Measuring instrument

Measuring Instrument

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Measuring instrument

In the physical science

Physical science

Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science and science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the biology sciences....
s, quality assurance

Quality Assurance

Quality assurance, or QA for short, refers to planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a product's suitability for its intended purpose....
, and engineering

Engineering

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying Technology and science knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and process that safely realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria....
, measurement

Measurement

Measurement is the process of assigning a number to an attribute according to a rule or set of rules. The term can also be used to refer to the result obtained after performing the process....
is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities

Physical quantity

A physical quantity is a physical property that can be Quantitative. This means it can be measured and/or calculated and expressed in numbers. For example, "weight" is a physical quantity that can be expressed by stating a number of some basic measurement unit such as pound or kilograms, while "beauty" is a property that is difficult to desc...
of real-world objects

Object (philosophy)

In philosophy, an object is a thing, an entity, or a being. This may be taken in several senses.In its weakest sense, the word object is the most all-purpose of nouns, and can replace a noun in any sentence at all....
and events

Phenomenon

A phenomenon is any observation occurrence. In popular usage, a phenomenon often refers to an extraordinary event. In physics, a phenomenon may be a feature of matter, energy, or spacetime....
.

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Time
Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....

Time-points in the past can be measured with respect to the present of an observer. Time-points in the future can be fixed. But there seems to exist no device that can set time to a predetermined value (time machine

Time Machine

A time machine is a fictional device that allows time travel to the past or future.The concept derives from:* The Time Machine, an 1895 novel by H....
), unlike it is possible with other physical quantities (for example: distance or volume). The time-point called present seems to move in one direction only. Entropy production and cause-and-effect observations of events correlate to this observation.

For more information on time

Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....
, especially standards, also consult the time portal.

Atomic clock
Atomic clock

An atomic clock is a type of clock that uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its timekeeping element. They are the most accurate time and frequency standards known, and are used as primary standards for international Time dissemination, and to control the frequency of television broadcasts and GPS satellite signals....
Calendar
Calendar

A calendar is a system of organize days for a social, religious, commercial or administrative purpose. This organization is done by giving names to periods of time ? typically days, weeks, months and years....
(by counting days)
Chronometer
Chronometer

Chronometer may refer to:* Chronometer watch, a watch tested and certified to meet certain precision standards* Hydrochronometer, a water clock...
, Chronograph
Chronograph

A chronograph is a timepiece or watch with both timekeeping and stopwatch functions. Pocket watch chronographs were produced as early as the 18th century but did not become popular until the 1820s....
Clock
Clock

A clock is an instrument used for indicating and maintaining the time and passage thereof. The word clock is derived ultimately from the Celtic languages words clagan and clocca meaning "bell"....
Egg timer
Egg timer

An egg timer is a device whose primary function is to measure a set amount of time. Its primary purpose was to assist in cooking an egg in water....
Hourglass
Hourglass

An hourglass, also known as a sandglass, sand timer, sand clock or egg timer, is a device for the measurement of time. It consists of two glass bulbs placed one above the other which are connected by a narrow tube....
Pendulum clock
Pendulum clock

A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. From its invention in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most accurate timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use....
Radio clock
Radio clock

A radio clock is a clock that is synchronized by a time code bit stream transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock....
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating

Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates....
Sundial
Sundial

A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style onto a flat surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day....
Transit telescope
Transit telescope

A transit telescope is a special purpose telescope mounted so as to allow it to be pointed only at objects in the sky crossing the local meridian , an event known as a transit ....
Water clock
Water clock

A water clock or clepsydra is any timekeeper operated by means of a regulated flow of liquid into or out from a vessel where the amount is then measured....

Timeline of time measurement technology

Timeline of time measurement technology* 270 BC - Ctesibius builds a popular water clock, called a water clock* 46 BC - Julius Caesar and Sosigenes develop a solar calendar with leap years...

For the ranges of time-values see: Orders of magnitude (time)

Orders of magnitude (time)

Seconds...

Energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....

Example: In a plant that furnishes pumped-storage hydroelectricity

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity

Pumped storage hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric power generation used by some power plants for load balancing . The method stores energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation....
, mechanical work

Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
and electrical work

Electrical work

Electrical work is the work done on a charged particle by an electric field. This energy is similar to mechanical work in that the equation for electrical work is of the same form:...
is done by machines like electric pumps and generators. The pumped water stores mechanical work. The amount of energy put into the system equals the amount of energy which comes out of the system, less that used to overcome friction.

Such examples suggested the derivation of some unifying concepts: Instead of discerning (transferred) forms of work or stored work, there has been introduced one single quantity called energy. Energy is assumed to have substance-like qualities; energy can be apportioned and transferred. Energy cannot be created from nothing, or to be annihilated to nothing, thus energy becomes a conserved quantity, when properly balanced.

For the transfer of energy two directions are used:

(energy carrier

Energy carrier

An energy carrier is a substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes ....
s exchanging energy) Physical interactions occur by carriers (linear momentum, electric charge, entropy) exchanging energy. For example, a generator transfers energy from angular momentum to electric charge.

(energy form

Energy form

In the context of physical sciences, several forms of energy have been defined. These include:*Thermal energy popularly known as heat*Chemistry#Chemical energy...
s transforming energy) Energy forms are transformed; for example mechanical energy

Mechanical energy

In physics, mechanical energy describes the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system....
into electrical energy by a generator.

Often the energy value results from multiplying two related quantities: (a generalized) potential

Potential

*The mathematical study of potentials is known as potential theory; it is the study of harmonic functions on manifolds. This mathematical formulation arises from the fact that, in physics, the scalar potential is irrotational, and thus has a vanishing Laplacian ? the very definition of a harmonic function....
(relative velocity, voltage, temperature difference) times some substance-like quantity (linear momentum, electrical charge, entropy). — Thus energy has to be measured by first choosing a carrier/form. The measurement usually happens indirectly, by obtaining two values (potential and substance-like quantity) and by multiplying their values.

(see any measurement device for energy below)

For the ranges of energy-values see: Orders of magnitude (energy)

Orders of magnitude (energy)

This list compares various energy in joules , organized by order of magnitude.s than 10-24*3.0?10-31 J, the average kinetic energy of a molecule at the Absolute zero#Achieving Record temperatures near absolute zero ...

Power
Power

Power refers broadly to any ability to cause change or exert control over either things or people, subjects or objects....
(current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...
of energy)

Power describes energy exchanged by a system at a point in time (current of energy).

(see any measurement device for power below)

For the ranges of power-values see: Orders of magnitude (power)

Orders of magnitude (power)

This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various different sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude, and each section covers three orders of magnitude, or a factor of one thousand....
.

Action
Action (physics)

In modern physics, action is an attribute of the development of a physical system over a period of time, namely amount by which the Phase of the wave function has changed....

Action describes energy summed up over the time a process lasts (time integral over energy). Its dimension

Dimension

In mathematics, the dimension of a space is roughly defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify every point within it. For example: a point on the unit circle in the plane can be specified by two Cartesian coordinates but one can make do with a single coordinate , so the circle is 1-dimensional even though it exists in...
is the same as that of an angular momentum

Angular momentum

In physics, the angular momentum of a particle about an origin is a vector quantity related to rotation, equal to the mass of the particle multiplied by the cross product of the position vector of the particle with its velocity vector....
.

phototube
Phototube

A phototube is a type of gas filled tube or vacuum tube that is extremely sensitive to light in the ultraviolet, visible light, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum....
A voltage measurement permits to calculate the quantized action (Planck constant
Planck constant

The Planck constant , also called Planck's constant, is a physical constant used to describe the sizes of quantum in quantum mechanics. It is named after Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory....
) of light. Also see photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic wave such as x-rays or visible light....
.

Mechanics
Mechanics

Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical body when subjected to forces or Displacement , and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment....

This includes basic quantities found in Classical

Classical mechanics

Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies....
- and continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum, e.g., solids and fluids ....
; but strives to exclude temperature-related questions or quantities.

Length
Length

Length is the long dimension of any object. The length of a thing is the distance between its ends, its linear extent as measured from end to end....
(distance)

Altimeter
Altimeter

An altimeter is an instrument used to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level. The measurement of altitude is called altimetry, which is related to the term bathymetry, the measurement of depth underwater....
, height
Architect's scale
Architect's scale

An architect's scale is a specialized ruler. It is used in making or measuring from reduced scale drawings, such as blueprints and floor plans....
Caliper
Caliper

A caliper is a device used to Measurement the distance between two symmetrically opposing sides. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points....
Electronic distance meter
Engineer's scale
Engineer's scale

An engineer's scale is a tool for measuring distances and transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length. It is commonly made of plastic and is just over twelve inches long, so that the measuring ticks at the edges do not become unusable by wear....
Gauge blocks
Gauge blocks

A gauge block is a precision ground and Lapping length measuring standard. It is used as a reference for the setting of measuring equipment used in machine shops, such as micrometer s, sine bars, and dial gauge ....
GPS
Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System is a global navigation satellite system developed by the United States Department of Defense and managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing....
, indirect by runtime measurement of electromagnetic waves in the GHz-range
Interferometer
Laser rangefinder, indirect by runtime measurement of coherent electromagnetic waves around the visible light region (lidar
LIDAR

LIDAR is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target....
)
Micrometer
Micrometer

A micrometer , sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device used widely in mechanical engineering and machining for precisely measuring, along with other Metrology instruments such as Caliper#Dial calipers and Caliper#Vernier caliper....
Odometer
Odometer

An odometer is a device used for indicating distance traveled by an automobile or other vehicle. It may be electronics or Machine. The word derives from the Ancient Greek words hod?s, meaning 'path' or 'way', and m?tron, 'measure' ....
Opisometer
Opisometer

An opisometer, also called a meilograph or map measurer, is an instrument for measurement the lengths of arbitrary curved lines....
Radar antenna, indirect by runtime measurement of electromagnetic waves around the microwave region (radar
Radar

Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic radiation waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain....
)
Rule
Ruler

A ruler, or rule, is an Measuring instrument used in geometry, technical drawing and engineering/building to measure distances and/or to rule straight lines....
Surveyor's wheel
Surveyor's wheel

A surveyor's wheel, also called a clickwheel, hodometer, waywiser or perambulator is a device for measuring distance....
Tachymeter
Tachymeter

A tachymeter or tacheometer is a kind of theodolite used for rapid measurements and determines, electronically or electro-optically, the distance to target, and is highly automated in its operations....
Tape measure
Tape measure

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible form of ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings with SI and sometimes additionally imperial units....
Taximeter
Taximeter

A taximeter is a mechanical or electronic device installed in taxicabs and auto rickshaws that calculates passenger fares based on a combination of distance travelled and waiting time....
, measure usually includes a time component as well
Ultrasound distance measure, indirect by runtime measurement of sound waves (sonar
Sonar

Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigation, communicate with or detect other vessels. There are two kinds of sonar: active and passive....
, Echo sounding
Echo sounding

Echo sounding is the technique of using sound pulses directed from the surface or from a submarine vertically down to measure the distance to the bottom by means of sound waves....
)

Area
Area

Area is a quantity expressing the two-dimensional size of a defined part of a surface, typically a region bounded by a closed curve. The term surface area refers to the total area of the exposed surface of a 3-dimensional solid, such as the sum of the areas of the exposed sides of a polyhedron....

Planimeter
Planimeter

A planimeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape. The most common use is to measure the area of a plane shape....

For the ranges of area-values see: Orders of magnitude (area)

Orders of magnitude (area)

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects....

Volume
Volume

The volume of any solid, liquid, plasma, vacuum or theoretical object is how much three-dimensional space it occupies, often quantified numerically....

buoyant weight (solids)
Flow measurement
Flow measurement

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways....
devices (liquids)
Graduated cylinder
Graduated cylinder

A graduated cylinder is a piece of laboratory equipment used to accurately measure out volumes of objects for use in labs. They are generally more accurate and precise for this purpose than flasks and beakers....
(liquids)
Measuring cup
Measuring cup

A measuring cup is a List of food preparation utensils used primarily to measure the volume of liquid or powder-form cooking ingredients such as water, milk, juice, flour, and sugar, especially for volumes from about 50 millilitre upwards....
(liquids, grained solids)
overflow trough (solids)
Pipette
Pipette

A pipette is a laboratory instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid....
(liquids)
pneumatic trough
Pneumatic trough

A Pneumatic trough is a piece of laboratory apparatus used for collecting gases. The gas may be heavier or lighter than air but it must be insoluble, or only slightly soluble, in water....
(gases)

(if the mass density of a solid is known, weighing allows to calculate the volume)

For the ranges of volume-values see: Orders of magnitude (volume)

Orders of magnitude (volume)

The pages linked in the right-hand column contain lists of volumes that are of the same orders of magnitude . Rows in the table represent increasing powers of a thousand....

Mass- or Volume Flow measurement
Flow measurement

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways....

Gas Meter
Gas meter

A gas meter is used to Measurement the volume of fuel gases such as natural gas and propane. Gas meters are used at residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that consume fuel gas supplied by a gas Public utility....
Mass flow meter
Mass flow meter

A mass flow meter, also known as inertial flow meter and coriolis flow meter, is a device that measures how much fluid is flowing through a tube....
Metering pump
Metering pump

A metering pump is a pump used to pump liquids at adjustable flow rates which are Precision when averaged over time. Delivery of fluids in precise adjustable flow rates is sometimes called metering....
Water Meter
Water meter

A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage. This article provides an overview of technical aspects of water meters. The worldwide prevalence of metering as well as its economic benefits and costs are covered in the separate article on water metering....

Speed
Speed

Speed is the rate of Motion , or equivalently the rate of change of distance.Speed is a Scalar quantity with dimensions length/time; the equivalent Vector quantity to speed is velocity....
(current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...
of length)

Airspeed indicator
Airspeed indicator

The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the craft's airspeed, typically in knot , to the Aviator....
Radar gun
Radar gun

A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radar used to detect the speed of objects. A radar gun does not return information regarding the object's position or any information concerning the car e.g....
, a Doppler radar
Doppler radar

A doppler radar is a radar using the doppler effect of the returned echoes from targets to measure their radial velocity. To be more specific the microwave signal sent by the radar antenna's directional beam is reflected toward the radar and compared in frequency, up or down from the original signal, allowing for the direct and highly accur...
device, using the Doppler effect
Doppler effect

The Doppler effect , named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842, is the change in frequency and wavelength of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the waves....
for indirect measurement of velocity.
Speedometer
Speedometer

A speedometer is a device that measures the instantaneous speed of a land vehicle.Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the 1900s, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards....
Tachometer
Tachometer

A tachometer is an instrument that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute on a calibrated analog dial, but digital displays are increasingly common....
(speed of rotation)
Tachymeter
Tachymeter

A tachymeter or tacheometer is a kind of theodolite used for rapid measurements and determines, electronically or electro-optically, the distance to target, and is highly automated in its operations....
Variometer
Variometer

The term Variometer also refers to a type of variable electrical inductorA variometer is an flight instruments in an aircraft used to inform the aviator of the instantaneous rate of descent or climb....

For the ranges of speed-values see: Orders of magnitude (speed)

Orders of magnitude (speed)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between 1.3 metre per second and 3 m/s....

Acceleration
Acceleration

File:Acceleration.JPGFile:Acceleration components.JPGIn physics, and more specifically kinematics, acceleration is the change in velocity over time....

Accelerometer
Accelerometer

An accelerometer is a device for measuring acceleration and gravity.Single- and multi-axis models are available to detect magnitude and direction of the acceleration as a Euclidean vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation, vibration and shock....

Mass
Mass

In physical science, mass refers to the degree of acceleration a body acquires when subject to a force: bodies with greater mass are accelerated less by the same force....

Balance
Balance

Balance may refer to:...
Automatic checkweighing machines
Check weigher

A checkweigher is an automatic machine for checking the weight of packaged commodities.It is normally found at the offgoing end of a production line and is used to ensure that the weight of a pack of the commodity is within specified limits....
Katharometer
Katharometer

A katharometer is a thermal conductivity device for determining one gas in a binary or pseudo-binary mixture. The thermal conductivity of a gas is inversely related to its molecular weight....
Mass spectrometer
Weighing scale
Weighing scale

A weighing scale is a measuring instrument for measuring the weight or mass of an object. They use one of two techniques. A spring scale measures weight by the distance a spring deflects under its load....
s

For the ranges of mass-values see: Orders of magnitude (mass)

Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different Order of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kilogram and 1053 kg....

Linear momentum

Ballistic pendulum
Ballistic pendulum

A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern gun chronographs, which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity....

Force
Force

In physics, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity. Force has both Euclidean_vector#Length of a vector and Direction , making it a Vector quantity....
(current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...
of linear momentum)

Force gauge
Force gauge

A Force Gauge is measuring instrument used across all industries to measure the force during a push or pull test. Applications exist in research and development, laboratory, quality, production and field environment....
Spring scale
Spring scale

A spring scale is a weighing scale used to measure force, such as the force of gravity, exerted on a mass or the force of a person's grip or the force exerted by a towing vehicle....
Strain gauge
Strain gauge

A strain gauge is a device used to measure the Strain of an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an Electrical insulation flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern....
Torsion balance
Tribometer
Tribometer

A tribometer is an instrument that measures friction on a surface via a multitude of methods, one of which is a ball sliding on the reference surface and giving a relative friction value ....

Pressure
Pressure

Pressure is the force per unit area applied to an object in a direction surface normal to the surface. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure....
(current density
Current density

Current density is a measure of the density of flow of a conserved charge . Usually the charge is the electric charge, in which case the associated current density is the electric current per unit area of cross section, but the term current density can also be applied to other conserved quantities....
of linear momentum)

Current density is also called flux

Flux

In the various subfields of physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks.*In the study of transport phenomena , flux is defined as the amount that flows through a unit area per unit time....
.

Anemometer
Anemometer

An anemometer is a device that is used for measuring wind speed, and is one instrument used in a weather station. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind....
(used to determine wind speed
Speed

Speed is the rate of Motion , or equivalently the rate of change of distance.Speed is a Scalar quantity with dimensions length/time; the equivalent Vector quantity to speed is velocity....
)
Barometer
Barometer

A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It can measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere by using water, air, or mercury ....
used to measure the atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure is sometimes defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface at any given point in the Earth's atmosphere....
.
Manometer see pressure measurement
Pressure measurement

Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges....
Pitot tube
Pitot tube

A Pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. The Pitot tube was invented by France engineer Henri Pitot in the early 1700s, and was modified to its modern form in the mid 1800s by French scientist Henry Darcy....
(used to determine speed
Speed

Speed is the rate of Motion , or equivalently the rate of change of distance.Speed is a Scalar quantity with dimensions length/time; the equivalent Vector quantity to speed is velocity....
)
Tire-pressure gauge
Tire-pressure gauge

A tire-pressure gauge is a Pressure measurement used to measure the pressure of tires on a vehicle.Environmental conditions can introduce a 13% to 15% variability in pressure due to temperature , and additional changes can result due to altitude....
in industry and mobility

For the ranges of pressure-values see: Orders of magnitude (pressure)

Orders of magnitude (pressure)

This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure.CitationsReferences*...

Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology

Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology

Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology A history of temperature measurement and pressure measurement technology....

Angle
Angle

In geometry and trigonometry, an angle is the figure formed by two Ray sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle . The magnitude of the angle is the "amount of rotation" that separates the two rays, and can be measured by considering the length of circular arc swept out when one ray is rotated about the vertex to coincide...

Circumferentor
Circumferentor

A circumferentor, or surveyor's compass, is an instrument used in surveying to measure horizontal angles, now superseded by the theodolite....
Cross staff
Goniometer
Goniometer

A goniometer is an instrument that either measures angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry is derived from two Greek words, gonia, meaning angle and metron, meaning Measurement....
Graphometer
Graphometer

The graphometer or semicircle is a surveying instrument used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular wiktionary:Limb#Etymology 2 divided into 180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes....
Protractor
Protractor

In geometry, a protractor is a circular or semicircular tool for measuring an angle or a circle. The units of measurement utilized are usually degree s....
Quadrant
Quadrant (instrument)

A quadrant is an instrument that is used to measure angles up to 90?....
Reflecting instrument
Reflecting instrument

Reflecting instruments are those that use mirrors to enhance their ability to make measurements. In particular, the use of mirrors permits one to observe two objects simultaneously while measuring the angular distance between the objects....
s

Octant
Octant (instrument)

The octant, also called reflecting quadrant, is a measuring instrument used primarily in navigation. It is a type of reflecting instrument....
Reflecting circles
Reflecting instrument

Reflecting instruments are those that use mirrors to enhance their ability to make measurements. In particular, the use of mirrors permits one to observe two objects simultaneously while measuring the angular distance between the objects....
Sextant
Sextant

:For the history and development of the sextant see Reflecting instrument#The sextantA sextant is an measuring instrument generally used to measure the altitude of a astronomical object above the horizon....

Theodolite
Theodolite

A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in Triangulation. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology....

angular velocity
Angular velocity

In physics, the angular velocity is a vector quantity which specifies the angular speed, and axis about which an object is rotating. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second, although it may be measured in other units such as degrees per second, revolutions per second, degrees per hour, etc....
or rotations per time unit

Stroboscope
Stroboscope

A stroboscope, also known as a strobe, is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or stationary. The principle is used for the study of Rotation, Reciprocation, oscillation or vibration objects....
Tachometer
Tachometer

A tachometer is an instrument that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute on a calibrated analog dial, but digital displays are increasingly common....

For the value-ranges of angular velocity see: Orders of magnitude (angular velocity)

Orders of magnitude (angular velocity)

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI angular velocity orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects....

For the ranges of frequency see: Orders of magnitude (frequency)

Orders of magnitude (frequency)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various frequencies....

Angular momentum
Angular momentum

In physics, the angular momentum of a particle about an origin is a vector quantity related to rotation, equal to the mass of the particle multiplied by the cross product of the position vector of the particle with its velocity vector....

Torque
Torque

Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis . Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....

Dynamometer
Dynamometer

A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a machine used to measure torque and rotational speed from which power produced by an Heat engine, motor or other rotating Wiktionary:prime mover can be calculated....
De Prony brake
De Prony brake

The de Prony Brake is a simple device invented by Gaspard de Prony to measure the torque produced by an engine. The term Brake horsepower is one measurement of torque obviously derived from the method of measurement....
Torque wrench
Torque wrench

A torque wrench is a tool used to precisely set the torque of a fastener such as a Nut or Screw#Bolt. It is usually in the form of a socket wrench with special internal mechanisms....

Orientation
Orientation

Orientation may refer to:* Orientation , a function of the mind* Orientation , determining ones location in ones surroundings* Orientation , a 1996 short film produced by the Church of Scientology...
in three dimensional space

See also the section about navigation below.

Level
Level

Level may refer to:A floor of a buildingA level of a mine, see shaft mining. A level with access to the surface is an adit*Level , a stage of the game...

Dumpy level
Dumpy level

A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument or automatic level is an optical instrument used in surveying and construction to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels....
Laser line level
Laser line level

A laser line level is a tool combining a spirit level and/or plumb bob with a laser to display an accurately horizontal or vertical illuminated line on a surface the laser line level is laid against....
Spirit level
Spirit level

A spirit level or bubble level is an Measuring instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is level or plumb. Different types of spirit levels are used by carpenters, stone masons, bricklayers, other building trades workers, Surveyor s, millwrights and other metalworkers, and serious videographers....
Tiltmeter
Tiltmeter

A tiltmeter is an instrument designed to measure very small changes from the horizontal level, either on the ground or in structures. A similar term, in less common usage, is the inclinometer....

Direction

Gyroscope
Gyroscope

A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation , based on the principles of angular momentum. The device is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation....

Energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....
carried by mechanical quantities, Mechanical work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....

Ballistic pendulum
Ballistic pendulum

A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern gun chronographs, which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity....
, indirectly by calculation and or gauging

Electricity
Electricity

Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction....
, Electronics
Electronics

Electronics refers to the flow of charge through nonmetal electrical conductor , whereas electrical refers to the flow of charge through metal electrical conductor....
and Electrical engineering
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism....

Considerations related to electric charge

Electric charge

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields....
dominate Electricity and Electronics. Electrical charges interact via a field

Electromagnetic field

The electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electric charge. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field....
. That field is called electric

Electric field

In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field ....
if the charge doesn't move. If the charge moves, thus realizing an electric current, that field is called magnetic

Magnetic field

A magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....
. Electricity can be given a quality — a potential

Electric potential

At a point in space, the electric potential is the potential energy per unit of electric charge that is associated with a static electric field....
. And electricity has a substance-like property, the electric charge. Energy (or power) in electrodynamics is calculated by multiplying the potential by the amount of charge (or current) found at that potential: potential times charge (or current). (See Classical electromagnetism

Classical electromagnetism

Classical electromagnetism is a theory of electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th century, most prominently by James Clerk Maxwell....
and its Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism)

electric charge
Electric charge

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields....

Electrometer
Electrometer

An electrometer is an electricity instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical hand-made mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices....
is often used to reconfirm the phenomenon of contact electricity
Contact electrification

Contact electrification is an obsolete scientific theory from the Age of Enlightenment that attempted to account for all the sources of Electrical charge known at the time....
leading to triboelectric sequences
Triboelectric effect

The triboelectric effect is a type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electric charge after they come into contact with another different material and are then separated ....
.

For the ranges of charge values see: Orders of magnitude (charge)

Orders of magnitude (charge)

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI charge orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects....

electric current
Electric current

Electric current is the flow of electric charge. The electric charge may be either electrons or ions.The International System of Units unit of electric current intensity is the ampere....
(current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...
of charge)

Ammeter
Ammeter

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a Electrical circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes , hence the name....
(part of a multimeter
Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an Electronics measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit....
)
Clamp meter
Galvanometer
Galvanometer

A galvanometer is a type of ammeter: an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is an Analogue electronics electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil....

voltage
Voltage

Electrical tension is the potential difference between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit, expressed in volts. It is the measurement of the potential for an electric field to cause an electric current in an electrical conductor....
(electric potential
Electric potential

At a point in space, the electric potential is the potential energy per unit of electric charge that is associated with a static electric field....
difference)

Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage ....
allows to quantify time depended voltages
Voltmeter
Voltmeter

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter....
(part of a multimeter
Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an Electronics measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit....
)

electric resistance, electrical conductance
Electrical conductance

Electrical conductance is a measure of how easily electricity flows along a certain path through an electrical element. The SI derived unit of conductance is the Siemens ....
(and electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is a measure of a material's ability to electrical conduction an electric current. When an electrical potential difference is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, giving rise to an electric current....
)

Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter is an electricity measuring instrument that measures electrical resistance, the opposition to an electric current. Micro-ohmmeters make low resistance measurements....
(part of a multimeter
Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an Electronics measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit....
, LCR meter
LCR meter

A LCR meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to measure, among other things, the electrical impedance of a electrical component.Usually the device under test is subjected to an alternating current voltage source, then the voltage over, and the electrical current through the DUT are measured....
)
Time-domain reflectometer
Time-domain reflectometer

A time-domain reflectometer is an electronic instrument used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables . It can also be used to locate discontinuities in a connector, printed circuit board , or any other electrical path....
characterizes and locates faults in metallic cables by runtime measurements of electric signals.
Wheatstone bridge
Wheatstone bridge

A Wheatstone bridge is a measuring instrument invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843....

electric capacitance

Capacitance meter
Capacitance meter

A capacitance meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to measure capacitors. Depending on the sophistication of the meter, it may simply display the capacitance or it may also measure a number of other parameters such as Leakage#Electronics, equivalent series resistance, and inductance....
(part of a LCR meter
LCR meter

A LCR meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to measure, among other things, the electrical impedance of a electrical component.Usually the device under test is subjected to an alternating current voltage source, then the voltage over, and the electrical current through the DUT are measured....
)

electric inductance

Inductance meter (part of a LCR meter
LCR meter

A LCR meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to measure, among other things, the electrical impedance of a electrical component.Usually the device under test is subjected to an alternating current voltage source, then the voltage over, and the electrical current through the DUT are measured....
)

Energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....
carried by Electricity
Electricity

Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction....
or electric energy

Electric energy meter
Electricity meter
Electricity meter

An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electricity energy supplied to or produced by a House, business or machine....

Power
Power

Power refers broadly to any ability to cause change or exert control over either things or people, subjects or objects....
carried by Electricity
Electricity

Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction....
(current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...
of energy)

Wattmeter
Wattmeter

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of any given electrical network....

These are instruments used for measuring electrical properties. Also see meter (electronics)

Meter (electronics)

In electronics, a Measuring instrument is an instrument for displaying the magnitude of one of a wide variety of quantities in electrical circuits. The term can refer to either an electronic component that is part of a larger device, or a free-standing electronic test equipment....
.

Electric Field
Electric field

In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field ....
(negative gradient
Gradient

In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field which points in the direction of the greatest rate of increase of the scalar field, and whose magnitude is the greatest rate of change....
of electric potential, voltage per length)

Field mill
Field Mill

Field Mill is a multi-use stadium in Mansfield, England. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Mansfield Town F.C.....

Magnetic Field
Magnetic field

A magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....

See also the relevant section in the article about the magnetic field

Magnetic field

Compass
Compass

A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's magnetic poles....
Hall effect sensor
Hall effect sensor

A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to changes in magnetic field. Hall sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications....
Magnetometer
Magnetometer

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument....
Proton magnetometer
Proton magnetometer

The proton magnetometer, also known as the Magnetometer#Proton_precession_magnetometer , uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance to measure very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on land and at sea to be detected....
SQUID
Squid

Squid are marine cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, Symmetry #Bilateral_symmetry, a mantle , and cephalopod arms....

For the ranges of magnetic field see: Orders of magnitude (magnetic field)

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics

In physics, thermodynamics is the study of the conversion of heat energy into different forms of energy ; different energy conversions into heat energy; and its relation to macroscopic variables such as temperature, pressure, and volume....

Temperature

In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....
-related considerations dominate thermodynamics. There are two distinct thermal properties: A thermal potential — the temperature. For example: A glowing coal has a different thermal quality than a non-glowing one.

And a substance-like property, — the entropy

Entropy

In many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....
; for example: One glowing coal won't heat a pot of water, but a hundred will.

Energy in thermodynamics is calculated by multipying the thermal potential by the amount of entropy found at that potential: temperature times entropy.

Entropy can be created by friction but not annihilated.

Amount of substance
Amount of substance

The amount of substance, n, of a sample or system is a physical quantity which is Proportionality to the number of Elementary entity present....
(or Mole number
Mole (unit)

The mole is a Units of measurement of amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and one of the few units used to measure this physical quantity....
)

Usually determined indirectly. If mass and substance type of the sample are known, then atomic

Atomic mass

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom, most often expressed in Atomic mass units. The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom ....
- or molecular mass

Molecular mass

The molecular mass of a chemical compound, frequently referred by the older term molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u ....
es (taken from a periodic table

Periodic table

The periodic table of the chemical elements is a table method of displaying the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869....
, masses measured by mass spectroscopy) give direct access to the value of the amount of substance. See also the article about molar mass

Molar mass

Molar mass, symbol M, is the mass of one mole of a substance . It is a physical property which is characteristic of each pure substance. The base SI unit for mass is the kilogram but, for both practical and historical reasons, molar masses are almost always quoted in grams per mole , especially in chemistry....
es. If specific molar values are given, then the amount of substance of a given sample may be determined by measuring volume, mass or concentration.

Temperature
Temperature

In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....

Electromagnetic spectroscopy
Electromagnetic spectroscopy

Electromagnetic spectroscopy is the spectroscopy of electromagnetic spectrum which arise out of atoms absorbing and emitting quanta of electromagnetic radiation....
Galileo thermometer
Galileo thermometer

A Galileo Galilei thermometer, Galilean thermometer , or thermoscope is a thermometer made of a sealed glass cylinder containing a clear liquid and a series of objects whose densities are designed to sink in sequence as the liquid is warmed and decreases in density and vice-versa....
Gas thermometer
Gas thermometer

A gas thermometer measures temperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas. One common apparatus is a constant volume thermometer. It consists of a bulb connected by a capillary tube to a manometer....
principle: relation between temperature and volume or pressure of a gas (Gas laws
Gas laws

The gas laws are a set of empirical laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature , absolute pressure and volume of gases....
).

constant pressure gas thermometer
constant volume gas thermometer

Liquid crystal thermometer
Liquid crystal thermometer

A liquid crystal thermometer or plastic strip thermometer is a type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive liquid crystals in a plastic strip that change color to indicate different temperatures....
liquid thermometer principle: relation between temperature and volume of a liquid (Coefficient of thermal expansion
Coefficient of thermal expansion

When the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds....
).

Alcohol thermometer
Alcohol thermometer

The Alcohol thermometer or Spirit thermometer is an alternative to the Mercury-in-glass thermometer, and functions in a similar way. An organic liquid is contained in a glass bulb which is connected to a capillary of the same glass and the end is sealed with an expansion bulb....
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Mercury-in-glass thermometer

A mercury-in-glass thermometer, invented by German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, is a thermometer consisting of mercury in a glass tube....

Pyranometer
Pyranometer

A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density from a field of view of 180 degrees....
principle: solar radiation flux density relates to surface temperature (Stefan–Boltzmann law)
Pyrometer
Pyrometer

Pyrometer is any non-contacting device that intercepts and measures thermal radiation. This measure is used to determine temperature, often of the object's surface....
s principle: temperature dependence of spectral intensity of light (Planck's law), i.e. the color of the light relates to the temperature of its source, range: from about -50°C to +4000°C, note: measurement of thermal radiation
Radiation

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy emitted by one body travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body....
(instead of thermal conduction
Heat conduction

Heat conduction or thermal conduction is the spontaneous heat transfer through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and acts to equalize temperature differences....
, or thermal convection
Convection

Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within fluids . Convection is one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer....
) means no physical contact necessary in temperature measurement (pyrometry
Pyrometry

Pyrometry is the non-contact measurement of the temperature of an object, by measuring its Emission and emissivity. An apparatus that measures the temperature by means of pyrometry is called a pyrometer or optical pyrometer....
). note: thermal space resolution found in Thermography
Thermography

Infrared Thermography, thermal imaging, thermographic imaging, or thermal video, is a type of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras detect electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce images of that radiation....
Resistance thermometer
Resistance thermometer

Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors , are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature....
principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of metals (platinum) (Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance

The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady electrical current. An object of uniform cross section will have a resistance proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of the material....
), range: 10 kelvins to 1000 kelvins, application in physics and industry
solid thermometer principle: relation between temperature and length of a solid (Coefficient of thermal expansion
Coefficient of thermal expansion

When the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds....
).

Bi-metallic strip
Bi-metallic strip

A bi-metallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper....

Thermistor
Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor with electrical resistance proportional to its temperature. The word is a portmanteau of Thermal and resistor....
s principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of ceramics or polymers, range: from about 0.01 kelvin to 2,000 kelvins (-273.14°C to 1,700°C)

unit	overall range	approximate precision
kelvin	0.01-2,000	row 1, cell 3
celsius	-273.14-1,700	row 2, cell 3

Thermocouple
Thermocouple

A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type of list of temperature sensors and can also be used to convert heat into electric power....
s principle: relation between temperature and voltage of metal junctions (Seebeck effect), range: from about -200 °C to +1350 °C
Thermometer
Thermometer

The thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles; it comes from the Greek language roots thermo, heat, and meter, to measure....
Thermopile
Thermopile

A thermopile is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy. It is composed of thermocouples connected usually in series connection...
is a set of connected thermocouple
Thermocouple

A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type of list of temperature sensors and can also be used to convert heat into electric power....
s
Triple Point cell
Triple point

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three Phase of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium....
used for calibrating thermometers.

Imaging technology
Imaging technology

Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...

Thermographic camera
Thermography

Infrared Thermography, thermal imaging, thermographic imaging, or thermal video, is a type of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras detect electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce images of that radiation....
uses a microbolometer
Microbolometer

A microbolometer is a specific type of bolometer used as a detector in a thermal camera. Infrared radiation with wavelengths between 8-13 ?m strikes the detector material, heating it, and thus changing its electrical resistance....
for detection of heat-radiation.

Energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....
carried by Entropy
Entropy

In many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....
or thermal energy
Thermal energy

Thermal energy is a form of energy that manifests itself as an increase of temperature. It is also the sum of sensible heat and latent heat....

This includes Thermal capacitance or temperature coefficient of energy, reaction energy, heat flow ... Calorimeters are called passive if gauged to measure emerging energy carried by entropy, for example from chemical reactions. Calorimeters are called active or heated if they heat the sample, or reformulated: if they are gauged to fill the sample with a defined amount of entropy.

Actinometer
Actinometer

Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of electromagnetic radiation. They are used in meteorology to measure solar radiation as pyrheliometers....
measures the heating power of radiation.
constant-temperature calorimeter, phase change calorimeter for example an ice calorimeter or any other calorimeter observing a phase change or using a gauged phase change for heat measurement.
constant-volume calorimeter, also called bomb calorimeter
constant-pressure calorimeter, enthalpy-meter or coffee cup calorimeter
Differential Scanning Calorimeter
Differential scanning calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry or DSC is a thermal analysis technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference are measured as a function of temperature....
Reaction calorimeter
Reaction Calorimeter

A reaction calorimeter is an Measuring instrument that enables the energy being Exothermic or Endothermic by a Chemical reaction to be measured. The majority of events taking place within a reactor release or absorb energy, so if that can be measured it allows a view of what is taking place to be gained....

Entropy
Entropy

In many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....

Accessible indirectly by measurement of energy and temperature.

Entropy
Entropy

In many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....
transfer

Phase change calorimeter's energy value divided by absolute temperature give the entropy exchanged. Phase changes produce no entropy and therefore offer themselves as an entropy measurement concept. Thus entropy values occur indirectly by processing energy measurements at defined temperatures, without producing entropy.

constant-temperature calorimeter, phase change calorimeter
Heat flux sensor
Heat flux sensor

A heat flux sensor is a commonly used name for a transducer generating a signal that is proportional to the local heat flux. This heat flux can have different origins; in principle convective-, radiative- as well as conductive heat can be measured....
uses thermopile
Thermopile

A thermopile is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy. It is composed of thermocouples connected usually in series connection...
s which are connected thermocouple
Thermocouple

A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type of list of temperature sensors and can also be used to convert heat into electric power....
s to determine current density
Current density

Current density is a measure of the density of flow of a conserved charge . Usually the charge is the electric charge, in which case the associated current density is the electric current per unit area of cross section, but the term current density can also be applied to other conserved quantities....
or flux
Flux

In the various subfields of physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks.*In the study of transport phenomena , flux is defined as the amount that flows through a unit area per unit time....
of entropy.

Entropy content

The given sample is cooled down to (almost) absolute zero (for example by submerging the sample in liquid helium). At absolute zero temperature any sample is assumed to contain no entropy (see Third law of thermodynamics

Third law of thermodynamics

The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature....
for further information). Then the following two active calorimeter types can be used to fill the sample with entropy until the desired temperature has been reached: (see also Thermodynamic databases for pure substances

Thermodynamic databases for pure substances

Thermodynamics databases contain information about List of thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy....
)

constant-pressure calorimeter, enthalpy-meter, active
constant-temperature calorimeter, phase change calorimeter, active

Entropy production

Processes transferring energy from a non-thermal carrier to heat as a carrier do produce entropy (Example: mechanical/electrical friction, established by Count Rumford

Benjamin Thompson

Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford , Fellow of the Royal Society was an English-American physics and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics....
). Either the produced entropy or heat are measured (calorimetry) or the transferred energy of the non-thermal carrier may be measured.

calorimeter
(any device for measuring the work which will or would eventually be converted to heat and the ambient temperature)

Entropy lowering its temperature - without losing energy - produces entropy (Example: Heat conduction in an isolated rod; "thermal friction").

calorimeter

temperature coefficient of energy or "heat capacity"

Concerning a given sample, a proportionality factor relating temperature change and energy carried by heat. If the sample is a gas, then this coefficient depends significantly on being measured at constant volume or at constant pressure. (The terminiology preference in the heading indicates that the classical use of heat bars it from having substance-like properties.)

constant-volume calorimeter, bomb calorimeter
constant-pressure calorimeter, enthalpy-meter

specific temperature coefficient of energy or "specific heat"

The temperature coefficient of energy divided by a substance-like quantity (amount of substance

Amount of substance

The amount of substance, n, of a sample or system is a physical quantity which is Proportionality to the number of Elementary entity present....
, mass

Mass

In physical science, mass refers to the degree of acceleration a body acquires when subject to a force: bodies with greater mass are accelerated less by the same force....
, volume

Volume

The volume of any solid, liquid, plasma, vacuum or theoretical object is how much three-dimensional space it occupies, often quantified numerically....
) describing the sample. Usually calculated from measurements by a division or could be measured directly using a unit amount of that sample.

For the ranges of specific heat capacities see: Orders of magnitude (specific heat capacity)

Orders of magnitude (specific heat capacity)

This is a table of specific heat capacity by magnitude. Unless otherwise noted, these values assume standard ambient temperature and pressure....

Coefficient of thermal expansion
Coefficient of thermal expansion

When the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds....

Dilatometer
Dilatometer

Dilatometers are scientific instruments that measure changes in volume.The most common application of the Dilatometer is for measurement of the thermal expansion....
Strain gauge
Strain gauge

A strain gauge is a device used to measure the Strain of an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an Electrical insulation flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern....

Melting temperature
Melting point

The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes states of matter from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium....
(of a solid)

Thiele tube
Thiele tube

The Thiele tube, named after the German chemist Johannes Thiele , is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and heat an oil bath. Such a setup is commonly used in the determination of the melting point of a substance....
Kofler bench
Differential Scanning Calorimeter
Differential scanning calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry or DSC is a thermal analysis technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference are measured as a function of temperature....
gives melting point and enthalpy of fusion
Enthalpy of fusion

The standard enthalpy of fusion , also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of thermal energy which must be absorbed or evolved for 1 Mole of a substance to change states from a solid to a liquid or vice versa....
.

More on Continuum Mechanics
Continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum, e.g., solids and fluids ....

This includes mostly instruments which measure macroscopic

Macroscopic

Macroscopic is a word commonly used to describe physics objects that are measurement and observation by the naked eye. When applied to phenomena and abstract objects, it describes existence in the world as we perceive it....
properties of matter: In the fields of solid state physics; in condensed matter physics

Condensed Matter

There are at least 2 publications named Condensed Matter....
which considers solid

Solid

A solid object is in the states of matter characterized by resistance to deformation and changes of volume. In other words, it has high values both of Young's modulus and of shear modulus; this contrasts e.g....
s, liquid

Liquid

Liquid is one of the principal states of matter. A liquid is a fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of its bulk material....
s and in-betweens exhibiting for example viscoelastic

Viscoelasticity

Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both Viscosity and Elasticity characteristics when undergoing Deformation. Viscous materials, like honey, resist shear flow and Strain linearly with time when a Stress is applied....
behavior. Furthermore fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion....
, where liquids, gas

Gas

In physics, a gas is a state of matter, consisting of a collection of particles without a definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion....
es, plasma

Plasma (physics)

In physics and chemistry, plasma is a partially ionized gas, in which a certain proportion of electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule....
s and in-betweens like supercritical fluid

Supercritical fluid

A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point . It can Diffusion through solids like a gas, and Solvation materials like a liquid....
s are studied.

Density
Density

The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ....

This refers to particle density

Particle density

The particle density or true density of a particulate solid or powder, is the density of the particles that make up the powder, in contrast to the bulk density, which measures the average density of a large volume of the powder in a specific medium ....
of fluids and compact(ed) solids like crystals, in contrast to bulk density

Bulk density

Bulk density is a property of powders, granules and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to soil. It is defined as the mass of many particles of the material divided by the total volume they occupy....
of grainy or porous solids.

Aerometer
Aerometer

An aerometer is a Measuring instrument used to measure the weight and density of a gas or liquid. It is a hollow tube, widened at the bottom where a weight is placed ....
liquids
Dasymeter
Dasymeter

A dasymeter is a densimeter used to measure the density of gases....
gases
Hydrometer
Hydrometer

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water....
liquids
Pycnometer
Pycnometer

The pycnometer , also called pyknometer or specific gravity bottle, is a flask, usually made of glass, with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus....
liquids
resonant frequency and Damping Analyser (RFDA) solids

For the ranges of density-values see: Orders of magnitude (density)

Orders of magnitude (density)

NotesExternal links...

Hardness of a solid

Durometer

Shape and surface of a solid

Holographic interferometer
Holographic interferometry

Holographic interferometry is a technique which enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision ....
Laser
Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process called stimulated emission. The term laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation....
produced speckle pattern
Speckle pattern

A speckle pattern is a random intensity pattern produced by the mutual interference of a set of wavefronts. This phenomenon has been investigated by scientists since the time of Isaac Newton, but speckles have come into prominence since the invention of the laser and have now found a variety of applications....
analysed.
resonant frequency and Damping Analyser (RFDA)

Deformation of condensed matter

Strain gauge
Strain gauge

A strain gauge is a device used to measure the Strain of an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an Electrical insulation flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern....
all below

Elasticity
Elasticity

Elasticity may refer to:*Elasticity , continuum mechanics of bodies which deform reversibly under stressVarious uses are derived from this physical sense of the term, especially in economics:...
of a solid (Elastic moduli)

resonant frequency and Damping Analyser (RFDA), using the impulse excitation technique
Impulse excitation technique

PracticalThe impulse excitation technique is a nondestructive test method that uses natural frequency, dimensions and mass of a test-piece to determine Young's modulus, Shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and damping coefficient....
: A small mechanical impulse causes the sample to vibrate. The vibration depends on elastic properties, density, geometry and inner structures (lattice or fissures).

Plasticity
Plasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces....
of a solid

Cam plastometer
Cam plastometer

The cam plastometer is a mechanical testing machine. It measures the resistance of non-brittle materials to compressive deformation at constant true-strain rates....
Plastometer
Plastometer

A plastometer is a tool used to determine the flow properties of plastic materials....

Tensile strength
Tensile strength

Tensile strength , or is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms. Tensile strength is an Intensive and extensive properties and, consequently, does not depend on the size of the test specimen....
, Ductility
Ductility

Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed deformation without fracture.In material science, ductility specifically refers to a material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire....
or Malleability of a solid

Universal Testing Machine
Universal Testing Machine

File:Zwick_All_Round.jpgA Universal Testing Machine otherwise known as a materials testing machine/ test frame is used to test the tensile stress and compressive stress properties of materials....

Granularity
Granularity

Granularity is the extent to which a system is broken down into small parts, either the system itself or its description or observation. It is the "extent to which a larger entity is subdivided....
of a solid or a suspension
Suspension (chemistry)

In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be larger than 1 micrometre....

Grindometer
Grindometer

A Grindometer is a device used to measure the particle size of a suspension , typically inks such as those used in printing. It consists of a steel block with a channel of varying depth machined into it, starting at a convenient depth for the type of suspension to be measured, and becoming shallower until it ends flush with the block's surfa...

Viscosity
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the Drag of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness"....
of a fluid

Rheometer
Rheometer

Today, a rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a liquid, suspension or slurry flows in response to applied forces. It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscometer....
Viscometer
Viscometer

A viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used....

Deformation of gas
Gas

In physics, a gas is a state of matter, consisting of a collection of particles without a definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion....
, Compressibility factor
Compressibility factor

The compressibility factor is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for the real gas behaviour. In general, deviations from ideal behavior become more significant the closer a gas is to a phase change, the lower the temperature or the larger the pressure....

Optical activity

Polarimeter
Polarimetry

Polarimetry is the measurement and interpretation of the polarization of transverse waves, most notably electromagnetic waves, such as radio or light waves....

Surface tension
Surface tension

Surface tension is an attractive property of the surface of a liquid. It is what causes the surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface, such as that of another portion of liquid ....
of liquids

Tensiometer
Tensiometer

A tensiometer is a device used to determine matric water potential in the vadose zone. The tensiometer consists of a glass or plastic tube with a porous ceramic cup, and is filled with water....

Imaging technology
Imaging technology

Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...

Tomograph
Tomography

Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning. A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram....
, device and method for non-destructive analysis of multiple measurements done on a geometric object, for producing 2- or 3-dimensional images, representing the inner structure of that geometric object.
Wind tunnel
Wind tunnel

A wind tunnel is a research tool developed to assist with studying the effects of air moving over or around solid objects.Ways that wind-speed and flow are measured in wind tunnels:...

This section and the following sections include instruments from the wide field of :Category:Materials science, Materials science

Materials science

Materials science or materials engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering....
.

More on electric properties of Condensed Matter
Condensed Matter

There are at least 2 publications named Condensed Matter....
, Gas
Gas

In physics, a gas is a state of matter, consisting of a collection of particles without a definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion....

Permittivity
Permittivity

Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects, and is affected by a dielectric medium, and is determined by the ability of a material to polarization in response to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material....
, Relative static permittivity, (Dielectric constant
Dielectric constant

The relative static permittivity of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux....
) or Electric susceptibility
Electric susceptibility

The electric susceptibility ?e of a dielectric material is a measure of how easily it polarization density in response to an electric field....

Capacitor
Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a Passive component electronic component consisting of a pair of electrical conductor separated by a dielectric....

Such measurements also allow to access values of molecular dipoles

Dipole

In physics, there are two kinds of dipoles :*An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charge. The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some, usually small, distance....
.

Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic susceptibility

In electromagnetism the magnetic susceptibility is the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field....
or Magnetization
Magnetization

Magnetization is defined as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume. The origin of the magnetic moments responsible for magnetization can be either microscopic electric currents resulting from the motion of electrons in atoms, or the spin of the electrons or the nuclei....

Gouy balance

For other methods see the section in the article about magnetic susceptibility

Magnetic susceptibility

In electromagnetism the magnetic susceptibility is the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field....
.

See also the :Category:Electric and magnetic fields in matter

Substance potential or Chemical potential
Chemical potential

In thermodynamics, physics and chemistry, chemical potential, symbolized by ?, is a term introduced by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs, which he defined as follows:...
or molar Gibbs energy

A reaction transmuting substances, from reactants to product

Product (chemistry)

A product is a substance that forms as a result of a biological- or chemical reaction. While the end product of some chemical reactions may be the result of a relatively rapid reaction, nanoseconds to seconds, chemical equilibrium in complex systems may require years or even centuries to be established....
s, has an overall energy balance which consists of two parts: A balance that accounts for the changed entropy content of the substances. And another one that accounts for the energy freed or taken by that reaction itself, the Gibbs energy change. The sum of reaction energy and energy associated to the change of entropy content is also called enthalpy

Enthalpy

In thermodynamics and chemistry, the enthalpy is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system, which can be used to calculate the heat transfer during a quasistatic process taking place in a closed system thermodynamic system under constant pressure....
. Often the whole enthalpy is carried by entropy and thus measurable calorimetrically. For standard conditions in chemical reactions either molar entropy content and molar Gibbs energy with respect to some chosen zero point are tabulated. Or molar entropy content and molar enthalpy with respect to some chosen zero are tabulated. (See Standard enthalpy change of formation

Standard enthalpy change of formation

The standard enthalpy of formation or "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states ....
and Standard molar entropy

Standard molar entropy

In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol So, and the units joules per mole kelvin ....
)

The substance potential of a redox

Redox

Redox describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number changed.This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane , or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a ser...
reaction

Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
is usually determined electrochemically

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron Electrical conductor and an ionic conductor , and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution....
using reversible cells.

Redox electrode
Redox electrode

A redox electrode is an electrode made from electron-conductive material and characterized by high chemical stability in the solution under test....

See also the article on electrochemistry

Electrochemistry

Sub-microstructural
Microstructure

Microstructure is defined as the structure of a prepared surface or thin foil of material as revealed by a microscope above 25X magnification ....
properties of Condensed Matter
Condensed Matter

There are at least 2 publications named Condensed Matter....
, Gas
Gas

In physics, a gas is a state of matter, consisting of a collection of particles without a definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion....

Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers a range of techniques, the most common being a form of absorption spectroscopy....
Neutron detector
Radio frequency
Radio frequency

Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves....
spectrometers for Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance is the name given to a physical resonance phenomenon involving the observation of specific quantum mechanics magnetism properties of an atomic atomic nucleus in the presence of an applied, external magnetic field....
and for Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance or electron spin resonance spectroscopyis a technique for studying chemical species that have one or more unpaired electrons, such as organic and inorganic free radicals or inorganic chemistry complex possessing a transition metal ion....
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is a Spectroscopy technique used in condensed matter physics and chemistry to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system....

Crystal structure
Crystal structure

In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a motif, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice....

An X-ray tube
X-ray tube

An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that produces X-rays. They are part of X-ray machines. X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, an ionizing radiation with wavelength just shorter than ultraviolet light....
, a sample scattering
Scattering

Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles,are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass....
the X-ray
X-ray

X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequency in the range 30 Hertz to 30 Hertz and energies in the range 120 Electron volt to 120 keV....
s and a photographic plate
Photographic plate

Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a mean of photography. A light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate....
to detect them. This constellation forms the scattering instrument used by X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and scatters into many different directions....
for investigating crystal structures of samples. Amorphous solid
Amorphous solid

An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. . Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form....
s lack a distinct pattern and are identifyable thereby.

Imaging technology
Imaging technology

Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...
, Microscope
Microscope

A microscope is an Laboratory equipment for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy....

electron microscope
Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and create a highly-magnified image....

Transmission electron microscope

Optical microscope
Optical microscope

The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope", is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lens to magnify images of small samples....
uses reflectiveness or refractiveness of light to produce an image.
Scanning acoustic microscope
Scanning acoustic microscope

A Scanning Acoustic Microscope is a device which uses focused sound to investigate, measure, or image an object . It is commonly used in failure analysis and non-destructive evaluation....
Scanning probe microscope
Scanning probe microscopy

Scanning Probe Microscopy is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position....

Atomic Force Microscope
Atomic force microscope

The atomic force microscope or scanning force microscope is a very high-resolution type of Scanning probe microscopy, with demonstrated resolution of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the diffraction limited....
(AFM)
Scanning electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

The scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern....
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM)

X-ray microscope
X-ray microscope

An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects.Unlike visible light, X-rays do not reflect or refract easily, and they are invisible to the human eye....

Rays ("Waves
WAVES

The WAVES were a World War II-era division of the United States Navy that consisted entirely of women. The name of this group is an acronym for "Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service" ; the word "emergency" implied that the acceptance of women was due to the unusual circumstances of the war and that at the end of the war the women...
" and "Particles
Subatomic particle

A subatomic particle is an elementary particle or composite particle particle smaller than an atom. Particle physics and nuclear physics are concerned with the study of these particles, their interactions, and non-atomic QCD matter....
")

Sound
Sound

Sound is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a threshold of hearing to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations....
, compression waves in matter

Laser microphone
Laser microphone

A laser microphone is a surveillance device that uses a laser beam to detect sound vibrations in a distant object. The object is typically inside a room where a conversation is taking place, and can be anything that can vibrate in response to the pressure waves created by noises present in the room....
Seismometer
Seismometer

Seismometers are instruments that measure and record motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, nuclear explosions, and other seismic sources....

Sound pressure
Sound pressure

Sound pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient pressure caused by a sound wave. Sound pressure can be measured using a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water....

microphone
Microphone

A microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or?more recently?mic, is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal....
or hydrophone
Hydrophone

A hydrophone is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to a pressure change....
properly gauged
Shock tube
Shock tube

A shock tube is a device used primarily to study gas phase combustion reactions. Shock tubes can also be used to study aerodynamic flow under a wide range of temperatures and pressures that are difficult to obtain in other types of testing facilities....
Sound level meter
Sound level meter

Sound level meters measure sound pressure level and are commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of almost any noise, but especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise....

Light
Light

Light, or visible light, is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is Visible spectrum to the human eye , or up to 380?750 nm. In the broader field of physics, light is sometimes used to refer to electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not....
and radiation without a rest mass, non-ionizing
Non-ionizing radiation

Non-ionizing radiation or non-ionising radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules — that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule....

Antenna (radio)
Antenna (radio)

An 'antenna' is a transducer designed to transmitter or receive Electromagnetic radiations. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa....
bolometer
Bolometer

A bolometer is a device for measuring the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation. It was invented in 1878 by the American astronomer Samuel Pierpont Langley....
measuring the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation.
camera
Camera

A camera is a device that records images, either as a still photograph or as moving images known as videos or movies. The term comes from the camera obscura , an early mechanism of projecting images where an entire room functioned as a real-time imaging system; the modern camera evolved from the camera obscura....
EMF meter
EMF Meter

EMF meter, Electromagnetic field meter, is a scientific instrument for measuring electromagnetic radiation.There are many different types of EMF meter, but the two largest categories are single axis and tri-axis....
Interferometer used in the wide field of Interferometry
Interferometry

Interferometry is the technique of diagnosing the properties of two or more waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their Superposition principle....
Microwave power meter
Microwave power meter

A microwave power meter is an instrument which measures the electric power occurring at microwave frequency.Usually, a microwave power meter will consist of a measuring head which contains the actual power sensing element connected via a cable to the meter, which reports the power reading....
Photographic plate
Photographic plate

Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a mean of photography. A light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate....
Photomultiplier
Photomultiplier

Photomultiplier tubes , members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible light, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum....
Phototube
Phototube

A phototube is a type of gas filled tube or vacuum tube that is extremely sensitive to light in the ultraviolet, visible light, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum....
Radio telescope
Radio telescope

A radio telescope is a form of Directional antennae radio Antenna used in radio astronomy and in tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes....
Spectrometer
Spectrometer

A spectrograph is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials....
T-ray detectors

(for lux meter see the section about human senses and human body)

See also :Category:Optical devices

Photon polarization
Photon polarization

Photon polarization is the Quantum mechanics description of the Classical physics polarized sinusoidal plane wave electromagnetic wave. Individual photons are completely polarized....

Polarizer
Polarizer

A polarizer is a device that converts an polarization or mixed-polarization beam of electromagnetic waves into a beam with a single polarization state ....

Pressure
Pressure

Pressure is the force per unit area applied to an object in a direction surface normal to the surface. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure....
(current density
Current density

Current density is a measure of the density of flow of a conserved charge . Usually the charge is the electric charge, in which case the associated current density is the electric current per unit area of cross section, but the term current density can also be applied to other conserved quantities....
of linear momentum)

Nichols radiometer
Nichols radiometer

A Nichols radiometer is the apparatus used by Ernest Fox Nichols and Gordon Ferrie Hull in 1901 for the measurement of radiation pressure. It consisted of a pair of small silvered glass mirrors suspended in the manner of a torsion balance by a fine quartz fibre within an enclosure in which the air pressure could be regulated....

radiant flux
Radiant flux

In radiometry, radiant flux or radiant power is the measure of the total Power of electromagnetic radiation . The power may be the total emitted from a source, or the total landing on a particular surface....

The measure of the total power of light emitted.

Integrating sphere
Integrating sphere

An Integrating sphere is an optical component consisting of a hollow cavity with its interior coated for high diffuse reflection reflectivity , having relatively small holes as needed for entrance and exit ports....
for measuring the total radiant flux of a light source

Radiation
Radiation

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy emitted by one body travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body....
with a rest mass, Particle radiation
Particle radiation

Particle radiation is the radiant energy of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles. Particle radiation is referred to as a particle beam if the particles are all moving in the same direction, similar to a light beam....

Cathode Ray
Cathode ray

Cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, i.e. vacuum glass tubes that are equipped with at least two metal electrodes to which a voltage is applied, a cathode or negative electrode and an anode or positive electrode....

Crookes tube
Crookes tube

A Crookes tube is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, invented by British physicist William Crookes and others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, that is electrons, were discovered....
, *Cathode ray tube
Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen....
, a phosphor coated anode

Atom polarization and electron polarization

Stern-Gerlach experiment

Ionizing Radiation
Radiation

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy emitted by one body travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body....

Ionizing radiation includes rays of "particles" as well as rays of "waves". Especially X-ray

X-ray

X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequency in the range 30 Hertz to 30 Hertz and energies in the range 120 Electron volt to 120 keV....
s and Gamma ray

Gamma ray

Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation produced by atom particle interactions, such as electron-positron annihilation or radioactive decay....
s transfer enough energy in non-thermal, (single) collision processes to separate electron(s) from an atom.

particle current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...

Bubble chamber
Bubble chamber

A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheating transparency liquid used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it....
Cloud chamber
Cloud chamber

[Image:Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg|thumb|Cloud chamber with visible tracks from ionizing radiation The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation....
Dosimeter
Dosimeter

A dosimeter is a device used to measure an individual's exposure to a hazardous environment, particularly when the hazard is cumulative over long intervals of time, or one's bio-accumulation....
, a technical device realizes different working principles.
Geiger counter
Geiger counter

A Geiger counter, also called a Geiger-M?ller counter, is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation....
Microchannel plate detector
Microchannel plate detector

A micro-channel plate is a planar component used for detection of particles and impinging radiation . It is closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of electrons via secondary emission....
Photographic plate
Photographic plate

Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a mean of photography. A light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate....
Photostimulable phosphors
Scintillation counter
Scintillation counter

A scintillation counter measures ionizing radiation. The sensor, called a scintillator, consists of a transparent crystal, usually phosphor, plastic , or organic liquid that fluoresces when struck by ionizing radiation....
,Lucas cell
Semiconductor detector
Semiconductor detector

This article is about particle detector. For information about semiconductor detectors in radio, see Diode#Semiconductor_diodes, rectifier, detector and cat's-whisker detector....

Identification and Content

This could include chemical substance

Chemical substance

A chemical substance is a material with a specific Empirical formula. It is a concept that became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate....
s, rays of any kind, elementary particle

Elementary particle

In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a wiktionary:particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller particles....
s, quasiparticle

Quasiparticle

In physics, quasiparticle refers to a group of discrete phenomena whose behaviour is characterised as that of a single particle in a system, coupled with the effect the former has on the latter....
s. Many measurement devices outside this section may be used or at least become part of an identification process. For identification and content concerning chemical substances see also analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials. Unlike other major sub disciplines of chemistry such as inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry, analytical chemistry is not restricted to any particular type of chemical compound or chemical reaction....
especially its List of chemical analysis methods

List of chemical analysis methods

A list of chemical analysis methods with acronyms....
and the List of materials analysis methods

List of materials analysis methods

List of materials analysis methods:*?SR - see Muon spin spectroscopy*? - see Magnetic susceptibility...
.

Substance
Chemical substance

A chemical substance is a material with a specific Empirical formula. It is a concept that became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate....
content in mixtures, Substance identification

Carbon dioxide sensor
chromatographic device
Chromatography

Chromatography is the collective term for a family of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated....
, gas chromatograph separates mixtures of substances. Different velocites of the substance types accomplish the separation.
Colorimeter
Colorimeter

A colorimeter, an instrument used in colorimetry, can refer to one of several related devices.* In scientific fields the word generally refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution....
(measures absorbance
Absorbance

In spectroscopy, the absorbance A is defined as,where is the intensity of light at a specified wavelength ? that has passed through a sample and is the intensity of the light before it enters the sample or incident light intensity....
, and thus concentration
Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given chemical substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent....
)
gas detector
Gas detector

A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gas within an area, usually as part of a system to warn about gases which might be harmful to humans or animals....
Gas detector in combination with mass spectrometer
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample....
,
mass spectrometer
Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique for the determination of the elemental composition of a sample or molecule. It is also used for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds....
identifies the chemical composition of a sample on the basis of the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles.
Nephelometer
Nephelometer

A nephelometer is an instrument for measuring suspension in a liquid or gas colloid. It does so by employing a light beam and a detector set to one side of the source beam....
or turbidimeter
oxygen sensor
Oxygen sensor

An oxygen sensor, or lambda sensor, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen in the gas or liquid being analyzed. It was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH during the late 1960s under supervision by Dr....
(= lambda sond)
Refractometer
Refractometer

Types of refractometers There are four main types of refractometers: traditional handheld refractometers, digital handheld refractometers, laboratory or Abbe refractometers, and inline process refractometers....
, indirectly by determining the refractive index
Refractive index

The refractive index of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light is reduced inside the medium. For example, typical soda-lime glass has a refractive index of 1.5, which means that in glass, light travels at times the speed of light in a vacuum....
of a substance.
Smoke detector
Smoke detector

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke and issues a signal to a fire alarm system, or issues a local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector itself....
Ultracentrifuge
Ultracentrifuge

The ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as 1,000,000 g ....
, separates mixtures of substances. In a force field of a centrifuge, substances of different densities separate.

pH
PH

pH is a measure of the Acid or Base of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the Activity of dissolved hydrogen ions . Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations....
: Concentration
Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given chemical substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent....
of Protons in a Solution

pH meter
PH meter

A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH of a liquid . A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading....
Saturated calomel electrode
Saturated calomel electrode

The Saturated calomel electrode is a reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental Mercury and mercury chloride. The aqueous phase in contact with the mercury and the mercury chloride is a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water....

Humidity
Humidity

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean relative humidity. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in a Air parcel of air to the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor at a prescribed temperature....

Hygrometer
Hygrometer

Hygrometers are instruments used for measuring relative humidity. A simple form of a hygrometer is specifically known as a psychrometer and consists of two thermometers, one of which includes a dry bulb and the other of which includes a bulb that is kept wet to measure wet-bulb temperature....
measures the Density
Density

The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ....
of water in air
Lysimeter
Lysimeter

A lysimeter is a measuring device which can be used to measure the amount of actual evapotranspiration which is released by plants, usually crops or trees....
measures the balance of water in soil

Human senses
Sense

Senses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology , and philosophy of perception....
and human body
Human body

The human body is the entire physical and mental structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs.By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 10 trillion Cell , the basic unit of life....

Sight
Sight

Sight may refer to one of the following:Visual perceptionSight , used to assist aim by guiding the eye*Sight , a 2005 Concert DVD by Keller Williams...

luminuos flux, Photometry
Photometry

Photometry can refer to:Photometry , the science of measurement of visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human visionPhotometry , the measurement of the flux or intensity of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation...

A measure of the perceived power of light, luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity

Eye

Eyes are Organ that detect light, and send signals along the optic nerve to the visual system and other areas of the brain. Complex optical systems with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system....
of the human eye

Eye

Integrating sphere
Integrating sphere

An Integrating sphere is an optical component consisting of a hollow cavity with its interior coated for high diffuse reflection reflectivity , having relatively small holes as needed for entrance and exit ports....
for measuring the total luminuos flux of a light source

illuminance
Illuminance

In photometry , illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the incident light, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human brightness perception....
, Photometry
Photometry

Photometry can refer to:Photometry , the science of measurement of visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human visionPhotometry , the measurement of the flux or intensity of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation...

Densitometer
Densitometer

A densitometer is a Measuring instrument that measures the degree of darkness of a photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface....
Light meter
Light meter

A light meter is a device used to measure the amount of light. In photography, a light meter is often used to determine the proper exposure for a photograph....
Lux meter
Photometer
Photometer

In its widest sense, a photometer is an instrument for measuring Light intensity or optical properties of solutions or surfaces. Photometers are used to measure:...

Hearing
Hearing

Hearing may refer to:* Hearing , the sense by which sound is perceived* Hearing , a person who has hearing within normal parameters* Hearing , a legal proceeding before a court or other decision making body or officer...

Loudness
Loudness

Loudness is the quality of a sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength .Loudness, a subjective measure, is often confused with objective measures of sound pressure such as decibels or sound intensity....
in phon
Phon

The phon was proposed as a physical unit of perception loudness level LN for pure tones by S. S. Stevens. The purpose of the phon scale is to compensate for the effect of frequency on the perceived loudness of tones....

Headphone, loudspeaker
Loudspeaker

A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical transducer that converts an electricity signal processing to sound....
, sound pressure
Sound pressure

Sound pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient pressure caused by a sound wave. Sound pressure can be measured using a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water....
gauged, for measuring an equal-loudness contour
Equal-loudness contour

An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure , over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones....
of a human ear.
Sound level meter
Sound level meter

Sound level meters measure sound pressure level and are commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of almost any noise, but especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise....
calibrated to a equal-loudness contour
Equal-loudness contour

An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure , over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones....
of the human auditory system
Auditory system

The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing ....
behind the human ear.

Taste
Taste

Sorry, no overview for this topic

Smell
Smell

Smell may refer to:* Olfaction, the sense of smell, the ability of humans and other animals to perceive odors* Odor* In programming, a code smell is a symptom in the source code of a program that something is wrong....

Olfactometer
Olfactometer

An olfactometer is a device typically used to measure the keenness of the sense of smell....
, see also the article about olfaction
Olfaction

Olfaction refers to the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and, by analogy, sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates....
.

Touch

Balance and acceleration

Temperature (sense and body)

Body temperature
Normal human body temperature

Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is a concept that depends upon the place in the human body at which the measurement is made....
or Core temperature
Core temperature

#REDIRECT Normal human body temperature...

Medical thermometer
Medical thermometer

Medical thermometers are used for Temperature examination human body temperature, with the tip of the thermometer being inserted either into the mouth , under the underarm , or into the rectum via the anus ....
, see also infrared thermometer
Infrared thermometer

Infrared thermometers measure temperature using blackbody radiation emitted from objects. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers to describe the device?s ability to measure temperature from a distance....

Kinesthetic

Pain
Pain

Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm....

Other internal senses

circulatory system
Circulatory system

The circulatory system is an organ that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis....
(mainly heart
Heart

The heart is a muscle organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods....
and blood vessels for distributing substances fast)

Blood-related parameters are listed in a blood test

Blood test

A blood test is a medical laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick....
.

Electrocardiograph
Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electricity activity of the heart over time produced by an electrocardiograph, usually in a Non-invasive recording via skin electrodes....
records the electrical activity of the heart
Glucose meter
Glucose meter

A glucose meter is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring by people with diabetes mellitus or with proneness to hypoglycemia....
for obtaining the status of blood sugar
Blood sugar

Blood sugar concentration, or glucose level, refers to the amount of glucose present in a mammal's blood. Normally, the blood glucose level is maintained at a Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#Electrolytes_and_Metabolites between about 4 and 6 mM ....
.
Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer

A sphygmomanometer or blood pressure meter is a device used to measure blood pressure, comprising an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure....
, a blood pressure meter used to determine blood pressure
Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as it moves away from the heart through artery and capillary, and toward the heart through veins....
in medicine. See also :Category:Blood tests

respiratory system
Respiratory system

A respiratory system?s function is to allow gas exchange. The space between the alveoli and the capillaries, the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchanged gases vary depending on the organism....
(lung
Lung

The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart....
and airways controlling the breathing process)

Spirometer
Spirometer

A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. It is a precision differential pressure transducer for the measurements of respiration flow rates....

concentration
Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given chemical substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent....
or partial pressure
Partial pressure

In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture....
of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
in the respiratory gases

Capnograph
Capnography

Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases. Its main development has been as a monitoring tool for use during anaesthesia and intensive care....

nervous system
Nervous system

The nervous system is a Neural network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body....
(nerve
Nerve

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of Peripheral nervous system axons . A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons....
s transmitting and processing information electrically)

Electroencephalograph
Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of neurons within the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a short period of time, usually 20-40 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp....
records the electrical activity of the brain

endocrine system
Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, human development , and tissue and also plays a part in determining Mood ....
(hormone
Hormone

Hormones are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism....
s transmitting and processing information chemically)

musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system is an Organ that gives animals the ability to move using the Muscular system and skeletal system. The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body....
(muscle
MUSCLE

MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin....
s and bone
Bone

Bones are rigid organ that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red blood cell and white blood cells and store minerals....
s for movement)

power
Power

Power refers broadly to any ability to cause change or exert control over either things or people, subjects or objects....
, work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
of muscles

Ergometer
Ergometer

Ergometer may refer to:*Exercise machine, equipped with an apparatus for measuring the work performed by exercising*Indoor rower, called an ergometer by rowers...

immune system
Immune system

An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells....
(body's self-protection against microbiological damage)

metabolic system
Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....

Body fat meter
Body fat meter

A body fat meter is a widely available tool used to measure the percentage of body fat. Different meters use various methods to determine the Body fat percentage....

Medical imaging
Medical imaging

Medical imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create s of the human body for clinical purposes or medical science .As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology , radiological sciences, endoscopy, thermography, medical photography and microscopy ....

Computed tomography
Computed tomography

Computed tomography is a medical imaging method employing tomography. Geometry Processing is used to generate a stereoscopy of the inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation....
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging

GaneshMagnetic resonance imaging , or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize the structure and function of the body....
Medical ultrasonography
Medical ultrasonography

Diagnostic sonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize subcutaneous body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology or lesions....
Radiology
Radiology

Radiology is the branch or speciality of medicine that deals with the study and application of imaging technology like x-ray and radiation to diagnosing and treating disease....
Tomograph
Tomography

Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning. A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram....
, device and method for non-destructive analysis of multiple measurements done on a geometric object, for producing 2- or 3-dimensional images, representing the inner structure of that geometric object.

See also: :Category:Physiological instruments and :Category:Medical testing equipment.

Meteorology
Meteorology

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting . Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century....

See also :Category:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment.

Navigation
Navigation

Navigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks....

See also :Category:Navigational equipment and :Category:Navigation.

Astronomy
Astronomy

Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....

Radio antenna
Radiometry

In optics, radiometry is the field that studies the measurement of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. Note that light is also measured using the techniques of photometry_, which deal with brightness as perceived by the human eye, rather than absolute power....
Telescope
Telescope

A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects by the collection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practically functioning telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century....

See also :Category:Astronomical instruments and :Category:Astronomical observatories.

Military
Military

A military is an organization authorized by its nation to use force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or Threat of force ....

Some instruments, such as telescopes and sea navigation instruments, have had military applications for many centuries. However, the role of instruments in military affairs rose exponentially with the development of technology via applied science, which began in the mid-19th century and has continued through the present day. Military instruments as a class draw on most of the categories of instrument described throughout this article, such as navigation, astronomy, optics and imaging, and the kinetics of moving objects. Common abstract themes that unite military instruments are seeing into the distance, seeing in the dark, knowing an object's geographic location, and knowing and controlling a moving object's path and destination.

Uncategorized, specialized, or generalized application

Checkweigher measures precise weight of items in a conveyor line, rejecting under or overweight objects.
Densitometer
Densitometer

A densitometer is a Measuring instrument that measures the degree of darkness of a photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface....
measures light transmission through processed photographic film
Photographic film

Photographic film is a sheet of plastic coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and of the film....
or transparent material or light reflection from a reflective material.
Force platform
Force platform

Force platforms or force plates are measuring instruments that measure the ground reaction forces generated by a body standing on them, in order to quantify balance , gait, and other parameters of biomechanics....
measures ground reaction force
Ground reaction force

In classical mechanics the term ground reaction force refers generically to any force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it. For example, a person standing on the ground exerts a force on it and at the same time an equal and opposite ground reaction force is exerted by the ground on the person....
Gauge (engineering)
Gauge (engineering)

In engineering, a gauge or gage, is used to make measurements. Various types of gauges include:...
A highly precise measurement instrument, also usable to calibrate
Calibration

Calibration is the validation of specific measurement techniques and equipment. At the simplest level, calibration is a comparison between measurements-one of known magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as possible with a second device....
other instruments of the same kind. Often found in conjunction with defining or applying technical standards.
Parking meter
Parking meter

A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time....
measures time a vehicle is parked at a particular spot, usually with a fee.
Postage meter
Postage meter

A postage meter is an mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority; for example, in the United States, the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation, support, and use of postage meters....
measures postage used from a prepaid account.
S meter
S meter

An S meter is an indicator often provided on communications receivers, such as amateur radio receivers or shortwave broadcast receivers. The scale markings are derived from a subjective system of reporting signal strength from S1 to S9 as part of the RST code....
measures the signal strength processed by a communications receiver
Communications receiver

A communications receiver is a type of Receiver used as a component of a radio communication link....
.
Spectroscope is an important tool
Tool

A broad definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other....
used by physicists.
SWR meter
SWR meter

The SWR meter or standing wave ratio meter measures the standing wave ratio in a transmission line. This is an item of radio equipment used to check the quality of the match between the antenna and the transmission line....
check the quality of the match between the antenna
Antenna (radio)

An 'antenna' is a transducer designed to transmitter or receive Electromagnetic radiations. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa....
and the transmission line
Transmission line

A transmission line is the material Transmission medium or structure that forms all or part of a Course from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission....
.
Time-domain reflectometer
Time-domain reflectometer

A time-domain reflectometer is an electronic instrument used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables . It can also be used to locate discontinuities in a connector, printed circuit board , or any other electrical path....
locates faults in metallic cables

Measuring instrument

TimeTimeTime is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....

EnergyEnergyIn physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....

ActionAction (physics)In modern physics, action is an attribute of the development of a physical system over a period of time, namely amount by which the Phase of the wave function has changed....

MechanicsMechanicsMechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical body when subjected to forces or Displacement , and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment....

LengthLengthLength is the long dimension of any object. The length of a thing is the distance between its ends, its linear extent as measured from end to end.... (distance)

VolumeVolumeThe volume of any solid, liquid, plasma, vacuum or theoretical object is how much three-dimensional space it occupies, often quantified numerically....

Mass- or Volume Flow measurementFlow measurementFlow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways....

AccelerationAccelerationFile:Acceleration.JPGFile:Acceleration components.JPGIn physics, and more specifically kinematics, acceleration is the change in velocity over time....

MassMassIn physical science, mass refers to the degree of acceleration a body acquires when subject to a force: bodies with greater mass are accelerated less by the same force....

Linear momentum

Angular momentumAngular momentumIn physics, the angular momentum of a particle about an origin is a vector quantity related to rotation, equal to the mass of the particle multiplied by the cross product of the position vector of the particle with its velocity vector....

TorqueTorqueTorque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis . Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....

OrientationOrientationOrientation may refer to:* Orientation , a function of the mind* Orientation , determining ones location in ones surroundings* Orientation , a 1996 short film produced by the Church of Scientology... in three dimensional space

LevelLevelLevel may refer to:*A floor of a building*A level of a mine, see shaft mining. A level with access to the surface is an adit*Level , a stage of the game...

Direction

electric chargeElectric chargeElectric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields....

electric capacitance

electric inductance

Magnetic FieldMagnetic fieldA magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....

ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsIn physics, thermodynamics is the study of the conversion of heat energy into different forms of energy ; different energy conversions into heat energy; and its relation to macroscopic variables such as temperature, pressure, and volume....

TemperatureTemperatureIn physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....

Imaging technologyImaging technologyImaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...

EntropyEntropyIn many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....

EntropyEntropyIn many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics.... transfer

Entropy content

Entropy production

temperature coefficient of energy or "heat capacity"

specific temperature coefficient of energy or "specific heat"

Coefficient of thermal expansionCoefficient of thermal expansionWhen the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds....

Melting temperatureMelting pointThe melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes states of matter from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium.... (of a solid)

More on Continuum MechanicsContinuum mechanicsContinuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum, e.g., solids and fluids ....

DensityDensityThe density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ....

Hardness of a solid

Shape and surface of a solid

Deformation of condensed matter

ElasticityElasticityElasticity may refer to:*Elasticity , continuum mechanics of bodies which deform reversibly under stressVarious uses are derived from this physical sense of the term, especially in economics:... of a solid (Elastic moduli)

PlasticityPlasticity (physics)In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces.... of a solid

ViscosityViscosityViscosity is a measure of the Drag of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness".... of a fluid

Optical activity

Surface tensionSurface tensionSurface tension is an attractive property of the surface of a liquid. It is what causes the surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface, such as that of another portion of liquid .... of liquids

Imaging technologyImaging technologyImaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...

More on electric properties of Condensed MatterCondensed MatterThere are at least 2 publications named Condensed Matter...., GasGasIn physics, a gas is a state of matter, consisting of a collection of particles without a definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion....

Substance potential or Chemical potentialChemical potentialIn thermodynamics, physics and chemistry, chemical potential, symbolized by ?, is a term introduced by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs, which he defined as follows:... or molar Gibbs energy

Crystal structureCrystal structureIn mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a motif, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice....

SoundSoundSound is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a threshold of hearing to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations...., compression waves in matter

Sound pressureSound pressureSound pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient pressure caused by a sound wave. Sound pressure can be measured using a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water....

Photon polarizationPhoton polarizationPhoton polarization is the Quantum mechanics description of the Classical physics polarized sinusoidal plane wave electromagnetic wave. Individual photons are completely polarized....

radiant fluxRadiant fluxIn radiometry, radiant flux or radiant power is the measure of the total Power of electromagnetic radiation . The power may be the total emitted from a source, or the total landing on a particular surface....

Cathode RayCathode rayCathode rays are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, i.e. vacuum glass tubes that are equipped with at least two metal electrodes to which a voltage is applied, a cathode or negative electrode and an anode or positive electrode....

Atom polarization and electron polarization

Ionizing RadiationRadiationIn physics, radiation describes any process in which energy emitted by one body travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body....

particle currentCurrentCurrent may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...

Identification and Content

SightSightSight may refer to one of the following:*Visual perception*Sight , used to assist aim by guiding the eye*Sight , a 2005 Concert DVD by Keller Williams...

luminuos flux, PhotometryPhotometryPhotometry can refer to:*Photometry , the science of measurement of visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human vision*Photometry , the measurement of the flux or intensity of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation...

HearingHearingHearing may refer to:* Hearing , the sense by which sound is perceived* Hearing , a person who has hearing within normal parameters* Hearing , a legal proceeding before a court or other decision making body or officer...

TasteTasteSorry, no overview for this topic

SmellSmellSmell may refer to:* Olfaction, the sense of smell, the ability of humans and other animals to perceive odors* Odor* In programming, a code smell is a symptom in the source code of a program that something is wrong....

Touch

Balance and acceleration

Temperature (sense and body)

Body temperatureNormal human body temperatureNormal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is a concept that depends upon the place in the human body at which the measurement is made.... or Core temperatureCore temperature#REDIRECT Normal human body temperature...

Kinesthetic

PainPainPain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm....

Other internal senses

immune systemImmune systemAn immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells.... (body's self-protection against microbiological damage)

metabolic systemMetabolismMetabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....

MeteorologyMeteorologyMeteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting . Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century....

NavigationNavigationNavigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks....

AstronomyAstronomyAstronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....

MilitaryMilitaryA military is an organization authorized by its nation to use force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or Threat of force ....

Uncategorized, specialized, or generalized application

See also

Time
Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....

Energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....

Action
Action (physics)

In modern physics, action is an attribute of the development of a physical system over a period of time, namely amount by which the Phase of the wave function has changed....

Mechanics
Mechanics

Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical body when subjected to forces or Displacement , and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment....

Length
Length

Length is the long dimension of any object. The length of a thing is the distance between its ends, its linear extent as measured from end to end....
(distance)

Volume
Volume

The volume of any solid, liquid, plasma, vacuum or theoretical object is how much three-dimensional space it occupies, often quantified numerically....

Mass- or Volume Flow measurement
Flow measurement

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways....

Acceleration
Acceleration

File:Acceleration.JPGFile:Acceleration components.JPGIn physics, and more specifically kinematics, acceleration is the change in velocity over time....

Mass
Mass

In physical science, mass refers to the degree of acceleration a body acquires when subject to a force: bodies with greater mass are accelerated less by the same force....

Angular momentum
Angular momentum

In physics, the angular momentum of a particle about an origin is a vector quantity related to rotation, equal to the mass of the particle multiplied by the cross product of the position vector of the particle with its velocity vector....

Torque
Torque

Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis . Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....

Orientation
Orientation

Orientation may refer to:* Orientation , a function of the mind* Orientation , determining ones location in ones surroundings* Orientation , a 1996 short film produced by the Church of Scientology...
in three dimensional space

Level
Level

Level may refer to:A floor of a buildingA level of a mine, see shaft mining. A level with access to the surface is an adit*Level , a stage of the game...

electric charge
Electric charge

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields....

Magnetic Field
Magnetic field

A magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics

In physics, thermodynamics is the study of the conversion of heat energy into different forms of energy ; different energy conversions into heat energy; and its relation to macroscopic variables such as temperature, pressure, and volume....

Temperature
Temperature

In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....

Imaging technology
Imaging technology

Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...

Entropy
Entropy

In many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....

Entropy
Entropy

In many branches of science, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The concept of entropy is particularly notable as it is applied across physics, information theory and mathematics....
transfer

Coefficient of thermal expansion
Coefficient of thermal expansion

When the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds....

Melting temperature
Melting point

The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes states of matter from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium....
(of a solid)

More on Continuum Mechanics
Continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum, e.g., solids and fluids ....

Density
Density

The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ....

Elasticity
Elasticity

Elasticity may refer to:*Elasticity , continuum mechanics of bodies which deform reversibly under stressVarious uses are derived from this physical sense of the term, especially in economics:...
of a solid (Elastic moduli)

Plasticity
Plasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces....
of a solid

Viscosity
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the Drag of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness"....
of a fluid

Surface tension
Surface tension

Surface tension is an attractive property of the surface of a liquid. It is what causes the surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface, such as that of another portion of liquid ....
of liquids

Imaging technology
Imaging technology

Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve or duplicate images. This can mean several things:*Computer graphics...

More on electric properties of Condensed Matter
Condensed Matter

There are at least 2 publications named Condensed Matter....
, Gas
Gas

In physics, a gas is a state of matter, consisting of a collection of particles without a definite shape or volume that are in more or less random motion....

Substance potential or Chemical potential
Chemical potential

In thermodynamics, physics and chemistry, chemical potential, symbolized by ?, is a term introduced by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs, which he defined as follows:...
or molar Gibbs energy

Crystal structure
Crystal structure

In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a motif, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice....

Sound
Sound

Sound is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a threshold of hearing to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations....
, compression waves in matter

Sound pressure
Sound pressure

Sound pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient pressure caused by a sound wave. Sound pressure can be measured using a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water....

Photon polarization
Photon polarization

Photon polarization is the Quantum mechanics description of the Classical physics polarized sinusoidal plane wave electromagnetic wave. Individual photons are completely polarized....

radiant flux
Radiant flux

In radiometry, radiant flux or radiant power is the measure of the total Power of electromagnetic radiation . The power may be the total emitted from a source, or the total landing on a particular surface....

Cathode Ray
Cathode ray

Cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, i.e. vacuum glass tubes that are equipped with at least two metal electrodes to which a voltage is applied, a cathode or negative electrode and an anode or positive electrode....

Ionizing Radiation
Radiation

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy emitted by one body travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body....

particle current
Current

Current may refer to:* Current affairs* Electric current* Current ** Ocean current* Current , geometrical current in differential topology...

Sight
Sight

Sight may refer to one of the following:Visual perceptionSight , used to assist aim by guiding the eye*Sight , a 2005 Concert DVD by Keller Williams...

luminuos flux, Photometry
Photometry

Photometry can refer to:Photometry , the science of measurement of visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human visionPhotometry , the measurement of the flux or intensity of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation...

Hearing
Hearing

Hearing may refer to:* Hearing , the sense by which sound is perceived* Hearing , a person who has hearing within normal parameters* Hearing , a legal proceeding before a court or other decision making body or officer...

Taste
Taste

Sorry, no overview for this topic

Smell
Smell

Smell may refer to:* Olfaction, the sense of smell, the ability of humans and other animals to perceive odors* Odor* In programming, a code smell is a symptom in the source code of a program that something is wrong....

Body temperature
Normal human body temperature

Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is a concept that depends upon the place in the human body at which the measurement is made....
or Core temperature
Core temperature

#REDIRECT Normal human body temperature...

Pain
Pain

Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm....

immune system
Immune system

An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells....
(body's self-protection against microbiological damage)

metabolic system
Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....

Meteorology
Meteorology

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting . Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century....

Navigation
Navigation

Navigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks....

Astronomy
Astronomy

Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....

Military
Military

A military is an organization authorized by its nation to use force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or Threat of force ....