Liquorice

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Liquorice

Liquorice (UK) or licorice (U.S.) (see spelling differences

American and British English spelling differences

American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences.The spelling systems of Commonwealth of Nations countries, for the most part, closely resemble the British system....
; , or ) is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (from the greek ?????????a or ????????a meaning "sweet root"), from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume

Legume

A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a Fruit#Simple fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence on two sides....
(related to beans and pea

Pea

A pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the legume Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas. Although treated as a vegetable in cooking, it is botanically a fruit....
s), related to Anise

Anise

is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and southwest Asia known for its flavor that resembles licorice, fennel, and tarragon....
, Star Anise

Star anise

Star anise, star aniseed, badiane or Chinese star anise, is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped fruit of Illicium verum, a small native evergreen tree of southwest China....
and Fennel

Fennel

Fennel is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum . It is a member of the family Apiaceae . It is a hardy, perennial plant, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaf....
and native to southern Europe and parts of Asia

Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
. It is an herbaceous

Herbaceous

A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaf and stem that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. A herbaceous plant may be Annual plant, Biennial plant or Perennial plant....
perennial

Perennial plant

A perennial plant or perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. When used by gardeners or horticulturalists, this term applies specifically to perennial herbaceous plants....
, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate

Pinnate

Pinnate is a term used to describe feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in plant or animal structures, and comes from the Latin word pinna for "feather"....
leaves

Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
about 7–15 centimetres (3–6 inch

Inch

An inch is the name of a Units of measurement of length in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, and United States customary units....
es) long, with 9–17 leaflets.

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Encyclopedia

Liquorice (UK) or licorice (U.S.) (see spelling differences

American and British English spelling differences

Legume

Pea

Anise

is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and southwest Asia known for its flavor that resembles licorice, fennel, and tarragon....
, Star Anise

Star anise

Fennel

Asia

Herbaceous

Perennial plant

Pinnate

Leaf

Inch

An inch is the name of a Units of measurement of length in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, and United States customary units....
es) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flower

Flower

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproduction structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds....
s are 0.8–1.2 cm (1/3 to 1/2 inch) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence

Inflorescence

An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a Plant stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches....
. The fruit

Fruit

The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in food preparation and biology. In botany, which is the scientific study of plants, fruits are the ripened Ovary of flowering plants....
is an oblong pod

Legume

Seed

A seed is a small Plant embryogenesis plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some Food storage. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant....
s.

Cultivation and uses

Liquorice grows best in deep, fertile, well-drained soils, with full sun, and is harvested in the autumn

Autumn

Autumn is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, usually in late September or late March when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier....
two to three years after planting.

In modern times, liquorice extract is produced by chemically boiling liquorice root and subsequently evaporating most of the water. In fact, the name 'liquorice'/'licorice' is derived (via the Old French

Old French

Old French was the Romance languages dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300....
licoresse), from the Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
glukurrhiza, meaning 'sweet root'. Liquorice extract is traded both in solid and syrup form. Its active principle is glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhizin is the main sweetener from liquorice root that is 30–50 times as potent as sucrose . Pure glycyrrhizin is odorless.Chemically, glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin glycoside of glycyrrhizic acid....
, a sweetener

Sweetener

A sweetener is a food additive which adds the basic taste of sweetness to a food; artificial sweeteners are sugar substitutes....
more than 50 times as sweet as sucrose

Sucrose

Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is a-D-glucopyranosyl- -?-D-fructofuranoside ....
which also has pharmaceutical effects.

Liquorice flavour is found in a wide variety of liquorice candies. The most popular in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
are liquorice allsorts

Liquorice allsorts

Liquorice allsorts consist of a variety of Liquorice sold as a mixture. These confections are made of liquorice, sugar, coconut, aniseed jelly, fruit flavourings, and gelatine....
. In continental Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
, however, far stronger, saltier candies are preferred. It should be noted, though, that in most of these candies the taste is reinforced by aniseed oil, and the actual content of liquorice is very low. However, in the Netherlands

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
, where liquorice candy ("drop") is one of the most popular forms of sweets, only a few of the many forms that are sold contain aniseed (although mixing it with mint

Mentha

Mentha is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the Family Lamiaceae . Species within Mentha have a cosmopolitan distribution distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America....
, menthol

Menthol

Menthol is an organic compound #Production or obtained from peppermint or other Mentha oils. It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in color, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above....
or with laurel

Bay Laurel

The Bay Laurel , also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or Bay Tree, is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub reaching 10?18 m tall, native to the Mediterranean region....
is popular, and mixing it with ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt of ammonia. The aqueous ammonium chloride solution is mildly acidic....
creates the very popular salty liquorice known in Dutch as zoute drop.)

Pontefract

Pontefract

Pontefract is a market town in West Yorkshire, England, near the A1 road , the M62 motorway, and Castleford. It is one of the five towns in the metropolitan borough of the City of Wakefield and has a population of approximately 35,000....
in Yorkshire

Yorkshire

Yorkshire is a Historic counties of England of northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Because of its great size, over time functions were increasingly undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to History of local government in Yorkshire....
was the first place where liquorice mixed with sugar began to be used as a sweet in the same way it is in the modern day.. Pontefract Cakes

Pontefract Cakes

Pontefract cakes are a type of small, roughly circular black candy measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter and 4 mm thick, made of liquorice, originally manufactured in the Yorkshire town of Pontefract, England....
were originally made there. In Yorkshire and Lancashire it is colloquially known as Spanish, supposedly because Spanish monks grew liquorice root at Rievaulx Abbey

Rievaulx Abbey

Rievaulx Abbey is a former Cistercians abbey, headed by the Abbot of Rievaulx, located in the small village of Rievaulx , near Helmsley in North Yorkshire, England....
near Thirsk

Thirsk

Thirsk is a small market town in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. The local travel links are located a mile from the town centre to Thirsk railway station and 20 miles to Teesside International Airport....
.

Liquorice flavoring is also used in soft drink

Soft drink

A soft drink is a beverage that does not contain alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda, soda pop, pop, coke or tonic in various parts of the United States, pop in Canada, fizzy drinks in the United Kingdom and Australia and sometimes minerals in Ireland....
s, and is in some herbal teas where it provides a sweet aftertaste. The flavour is common in medicines to disguise unpleasant flavours. Dutch youth often make their own "dropwater" (liquorice water) by putting a few pieces of laurel liquorice and a piece of liquorice root in a bottle with water and then shake it to a frothy liquid. Also popular in the Netherlands is a liquorice based liqueur

Liqueur

A liqueur is an alcoholic beverage that has been flavored with fruit, herbs, Nut , spices, flowers, or cream and bottled with added sugar. Liqueurs are typically quite sweet; they are usually not aged for long but may have resting periods during their production to allow flavors to marry....
called "dropshot."

Liquorice is popular in Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
(particularly in the South) and Spain

Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
in its natural form. The root of the plant is simply dug up, washed and chewed as mouth-freshener. Throughout Italy unsweetened liquorice is consumed in the form of small black pieces made only from 100% pure liquorice extract; the taste is bitter and intense, also popular in the UK too 'L. Imps'. In Calabria

Calabria

Calabria , is a Regions of Italy in Southern Italy Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian peninsula. It is bounded to the north by the region of Basilicata, to the south-west by the region of Sicily, to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, and to the east by the Ionian Sea....
a popular liqueur

Liqueur

Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
where it is sold as a drink. Dried liquorice root

Liquorice root

Liquorice root candy, or properly Glycyrrhiza glabra, is the dried root of the liquorice plant, which is eaten as a candy. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as in the traditional medicines of Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other Asian nations....
can be chewed as a sweet. Black liquorice contains approximately 100 calories per ounce (28 g).

Chinese cuisine

Chinese cuisine

Chinese cuisine originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world ? from Asia to the Americas, Australia, Western Europe and Southern Africa....
uses liquorice as a culinary spice

Spice

A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark, leaf, or vegetable used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavor, color, or as a preservative that kills harmful bacteria or prevents their growth....
for savoury foods. It is often employed to flavour broth

Broth

Broth is a liquid in which bones, meat, fish, cereal grains, or vegetables have been simmering. Broth is used as a basis for other edible liquids such as soup, gravy, or sauce....
s and foods simmered in soy sauce

Soy sauce

Soy sauce , soya sauce , or shoyu is a fermentation sauce made from soybeans , roasted cereal, water and Sodium chloride. Soy sauce was invented in China, where it has been used as a condiment for close to 2,500 years....
.

Other herb

Herb

A herb is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties, flavor, scent, or the like....
s and spice

Spice

Anise

is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and southwest Asia known for its flavor that resembles licorice, fennel, and tarragon....
, star anise

Star anise

Tarragon

Tarragon or dragon's-wort is a perennial plant herb in the family Asteraceae related to Artemisia . Corresponding to its species name, a common term for the plant is "dragon herb." It is native to a wide area of the Northern Hemisphere from easternmost Europe across central and eastern Asia to India, western North America, and south to...
, and fennel

Fennel

Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
, called ?????? ('erk-soos).

Medicinal use

Powdered liquorice root

Liquorice root

Liquorice root candy, or properly Glycyrrhiza glabra, is the dried root of the liquorice plant, which is eaten as a candy. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as in the traditional medicines of Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other Asian nations....
is an effective expectorant, and has been used for this purpose since ancient times, especially in Ayurvedic medicine where it is also used in tooth powder

Tooth powder

Tooth powder, also called dentifricium, ojdontovtrimma or dentifrice, appears to have been skilfully prepared and generally used among the Romans....
s and is known as Jastimadhu. Modern cough syrups often include liquorice extract as an ingredient. Additionally, liquorice may be useful in conventional and naturopathic medicine for both mouth ulcer

Mouth ulcer

An oral ulcer is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth....
s and peptic ulcer

Peptic ulcer

A peptic ulcer, also known as ulcus pepticum, PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful....
s. Non-prescription aphthous ulcer treatment CankerMelts

CankerMelts

CankerMelts is a non-prescription over-the-counter medication produced by Orahealth Corporation, located in Bellevue, Washington#Economy. CankerMelts are used to treat canker sores and other trauma-based mouth ailments....
incorporates glycyrrhiza in a dissolving adherent troche. Liquorice is also a mild laxative

Laxative

Laxatives are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool, most often taken to treat constipation. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the Colon for rectum and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas in that circumstance....
and may be used as a topical antiviral agent for shingles, ophthalmic, oral or genital herpes.

Liquorice affects the body's endocrine system

Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, human development , and tissue and also plays a part in determining Mood ....
as it contains isoflavones (phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens, sometimes called "dietary estrogens", are a diverse group of naturally occurring non steroidal plant compounds that, because of their structural similarity with estradiol , have the ability to cause estrogenic or/and antiestrogenic effects....
). It can lower the amount of serum testosterone, but whether it affects the amount of free testosterone is unclear. Consuming licorice can prevent hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia Hyperkalaemia is an elevated blood level of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high . The middle kal refers to kalium, which is neo-Latin for potassium....
. Large doses of glycyrrhizinic acid

Glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhetinic acid

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low. The prefix hypo- means low . Kal refers to kalium, the Neo-Latin for potassium, and -emia means "in the blood."...
and serious increases in blood pressure

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins....
, a syndrome known as apparent mineralocorticoid excess

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess is an autosomal recessive cause of hypertension and hypokalaemia which responds to glucocorticoid treatment....
. These side effects stem from the inhibition of the enzyme 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

11Beta Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

11?-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase is the name of a family of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of inert 11 keto-products to active cortisol, or vice versa, thus regulating the access of glucocorticoids to the steroid receptors....
(type 2) and subsequent increase in activity of cortisol

Cortisol

Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, that is part of the adrenal gland . It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by Corticotropin-releasing hormone....
on the kidney. 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase normally inactivates cortisol in the kidney; thus, liquorice's inhibition of this enzyme makes the concentration of cortisol appear to increase. Cortisol acts at the same receptor as the hormone aldosterone

Aldosterone

Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, and drives blood pressure up....
in the kidney and the effects mimic aldosterone excess, although aldosterone remains low or normal during liquorice overdose. To decrease the chances of these serious side effects, deglycyrrhizinated liquorice

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice, also known as de-glycyrrhizinated licorice, or commonly referred to by the acronym DGL, is typically used as an herbal supplement in the treatment of gastric ulcer and duodenal Peptic ulcer....
preparations are available. The disabling of similar enzymes in the gut by glycyrrhizinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid

Glycyrrhetinic acid

Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice....
also causes increased mucus and decreased acid secretion. It inhibits Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophile bacterium that inhabits various areas of the stomach and duodenum. It causes a chronic low-level inflammation of the stomach lining and is strongly linked to the development of duodenal and gastric peptic ulcers and stomach cancer bacteria....
, is used as an aid for healing stomach and duodenal ulcers, and in moderate amounts may soothe an upset stomach. Liquorice can be used to treat ileitis

Ileitis

Ileitis is an inflammation of the ileum, a portion of the small intestine. Crohn's ileitis is a type of Crohn's disease affecting the ileum....
, leaky gut syndrome

Leaky gut syndrome

Leaky gut syndrome is a diagnosis prevalent in various branches of alternative medicine. Its proponents hypothesize that damage to the bowel lining, caused by antibiotics, toxins, poor diet, parasites or infection can lead to increased permeability of the gut wall to toxins, microbes, undigested food, waste or larger than normal macromolecu...
, irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome , also called spastic colon, is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause....
and Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease which may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms....
as it is antispasmodic in the bowels.

Liquorice is an adaptogen

Adaptogen

The term adaptogen is used by herbalists to refer to a natural herb product that is proposed to increase the body's resistance to stress, Physical trauma, anxiety and Fatigue ....
which helps reregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis , also known as thelimbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis , is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among the hypothalamus , the pituitary gland , and the adrenal glands ....
. It can also be used for auto-immune conditions including lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and animal dander allergies.

In traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine includes a range of traditional medicine practices originating in China. Although well accepted in the mainstream of medical care throughout East Asia, it is considered an alternative medicine system in much of the western world....
, liquorice is commonly used in herbal formulae to "harmonize" the other ingredients in the formula and to carry the formula into all 12 of the regular meridians and to relieve a spasmodic cough.

In traditional American herbalism it is used in the Hoxsey anti-cancer formula

Hoxsey Therapy

The Hoxsey Therapy or Hoxsey Method is a alternative medicine promoted as a cure for cancer. The therapy consists of a caustic herbal paste for external cancers or an herbal mixture for "internal" cancers, combined with laxatives, douches, dietary supplement, and dietary changes....
.

The compounded carbenoxolone

Carbenoxolone

Carbenoxolone, a synthetic derivative of Glycyrrhizin acid, is a licensed drug for Esophagus ulceration and inflammation. Other uses include treatment of oral and perioral lesions....
is derived from liquorice. Studies indicate it may inhibit an enzyme in the brain that is involved in making stress-related hormones, which have been associated with age-related mental decline.

Uses with tobacco

A significant amount of liquorice production goes toward flavouring, sweetening and conditioning tobacco products

Tobacco

Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide, and in the form of nicotine tartrate it is used in some medicines....
. Liquorice adds a mellow, sweet woody flavour, and it enhances the taste of tobacco. The burning liquorice also generates some toxins found in the smoke, and the glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhizin

Toxicity

Excessive consumption of liquorice or liquorice candy is known to be toxic

Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver ....
to the liver

Liver

The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, a few of which are detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion....
and cardiovascular system

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is an organ that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis....
, and may produce hypertension

Hypertension

Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated....
and oedema. There have been occasional cases where blood pressure has increased with excessive consumption of liquorice tea, but such occasions are rare and reversible when the herb is withdrawn. Most cases of hypertension from liquorice were caused by eating too much concentrated liquorice candy. Doses as low as 50g daily for two weeks can cause a significant rise in blood pressure.

The European Commission

European Commission

The European Commission is the executive of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Treaties of the European Union and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
2008 report suggested that “people should not consume any more than 100mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day, for it can raise blood pressure

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins....
or cause muscle weakness, chronic fatigue, headaches or swelling, and lower testosterone levels in men.” Haribo

HARIBO

Haribo is a very popular and well-known confectionery producer, founded in 1920 in Germany by Hans Riegel Sr. The company headquarters are in Bonn and the name is an acronym for Hans Riegel, Bonn....
, manufacturer of Pontefract cakes

Pontefract Cakes

Pontefract cakes are a type of small, roughly circular black candy measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter and 4 mm thick, made of liquorice, originally manufactured in the Yorkshire town of Pontefract, England....
, stated: “Haribo advises, as with any other food, liquorice products should be eaten in moderation.” A 56-year-old Yorkshire

Yorkshire

Yorkshire is a Historic counties of England of northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Because of its great size, over time functions were increasingly undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to History of local government in Yorkshire....
woman was hospitalized after liquorice overdose ( 200 grams a day)," which caused muscle failure. The hospital restored her potassium

Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name....
levels, by intravenous drip and tablets, allowing her to recover after 4 days.

Gallery

External links

- Profile of Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical & Engineering News

Chemical & Engineering News is a weekly chemistry news magazine published by the American Chemical Society. The magazine addresses current events in world of chemistry including recent advances in research, industry, education, funding, and regulations....