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Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity

 
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Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
 
 
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Hydro-storage redirects here. For storage of water for other purposes, see Reservoir.
Pumped storage hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric power generation used by some power plants for load balancing
Load balancing (electrical power)

Load balancing refers to the use of various techniques by electrical power stations to store excess electrical power during low demand periods for release as demand rises....
.






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Hydro-storage redirects here. For storage of water for other purposes, see Reservoir.
Pumpstor Racoon Mtn
Pumpspeicherkraftwerk Engl
Pumped storage hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric power generation used by some power plants for load balancing
Load balancing (electrical power)

Load balancing refers to the use of various techniques by electrical power stations to store excess electrical power during low demand periods for release as demand rises....
. The method stores energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost off-peak electric power is used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbine
Turbine

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow. Claude Burdin coined the term from the Latin turbo, or vortex, during an 1828 engineering competition....
s. Although the losses of the pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue
Revenue

In business, revenue or revenues is income that a corporation receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of product to customers....
 by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand
Peak demand

Peak demand is used to refer to a historically high point in the sales record of a particular product . In terms of energy use, peak demand describes a period of strong consumer Supply and demand....
, when electricity prices are highest. Pumped storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage
Grid energy storage

Grid energy storage is used to manage the flow of electricity in a grid . For large-scale load levelling on an interconnected electrical system, electric power generation send low value off-peak excess electricity over the electric power transmission to energy storage that become energy producers when electricity demand is greater....
 now available.

Overview

At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine, generating electricity. Reversible turbine/generator assemblies act as pump and turbine (usually a Francis turbine
Francis turbine

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts....
 design). Some facilities use abandoned mines as the lower reservoir, but many use the height difference between two natural bodies of water or artificial reservoirs. Pure pumped-storage plants just shift the water between reservoirs, but combined pump-storage plants also generate their own electricity like conventional hydroelectric plants
Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water....
 through natural stream-flow. Plants that do not use pumped-storage are referred to as conventional hydroelectric plants; conventional hydroelectric plants that have significant storage capacity may be able to play a similar role in the electrical grid
Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power , a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. A power transmission grid typically connects power plants to multiple Electrical substation near a populated area....
 as pumped storage, by deferring output until needed.

Taking into account evaporation losses from the exposed water surface and conversion losses, approximately 70% to 85% of the electrical energy used to pump the water into the elevated reservoir can be regained. The technique is currently the most cost-effective means of storing large amounts of electrical energy on an operating basis, but capital costs and the presence of appropriate geography are critical decision factors.

The relatively low energy density of pumped storage systems requires either a very large body of water or a large variation in height. For example, 1000 kilogram
Kilogram

The kilogram or kilogrammeThe spelling kilogram is used by the International Committee for Weights and Measures and the U.S....
s of water (1 cubic meter) at the top of a 100 meter tower has a potential energy of about 0.272 kW·h
Watt-hour

The kilowatt hour, also written kilowatt-hour, is a unit of energy.Energy delivered by electric utilities is usually expressed and charged for in kWh....
. The only way to store a significant amount of energy is by having a large body of water located on a hill relatively near, but as high as possible above, a second body of water. In some places this occurs naturally, in others one or both bodies of water have been man-made.

This system may be economical because it flattens out load variations on the power grid, permitting thermal power stations such as coal-fired plants
Fossil fuel power plant

A fossil-fuel power plant is a power stations that burns fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or petroleum to produce electricity.Fossil-fuel power plants are designed on a large scale for continuous operation....
 and nuclear power plants and renewable energy power plants that provide base-load electricity to continue operating at peak efficiency (Base load power plant
Base load power plant

Baseload is the minimum amount of power that a utility or distribution company must make available to its customers, or the amount of power required to meet minimum demands based on reasonable expectations of customer requirements....
s), while reducing the need for "peaking" power plants that use costly fuels. Capital costs for purpose-built hydrostorage are high, however.

Along with energy management, pumped storage systems help control electrical network frequency
Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency.The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency....
 and provide reserve generation. Thermal plants are much less able to respond to sudden changes in electrical demand, potentially causing frequency and voltage
Voltage

Electrical tension is the potential difference between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit, expressed in volts. It is the measurement of the potential for an electric field to cause an electric current in an electrical conductor....
 instability. Pumped storage plants, like other hydroelectric plants, can respond to load changes within seconds.

