{{About|the cereal grain, primarily known as
corn in the [[United States]]|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Corn|other uses|Corn (disambiguation)}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Maize
| image = Koeh-283.jpg
| image_caption = Illustration depicting both male and female flowers of maize
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| phylum_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| class_classis = [[Monocots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Panicoideae]]
| tribus = [[Andropogoneae]]
| genus =
[[Teosinte|Zea]]
| species =
Z. mays
| binomial =
Zea mays
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
Maize (
Zea mays [[Carl Linnaeus|L]]. ssp.
mays, {{pron-en|ˈmeɪz}}; from {{lang-es|maíz|links=no}} after [[Taíno language|Taíno]]
mahiz,) known in many English-speaking countries as
corn or
mielie/mealie, is a [[grain]] domesticated by [[indigenous peoples]] in [[Mesoamerica]] in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears which contain seeds called kernels. Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or starch. The [[Olmec]] and [[Maya peoples|Mayans]] cultivated it in numerous varieties throughout central and southern [[Mexico]], cooked, ground or processed through [[nixtamalization]]. Between 1700 and 1250 BCE, the crop spread through much of the [[Americas]]. The region developed a trade network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops. After [[European colonization of the Americas|European contact with the Americas]] in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, explorers and traders carried maize back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Maize spread to the rest of the world due to its ability to grow in diverse climates. Sugar-rich varieties called [[sweet corn]] are usually grown for human consumption, while [[field corn]] varieties are used for animal feed and as chemical feedstocks. Approximately 37% of the United States' acres are corn fields.
Maize is the most widely grown [[crop]] in the Americas with 332 million [[tonne|metric tons]] grown annually in the United States. Approximately 40% of the crop - 130 million tons - is used for corn ethanol. [[Transgenic maize]] (Genetically Modified Corn) made up 85% of the maize planted in the United States in 2009. While some maize varieties grow to {{convert|12|m|ft}} tall, most commercially grown maize has been bred for a standardized height of {{convert|2.5|m|ft}}. Sweet corn is usually shorter than field corn varieties.
[[File:ZeaMays.jpg|thumb|Full-grown maize plants]]
Naming conventions
[[File:Corntassel 7095.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence, called the tassel.]]
The term "maize" derives from the Spanish form of the indigenous [[Taíno people|Taíno]] word
maiz for the plant. This was the term used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where it is now usually called "sweet corn", the most common form of the plant known to people there. Sweet corn is harvested earlier and eaten as a vegetable rather than a grain.
Outside the [[British Isles]], another common term for maize is "corn". This was originally the English term for any [[cereal]] crop. In North America, its meaning has been restricted since the 19th century to maize, as it was shortened from "Indian corn". The term Indian corn now refers specifically to multi-colored "field corn" ([[flint corn]]) cultivars.
In scientific and formal usage, "maize" is normally used in a global context. Equally, in bulk-trading contexts, "corn" is used most frequently. In the UK, Australia and other English-speaking countries, the word "corn" is often used in culinary contexts, particularly in naming products such as [[popcorn]], [[corn flakes]] and [[baby corn]]. However, within the United States, the term "maize" is almost totally unheard of. "Maize" is used in agricultural and scientific references.{{#tag:ref|The growers industry body for the crop in Australia is the [http://www.maizeaustralia.com.au Maize Association of Australia], for example, and "maize" is used by government agricultural bodies and [[research institute]]s such as the [[CSIRO]]. This usage is replicated among the English-speaking countries of Africa. For example, [[Kenya]] has the Kenya Maize Consortium and Maize Breeders Network, [[Nigeria]] the National Maize Association of Nigeria, [[Zimbabwe]] the Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association, and [[South Africa]] the Maize Board, until its dissolution in the 1990s. Agricultural and farmers' federations in Burundi, Uganda, Botswana, Ghana, etc. all call it "maize", as do relevant industry bodies in the UK. In India, there is the Indian Maize Development Association. It is usually if not preferentially called 'maize' in [[FAO]] and other international agricultural organizations.|group=Note}}
In [[Southern Africa]], maize is commonly referred to as
mielie or
mealie, from the Portuguese
milho. [[Mielie-meal]] is the ground form. Corn is very popular in the Coastal Plains.
Structure and physiology
[[File:Cornsilk 7091.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Female inflorescence, with young silk]]
Maize stems superficially resemble [[bamboo]] canes and the [[internode (botany)|internodes]] can reach 44.5 centimetres (17.5 in). Maize has a distinct growth form; the lower leaves being like broad flags, generally 50–100 centimetres long and 5–10 centimetres wide (2–4 ft by 2–4 in); the stems are erect, conventionally 2–3 metres (7–10 ft) in height, with many [[plant stem|nodes]], casting off flag-leaves at every node. Under these leaves and close to the stem grow the ears. They grow about 3 millimetres a day.
[[File:GreenCorn.JPG|left|thumb|upright|Stalks, ears, and silk]]
The ears are female [[inflorescence]]s, tightly covered over by several layers of leaves, and so closed-in by them to the stem that they do not show themselves easily until the emergence of the pale yellow silks from the leaf whorl at the end of the ear. The silks are elongated [[Stigma (botany)|stigmas]] that look like tufts of hair, at first green, and later red or yellow. Plantings for [[silage]] are even denser, and achieve a lower percentage of ears and more plant matter. Certain varieties of maize have been bred to produce many additional developed ears. These are the source of the "[[baby corn]]" used as a vegetable in [[Asian cuisine]].
Maize is a [[Long-night plant|facultative long-night plant]],{{citation needed|date=November 2011|reason=see [[Talk:Photoperiodism#Maize]]}} and flowers in a certain number of [[growing degree day]]s > {{convert|50|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in the environment to which it is adapted. The magnitude of the influence that long nights have on the number of days that must pass before maize [[flower]]s is genetically prescribed and regulated by the [[phytochrome]] system. [[circadian rhythm|Photoperiodicity]] can be eccentric in tropical [[cultivar]]s, while the long days characteristic of higher latitudes allow the plants to grow so tall that they do not have enough time to produce seed before being killed by frost. These attributes, however, may prove useful in using tropical maize for [[biofuel]]s.
[[File:Männliche Blüte einer Maispflanze 2009-08-19.JPG|thumb|Male flowers]]
The apex of the stem ends in the tassel, an [[inflorescence]] of male flowers. When the tassel is mature and conditions are suitably warm and dry, anthers on the tassel [[dehiscence (botany)|dehisce]] and release pollen. Maize pollen is anemophilous (dispersed by wind), and because of its large settling velocity, most pollen falls within a few meters of the tassel. Each silk may become pollinated to produce one kernel of maize. Young ears can be consumed raw, with the [[corncob|cob]] and silk, but as the plant matures (usually during the summer months), the cob becomes tougher and the silk dries to inedibility. By the end of the [[growing season]], the kernels dry out and become difficult to chew without cooking them tender first in boiling water. Modern farming techniques in [[Developed country|developed countries]] usually rely on dense planting, which produces one large ear per stalk.
Seeds
[[File:Ab food 06.jpg|thumb|left|Maize kernels]]
The kernel of maize has a [[pericarp]] of the fruit fused with the seed coat referred to as "[[caryopsis]]", typical of the [[Poaceae|grasses]], and the entire kernel is often referred to as the "[[seed]]". The cob is close to a [[multiple fruit]] in structure, except that the individual fruits (the kernels) never fuse into a single mass. The grains are about the size of [[pea]]s, and adhere in regular rows round a white, pithy substance, which forms the ear. An ear contains from 200 to 400 kernels, and is from {{convert|10|–|25|cm|0|abbr=on}} in length.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} They are of various colors: blackish, [[blue corn|bluish-gray]], purple, green, red, white and yellow. When ground into [[flour]], maize yields more flour, with much less [[bran]], than wheat does. However, it lacks the protein [[gluten]] of wheat and, therefore, makes baked goods with poor rising capability.
A [[gene]]tic variant that accumulates more sugar and less [[starch]] in the ear is consumed as a vegetable and is called [[sweet corn]].
Immature maize shoots accumulate a powerful antibiotic substance, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ([[DIMBOA]]). DIMBOA is a member of a group of [[hydroxamic acid]]s (also known as benzoxazinoids) that serve as a natural defense against a wide range of pests, including insects, [[pathogenic]] fungi and [[bacteria]]. DIMBOA is also found in related grasses, particularly wheat. A maize mutant (bx) lacking DIMBOA is highly susceptible to be attacked by [[aphid]]s and [[fungi]]. DIMBOA is also responsible for the relative resistance of immature maize to the [[European corn borer]] (family [[Crambidae]]). As maize matures, DIMBOA levels and resistance to the corn borer decline.
Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-deficient soils, and prone to be uprooted by severe winds.
[[File:Maize plant diagram.svg|thumb|left|Maize plant diagram]]
Genetics
[[File:GEM corn.jpg|thumb|right|Exotic varieties of maize are collected to add [[genetic diversity]] when selectively breeding new domestic strains.]]
[[File:Corncobs.jpg|thumb|right|Variegated maize ears]]
Many forms of maize are used for food, sometimes classified as various subspecies related to the amount of starch each had:
* Flour corn —
Zea mays var.
amylacea
* [[Popcorn]] —
Zea mays var.
everta
* [[Dent corn]] —
Zea mays var.
indentata
* [[Flint corn]] —
Zea mays var.
indurata
* [[Sweet corn]] —
Zea mays var.
saccharata and
Zea mays var.
rugosa
* [[Waxy corn]] —
Zea mays var.
ceratina
* [[Amylomaize]] —
Zea mays
* Pod corn —
Zea mays var.
tunicata Larrañaga ex A. St. Hil.
* Striped maize —
Zea mays var.
japonica
This system has been replaced (though not entirely displaced) over the last 60 years by multi-variable classifications based on ever more data. [[Agronomics|Agronomic]] data were supplemented by botanical traits for a robust initial classification, then genetic, [[Cell biology|cytological]], protein and DNA evidence was added. Now, the categories are forms (little used), races, racial complexes, and recently branches.
Maize has 10 [[chromosome]]s (n=10). The combined length of the chromosomes is 1500 [[Centimorgan|cM]]. Some of the maize chromosomes have what are known as "chromosomal knobs": highly repetitive [[heterochromatin|heterochromatic]] domains that stain darkly. Individual knobs are [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphic]] among strains of both maize and [[teosinte]].
[[Barbara McClintock]] used these knob markers to validate her [[transposon]] theory of "jumping genes", for which she won the 1983 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. Maize is still an important [[model organism]] for genetics and [[developmental biology]] today.
The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, funded by the USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] and located in the Department of Crop Sciences at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], is a stock center of maize mutants. The total collection has nearly 80,000 samples. The bulk of the collection consists of several hundred named genes, plus additional gene combinations and other heritable variants. There are about 1000 chromosomal aberrations (e.g., translocations and inversions) and stocks with abnormal chromosome numbers (e.g., [[tetraploid]]s). Genetic data describing the maize mutant stocks as well as myriad other data about maize genetics can be accessed at [http://maizegdb.org/ MaizeGDB], the Maize Genetics and Genomics Database.
In 2005, the U.S. [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), Department of Agriculture ([[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]) and the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] (DOE) formed a consortium to sequence the B73 maize [[genome]]. The resulting DNA sequence data was deposited immediately into [[GenBank]], a public repository for genome-sequence data. Sequences and genome annotations have also been made available throughout the project's lifetime at the project's official site, [http://www.maizesequence.org MaizeSequence.org].
Primary sequencing of the maize genome was completed in 2008. On November 20, 2009, the consortium published results of its sequencing effort in
Science. The genome, 85% of which is composed of [[transposon]]s, was found to contain 32,540 genes (By comparison, the [[human genome]] contains about 2.9 billion bases and 26,000 genes). Much of the maize genome has been duplicated and reshuffled by [[Helitron (biology)|helitrons]] a group of rolling circle transposons.
Breeding
Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears. Modern breeding began with individuals who selected highly productive varieties in their fields and then sold seed to other farmers. James L. Reid was one of the earliest and most successful developing Reid's Yellow Dent in the 1860s. These early efforts were based on [[Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction|mass selection]]. Later breeding efforts included ear to row selection, (C. G. Hopkins ca. 1896), hybrids made from selected inbred lines (G. H. Shull, 1909), and the highly successful double cross hybrids using 4 inbred lines (D. F. Jones ca. 1918, 1922). University supported breeding programs were especially important in developing and introducing modern hybrids. (Ref Jugenheimer Hybrid Maize Breeding and Seed Production pub. 1958) by the 1930s, companies such as [[Pioneer Hi-Bred|Pioneer]] devoted to production of hybrid maize had begun to influence long term development. Internationally important seed banks such as [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center|CIMMYT]] and the U.S. bank at Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] maintain germplasm important for future crop development.
Genetic modification
{{Main|Transgenic maize}}
[[Genetically modified]] (GM) maize is one of the 11 [[Genetically modified food|GM crops]] grown commercially in 2009. Grown since 1997 in the United States and Canada, 85% of the US maize crop was genetically modified in 2009. It is also grown commercially in Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Canada, the Philippines, Spain and, on a smaller scale, in the Czech Republic, Portugal, Egypt and Honduras.
Origin
[[File:Corn parents1.jpg|right|thumb|A
Tripsacum grass (big) and a teosinte (small)]]
Maize is the domesticated variant of teosinte.The two plants have dissimilar appearance, maize having a single tall stalk with multiple leaves and teosinte being a short, bushy plant. The difference between the two is controlled by differences in just two genes.
Several theories had been proposed about the specific origin of maize in Mesoamerica:
# It is a direct [[domestication]] of a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] annual [[teosinte]],
Zea mays ssp.
parviglumis, native to the [[Balsas River valley]] in south-eastern [[Mexico]], with up to 12% of its [[genetic material]] obtained from
Zea mays ssp.
mexicana through [[introgression]].
# It has been derived from hybridization between a small domesticated maize (a slightly changed form of a wild maize) and a teosinte of section
Luxuriantes, either
Z. luxurians or
Z. diploperennis.
# It has undergone two or more domestications either of a wild maize or of a teosinte. (The term "teosinte" describes all [[species]] and subspecies in the genus
Zea, excluding
Zea mays ssp.
mays.)
# It has evolved from a hybridization of
Z. diploperennis by
[[Tripsacum dactyloides]].
In the late 1930s, Paul Mangelsdorf suggested that domesticated maize was the result of a hybridization event between an unknown wild maize and a species of
[[Tripsacum]], a related genus. This theory about the origin of maize has been refuted by modern [[genetic testing]], which refutes Mangelsdorf's model and the fourth listed above.{{rp|40}}
[[File:Guila Naquitz cave.jpg|right|thumb|Guila Naquitz Cave, site of one of the oldest known remains of maize]]
The teosinte origin theory was proposed by the Russian botanist [[Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov]] in 1931 and the later American [[Nobel Prize]]-winner [[George Beadle]] in 1932.{{rp|10}} It is supported experimentally and by recent studies of the plants' genomes. Teosinte and maize are able to cross-breed and produce fertile offspring. A number of questions remain concerning the species, among them:
# how the immense diversity of the species of sect.
Zea originated,
# how the tiny archaeological specimens of 3500–2700 BC could have been selected from a teosinte, and
# how domestication could have proceeded without leaving remains of teosinte or maize with teosintoid traits earlier than the earliest known until recently, dating from ca. 1100 BC.
Domestication
The [[domestication]] of maize is of particular interest to researchers — [[archaeologist]]s, [[genetics|geneticists]], [[ethnobotany|ethnobotanists]], geographers, etc. The process is thought by some to have started 7,500 to 12,000 years ago. Research from the 1950s to 1970s originally focused on the hypothesis that maize domestication occurred in the highlands between [[Oaxaca]] and [[Jalisco]], because the oldest archaeological remains of maize known at the time were found there. Genetic studies led by [[John Doebley]] identified
Zea mays ssp.
parviglumis, native to the Balsas River valley and also known as Balsas teosinte, as being the [[crop wild relative]] teosinte genetically most similar to modern maize. However, archaeobotanical studies published in 2009 now point to the lowlands of the Balsas River valley, where stone milling tools with maize residue have been found in a 8,700-years old layer of deposits. Some of the earliest pollen remains from Latin America have been found in lake sediments from [[tropics]] of southern Mexico and upper Central America, up to [[Laguna Martinez]] and have been radiocarbon dated to around 4,700 years ago.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Archaeological remains of early maize ears, found at [[Guila Naquitz Cave]] in the [[Oaxaca Valley]], date back roughly 6,250 years; the oldest ears from caves near [[Tehuacan]], Puebla, date ca. 2750 BC. Little change occurred in ear form until ca. 1100 BC when great changes appeared in ears from Mexican caves: maize diversity rapidly increased and archaeological teosinte was first deposited.
[[File:Field, corn, Liechtenstein, Mountains, Alps, Vaduz, sky, clouds, landscape.jpg|thumb|right|Field of maize in [[Liechtenstein]]]]
Perhaps as early as 1500 BC, maize began to spread widely and rapidly. As it was introduced to new cultures, new uses were developed and new varieties selected to better serve in those preparations. Maize was the staple food, or a major staple (along with [[Squash (plant)|squash]], Andean region [[potato]], [[quinoa]], [[beans]], and [[amaranth]]), of most [[pre-Columbian]] North American, Mesoamerican, South American, and Caribbean cultures. The Mesoamerican civilization was strengthened upon the field crop of maize; through harvesting it, its religious and spiritual importance and how it impacted their diet. Maize formed the Mesoamerican people's identity. During the 1st millennium AD, maize cultivation spread from Mexico into the U.S. Southwest and during the following millennium into the U.S. Northeast and southeastern Canada, transforming the landscape as Native Americans cleared large forest and grassland areas for the new crop.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} [[File:Centeotl.jpg|thumb|left| [[Centeotl]], the Aztec deity of maize.]]
It is unknown what precipitated its domestication, because the edible portion of the wild variety is too small and hard to obtain to be eaten directly, as each kernel is enclosed in a very hard bivalve shell. However, George Beadle demonstrated that the kernels of teosinte are readily "popped" for human consumption, like modern popcorn. Some have argued that it would have taken too many generations of [[selective breeding]] to produce large, compressed ears for efficient cultivation. However, studies of the hybrids readily made by intercrossing teosinte and modern maize suggest this objection is not well founded.
In 2005, research by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]] indicated the rise in maize cultivation 500 to 1,000 years ago in what is now the southeastern United States contributed to the decline of freshwater [[mussel]]s, which are very sensitive to environmental changes.
Methods
[[File:Corn Zea mays Plant Row 2000px.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Young stalks]]
Because it is cold-intolerant, in the [[Temperate|temperate zones]] maize must be planted in the spring. Its [[root system]] is generally shallow, so the plant is dependent on soil moisture. As a C4 plant (a plant that uses [[C4 carbon fixation]]), maize is a considerably more water-efficient crop than C3 plants (plants that use [[C3 carbon fixation]]) like the small grains, [[alfalfa]] and [[soybeans]]. Maize is most sensitive to drought at the time of silk emergence, when the flowers are ready for pollination. In the United States, a good harvest was traditionally predicted if the maize was "knee-high by the [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]]", although modern [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s generally exceed this growth rate. Maize used for [[silage]] is harvested while the plant is green and the fruit immature. Sweet corn is harvested in the "milk stage", after pollination but before starch has formed, between late summer and early to mid-autumn. Field maize is left in the field very late in the autumn to thoroughly dry the grain, and may, in fact, sometimes not be harvested until winter or even early spring. The importance of sufficient soil moisture is shown in many parts of Africa, where periodic [[drought]] regularly causes [[famine]] by causing maize crop failure.
[[File:Maispflanze.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Mature plants showing ears]]
Maize was planted by the [[Native American (Americas)|Native American]]s in hills, in a complex system known to some as the [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|Three Sisters]]. Maize provided support for [[bean]]s, and the beans provided nitrogen derived from nitrogen-fixing [[rhizobia]] bacteria which live on the roots of beans and other [[legumes]]; and [[Squash (fruit)|squash]]es provided ground cover to stop weeds and inhibit evaporation by providing shade over the soil. This method was replaced by single species hill planting where each hill {{convert|60|–|120|cm|ft|abbr=on}} apart was planted with three or four seeds, a method still used by home gardeners. A later technique was "checked maize", where hills were placed {{convert|40|in|m|abbr=off}} apart in each direction, allowing cultivators to run through the field in two directions. In more arid lands, this was altered and seeds were planted in the bottom of {{convert|10|–|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep furrows to collect water. Modern technique plants maize in rows which allows for cultivation while the plant is young, although the hill technique is still used in the maize fields of some Native American reservations.
[[File:Cornheap.jpg|thumb|right|A maize heap at the harvest site, India]]
In North America, fields are often planted in a two-[[crop rotation]] with a [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] crop, often [[alfalfa]] in cooler climates and [[soybean]]s in regions with longer summers. Sometimes a third crop, [[winter wheat]], is added to the rotation.
Many of the maize varieties grown in the United States and Canada are hybrids. Often the varieties have been [[genetically modified]] to tolerate [[glyphosate]] or to provide protection against natural pests.
Glyphosate (trade name Roundup) is an herbicide which kills all plants except those with genetic tolerance. This genetic tolerance is very rarely found in nature.
In midwestern United States, low-till or [[no-till farming]] techniques are usually used. In low-till, fields are covered once, maybe twice, with a tillage implement either ahead of crop planting or after the previous harvest. The fields are planted and [[anhydrous ammonia|fertilized]]. Weeds are controlled through the use of [[herbicide]]s, and no cultivation tillage is done during the growing season. This technique reduces moisture evaporation from the soil and thus provides more moisture for the crop.
The technologies mentioned in the previous paragraph enable low-till and no-till farming. Weeds compete with the crop for moisture and nutrients, making them undesirable.
[[File:YellowCorn.jpg|thumb|left|Mature field maize ears]]
Before World War II, most maize in North America was harvested by hand (as it still is in most of the other countries where it is grown). This involves a large numbers of workers and associated social events (husking or shucking [[Bee (gathering)|bee]]s). Some one- and two-row mechanical pickers were in use, but the maize [[combine harvester|combine]] was not adopted until after the War. By hand or mechanical picker, the entire ear is harvested, which then requires a separate operation of a maize sheller to remove the kernels from the ear. Whole ears of maize were often stored in corn cribs, and these whole ears are a sufficient form for some livestock feeding use. Few modern farms store maize in this manner. Most harvest the grain from the field and store it in bins. The combine with a maize head (with points and snap rolls instead of a reel) does not cut the stalk; it simply pulls the stalk down. The stalk continues downward and is crumpled in to a mangled pile on the ground. The ear of maize is too large to pass between slots in a plate as the snap rolls pull the stalk away, leaving only the ear and husk to enter the machinery. The combine separates out the husk and the cob, keeping only the kernels.
Quantity
[[File:MaizeYield.png|thumb|right|Worldwide maize production]]
[[File:Iowa harvest 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Harvesting maize during the record 2009 season in [[Jones County, Iowa]]]]
Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain.{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} The United States produces 40% of the world's harvest; other top producing countries include China, Brazil, [[Mexico]], [[Indonesia]], India, France and [[Argentina]]. Worldwide production was 817 million [[tonne]]s in 2009—more than [[rice]] (678 million [[tonne]]s) or [[wheat]] (682 million [[tonne]]s). In 2009, over 159 million [[hectare]]s (390 million acres) of maize were planted worldwide, with a yield of over 5 tonnes/hectare (80 bu/acre). Production can be significantly higher in certain regions of the world; 2009 forecasts for production in Iowa were 11614 kg/ha (185 bu/acre).{{#tag:ref|Calculated from 185 bushels per acre at USDA 25.4 kg per bushel.|group=Note}}
There is conflicting evidence to support the hypothesis that maize yield potential has increased over the past few decades. This suggests that changes in yield potential are associated with leaf angle, lodging resistance, tolerance of high plant density, disease/pest tolerance, and other agronomic traits rather than increase of yield potential per individual plant.
NEWLINE
NEWLINE| Top ten maize producers in 2009 | NEWLINENEWLINE| Country | NEWLINE Production ([[tonne]]s) | NEWLINE Note | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  United States | NEWLINE333,010,910 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Mainland China | NEWLINE163,118,097 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Brazil | NEWLINE51,232,447 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Mexico | NEWLINE20,202,600 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Indonesia | NEWLINE17,629,740 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  India | NEWLINE17,300,000 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Early Modern France | NEWLINE15,299,900 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Argentina | NEWLINE13,121,380 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  South Africa | NEWLINE12,050,000 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE  Ukraine | NEWLINE10,486,300 | NEWLINE | NEWLINE
NEWLINE
NEWLINE| {{noflag}}World | NEWLINE 817,110,509 | NEWLINE[A] | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| No symbol = official figure, A = Aggregate (may include official, semiofficial or estimates). | NEWLINE
NEWLINENEWLINE
United States
[[File:Corn belt.svg|thumb|400px|Corn production by county in the United States, 2010]]
In 2010, the maize planted area for all purposes in the US was estimated at 35 million hectares (87.9 million acres), following an increasing trend since 2008. About 14% of the harvested corn area is irrigated.
Insects
* [[Helicoverpa zea|Corn earworm]] (
Helicoverpa zea)
* [[Fall armyworm]] (
Spodoptera frugiperda)
* [[Common armyworm]] (
Pseudaletia unipuncta)
* [[Stalk Borer|Stalk borer]] (
Papaipema nebris)
* [[Corn leaf aphid]] (
Rhopalosiphum maidis)
* [[European corn borer]] (
Ostrinia nubilalis) (ECB)
* [[Corn silkfly]] (
Euxesta stigmatis)
* [[Lesser cornstalk borer]] (
Elasmopalpus lignosellus)
* [[Corn delphacid]] (
Peregrinus maidis)
* [[Western corn rootworm]] (
Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)
* [[Southwestern corn borer]] (
Diatraea grandiosella)
* [[Maize weevil]] (
Sitophilus zeamais)
The susceptibility of maize to the European corn borer, and the resulting large crop losses, led to the development of [[transgenic plants|transgenics]] expressing the
[[Bacillus thuringiensis]] toxin. "Bt maize" is widely grown in the United States and has been approved for release in Europe.
Diseases
{{Main|List of maize diseases}}
* Common Rust caused by
Puccinia sorghi
* [[Corn smut]] or common smut (
Ustilago maydis): a fungal disease, known in [[Mexico]] as
huitlacoche, which is prized by some as a gourmet delicacy in itself
* [[Northern leaf blight]]
* [[Southern leaf blight]]
* [[Maize dwarf mosaic virus]]
* [[Maize streak virus]]
* [[Stewart's wilt]] (
Pantoea stewartii)
* [[Common rust]] (
Puccinia sorghi)
* [[Goss's wilt]] (
Clavibacter michiganese)
* [[Grey leaf spot]]
* [[Mal de Río Cuarto virus]] (MRCV)
* Stalk rot
* Ear rot
Uses
[[File:Dried Maize Mote from Oaxaca.png|thumb|right|Dried maize [[Mote (food)|
mote]], also known as hominy, is used in [[Mexican cuisine]]]]
[[File:Sweet White Corn.jpg|thumb|Cut sweet white corn]]
Human food{{anchor|Food}}
Maize and [[cornmeal]] (ground dried maize) constitute a [[staple food]] in many regions of the world. Introduced into Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century, maize has become Africa's most important staple food crop. Maize meal is made into a thick [[porridge]] in many cultures: from the [[polenta]] of Italy, the
angu of Brazil, the
[[mămăligă]] of [[Romania]], to [[Mush (cornmeal)|cornmeal mush]] in the U.S. (and hominy [[grits]] in the South) or the food called [[mealie pap]] in South Africa and
[[sadza]],
[[nshima]] and
[[ugali]] in other parts of Africa. Maize meal is also used as a replacement for [[wheat]] flour, to make [[cornbread]] and other baked products. [[Masa]] (cornmeal treated with [[lime water]]) is the main ingredient for [[tortilla]]s, [[atole]] and many other dishes of [[Mexican food]].
[[Popcorn]] consists of kernels of certain varieties that explode when heated, forming fluffy pieces that are eaten as a snack. Roasted dried maize cobs with semihardened kernels, coated with a seasoning mixture of fried chopped spring onions with salt added to the oil, is a popular [[snack food]] in Vietnam.
Cancha, which are roasted maize chulpe kernels, are a very popular snack food in Peru, and also appears in traditional Peruvian
[[ceviche]]. An unleavened bread called
[[makki di roti]] is a popular bread eaten in the [[Punjab region]] of India and Pakistan.
[[Chicha]] and
chicha morada (purple chicha) are drinks typically made from particular types of maize. The first one is fermented and alcoholic, the second is a soft drink commonly drunk in Peru.
[[Corn flakes]] are a common [[breakfast cereal]] in North America and the United Kingdom, and found in many other countries all over the world.
Maize can also be prepared as [[hominy]], in which the kernels are soaked with [[lye]] in a process called [[nixtamalization]]; or [[grits]], which are coarsely ground hominy. These are commonly eaten in the [[Southeastern United States]], foods handed down from [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], who called the dish [[sagamite]].
The Brazilian dessert [[canjica (dish)|
canjica]] is made by boiling maize kernels in sweetened milk.
Maize can also be harvested and consumed in the unripe state, when the kernels are fully grown but still soft. Unripe maize must usually be cooked to become palatable; this may be done by simply boiling or roasting the whole ears and eating the kernels right off the cob. [[Sweet corn]], a genetic variety that is high in sugars and low in starch, is usually consumed in the unripe state. Such [[corn on the cob]] is a common dish in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, [[Cyprus]], some parts of South America, and the Balkans, but virtually unheard of in some European countries. Corn on the cob was hawked on the streets of early 19th-century New York City by poor, barefoot "Hot Corn Girls", who were thus the precursors of hot dog carts, churro wagons, and fruit stands seen on the streets of big cities today. The cooked, unripe kernels may also be shaved off the cob and served as a [[vegetable]] in side dishes, [[salad]]s, [[garnish (food)|garnish]]es, etc. Alternatively, the raw unripe kernels may also be grated off the cobs and processed into a variety of cooked dishes, such as maize [[purée]], [[tamale]]s,
[[pamonha]]s,
[[curau]], [[cake]]s, [[ice cream]]s, etc.
[[File:Roadside maize vendor in India.jpg|thumb|left|A roadside vendor selling steamed maize in India]]
{{nutritionalvalue| name=Sweetcorn, yellow, raw
(seeds only)| kJ=360| water=75.96 g| protein=3.22 g| fat = 1.18 g| carbs=19.02 g| fiber=2.7 g| sugars=3.22 g| potassium_mg=270| magnesium_mg=37| iron_mg=0.52| vitC_mg=6.8| vitB6_mg=0.6| vitA_ug=9| lutein_ug=644 | folate_ug=46| niacin_mg=1.700| thiamin_mg=0.200|
tryptophan=0.023 g|
threonine=0.129 g|
isoleucine=0.129 g|
leucine=0.348 g|
lysine=0.137 g|
methionine=0.067 g|
cystine=0.026 g|
phenylalanine=0.150 g|
tyrosine=0.123 g|
valine=0.185 g|
arginine=0.131 g|
histidine=0.089 g|
alanine=0.295 g|
aspartic acid=0.244 g|
glutamic acid=0.636 g|
glycine=0.127 g|
proline=0.292 g|
serine=0.153 g|
source_usda=1| right=1| note=One ear of medium size (6-3/4" to 7-1/2" long)
maize has 90 grams of seeds}}
Maize is a major source of [[starch]]. [[Cornstarch]] (maize flour) is a major ingredient in home cooking and in many industrialized food products. Maize is also a major source of [[cooking oil]] ([[corn oil]]) and of maize gluten. Maize starch can be [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] and enzymatically treated to produce syrups, particularly high fructose [[corn syrup]], a sweetener; and also fermented and distilled to produce [[grain alcohol]]. Grain alcohol from maize is traditionally the source of [[Bourbon whiskey]]. Maize is sometimes used as the starch source for [[beer]].
Within the United States, the usage of maize for human consumption constitutes about 1/40th of the amount of grown in the country. In the United States and Canada, maize is mostly grown to feed for [[livestock]], as forage, [[silage]] (made by fermentation of chopped green cornstalks), or grain. Maize meal is also a significant ingredient of some commercial animal food products, such as [[dog food]].
Maize is also used as a [[Bait (luring substance)|fish bait]], called "dough balls". It is particularly popular in Europe for [[coarse fishing]].
Alternative medicine
Stigmas from female maize flowers, popularly called [[corn silk]], are sold as [[herbalism|herbal supplement]]s.
Chemicals
Starch from maize can also be made into [[plastics]], [[fabric]]s, [[adhesive]]s, and many other chemical products.
The [[corn steep liquor]], a plentiful watery byproduct of maize [[wet milling]] process, is widely used in the [[biochemistry|biochemical industry]] and research as a culture medium to grow many kinds of [[microorganism]]s.
Biofuel
{{See also|Corn ethanol}}
"Feed maize" is being used increasingly for heating;{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} specialized [[pellet stove|corn stove]]s (similar to [[wood fuel|wood stove]]s) are available and use either feed maize or wood pellets to generate heat. Maize cobs are also used as a [[biomass]] fuel source. Maize is relatively cheap and home-heating furnaces have been developed which use maize kernels as a fuel. They feature a large hopper that feeds the uniformly sized maize kernels (or wood pellets or [[cherry]] pits) into the fire.
Maize is increasingly used as a feedstock for the production of [[ethanol fuel]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Ethanol is mixed with gasoline to decrease the amount of pollutants emitted when used to fuel motor vehicles. High fuel prices in mid 2007 led to higher demand for ethanol, which in turn lead to higher prices paid to farmers for maize. This led to the 2007 harvest being one of the most profitable maize crops in modern history for farmers. Because of the relationship between fuel and maize, prices paid for the crop now tend to track the price of oil. {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
The price of food is affected to a certain degree by the use of maize for biofuel production. The cost of transportation, production, and marketing are a large portion (80%) of the price of food in the United States. Higher energy costs affect these costs, especially transportation. The increase in food prices the consumer has been seeing is mainly due to the higher energy cost. The effect of biofuel production on other food crop prices is indirect. Use of maize for biofuel production increases the demand, and therefore price of maize. This, in turn, results in farm acreage being diverted from other food crops to maize production. This reduces the supply of the other food crops and increases their prices.
[[File:Haase anaerobic digester.JPG|left|thumb|Farm-based maize silage digester located near [[Neumünster]] in Germany, 2007. Green inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester]]
Maize is widely used in Germany as a feedstock for [[anaerobic digesters|biogas plants]]. Here the maize is harvested, shredded then placed in [[silage]] clamps from which it is fed into the biogas plants. This process makes use of the whole plant rather than simply using the kernels as in the production of fuel ethanol.
A [[biomass gasification]] power plant in Strem near [[Güssing]], [[Burgenland]], Austria, began in 2005. Research is being done to make [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] out of the biogas by the [[Fischer Tropsch]] method.
Increasingly, ethanol is being used at low concentrations (10% or less) as an additive in [[gasoline]] ([[gasohol]]) for motor fuels to increase the [[octane rating]], lower pollutants, and reduce petroleum use (what is nowadays also known as "[[biofuels]]" and has been generating an intense debate regarding the human beings' necessity of new sources of energy, on the one hand, and the need to maintain, in regions such as Latin America, the food habits and culture which has been the essence of civilizations such as the one originated in Mesoamerica; the entry, January 2008, of maize among the commercial agreements of [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] has increased this debate, considering the bad labor conditions of workers in the fields, and mainly the fact that NAFTA "opened the doors to the import of maize from the United States, where the farmers who grow it receive multimillion dollar subsidies and other government supports. (...) According to OXFAM UK, after NAFTA went into effect, the price of maize in Mexico fell 70% between 1994 and 2001. The number of farm jobs dropped as well: from 8.1 million in 1993 to 6.8 million in 2002. Many of those who found themselves without work were small-scale maize growers."). However, introduction in the northern latitudes of the U.S. of [http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/news/stories/news4169.html tropical maize for biofuels], and not for human or animal consumption, may potentially alleviate this.
As a result of the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] announcing its production target of {{convert|35|e9USgal|m3}} of [[biofuels]] by 2017, ethanol production will grow to {{convert|7|e9USgal|m3}} by 2010, up from 4.5 billion in 2006, boosting ethanol's share of maize demand in the U.S. from 22.6 percent to 36.1 percent.
Ornamental and other uses
{{main|Corn construction}}
Some forms of the plant are occasionally grown for ornamental use in the garden. For this purpose, variegated and colored leaf forms as well as those with colorful ears are used.
Size-superlative types, having reached {{convert|34|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall, cobs {{convert|2|ft|cm|abbr=on}} long, or {{convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}} kernels, have been popular for at least a century.
Corncobs can be hollowed out and treated to make inexpensive [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|smoking pipe]]s, first manufactured in the United States in 1869.
[[File:CornKernelBox.jpg|thumb|right|Children playing in a maize kernel box]]
An unusual use for maize is to create a "[[corn maze]]" (or "maize maze") as a tourist attraction. The idea of a maize maze was introduced by [[Adrian Fisher]], one of the most prolific designers of modern mazes, with The American Maze Company who created a maze in [[Pennsylvania]] in 1993. Traditional mazes are most commonly grown using [[taxus|yew]] [[hedge (gardening)|hedges]], but these take several years to mature. The rapid growth of a field of maize allows a maze to be laid out using [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] at the start of a growing season and for the maize to grow tall enough to obstruct a visitor's line of sight by the start of the summer. In Canada and the U.S., these are popular in many farming communities.
Maize kernels can be used in place of sand in a [[sandpit|sandbox]]like enclosure for children's play.
Additionally, feed corn is sometimes used by hunters to bait animals such as deer or wild hogs.
Fodder
Maize makes a greater quantity of [[epigeous]] mass than other [[cereal]] plants, so can be used for [[fodder]]. Digestibility and palatability are higher when ensiled and fermented, rather than dried.
Commodity
Maize is bought and sold by investors and price speculators as a tradable commodity using corn [[futures contract]]s. These "futures" are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) under [[ticker symbol]]
C. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, September, and December.
U.S. usage breakdown
The breakdown of usage of the 12.1 billion bushel 2008 U.S. maize crop was as follows, according to the World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates Report by the USDA.
* 5,250 million bu. - livestock feed
* 3,650 million bu. - [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]] production
* 1,850 million bu. - exports
* 943 million bu. - production of starch, corn oil, sweeteners (HFCS,etc.)
* 327 million bu. - human consumption - grits, corn flour, corn meal, beverage alcohol
Comparison to other staple foods
The following table shows the nutrient content of major staple foods in a raw harvested form. Raw forms, however, aren't edible and can not be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted or cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these staples is remarkably different from that of raw form of these staples reported in the table below.
NEWLINE
NEWLINE Synopsis of
[[Staple food]] ~composition: | {{#tag:re>|Raw, uncooked|group=Note}} | {{#tag:re>|Germ, crude|group=Note}} | {{#tag:re>|White, long-grain,regular, raw, unenriched|group=Note}} | {{#tag:re>|whole-grain, yellow|group=Note}} | {{#tag:re>|Sweet, yellow, raw|group=Note}} | {{#tag:re>|White, flesh and skin, raw|group=Note}} | NEWLINENEWLINE| Component (per 100g portion, raw grain) | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| water (g) | NEWLINE 60 | NEWLINE 11 | NEWLINE 12 | NEWLINE 11 | NEWLINE 76 | NEWLINE 82 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| energy (J) | NEWLINE 667 | NEWLINE 1506 | NEWLINE 1527 | NEWLINE 1510 | NEWLINE 360 | NEWLINE 288 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| protein (g) | NEWLINE 1.4 | NEWLINE 23 | NEWLINE 7 | NEWLINE 6.9 | NEWLINE 3 | NEWLINE 1.7 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| fat (g) | NEWLINE 0.3 | NEWLINE 10 | NEWLINE 1 | NEWLINE 3.8 | NEWLINE 1 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| carbohydrates (g) | NEWLINE 38 | NEWLINE 52 | NEWLINE 79 | NEWLINE 77 | NEWLINE 19 | NEWLINE 16 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| fiber (g) | NEWLINE 1.8 | NEWLINE 13 | NEWLINE 1 | NEWLINE 7.3 | NEWLINE 3 | NEWLINE 2.4 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| sugars (g) | NEWLINE 1.7 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE >0.1 | NEWLINE 0.6 | NEWLINE 3 | NEWLINE 1.2 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| iron (mg) | NEWLINE 0.27 | NEWLINE 6.3 | NEWLINE 0.8 | NEWLINE 2.4 | NEWLINE 0.5 | NEWLINE 0.5 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| manganese (mg) | NEWLINE 0.4 | NEWLINE 13.3 | NEWLINE 1.1 | NEWLINE 0.5 | NEWLINE 0.2 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| calcium (mg) | NEWLINE 16 | NEWLINE 39 | NEWLINE 28 | NEWLINE 7 | NEWLINE 2 | NEWLINE 9 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| magnesium (mg) | NEWLINE 21 | NEWLINE 239 | NEWLINE 25 | NEWLINE 93 | NEWLINE 37 | NEWLINE 21 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| phosphorus (mg) | NEWLINE 27 | NEWLINE 842 | NEWLINE 115 | NEWLINE 272 | NEWLINE 89 | NEWLINE 62 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| potassium (mg) | NEWLINE 271 | NEWLINE 892 | NEWLINE 115 | NEWLINE 315 | NEWLINE 270 | NEWLINE 407 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| zinc (mg) | NEWLINE 0.3 | NEWLINE 12.3 | NEWLINE 1.1 | NEWLINE 1.7 | NEWLINE 0.5 | NEWLINE 0.3 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| panthothenic acid (mg) | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 1.0 | NEWLINE 0.7 | NEWLINE 0.7 | NEWLINE 0.3 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| vitB6 (mg) | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 1.3 | NEWLINE 0.2 | NEWLINE 0.4 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 0.2 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| folate (µg) | NEWLINE 27 | NEWLINE 281 | NEWLINE 8 | NEWLINE 25 | NEWLINE 42 | NEWLINE 18 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| thiamin (mg) | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 1.9 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 0.2 | NEWLINE 0.2 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| riboflavin (mg) | NEWLINE <0.1 | NEWLINE 0.5 | NEWLINE >0.1 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE 0.1 | NEWLINE >0.1 | NEWLINE
NEWLINE| niacin (mg) | NEWLINE 0.9 | NEWLINE 6.8 | NEWLINE 1.6 | NEWLINE 1.9 | NEWLINE 1.8 | NEWLINE 1.1 | NEWLINE
NEWLINENEWLINE
Pellagra
{{Main|Pellagra}}
{{Ref improve section|date=July 2010}}
When maize was first introduced into farming systems other than those used by traditional native-American peoples, it was generally welcomed with enthusiasm for its productivity. However, a widespread problem of malnutrition soon arose wherever maize was introduced as a [[staple food]]. This was a mystery, since these types of malnutrition were not normally seen among the indigenous Americans, for whom maize was the principal staple food.
It was eventually discovered that the indigenous Americans had learned to soak maize{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} in [[alkali]]-water—made with ashes and lime ([[calcium oxide]]) by [[Mesoamericans]] and North Americans—which liberates the B-vitamin [[niacin]], the lack of which was the underlying cause of the condition known as [[pellagra]]. This alkali process is known by its [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] (Aztec)-derived name: [[nixtamalization]].
Besides the lack of niacin, pellagra was also characterized by [[protein]] deficiency, a result of the inherent lack of two key [[amino acid]]s in pre-modern maize, [[lysine]] and [[tryptophan]]. Nixtamalisation was also found to increase the availability of lysine and tryptophan to some extent, but more importantly, the indigenous Americans had also learned to balance their consumption of maize with [[beans]] and other protein sources such as [[amaranth]] and [[Salvia hispanica|chia]], as well as meat and fish, to acquire the complete range of amino acids for normal [[protein synthesis]].
Maize was introduced into the diet of nonindigenous Americans without the necessary cultural knowledge acquired over thousands of years in the Americas. In the late 19th century, pellagra reached epidemic proportions in parts of the southern U.S., as medical researchers debated two theories for its origin: the deficiency theory (which was eventually shown to be true) said that pellagra was due to a deficiency of some nutrient, and the germ theory said that pellagra was caused by a germ transmitted by stable flies. In 1914, the U.S. government officially endorsed the germ theory of pellagra, but rescinded this endorsement several years later when the evidence grew against it. By the mid-1920s, the deficiency theory of pellagra was becoming [[scientific consensus]], and the theory was validated in 1932 when niacin deficiency was determined to be the cause of the illness.
Once alkali processing and dietary variety were understood and applied, pellagra disappeared in the developed world. The development of high lysine maize and the promotion of a more balanced diet has also contributed to its demise. Pellagra still exists today in food-poor areas and refugee camps where people survive on donated maize.
Allergy
Maize contains [[Lipid transfer proteins|lipid transfer protein]], an indigestible protein that survives cooking. This protein has been linked to a rare and understudied [[allergy]] to maize in humans. The allergic reaction can cause skin rash, swelling or itching of [[mucous membranes]], diarrhea, vomiting, [[asthma]] and, in severe cases, [[anaphylaxis]]. It is unclear how common this allergy is in the general population.
Art
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Mochica Corn.jpg
| width1 = 175
| caption1 = Gold maize. Moche culture 300 A.D., [[Larco Museum]], [[Lima, Peru]]
| image2 = CornWaterTower.JPG
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = [[Water tower]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]] being painted as an ear of maize
}}
Maize has been an essential crop in the [[Andes]] since the [[pre-Columbian]] Era. The [[Moche]] culture from Northern [[Peru]] made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. This pottery was a sacred substance, formed in significant shapes and used to represent important themes. Maize represented anthropomorphically as well as naturally.
In the United States, maize ears along with tobacco leaves are carved into the capitals of columns in the [[U.S. Capitol]] building. Maize itself is sometimes used for temporary architectural detailing when the intent is to celebrate the fall season, local agricultural productivity and culture. Bundles of dried maize stalks are often displayed often along with pumpkins, gourds and straw in autumnal displays outside homes and businesses. A well-known example of architectural use is the [[Corn Palace]] in Mitchell, South Dakota, which uses cobs of colored maize to implement a mural design that is recycled annually.
A maize stalk with two ripe ears is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Croatian 1 [[Croatian kuna|lipa]] coin, minted since 1993.
Popular culture
{{Expand section|date=July 2010}}
*
[[Children of the Corn]], a 1977 horror short story by Stephen King (later made into a 1984 film with various sequels), is about a maize field-dwelling deity who commands the children in the town to sacrifice all of the town's adults to it.
*
[[Cornman: American Vegetable Hero]] is a 2001 cult movie was about a loser who gets doused with toxic sludge from a maize field and develops the ability to communicate with ears of maize.
*
[[Field of Dreams]], a 1989 American drama-sports-fantasy film starring Kevin Costner, is about a maize farmer who plows his maize field to build a baseball diamond to host long-dead baseball players from the 1919 Chicago Black Sox.
* [[King Corn (film)|
King Corn]] is a 2007 documentary about two college friends who grow an acre of Iowa maize and learn about where it will end up
* [[KoЯn]] is a popular [[nu metal]] band named after the American term for maize
See also
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
* [[Baby corn]]
* [[Blue corn]]
* [[Columbian Exchange]] {{nb10}}
* [[Corn syrup]]
* [[Crop circle]]
* [[Detasseling]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Hominy]]
* [[List of sweetcorn varieties]]
* [[MildDisc]]
* [[Post-harvest losses (Grains)]] {{nb10}}
* [[Protein per unit area]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Push–pull technology]], pest control strategy for maize and sorghum
* [[Sagamite]]
* [[Starch]]
* [[Transgenic maize]]
* [[Zein]]
{{col-end}}
External links
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/science/25creature.html?scp=2&sq=corn&st=cse "Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years," New York Times, May 25, 2010]
* [http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GapAnalysis/?p=284 Crop Wild Relatives Gap Analysis Portal] reliable information source on where and what to conserve
ex-situ, regarding
Zea genepool
* [http://www.simplysetup.com/simple-living-2/gardening/growing-corn.html Growing Corn] Information on the uses and starting of corn seed
* [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Zea+mays&CAN=WIKIPEDIA
Zea mays at Plants For A Future]
* [http://www.maizegdb.org/ Maize Genetics and Genomics Database project]
* [http://www.maizesequence.org The Maize Genome Sequence Browser]
* [http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/maize/
Zea mays, corn taxonomy, facts, life cycle, kernel anatomy at GeoChemBio.com]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22Zea+mays%22%5BMajr%5D+AND+%22loattrfree+full+text%22%5Bsb%5D Major topic "
Zea mays": free full text articles in National Library of Medicine]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199203/new.world.foods.old.world.diet.htm Paul Lunde,
New World Foods, Old World Diet, 1992, Saudi Aramco World]
{{corn}}
{{Cereals}}
{{Agriculture country lists}}
{{Model Organisms}}