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A closed system
Closed system

A closed system is a system in the state of being isolated from its surrounding. It is often used to refer to a theoretical system where perfect closure is an assumption, however in practice no system can be completely closed; there are only varying degrees of closure....
 is a system
System

System is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole.The concept of an "integrated whole" can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the se...
 in the state of being isolated from its surrounding. It is often used to refer to a theoretical system where perfect closure is an assumption, however in practice no system can be completely closed; there are only varying degrees of closure.

In physics
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
, a closed system can exchange heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 and work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
 (aka energy), but not matter
Matter

In common usage, matter is anything that has both mass and volume . A more rigorous definition is used in science: matter is what atoms and molecules are made of....
, with its surroundings. In contrast an isolated system
Isolated system

In the natural sciences an isolated system, as contrasted with a Open system , is a physical system that does not interaction with its surroundings....
 can exchange neither heat nor matter with the surroundings.






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A closed system
Closed system

A closed system is a system in the state of being isolated from its surrounding. It is often used to refer to a theoretical system where perfect closure is an assumption, however in practice no system can be completely closed; there are only varying degrees of closure....
 is a system
System

System is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole.The concept of an "integrated whole" can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the se...
 in the state of being isolated from its surrounding. It is often used to refer to a theoretical system where perfect closure is an assumption, however in practice no system can be completely closed; there are only varying degrees of closure.

In physics
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
, a closed system can exchange heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 and work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
 (aka energy), but not matter
Matter

In common usage, matter is anything that has both mass and volume . A more rigorous definition is used in science: matter is what atoms and molecules are made of....
, with its surroundings. In contrast an isolated system
Isolated system

In the natural sciences an isolated system, as contrasted with a Open system , is a physical system that does not interaction with its surroundings....
 can exchange neither heat nor matter with the surroundings. For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule), this amounts to a constant number of particles. However, for systems which are undergoing a chemical reaction
Chemical equilibrium

In a chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the Activity or concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time....
, there may be all sorts of molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process. In this case, the fact that the system is closed is expressed by saying that the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. Mathematically:

where is the number of j-type molecules, is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and bi0 is the total number of atoms of element i in the system, which remains constant, since the system is closed. There will be one such equation for each different element in the system.

See also

  • Glossary of systems theory
    Glossary of systems theory

    A glossary of terms as relating to systems theory....
  • Dynamical system
    Dynamical system

    The dynamical system concept is a mathematics formalization for any fixed "rule" which describes the time dependence of a point's position in its ambient space....
  • Isolated system
    Isolated system

    In the natural sciences an isolated system, as contrasted with a Open system , is a physical system that does not interaction with its surroundings....
  • Open system (systems theory)
  • Thermodynamic system
    Thermodynamic system

    In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system, originally called a working substance, is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration....