hairy Goldenrod
    • Solidago hispida var. lanata (Hook.) Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
    • Solidago hispida var. tonsa Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
  • Solidago juliae Nesom : Julia's Goldenrod
  • Solidago juncea Ait. : Early Goldenrod
  • Solidago latissimifolia P. Mill. : Elliott's Goldenrod
  • Solidago leavenworthii Torr. & Gray : Leavenworth's Goldenrod
  • Solidago ludoviciana (Gray) Small : Louisiana Goldenrod
  • Solidago macrophylla Pursh : Largeleaf Goldenrod
  • Solidago missouriensis Nutt. : Missouri Goldenrod
    • Solidago missouriensis var. fasciculata Holz. : Missouri Goldenrod
    • Solidago missouriensis var. missouriensis : Missouri Goldenrod
    • Solidago missouriensis var. tenuissima (Woot. & Standl.) C.& J. Taylor : Missouri Goldenrod
    • Solidago missouriensis Nutt. var. tolmieana (Gray) Cronq. : Tolmies' Goldenrod
  • Solidago mollis Bartl. : Velvety Goldenrod
    • Solidago mollis var. angustata Shinners : Velvety Goldenrod
    • Solidago mollis var. mollis : Velvety Goldenrod
  • Solidago multiradiata Ait. : Rocky Mountain Goldenrod, Alpine Goldenrod
    • Solidago multiradiata var. arctica (DC.) Fern. : Arctic Goldenrod
    • Solidago multiradiata var. multiradiata : Rocky Mountain Goldenrod
    • Solidago multiradiata var. scopulorum Gray : Manyray Goldenrod
  • Solidago nana Nutt. : Baby Goldenrod
  • Solidago nemoralis Ait. : Gray Goldenrod, American Western Goldenrod
    • Solidago nemoralis var. longipetiolata (Mackenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark : Gray Goldenrod
    • Solidago nemoralis var. nemoralis : Gray Goldenrod
  • Solidago odora Ait. : Anise-scented Goldenrod, Sweet Goldenrod
    • Solidago odora var. chapmanii (Gray) Cronq. : Chapman's Goldenrod
    • Solidago odora var. odora : Anise-scented Goldenrod
  • Solidago ouachitensis C.& J. Taylor : Ouachita Mountain Goldenrod
  • Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. : Roundleaf Goldenrod
    • Solidago patula var. patula : Roundleaf Goldenrod
    • Solidago patula var. strictula Torr. & Gray : Roundleaf Goldenrod
  • Solidago petiolaris Ait. : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
    • Solidago petiolaris var. angusta (Torr. & Gray) Gray : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
    • Solidago petiolaris var. petiolaris : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
  • Solidago pinetorum Small : Small's Goldenrod
  • Solidago plumosa Small : Plumed Goldenrod
  • Solidago porteri Small : Porter's Goldenrod
  • Solidago puberula Nutt. : Downy Goldenrod (VU)
    • Solidago puberula var. puberula : Downy Goldenrod
    • Solidago puberula var. pulverulenta (Nutt.) Chapman : Downy Goldenrod
  • Solidago pulchra Small : Carolina Goldenrod
  • Solidago radula Nutt. : Western Rough Goldenrod
    • Solidago radula var. laeta (Greene) Fern. : Western Rough Goldenrod
    • Solidago radula var. radula : Western Rough Goldenrod
    • Solidago radula var. stenolepis Fern. : Western Rough Goldenrod
  • Solidago roanensis Porter : Roan Mountain Goldenrod (Endangered)
  • Solidago rugosa P. Mill. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod, Rough-stemmed Goldenrod
    • Solidago rugosa subsp. aspera (Ait.) Cronq. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
    • Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
      • Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa var. rugosa : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
      • Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa var. sphagnophila Graves : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
      • Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa var. villosa (Pursh) Fern. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
  • Solidago rupestris Raf. : Eock Goldenrod
  • Solidago sciaphila Steele : Shadowy Goldenrod
  • Solidago sempervirens L. : Seaside Goldenrod, Beach Goldenrod
    • Solidago sempervirens var. mexicana (L.) Fern. : Seaside Goldenrod
    • Solidago sempervirens var. sempervirens : Seaside Goldenrod
  • Solidago shortii
    Solidago shortii

    Solidago shortii, commonly known as Short's goldenrod, is a species of goldenrod that is considered one of the rarest plants in the world....
     Torr. & Gray : Short's Goldenrod (Endangered)
  • Solidago simplex Kunth : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
  • Solidago simplex subsp. randii (Porter) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
    • Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. gillmanii (Gray) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. monticola (Porter) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. ontarioensis (Ringius) Ringius : Ontario Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. randii (Porter) Kartesz & Gandhi : Rand's Goldenrod
    • Solidago simplex subsp. simplex : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. simplex var. nana (Gray) Ringius : Dwarf Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. simplex var. simplex : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
      • Solidago simplex subsp. simplex var. spathulata (DC.) Cronq. : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
  • Solidago simulans Fern. : Fall Goldenrod
  • Solidago speciosa Nutt. : Showy Goldenrod
    • Solidago speciosa var. erecta (Pursh) MacM. : Showy Goldenrod
    • Solidago speciosa var. jejunifolia (Steele) Cronq. : Showy Goldenrod
    • Solidago speciosa var. pallida Porter :Showy Goldenrod
    • Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula Torr. & Gray : Showy Goldenrod
    • Solidago speciosa var. speciosa : Showy Goldenrod
  • Solidago spectabilis (D.C. Eat.) Gray : Nevada Goldenrod
    • Solidago spectabilis var. confinis (Gray) Cronq. : Nevada Goldenrod
    • Solidago spectabilis var. spectabilis : Nevada Goldenrod
  • Solidago spathulata : Mountain Goldenrod
  • Solidago sphacelata Raf. : Autumn Goldenrod
  • Solidago spithamaea M.A. Curtis : Blue Ridge Goldenrod
  • Solidago squarrosa Nutt. : Stout Goldenrod, Big Goldenrod
  • Solidago stricta Ait. : Wand Goldenrod
  • Solidago tortifolia Ell. : Twistleaf Goldenrod
  • Solidago tenuifolia : Slender Goldenrod
  • Solidago uliginosa Nutt. : Bog Goldenrod
    • Solidago uliginosa var. levipes (Fern.) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
    • Solidago uliginosa var. linoides (Torr. & Gray) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
    • Solidago uliginosa var. terrae-novae (Torr. & Gray) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
    • Solidago uliginosa. var. uliginosa : Bog Goldenrod
  • Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. : Elmleaf Goldenrod
    • Solidago ulmifolia var. microphylla Gray : Elmleaf Goldenrod
    • Solidago ulmifolia var. palmeri Cronq. : Palmer's Goldenrod
    • Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia : Elmleaf Goldenrod
  • Solidago velutina DC. : Threenerve Goldenrod
  • Solidago verna M.A. Curtis : Springflowering Goldenrod
  • Solidago virgaurea
    Solidago virgaurea

    Solidago virgaurea is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae. It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars....
     : Goldenrod, Aaron’s Rod
  • Solidago wrightii Gray : Wright's Goldenrod
    • Solidago wrightii var. adenophora Blake : Wright's Goldenrod
    • Solidago wrightii var. wrightii : Wright's Goldenrod


Natural hybrids


  • Solidago × asperula Desf. (S. rugosa × S. sempervirens)
  • Solidago × beaudryi Boivin (S. rugosa × S. uliginosa)
  • Solidago × erskinei Boivin (S. canadensis × S. sempervirens)
  • Solidago × ovata Friesner (S. sphacelata × S. ulmifolia)
  • Solidago × ulmicaesia Friesner (S. caesia × S. ulmifolia)


Note


See also

  • List of beneficial weeds
    List of beneficial weeds

    This is a list of undomesticated or feral plants, considered weeds, yet having some positive effects or uses, often being ideal as companion plants in gardens....
  • List of companion plants
    List of companion plants

    This is a list of companion plant relationships. Many more are in list of beneficial weeds.The purpose of this list is to provide plants that assist in the growth of others, be it attracting beneficial insects, repelling harmful insects, providing nutrients or in some cases simply shade / support....


External links

  • Goldenrod identification: http://www.ontariowildflower.com/goldenrods.htm
  • Goldenrods as state flowers: http://www.geobop.com/Symbols/plants/flowers/goldenrods/
  • More detail about Ontario's Goldenrods