The first use of pumped storage was in the 1890s in Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
 and Switzerland
Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
. In the 1930s reversible hydroelectric turbines became available. These turbines could operate as both turbine-generators and in reverse as electric motor driven pumps. The latest in large-scale engineering technology are variable speed machines for greater efficiency. These machines generate in synchronisation
Alternator

An alternator is an generator that converts mechanical energy to alternating current electrical energy. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field but linear alternators are occasionally used....
 with the network frequency, but operate asynchronously
Electric motor

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, nearly always by the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors....
 (independent of the network frequency) as motor-pumps.

A new use for pumped storage is to level the fluctuating output of intermittent power sources. The pumped storage absorbs load at times of high output and low demand, while providing additional peak capacity. In certain jurisdictions, electricity prices
Electricity market

In economic terms, electricity is a commodity capable of being bought and sold. An electricity market is a system for effecting the purchase and sale of electricity, using supply and demand to set the price....
 may be close to zero or occasionally negative (Ontario
Ontario

Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
 in early September, 2006), indicating there is more generation than load available to absorb it; although at present this is rarely due to wind
Wind power

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts....
 alone, increased wind generation may increase the likelihood of such occurrences. It is particularly likely that pumped storage will become especially important as a balance for very large scale photovoltaic generation.

In 2000 the United States had 19.5 GW
WATT

WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945....
 of pumped storage capacity, accounting for 2.5% of baseload generating capacity. PHS generated (net) -5.5 GWh of energy because more energy is consumed in pumping than is generated; losses occur due to water evaporation, electric turbine/pump efficiency, and friction.

In 1999 the EU had 32 GW capacity of pumped storage out of a total of 188 GW of hydropower and representing 5.5% of total electrical capacity in the EU.

Potential technologies

The use of underground reservoirs as lower dams has been investigated. Salt mine
Salt mine

A salt mine is an operation involved in the mining of edible salt from rock salt or halite, a type of evaporite deposit. Areas known for their salt mines include Khewra in Pakistan, Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Wieliczka and Bochnia in Poland, Hallstatt and Salzkammergut in Austria, de:Rheinberg#Infrastruktur und Wirtschaft in Germany,...
s could be used, although ongoing and unwanted dissolution of salt could be a problem. If they prove affordable, underground systems might greatly expand the number of pumped storage sites. Saturated brine
Brine

File:Kissingen-Solepumpe-1848.JPGFile:Kissingen-Solepumpe-1848-2.JPGBrine is water Saturation or nearly saturated with a Salt .It is used to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat, in a process known as brining ....
 is about 20% denser than fresh water.

A new concept in pumped storage is to utilise wind turbine
Wind turbine

A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill....
s or solar power
Solar power

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been harnessed by humans since ancient history using a range of ever-evolving technologies....
 to drive water pumps directly, in effect an 'Energy Storing Wind or Solar Dam'. This could provide a more efficient process and usefully smooth out the variabilities of energy captured from the wind or sun .

One can use sea water in the dam.

Worldwide list of pumped storage plants


Argentina
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
  • Rio Grande-Cerro Pelado Hydroelectric Complex (1986), 750 MW


Australia
Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
  • Bendeela
    Bendeela hydroelectric pumping station

    Bendeela hydroelectric pumping station is a hydroelectric power station in the Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales, Australia. Bendeela has two 40 Megawatt Turbopump/turbine units, for a total of 80 MW electricity generating capacity....
     (1977), 80 MW
  • Kangaroo Valley
    Kangaroo Valley Hydroelectric Pumping Station

    Kangaroo Valley Hydroelectric Pumping Station is a hydroelectric power station in the Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales, Australia. Kangaroo Valley has two 80 Megawatt Turbopump/turbine units, for a total electricity generating capacity of 160 MW....
     (1977), 160 MW
  • Tumut Three (1973), 1,500 MW
  • Wivenhoe Power Station
    Wivenhoe Power Station, Queensland

    The Wivenhoe Dam has been built across the Brisbane River about 80 kilometres by road from the centre of Brisbane, the capital of the state of Queensland, Australia....
    , 510 MW


Austria
Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
  • Häusling (1988), 360 MW
  • Lünerseewerk (1958), 232 MW
  • Kraftwerksgruppe Fragant, 100 MW
  • Kühtai (1981), 250 MW
  • Malta-Hauptstufe (1979), 730 MW
  • Rodundwerk I (1952), 198 MW
  • Rodundwerk II (1976), 276 MW
  • Roßhag (1972), 231 MW
  • Silz (1981), 500 MW


Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
  • Coo (1979), 1100 MW
  • Plate Taille (1981), 136 MW


Bulgaria
Bulgaria

The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
  • PAVEC Belmeken (197?), 375 MW
  • PAVEC Chaira (1998), 864 MW


Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
  • Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations
    Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations

    Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations are two hydro electric power stations in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. The stations divert water from the Niagara River above the falls which flows back into the lower portion of the river, and together produce up to 1,600 MW....
    , Niagara Falls (1957), 174 MW - reversible Deriaz turbines


China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
  • Guangzhou (2000), 2,400 MW
  • Tianhuangping (2001), 1,800 MW


Croatia
Croatia

Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a Central European country at the crossroads of Pannonian Plain, Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea....
  • CHE Fužine (1957). 4.6 MW
  • RHE Lepenica (1985), 1.14/1.25 MW
  • RHE Velebit (1984), 276/240MW


Czech Republic
Czech Republic

The Czech Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east....
  • Dalešice
    Dalešice Dam

    Dale?ice Dam lies on the Jihlava River in the Czech Republic. It was built between 1970 and 1978 as a water source for the nearby Dukovany Nuclear Power Station....
     (1978), 480 MW
  • Dlouhé Stráne (1996), 650 MW
  • Štechovice
    Štechovice Reservoir

    ?techovice Reservoir is a dam on Vltava River built during 1937 - 1945 as the second stage of the Vltava Cascade. The dam is named after nearby village ?techovice....
     (1947), 45 MW


France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  • Grand Maison (1997), 1,070 MW
  • La Coche (1976), 285 MW
  • Le Cheylas (1979), 485 MW
  • Montézic (1983), 920 MW
  • Rance
    Rance tidal power plant

    The Rance tidal power plant was opened on the 26th November 1966 and is the world's first electricity generation station powered by tidal power....
     (1966), 240 MW hybrid pumped water-tidal
    Tidal power

    Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power....
     plant
  • Revin (1976), 800 MW
  • Super Bissorte (1978), 720 MW


Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
  • Erzhausen (1964), 220 MW
  • Geesthacht
    Geesthacht

    Geesthacht is the largest city in the Lauenburg in Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany, 34 km southeast of Hamburg on the banks of the River Elbe....
     (Hamburg) (1958), 120 MW
  • Goldisthal (2002), 1,060 MW
  • Happurg (1958), 160 MW
  • Hohenwarte II (1966), 320 MW
  • Koepchenwerk (1989), 153 MW
  • Langenprozelten (1976), 160 MW
  • Markersbach (1981), 1,050 MW
  • Niederwartha, Dresden (1958), 120 MW
  • Waldeck II (1973), 440 MW


India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
  • Bhira, Maharashtra, 150 MW
  • Kadamparai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 400 MW (4 x 100 MW)
  • Nagarjuna Sagar PH, Andhra Pradesh, 810 MW (1 x 110 MW + 7 x 100 MW)
  • Purulia Pumped Storage Project, Ayodhya Hills, Purulia, West Bengal, 900 MW
  • Srisailam Left Bank PH, Andhra Pradesh, 900 MW (6 x 150 MW)
  • Tehri Dam, Uttranchal , 1,000 MW


Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
  • Siah Bisheh, Iran
    Iran

    Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
     (1996), 1,140 MW


Ireland
Ireland

Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
  • Turlough Hill
    Turlough Hill

    Turlough Hill is the location of Ireland's only pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant, it is situated in the Wicklow Mountains at a mountain pass known as the Wicklow Gap on the R756 road regional road....
     (1974), 292 MW


Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
  • Chiotas (1981), 1,184 MW
  • Lago Delio (1971), 1,040 MW
  • Piastra Edolo (1982), 1,020 MW
  • Presenzano (1992), 1,000 MW


Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  • Imaichi (1991), 1,050 MW
  • Kannagawa (2005), 2,700 MW
  • Kazunogawa (2001), 1,600 MW
  • Kisenyama, 466 MW
  • Matanoagawa (1999), 1,200 MW
  • Midono, 122 MW
  • Niikappu, 200 MW
  • Okawachi (1995), 1,280 MW
  • Okutataragi (1998), 1,932 MW
  • Okuyoshino, 1,206 MW
  • Shin-Takasegawa, 1,280 MW
  • Shiobara, 900 MW
  • Takami, 200 MW
  • Tamahara (1986), 1,200 MW
  • Yagisawa, 240 MW
  • , Okinawa (1999), 30 MW (First high-head seawater pumped storage in the world)


Lithuania
Lithuania

Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest....
  • Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant
    Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant

    Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant is located near Kruonis, Lithuania. Its main purpose is to provide a spinning reserve of the power system, to regulate the load curve of the power system 24 hours a day....
     (1993), 900 MW installed, 1,600 MW designed


Luxembourg
Luxembourg

Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a small landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany....
  • Vianden (1964), 1,100 MW


Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
 Note: Norway has many large hydroelectric power stations. At some of the locations listed below, no power is generated: the pumps move water up to reservoirs feeding conventional hydroelectric power stations.

;Aust-Agder
Aust-Agder

is a Counties of Norway in Norway, bordering Telemark, Rogaland and Vest-Agder. In 2002 there were 102,945 inhabitants, which is 2.2% of the total population in Norway....
  • Breive, Bykle
    Bykle

    Bykle is a municipalities of Norway in Aust-Agder counties of Norway, Norway. It is located in the Districts of Norway of Setesdal. Bykle was established when it was separated from the municipality of Valle, Norway on 1 January 1902....
  • Skarje, Bykle
    Bykle

    Bykle is a municipalities of Norway in Aust-Agder counties of Norway, Norway. It is located in the Districts of Norway of Setesdal. Bykle was established when it was separated from the municipality of Valle, Norway on 1 January 1902....


;Hordaland
Hordaland

is a Counties of Norway in Norway, bordering Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland. Hordaland is the third largest county after Akershus and Oslo by population....
  • Aurland III (1979), 270 MW
  • Jukla, 40 MW
  • Kastdalen
  • Nygard, Modalen
    Modalen

    Modalen is a municipality in the county of Hordaland, Norway. Modalen was separated from Hosanger on 1 January 1910. The middle part of Eksingedalen was transferred from Modalen to Vaksdal on 1 January 1964....
  • Skjeggedal


;Mřre og Romsdal
Mřre og Romsdal

is a Counties of Norway in the northernmost part of Western Norway Norway. It borders the counties of S?r-Tr?ndelag, Oppland and Sogn og Fjordane. The county administration is located in Molde, while ?lesund is the largest city....
  • Mardal
  • Monge


;Nordland
Nordland

is a Counties of Norway in Norway, bordering Troms in the north, Nord-Tr?ndelag in the south, Norrbottens l?n in Sweden to the east, V?sterbottens l?n to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west....
  • Tverrvatn


;Rogaland
Rogaland

is a Counties of Norway in Norway, bordering Hordaland, Telemark, Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder. It is the center of the Norwegian petroleum-industry, and as a result of this, Rogaland has the lowest unemployment rate of any county in Norway, 1.1%....
  • Duge
  • Hjorteland
  • Hunnevatn
  • Saurdal, 640 MW
  • Střlsdal, 17 MW


Philippines
Philippines

The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
  • CBK, 700 MW


Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
  • Dychów, 79.5 MW
  • Niedzica, 92.6 MW
  • Porabka-Zar, 500 MW
  • Solina, 200 MW
  • Zarnowiec, 716 MW
  • Zydowo, 150 MW


Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
  • Aguieira, 270 MW
  • Alqueva, 260 MW
  • Alto Rabagăo, 72 MW
  • Torrăo, 144 MW
  • Vilarinho II, 74 MW


Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  • Kuban (1968), 15.9/19.2 MW
  • Zagorsk (1994), 1,200/1,320 MW
  • Zelenchuk (under construction), 140/150.6 MW


Serbia
Serbia

Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country in Central Europe and Balkans Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central part of the Balkans....
  • Bajina Basta (1982), 614 MW


Slovakia
Slovakia

Slovakia . It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements....
 
  • Cierny Váh, 735.16 MW
  • Liptovská Mara, 198 MW
  • Ružín, 60 MW
  • Dobšiná, 24 MW


Slovenia
Slovenia

Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north....
  • Avce, 180 MW


South Africa
South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
 
  • Drakensberg
    Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme

    Construction on the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme started in 1974 and was completed by 1981.Four dams in involved in the scheme; the Driekkloof Dam , the Kilburn Dam, the Woodstock Dam and the Spioenkop Dam....
     (1983), 1,000 MW
  • Palmiet
    Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme

    The Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme consists of two 200MW turbine units located 2km upstream of the Kogelberg Dam wall on the Palmiet River near Cape Town, South Africa....
    , 400 MW
  • Steenbras
    Steenbras Dam

    The Steenbras Dam is a dam in the Hottentots-Holland mountains near Cape Town in South Africa. It is one of the city's water supplies. The Steenbras Pumped-storage hydroelectricity scheme was opened in 1979 to supplement the city's electricity supply during peak demand periods....
     (1979), 180 MW
  • Ingula (under construction), 1,332 MW


Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Aguayo (Cantabria), 339 MW
  • Aldeadavila (Salamanca), 422 MW (2 X 211 MW)
  • Moralets-Llauset (Lleida/Huesca), 210 MW
  • La Muela (Valencia), 628 MW
  • Sallente-Estany Gento (Lleida), 451 MW
  • Tajo de la Encantada (Málaga), 360 MW
  • Tavascan-Montmara (Lleida), 52 MW
  • Villarino (Salamanca), 810 MW (6 X 135 MW)


Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
  • Juktan, 334 MW


Switzerland
Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
  • Cleuson-Dixence VS, Lac des Dix, 2,099 MW (turbine)
  • Guttannen BE / Grimsel 2 (Kraftwerke Oberhasli), Grimselsee, 1070 MW (turbine)
  • Peccia, Cavergno, Verbano, Bavona, Altstafel, Robiei TI (Maggia Kraftwerke AG), 620 MW (turbine)
  • Hongrin VD, Lac de l'Hongrin, 240 MW installed, 420 MW planned
  • Mapragg SG, Stausee Mapragg (Kraftwerke Sarganserland), 370 MW (turbine)
  • Linthal GL, Linth-Limmern, 340 MW turbine installed; 1000 MW planned pump and turbine by 2015
  • Altendorf SZ / Einsiedeln, Sihlsee, 340 cubic meters per second
  • Lobbia GR (EW der Stadt Zürich), 37 MW (pump)
  • Ova Spin GR (Engadiner Kraftwerke AG), 47 MW (pump)
  • Ferrera GR, Valle di Lei, 82 MW (pump)


Taiwan
Taiwan

Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
  • Minghu (1985) 1,000 MW
  • Mingtan (1994) 1,620 MW


Ukraine
Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
  • Dniestr HPSP, 972 MW installed, 2,268 MW planned
  • Kaniv HPSP (design stage), 1800 MW
  • Kyiv HPSP, 235.5 MW
  • Tashlyk HPSP, 905 MW/-1325 MW


United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
  • Ben Cruachan
    Ben Cruachan

    Ben Cruachan is a 1126 m mountain that is the highest point in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It gives its name to a Pumped-storage hydroelectricity power station located in a cavern inside the mountain....
    , Scotland
    Scotland

    conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
     (1965), 440 MW (2 × 120 MW + 2 × 100 MW units)
  • Dinorwig
    Dinorwig power station

    Dinorwig power station is a 1728 Megawatt pumped-storage hydroelectricity scheme, near Dinorwig, in the Pass of Llanberis on the edge of the Snowdonia national park in Gwynedd, north Wales....
    , Wales
    Wales

    native_name = Cymru|conventional_long_name = Wales|common_name = Wales|image_flag = Flag of Wales 2.svg|national_motto = ...
     (1984), 1728 MW (6 × 288 MW units)
  • Foyers
    Falls of Foyers

    The Fall of Foyers is a waterfall on the River Foyers, which feeds Loch Ness, in Highland , Scotland.The waterfall has "a fine cascade", having a fall of 165 feet....
    , Scotland
    Scotland

    conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
     (1975), 305 MW
  • Ffestiniog
    Ffestiniog power station

    Ffestiniog power station is a 360 MW pumped-storage hydroelectricity scheme, near Ffestiniog, in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. The power station at the lower reservoir has four water turbines, which can generate 360 watt of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising....
    , Wales
    Wales

    native_name = Cymru|conventional_long_name = Wales|common_name = Wales|image_flag = Flag of Wales 2.svg|national_motto = ...
     (1963), 360 MW (4 × 90 MW units)


United States

; California
  • Castaic Dam
    Castaic Dam

    Castaic Dam is a dam near the city of Castaic, California. It is an earth-fill dam, though its surfaces are covered with boulders and cobble-sized rocks to prevent erosion....
     (1978), 1,566 MW
  • Edward C. Hyatt (1968), 780 MW
  • Helms (1984), 1,200 MW
  • Iowa Hill, (Proposed 2010), 400 MW
  • John S. Eastwood (1988), 200 MW
  • Pyramid Lake
    Pyramid Lake (California)

    Pyramid Lake is a lake formed by Pyramid Dam on Piru Creek, near Castaic, California. The 180,000 acre-foot reservoir is in the southern portion of the Los Padres National Forest in the northwest corner of Los Angeles County, California....
     (1973), 1,495 MW
  • San Luis Dam
    San Luis Dam

    San Luis Dam is a dam that creates San Luis Reservoir, which serves as an off-stream reservoir for the California State Water Project. It is also known as the B.F....
     (William R. Gianelli) (1968), 424 MW


;Colorado
  • Cabin Creek (1967), 324 MW
  • Mount Elbert
    Mount Elbert

    Mount Elbert is the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains of North America, at 14,440 feet . It is also the highest of the fourteeners in the US State of Colorado, and the high point of the Sawatch Range....
     200 MW, 1,212 MW


;Connecticut
  • Rocky River (1929), 31 MW


;Georgia
  • Rocky Mountain Pumped Storage Station, 848 MW
  • Wallace Dam, Lake Oconee/Lake Sinclair, 4 x 52 MW reversible units - operated by Georgia Power


;Hawaii
  • Koko Crater, Oahu, Hawaii (Proposed)


;Massachusetts
  • Bear Swamp
    Bear Swamp Generating Station

    Bear Swamp Generating Station is a pumped-storage hydroelectricity underground power station that straddles the Deerfield River in Rowe, Massachusetts and Florida, Massachusetts, Massachusetts....
     (1972), 600 MW
  • Northfield Mountain
    Northfield Mountain

    Northfield Mountain, , is a mountain ridge located in Erving, Massachusetts and Northfield, Massachusetts. long by long, the mountain is composed of several distinct peaks and ledges, most notabily Rattlesnake Mountain , Rose Ledges , and Hermit Mountain ....
     (1972), 1,080 MW


;Michigan
  • Ludington
    Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant

    The Ludington Pumped Storage Plant is a hydroelectricity plant and reservoir in Ludington, Michigan. It was built between 1969 and 1973 at a cost of $315 million and is owned jointly by Consumers Energy and Detroit Edison and operated by Consumers Energy....
     (1973), 1,872 MW


;Missouri
  • Clarence Cannon dam
    Mark Twain Lake

    Mark Twain Lake is located in Ralls County, Missouri and Monroe County, Missouri. It was created by the Clarence Cannon Dam impounding the Salt River and is located about twenty miles southwest of Hannibal, Missouri....
     (1983), 58 MW (pump-back capability tested twice in 1984 and not used since.)
  • Taum Sauk
    Taum Sauk pumped storage plant

    The Taum Sauk pumped storage plant is located in the St. Francois Mountains region of the Missouri Ozarks approximately 90 miles south of St....
    , 450 MW (pure pump-back; out of operation as of December, 2005)


;New Jersey
  • Mt. Hope, 2,000 MW
  • Yards Creek Generating Station (1965), 400 MW


;New York
  • Blenheim-Gilboa
    Blenheim-Gilboa Pumped Storage Power Project

    The Blenheim-Gilboa Pumped Storage Power Project is a pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. The plant is part of the New York Power Authority, and can generate over 1,000,000 kilowatts of electricity, all of which is sent to New York City in the case of a power crisis in the city....
     (1973), 1,200 MW
  • Lewiston Pump-Generating Plant
    Robert Moses Hydro-Electric Dam

    Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant is a hydroelectricity power plant in Lewiston, NY near Niagara Falls, NY. The plant diverts water from Niagara River above Niagara Falls and returns the water into the lower portion of the river near Lake Ontario....
     (Niagara) (1961), 240 MW


;Oklahoma
  • Salina Pumped Storage (Grand River Dam Authority) (1971), 260MW


;Pennsylvania
  • Muddy Run
    Muddy Run Pumped Storage Facility

    Muddy Run Pumped Storage Facility is a Pumped-storage hydroelectricity generation facility in Drumore Township, Pennsylvania, USA. When completed in 1968, Muddy Run was the largest pumped-storage facility in the world....
    , 1,071 MW
  • Seneca
    Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station

    The Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station is a hydroelectric power plant using pumped storage of water to generate electric power. It is located near Warren, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania in Warren County, Pennsylvania....
    , 435 MW


;South Carolina
South Carolina

South Carolina is a U.S. state in the Southern United States of the United States. It borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north....
  • Fairfield Pumped Storage (1978), 512MW - fed by Lake Monticello Reservoir
    Monticello Reservoir

    Monticello is a lake in the U.S. state of South Carolina, built to provide water for the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station. It is located in Jenkinsville, South Carolina....
  • Bad Creek (1991), 1,065 MW - fed by Lake Jocassee
  • Lake Jocassee
    Lake Jocassee

    Lake Jocassee is a , deep lake located in northwest South Carolina created by the state in partnership with Duke Power in 1973. The clean and cold Appalachian mountain rivers that feed the lake keep its waters cool year-round....
     (1973), 610 MW


;Tennessee
  • Raccoon Mountain
    Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant

    Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant is a pumped-storage hydroelectricity hydroelectricity underground power station power station in Marion County, Tennessee, just west of Chattanooga, Tennessee in the U.S....
     (1978), 1,530 MW


;Virginia
  • Bath County
    Bath County Pumped Storage Station

    The Bath County Pumped Storage Station is a Pumped storage hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity power plant. The station is located in the northern corner of Bath County, Virginia, on the southeast side of the Eastern Continental Divide, which forms this section of the border between Virginia and West Virginia....
    , 2,710 MW (Worlds Largest)
  • Smith Mountain Lake
    Smith Mountain Lake

    Smith Mountain Lake is a large artificial lake in the Roanoke Region of Virginia, located southeast of the City of Roanoke and southwest of Lynchburg, Virginia....
     and Leesville Lake
    Leesville Lake

    Leesville Lake is an artificial lake in Virginia, the United States used for Hydro-Electric power generation in conjunction with Smith Mountain Lake as a pump storage project....


;Washington
  • Grand Coulee Dam
    Grand Coulee Dam

    Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. In the United States, it is the largest electric power producing facility and the largest concrete structure....
     (1981), 314 MW


See also

  • List of energy topics
    List of energy topics

    This is a list of energy topics which identifies articles and categories that relate to energy in general. Energy refers to "the ability to do work"....
  • Francis turbine
    Francis turbine

    The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts....
  • Grid energy storage
    Grid energy storage

    Grid energy storage is used to manage the flow of electricity in a grid . For large-scale load levelling on an interconnected electrical system, electric power generation send low value off-peak excess electricity over the electric power transmission to energy storage that become energy producers when electricity demand is greater....
  • Hydroelectricity
    Hydroelectricity

    Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water....
  • Hydropower
    Hydropower

    Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of moving water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes....
  • Kaplan turbine
    Kaplan turbine

    The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine that has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan....
  • Underground power station
    Underground power station

    An underground power station is a type of hydroelectric power station constructed by excavating the major components from rock, rather than the more common surface-based construction methods....
  • Turbine
    Turbine

    A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow. Claude Burdin coined the term from the Latin turbo, or vortex, during an 1828 engineering competition....
  • Water turbine
    Water turbine

    A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids....


External links

  • Articles about from ASME: