Sindh (
SindhīSindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by 24,410,910 people in Pakistan, and is also spoken in India by 2,535,485 speakers. It is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It is also an official language of India...
: سنڌ, ), is one of the four
provincesPakistan is subdivided into four provinces, two federally administered areas and a federal capital territory. The provinces are subdivided into more than a hundred Zillahs, or districts and further subdivided into Tehsils...
of
PakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia...
and historically is home to the
SindhisSindhis are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating from Sindh, a province of Pakistan. Today Sindhis that live in Pakistan belong to various religious denominations including Muslim, Zorastrian, Hindus and Christians...
. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including
UrduUrdu is a Central Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. It is one of the two official languages of Pakistan. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of five Indian states...
-speaking
Muslim:A Muslim , , is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form is Muslimah . Literally, the word means "one who submits ". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. Muslims believe that there is only one God, translated in Arabic as Allah...
refugees who migrated to
PakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia...
from
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
upon independence as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. The neighbouring regions of Sindh are
BalochistanBalochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by geographical area, constituting approximately 48% of the total area of Pakistan. At the 1998 census, Balochistan had a population of roughly 6.5 million. Its neighbouring regions are Iran to the west, Afghanistan and the North West Frontier...
to the west and north,
PunjabThe Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the country's most populous region with about 45% of Pakistan's total population. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups...
to the north,
GujaratGujarat is the westernmost state in India. It is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India...
and
RajasthanRājasthān is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert , which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan...
to the southeast and east, and the
Arabian SeaThe Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia, Socotra, Kanyakumari in India, and the western coast...
to the south. The main language is
SindhiSindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by 24,410,910 people in Pakistan, and is also spoken in India by 2,535,485 speakers. It is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It is also an official language of India...
. The name is derived from Sanskrit (सिंध), and was known to the Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) as Sinda, the Persians as Abisind, the
GreeksThe Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in diaspora communities around the world....
as Sinthus, the
RomansAncient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea, it became one of the largest empires in the ancient world....
as Sindus, the
ChineseChina is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
as Sintow, while the Arabs dubbed it
Al-Sind.
Origin of the name
The province of Sindh and the people inhabiting the region had been designated after the river known in Ancient times as the
Sindhus River, now also known by Indus River. In
SanskritSanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. It is also declared as a classical language by the government of India....
,
síndhu means "river, stream". However, the importance of the river and close phonetical resemblance in nomenclature would make one consider
síndhu as the probable origin of the name of Sindh. The
GreeksThe Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in diaspora communities around the world....
who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of
Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon, popularly known as Alexander the Great , was an Ancient Greek king of Macedon who created one of the largest empires in ancient history...
rendered it as
Indós, hence the modern
Indus, when the
BritishThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
conquered South Asia, they expanded the term and applied the name to the entire region of South Asia and called it
India.
Prehistoric period
The
Indus Valley civilizationThe Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent and flourished around the Indus river basin....
is the farthest visible outpost of archaeology in the abyss of prehistoric times. The prehistoric site of
Kot DijiThe ancient site at Kot Diji was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground , and outer area...
in Sindh has furnished information of high significance for the reconstruction of a connected story which pushes back the history of
South AsiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
by at least another 300 years, from about 2500 BC. Evidence of a new element of pre-Harappan culture has been traced here. When the primitive village communities in
BalochistanBalochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by geographical area, constituting approximately 48% of the total area of Pakistan. At the 1998 census, Balochistan had a population of roughly 6.5 million. Its neighbouring regions are Iran to the west, Afghanistan and the North West Frontier...
were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji one of the most developed urban civilization of the ancient world that flourished between the year 25th century BC and 1500 BC in the Indus valley sites of Moenjodaro and
HarappaHarappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village is located near the former course of the Ravi River, some southeast of the site....
. The people were endowed with a high standard of art and craftsmanship and well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which despite ceaseless efforts still remains un-deciphered. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned Moenjodaro and Harappa towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public-baths and the covered drainage system envisage the life of a community living happily in an organized manner.
This civilisation is now identified as a possible pre-Aryan civilisation and most probably an indigenous civilization which was met its downfall around the year 1700BC. The downfall of the Indus Valley Civilization is still a hotly debated topic, and was probably caused by a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River.
Sindh is mention in
MahabharataThe Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . The epic is part of the Hindu itihāsa , and forms an important part of Hindu mythology....
as
SindhudeshSindhudesh is a concept floated around by Sindhi nationalists in Pakistan, for the creation of a Sindhi state. It was conceived by senior Sindhi political leader G. M. Syed...
and its ruler was
JayadrathaIn the epic Mahābhārata, Jayadratha is the king of Sindhu Kingdom . He is married to Dushala, the sister of the Kaurava brothers.-Boon from Shiva:...
. He was married with
DuryodhanaIn the Hindu epic the Mahābhārata, Duryodhana is the eldest son of the blind king Dhritarashtra by Queen Gandhari, the eldest of the one hundred Kaurava brothers, and the chief antagonist of the Pandavas. He was an avatar of the demon Kali who had possessed the soul of Nala, forcing him to gamble...
sister Dushala. He was killed by Arjun during war as the revenge of the death of
AbhimanyuAbhimanyu )is a tragic hero in the Hindu epic, the Mahābhārata. He is the son of Arjuna and Subhadra, the half-sister of Lord Krishna. He is an unparalleled archer and is considered to be greater than his father in prowess with the bow and arrow...
.
Geography
Sindh is located on the western corner of
South AsiaSouth Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east...
, bordering the
Iranian plateauThe Iranian plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a geological formation in Southwest Asia and Southern Asia. It is the part of the Eurasian Plate wedged between the Arabian and Indian plates, situated between the Zagros mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Kopet Dag to the north,...
in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 km² (54,407
mi²The square mile is an imperial and US unit of measure for an area equal to the area of a square of one statute mile.
) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the
Thar DesertThe Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. With an area of more than 200,000 km2., it is world's 7th largest desert and also Asia's 3rd largest desert...
to the east, the
Kirthar MountainsKirthar Mountains are a Mountain Range located in Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. The Range extends southward for about 190 miles from the Mula River in east-central Balochistan to Cape Muari west of Karachi on the Arabian Sea....
to the west, and the
Arabian SeaThe Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia, Socotra, Kanyakumari in India, and the western coast...
in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the
Indus riverThe Indus River is the longest river in...
.
Climate
A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °
CCelsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death...
(115 °
FFahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit . Today, the scale has been replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries; it is still in use for non-scientific purposes in the United States and a few other nations, such as...
) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °
CCelsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death...
(36 °
FFahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit . Today, the scale has been replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries; it is still in use for non-scientific purposes in the United States and a few other nations, such as...
) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.
- Highest and lowest temperatures
The highest temperature throughout Pakistan are usually recorded in - Shaheed Benazeerabad District (Previously called Nawabshah District) and Sibbi from May to August each year which rises to above 48 °C.
The climate is dry and hot but sometimes falls to 0 degrees Celsius and falls to lower than minus seven in December or January once in a quarter of the century.
Sindh lies between the two monsoons - the southwest monsoon from the
Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by South Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean...
and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by
Himalayan mountainsThe Himalaya Range or Himalayas for short , meaning "abode of snow", is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau...
— and escapes the influence of both. The average rainfall in Sindh is only 15 to 18 cm per year, but the loss during the two seasons is compensated by the Indus, in the form of inundation, caused twice a year by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus.
Climatically, Sindh is divided in three sections -
Siro (upper section centred on
JacobabadJacobabad is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district, the city is subdivided into 8 Union Councils. Jacobabad is located at . The city is crossed by the Pakistan Railways...
),
Wicholo (middle section centred on Hyderabad), and
Lar (lower section centred on
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
). In
Upper SindhUpper Sindh is a town in Sindh province, Pakistan. As suggested by its name, it is located in the upper part of Sindh.-History:More than 2000 years ago the town was at Armor and was relocated in 962. By the 13th century the twin towns of Sukkur and Rohri were damaged due erosion caused by the river...
, the thermal equator passes through Sindh. The highest temperature ever recorded was 53 °
CCelsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death...
(127 °
FFahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit . Today, the scale has been replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries; it is still in use for non-scientific purposes in the United States and a few other nations, such as...
) in 1919. The air is generally very dry. In winter frost is common.
In Central Sindh, average monsoon wind speed is 18 km/hour in June. The temperature is lower than
Upper SindhUpper Sindh is a town in Sindh province, Pakistan. As suggested by its name, it is located in the upper part of Sindh.-History:More than 2000 years ago the town was at Armor and was relocated in 962. By the 13th century the twin towns of Sukkur and Rohri were damaged due erosion caused by the river...
but higher than Lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are summer characteristics. Maximum temperature reaches 43-44 °C (110-112 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the south-western winds in summer and north-eastern winds in winter and with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. The maximum temperature reaches about 35-38 °C (95-100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m7 and higher on the
Gorakh HillGorakh is an Under-Development Hill Station of Sindh, Pakistan. It is situated at an elevation of 5688 Ft. in the Kirthar Mountains Range's Sindh Segment, 93-km north west of Dadu city...
and other peaks in
Dadu DistrictDadu is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan.Dadu district was created in 1933 by the British Indian administration by merging Kotri and Kohistan tehsils from Karachi district and Mehar, Khairpur Nathan Shah, Dadu, Johi and Sehwan tehsils from Larkana district. The population of the district is...
, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief
snow fallSnow is a type of precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes that fall from clouds. Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by external pressure. Snowflakes...
is received in winters.
Demographics and society
| Sindh Demographic Indicators |
| Indicator |
Statistic |
| Urban population |
49.00% |
| Rural population |
51.00% |
| Population growth rate |
2.80% |
| Gender ratio (male per 100 female) |
112.24 |
| Economically active population |
22.75% |
| Historical populations |
| Census |
----
|
|---|
| 1951 |
6,047,748 |
29.23% |
| 1961 |
8,367,065 |
37.85% |
| 1972 |
14,155,909 |
40.44% |
| 1981 |
19,028,666 |
43.31% |
| 1998 |
30,439,893 |
48.75% |
| 2009 |
35,470,648 |
|
The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population 30.4 million, the current population in 2009 is 51,337,129 million using a compound growth in the range of 2% to 2.8% since then. With just under half being urban dwellers, mainly found in
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
, Hyderabad,
SukkurSukkur , or Sakhar , formerly Aror , is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. When Arabs invaded Sukkur in the 8th century, they found an extreme climate , and called it Saqar, which means intense...
, Mirpurkhas,
Nawabshah DistrictShaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The city's airport has a very large runway in Pakistan. The district was renamed in September 2007 when most of MPAs of Nawabshah demanded renaming the district to honour the late party leader...
,
UmerkotUmarkot or Umer Kot, also known as Omarkot, is town in the Umerkot District in Sindh, Pakistan. The city is well connected with the other large cities like Karachi, the provincial capital and Hyderabad.-History:...
and
LarkanaLarkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province, Pakistan, located in Larkana District. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence...
.
SindhiSindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by 24,410,910 people in Pakistan, and is also spoken in India by 2,535,485 speakers. It is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It is also an official language of India...
is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. Going just by language,
SindhiSindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by 24,410,910 people in Pakistan, and is also spoken in India by 2,535,485 speakers. It is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It is also an official language of India...
speakers make up 59.73%; Urdu speakers make up 21.05%;
PunjabiPunjabi or Panjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region ....
6.99 %; Pashto 4.19%;
GujaratiGujarati is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family...
/
MemonMemon an ethnic group tracing their roots largely to Sindh, Kutch and Kathiawar and are sometimes seen as transitional between the two regions. A Sunni Muslim group, Memons predominantly adhere to Hanafi Sunni Islam although some are Maliki. Historically Memons are a mercantile community...
3.0%;
BaluchiBalochi is a Northwestern Iranian language. It is the principal language of the Baloch of Balochistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. It is also spoken as a second language by some Brahui...
2.09 ; Seraiki 1.00% and others (2.31%). Other languages include
KutchiKutchi may refer to:* Kutchi people, an ethnic group in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutchi language, language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutch District, in Gujarat, India* Kuchi nomads of Afghanistan...
(both dialects of Sindhi),
KhowarFor the ethnic group, see Kho people.Khowar , also known as Chitrali, is a Dardic language spoken by 400,000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighbouring Gilgit, and in parts of Upper Swat. Speakers of Khowar have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban...
,
ThariDhatki, also known as Dhati or Thari, is a language of the Rajasthani macrolanguage, of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is most closely related to Marwari.-Speakers:...
,
PersianPersian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq and Bahrain, and has a status of official language in the first three countries under different names...
/
DariDari may refer to:* Dari , the literary Persian language variant of Afghanistan* Dari or Dari Persian, the literary form of Early New Persian...
and
BrahuiBrahui or Brahvi is a language spoken by Brahui people. It is the only Dravidian language exclusively spoken out of India.Brahui is spoken in the southwest region of Pakistan and border regions of Afghanistan and Iran with Pakistan...
Sindh's population is mainly
Muslim:A Muslim , , is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form is Muslimah . Literally, the word means "one who submits ". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. Muslims believe that there is only one God, translated in Arabic as Allah...
(91.32%), but Sindh is also home to nearly all (93%) of Pakistan's Hindus forming 7.5% of the province's population. A large number of the Sindhi Hindus migrated to India at the time of the independence. Smaller groups of
ChristianA Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who Christians believe was the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, and the Son of God.The term "Christian" is also used adjectivally to...
s (0.97%),
AhmadiAhmadi may refer to the following:* A follower of the Ahmadiyya Doctrine within Islam*Ahmadi...
(0.14%); Parsis or
ZoroastrianA Zoroastrian is an adherent to Zoroastrianism, the first monotheistic religion that is based on the teachings and philosophies of Zoroaster....
s,
ArmenianThe Armenians are a nation and ethnic group which originated in the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland. It is estimated that there are 8 million Armenians around the world. There is a large concentration of Armenians in the Caucasus, especially in Armenia, and there is a significant presence in...
,
SikhSikh is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The term has its origin in the Sanskrit term , meaning "disciple, learner" or , meaning "instruction"....
and a Jewish community can also be found in the province.
The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as
SammaatSammaat is the name of the original population of the Sindh province of Pakistan. They are Sindhi Rajput by race, and they are the long dwellers of the region. Sammaat came to Sindh with Aryan immigrants and since then have lived in the region. It is generally accepted that they are the descendants...
, various sub-groups related to the
SeraikiThe Saraiki people or Multani people are an ethnic group from the south-eastern areas of Pakistan, especially in the area of the former princely state of Bahawalpur and the districts of Sukkur, Larkana, Dadu, Sehwan, Sanghar, Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Sindh, Mirpurkhas, Multan,...
or
BalochThe Baloch or Baluch are the majority ethnic inhabitants of the region of Balochistan in the southeast corner of the Iranian plateau in Southwest Asia, including parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan....
origin are found in interior Sindh. Sindhis of Balochi origin make up about 60% of the total population of Sindh, while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up more than 20% of the total population of the province. Also found in the province is a small group claiming descent from early
Muslim:A Muslim , , is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form is Muslimah . Literally, the word means "one who submits ". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. Muslims believe that there is only one God, translated in Arabic as Allah...
settlers including Arabs, and
PersianThe Persian people are the majority ethnic group in Iran. However, there are sub-groups who speak the Persian language as their mother tongue throughout the Iranian plateau. The term Persian has also a supra-ethnic significance and has been historically referred to a part of Iranian peoples...
.
Ancient history
The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at
MehrgarhMehrgarh, one of the most important Neolithic sites in archaeology, lies on what is now the "Kachi plain" of today's Balochistan, Pakistan...
to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the
Indus Valley CivilizationThe Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent and flourished around the Indus river basin....
around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and...
and
MesopotamiaMesopotamia "land between the rivers" is a name for the Tigris–Euphrates region in the eastern Mediterranean, largely corresponding to Iraq, as well as northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern Turkey, and some parts of the Khūzestān Province of southwestern...
in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems.
Sindh was conquered by the Persian
Achaemenid EmpireThe Achaemenid Empire or Persian Empire was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran. The Persian and the Median Empire taken together are also known as the Medo-Persian Empire, succeeding the Neo-Assyrian Empire...
in the sixth century BCE.
In the late 300s BCE, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by
Macedonian GreeksMacedonia or Macedon was an ancient kingdom, centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, bordered by Epirus to the west, Paionia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south...
under
Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon, popularly known as Alexander the Great , was an Ancient Greek king of Macedon who created one of the largest empires in ancient history...
. The region remained under control of Greek satraps only for a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by
ChandraguptaChandragupta may refer to:* Chandragupta Maurya, Indian king, Mauryan Empire, 322–293 BCE* Chandragupta I, Indian king, Gupta Empire, 320-335 CE* Chandragupta II, Also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya. Indian king, Gupta Empire, 375-414 CE...
in 305 BCE. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor
AshokaAshoka , popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests...
, the Buddhist religion spread to Sindh.
Mauryan rule ended in 185 BCE with the overthrow of the last king by the Sunga Dynasty. In the disorders that followed, Greek rule returned when
Demetrius I of BactriaDemetrius I or was a Buddhist Greco-Bactrian king . He was the son of Euthydemus and succeeded him around 200 BC, after which he conquered extensive areas in what now is eastern Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan thus creating an Indo-Greek kingdom far from Hellenistic Greece...
led a Greco-Bactrian invasion of India and annexed most of northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the
Indo-Greek KingdomThe Indo-Greek Kingdom covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries BC, and was ruled by more than 30 Hellenistic kings, often in conflict with each other...
. Under the reign of
Menander IMenander I Soter "The Saviour" was one of the rulers of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in present-day Pakistan from either 165 or 155 BC to 130 BC...
many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism.
In the late 100s BCE, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they seized
SistanSīstān is a border region in eastern Iran and southwestern Afghanistan . Sistan derives its name from 'Sakastan', which Sistan was once the westernmost part of. The Sakas that were once native to Sistan were driven to the Punjab during the Arsacid era...
and invaded India by coming through Sindh, where they became known as
Indo-ScythiansThe Indo-Scythians are a branch of Sakas , who migrated from southern Siberia into Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE...
(later Western Satraps). Subsequently, the
TocharianTocharian may refer to:* Tocharians, an ancient people who inhabited the Tarim Basin in Central Asia* Tocharian languages, two Indo-European languages spoken by those people...
Kushan EmpireThe Kushan Empire of Ancient India originally formed in the territories of ancient Bactria on either side of the middle course of the Oxus River or Amu Darya in what is now northern Afghanistan, and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan...
annexed Sindh by the first century CE. Though the Kushans were
ZoroastrianA Zoroastrian is an adherent to Zoroastrianism, the first monotheistic religion that is based on the teachings and philosophies of Zoroaster....
, they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.
The
Kushan EmpireThe Kushan Empire of Ancient India originally formed in the territories of ancient Bactria on either side of the middle course of the Oxus River or Amu Darya in what is now northern Afghanistan, and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan...
were defeated in the mid 200s CE by the
Sassanid EmpireThe Sassanid Empire or Sasanian Empire, known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr, was the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty who reigned from 224 to 651 CE...
of Persia, who installed vassals known as the
KushanshahsThe Indo-Sassanids, Kushano-Sassanids or Kushanshas were a branch of the Sassanid Persians who established their rule in the northwestern Indian subcontinent during the third and fourth centuries CE at the expense of the declining Kushans. They were in turn displaced in 410 CE by the invasions of...
. These rulers were defeated by the
KidaritesThe Kidarite dynasty of the "Ki" clan originated from the Uar people. As the leaders of the Hara Huna they established a Kingdom in northwestern India during the 4-5
th century...
in the late 300s. By the late 400s, attacks by
HephthaliteThe Hephthalites were a Central Asian nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure. According to Chinese chronicles they were originally a tribe living to the north of the Great Wall and were known as Hoa or Hoa-tun. Elsewhere they were called White Huns...
tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or
Hunas (
HunsThe Huns were a group of nomadic pastoral people who, appearing from beyond the Volga, migrated into Europe c.AD 370 and built up an enormous empire in Europe. They were possibly the descendants of the Xiongnu who had been northern neighbours of China three hundred years before and may be the first...
) broke through the Gupta Empire's North-Western borders and overran much of Northern and Western India. During these upheavals, Sindh became independent under the
Rai DynastyThe Rai Dynasty rulers of Sindh were patrons of Buddhism even though they also established a huge temple of Shiva in present-day Sukkur, derived from original Shankar, close to their capital in Al-ror...
around 478 AD. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632.
Arrival of Islam
In the year 711 Sindh was conquered by
UmayyadThe Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the...
Arabs from
DamascusDamascus is the capital and largest city of Syria. It is the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world and its current population is estimated at about 1,669,000...
, led by the young
Muhammad bin QasimMuhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi was an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus river at the age of seventeen. He was born in the city of Taif...
.
Sindh became the easternmost province of the
UmayyadThe Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the...
CaliphateThe term caliphate refers to the first form of government inspired by Islam. It was initially led by Muhammad's disciples as a continuation of the political authority the prophet established, known as the 'rashidun caliphates'. It represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah, and was the...
Referred to as
Al-Sindh on Arab maps with lands further east known as Hind".
Muslim:A Muslim , , is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form is Muslimah . Literally, the word means "one who submits ". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. Muslims believe that there is only one God, translated in Arabic as Allah...
geographers, historians and travellers such as
al-MasudiAbu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Mas'udi , was an Arab historian and geographer, known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs." He was one of the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar , a world...
, al-Tabari, Baladhuri,
al-Biruni' , often known as Alberuni, Al Beruni or variants, was a Persian polymath scholar of the 11th century....
and Ibn Battutah wrote about or visited the region and also sometimes used the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the
Arabian SeaThe Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia, Socotra, Kanyakumari in India, and the western coast...
to the
Hindu KushThe Hindu Kush is a mountain range stretching between and north-western Pakistan and eastern and central Afghanistan. The highest point in the Hindu Kush is Tirich Mir in the Chitral region of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.It is the westernmost extension of the Pamir Mountains, the...
.
By the twelfth century Sindhi sailors from the port city of
DebalDebal was a an ancientport located near modern Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. In Arabic, it was usually called Daybul...
voyaged to
BasraAl-Baṣrah is the capital of Basra Province, and had an estimated population of 3,800,200 as of 2009. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it is incapable of deep water access, which is handled at the the port of Umm Qasr...
,
BushehrBushehr , pop. 165,377 , is a city on the southwestern coast of Iran, on the Persian Gulf. It is the chief seaport of the country and the administrative centre of Bushehr province. Its location is 28° 59' N, 50° 49' E, about south of Tehran...
, Musqat,
AdenAden is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometres east of Bab-el-Mandeb.Aden's ancient, natural harbour lies in the crater of an extinct volcano which now forms a peninsula, joined to the mainland by a low isthmus. This harbour, Front Bay, was first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 5th and...
,
KilwaKilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the North by the Pwani Region, to the East by the Indian Ocean, to the South by the Lindi Rural District and to the West by the Liwale District....
,
SofalaSofala, at present known as Nova Sofala, used to be the chief seaport of the Monomotapa Kingdom, whose capital was at Mount Fura. It is located on the Sofala Bank in ean]] nearby. Vasco da Gama's companion Tomé Lopes left a narrative which identifies Sofala with the Biblical Ophir and its ancient...
,
MalabarMalabar is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The name is thought to be derived from the Malayalam word Mala and Persian word Bar or Bar from Arabic language....
,
Sri LankaSri Lanka , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia, located about off the southern coast of India...
and
JavaJava is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. Once the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies, Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia...
.
Direct
ArabArab people or Arabs are an ethnic group whose members identify along linguistic, cultural or genealogical grounds...
rule ended with the ascension of the local
SoomroSoomro or Soomra is a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. Today the Soomro clan is settled in parts Sindh and southern Punjab.-Soomra Dynasty:The Soomro Dynasty was established by the Soomra tribe of Sindh. The Soomra ruled Sindh from 1026-1351...
dynastyA dynasty is a succession of people belonging to the same family, who, through various means and forms maintain power, influence or authority over the course of generations. Most commonly the term is used specifically in reference to royal houses and imperial dynasties — their authority manifests...
, and they were the first local Sindhi Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language. The Soomros controlled Sindh directly as vassals the Abbasids from 1058 to 1249.
Sindh was also ruled by Muhammad Ibn Tughluq, his descendants and various other figures until the year 1524.
Samma period
Though a part of larger empires Sindh enjoyed a certain autonomy as a Muslim domain.
In 1339
Jam UnarJam Unar bin Babinah'جام انڑ: was the founder of the Samma Dynasty, which ruled the Sind and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1335-1520 C.E.- History :...
founded a Sindhi Muslim Samma Dynasty, which reached its peak during the reign of
Jam Nizamuddin IIJám Nizámuddín II سلطان جام نظام الدين دوم : was the most famous Sultan of the Samma Dynasty, which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1351-1551 C.E. He was known by the nick-name of Jám Nindó...
Nindo (reigned 1461-1509) he greatly expanded the new capitol
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
and its Makli hills which replaced
DebalDebal was a an ancientport located near modern Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. In Arabic, it was usually called Daybul...
he patronized Sindhi art, arcitecture and culture. Important court figures such as
Sardar Darya KhanSardar Darya Khan , great Samma commander Darya Khan, the son of Jam Nindo , was the commander of Samma army who commanded the battles against the Arghuns of Qandahar.-Battle of Sibbi:...
, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilwal and Kazi Kazan. But the capitol Thatta was a port city, unlike garrisons it could not mobilize large armies against the
ArghunArghun Khan was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist . He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims...
Mongol invaders who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the
SammaThe Samma Dynasty ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1335-1520 A.D., with their capital at Thatta in modern Pakistan before being replaced by the Arghun Dynasty...
.
The ruthless
ArghunArghun Khan was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist . He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims...
s and the
TarkhanTarkhan is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Indo-European and Altaic Tarkhan is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Indo-European (i.e. Iranian and Tokharian) and Altaic Tarkhan ' onMouseout='HidePop("13298")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Jám_Feróz">Jam Feroz
Jam Ferozudin bin Jam Nizamudin جام فيروزالدين بن نظام الدين:was the last ruler of the Samma Dynasty of Sindh.- History :...
and established their own dynasties in the year 1519.
The Samma had left behind a popular legacy they were highly influenced by the
LodiLodi may refer to:Places:In Canada:*Lodi, Ontario, a community in North Stormont, OntarioIn Italy:*Lodi, Italy, in the Province of Lodi of the Lombardy region...
s and introduced Pashto Alphabets in Sindh some of which are still used in the Malay language of Southeast Asia.
Mughal period
In the year 1524 the few remaining
SindhiSindhi may refer to more than one article:*the Sindhi people, an ethnic group from the Sindh region in Pakistan.*the Sindhi language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Sindhi people.*a resident of Sindh province of Pakistan-See also:*Sindhu Kingdom...
Amirs welcomed the
Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire was an Islamic and Persianate imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century...
and helped
BaburZahir ud-din Muhammad Jalal ud-din Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his...
defeat his Arghun enemies, since then Sindh had become a region loyal to the Mughals.
In 1540 a deadly mutiny by
Sher Shah SuriSher Shah Suri , also known as Sher Khan , was a powerful Afghan conqueror in medieval Delhi, India. He first served in the army of Mughal leader Babur until becoming the governor of Bihar...
forced the Mughal Emperor
HumayunHumayun was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530–1540...
to withdraw to Sindh where he joined the Sindhi Amir Hussein and in 1541 Humayun married Hamida Bano Begum She gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542.
In 1556 the
OttomanThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
AdmiralAdmiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above Vice Admiral and below Admiral of the Fleet/Fleet Admiral. It is usually abbreviated to "Adm." or "ADM"...
Seydi Ali ReisSeydi Ali Reis was an Ottoman admiral.He commanded the left wing of the Turkish fleet at the naval Battle of Preveza in 1538....
visited
HumayunHumayun was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530–1540...
and mentions various regions of the subcontinent including Sindh (Makran coast and the Mehran delta) in his adventurious book
Mirat ul MemalikMirat ul Memalik is a historical book written by Ottoman Admiral Sidi Ali Reis about his travels in South Asia, Central Asia and Middle East.- Background :...
.
During the reign of Akbar the Mughal chronicler Abu'l-Fazl (1551-1602) was a descendant of a Sindhi Shaikh family from Rel, Siwistan in Sindh. He was the author of the famous
AkbarnamaThe ' , which literally means Book of Akbar, is a official biographical account of Akbar, the third Mughal Emperor , written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times....
and the
Ain-i-AkbariThe Ain-i-Akbari or the "Institutes of Akbar", is a 16th century, detailed document recording the administration of emperor Akbar's empire, written by his vizier, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak...
.
In the year 1603
Shah JahanShahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I was the ruler of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent from 1628 until 1658...
visited the provence of Sindh and at
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
he was generously welcomed by the locals after the death of his father
JahangirNur-ud-din Salim Jahangir was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death...
. Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the
Shahjahan MosqueThe Shah Jahan Mosque was built in the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is located in Thatta, Sindh province, Pakistan. It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage and has been to preserved since its entry....
, which was completed during the early years of his rule.
After the death of
AurangzebMuhi ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, more commonly known as Aurangzeb Muhi ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, more commonly known as Aurangzeb Muhi ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, more commonly known as Aurangzeb ( (full title: Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan...
, the
Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire was an Islamic and Persianate imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century...
and its institutions began to decline. Various warring
NawabA Nawab or Nawaab was originally the subedar or viceroy of a subah or region of the Mughal empire. It became a high title for Muslim nobles.-History:...
s took control of vast territories and ruled independently from the Mughal Emperor.
But Sindh faced many threats,
MianMian is family name and a title of nobility and used by Muslims in the Punjab region of South Asia.-Arain:Arain Mians are the leaders of the Arain tribe. Other titles used by Arain tribe include Chaudhry, Sardar, Malik, and Mehr...
Yar Mouhammed Kalhoro (Khudabad)Yar Mouhammed Kalhor ميان يارمحمدخدايارخان کلھوڑو: was the famous king of the Kalhora Dynasty that ruled Sindh from 1701 to 1783.- Shikarpur fixed as the central city under the name of Mián Din Muhammad’s brother Mian Yar Muhammad Khudabad...
challenged the invader Nadir Shah but failed according to legend: to avenge the massacre of his allies he sent a small force to assassinate Nadir Shah and turn events in favour of the Mughal Emperor during the
Battle of KarnalThe Battle of Karnal , was a decisive victory for Nader Shah the emperor of Persia during his invasion of India. Shah's forces defeated the army of Muhammad Shah, the Mughal emperor in little more than three hours thus paving the way for the Persian sack of Delhi...
in 1739 but failed again.
British regime
The
British East India CompanyThe East India Company was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China...
made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
which according to a report was: "a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of stone and mortar with large
verandahA verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porch. It is also described as an open pillared gallery, generally roofed, built around a central structure...
s some three or four stories high the the textiles of Sind were the flower of the whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sind gave it a place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4000 ships at its docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys..."
BritishThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927...
and
Bengal PresidencyThe Bengal Presidency originally comprising east and west Bengal, was a colonial region of British India, which comprised undivided Bengal, which is present day Bangladesh and West Bengal, as well as the states Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa and Tripura...
forces under General
Charles James NapierGeneral Sir Charles James Napier GCB was a British general and Commander-in-Chief in India, famous for conquering Sindh province in present-day Pakistan.-Early life:...
arrived in Sindh in the nineteenth century and conquered Sindh in 1843.
After defeating the Sindhi coalition led by
TalpurTalpur is a Sindhi Baloch tribe and is settled in Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. They are descendants of Mir Jalal Khan and originally belong to the Hoth Balochs branch of Mir Jalal Khan's descendants. They lived in Balochistan from where they migrated to present day Punjab's Dera Ghazi...
s and
KalhoraKalhora or Kalhoro Sindhi: is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan.- History :The Kalhora Abbasi's are of Arab origin and descent from ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib , was a paternal uncle and Sahabi of Muhammad and progenitor of the Abbasi Khalifa of Baghdad and Qahira...
s under command of the Sindhi general Mir Nasir Khan Talpur in the fierce
Battle of MianiThe Battle of Miani was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur Amirs of Sindh, Pakistan.-Reason:...
during which 50,000 Sindhis were killed shortly after the defeat
Mir Sher Muhammad TalpurMir Sher Muhammad Talpur, popularly known as “The Lion of Sindh” belonged to the Mirpurkhas House of Royal Talpurs. He was the son of Mir Ali Murad Talpur, the founder of Mirpurkhas, and was born in 1810...
commanded another army which fought at the
Battle of DubboThe Battle of Dubbo was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur amirs of the now Pakistani region of Sindh. The British were upset about the local amirs' stance during the First Anglo-Afghan War...
where the young Sindhi general
Hoshu SheediHoshu Sheedi, whose full name is Shaheed Hosh Mohammad Sheedi was army leader of Talpur Mirs' army which fought against British in the Battles of Miani and Dubbo...
and 5,000 Sindhis were killed. The first
Agha KhanAga Khan I Aga Khan I Aga Khan I ' onMouseout='HidePop("22811")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Bombay_Presidency">Bombay Presidency
The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. It was established in the 17th century as a trading post for the British East India Company, but later grew to encompass much of western and central India, as well as parts of post-partition Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.At its...
much to the surprise of the local population, who found the decision offensive and a powerful unrest followed after which Twelve
Martial LawMartial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice.Martial law is sometimes imposed during wars or occupations in the absence of any other civil government. Examples of this form of military rule include Germany and Japan...
s were imposed by the British authorities. Shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and Sindh became a separate province in 1935.
The British ruled the area for a century. According to
Richard BurtonRichard Burton, CBE was a Welsh actor. He was nominated seven times for an Academy Award and was at one time the highest-paid actor in Hollywood...
Sindh was one of the most restive provinces during the
British RajThe British Raj was the British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947; it can also refer to the period of dominion, and even the region under the rule...
and was home to many prominent Muslim leaders such as
Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: , a 20th century politician and statesman, is generally regarded as the founder of Pakistan. He served as leader of The Muslim League and Pakistan's first Governor-General. He is officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam and Baba-e-Qaum...
who strove for greater Muslim autonomy.
Modern history after independence of Pakistan
On 14 August 1947
PakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia...
gained independence from colonial British colonial rule. The province Sindh attained self rule, the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the
Battle of MianiThe Battle of Miani was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur Amirs of Sindh, Pakistan.-Reason:...
on 17 February 1843. The first challenge faced by the Government of Sindh was the settlement of Muslim refugees. Nearly 7 million Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan while nearly equal number of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan migrated to India. The Muslim refugees known as Muhajirs from India settled in most urban areas of Sindh. Sindh at the time of partition was home to a large number of Hindus who accounted for 27% of the total population of the province. They were more concentrated in the urban centres of the province and had a strong hold on the province's economy and business. Although the relations between the local Muslims and Hindus were good but with the arrival of Muslim refugees in the urban centres of the province, Hindus started to feel unsafe. Many of Sindh's Hindu community where further enticed by their co-relgionists in India to depart with all their belongings and financial capital to further cripple the new nation.
Sindh did not witness any massive level genocide as other parts of the Subcontinent (especially
Punjab regionThe Punjab The Punjab The Punjab (pronounced or ; Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, The Punjab (pronounced or ; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: [[Gurmukhī script|ਪੰਜਾਬ]], The Punjab (pronounced or ; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: [[Gurmukhī script|ਪੰਜਾਬ]], [[Shahmukhi script|, ), also spelled Panjab did, comparatively there were few incidents of riots in
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
and Hyderabad but over all situation remained peaceful mainly due to the efforts of the Muslim Chief Minister of Sindh Mr. Ayub Khuhro. According to 1998 census, there were 2.3 million Hindus in Sindh forming around 7% of the total population of the province. Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan (i.e caste Hindus accounting for 86% of the total Hindu population of Pakistan as of 1998 census) are mainly into small to medium sized businesses. They are mainly traders, retailer/wholesalers, builders as well as into the fields of medical, engineering, law and financial services. However the scheduled caste Hindus (Dalits) are in a poorer state with most of them as bonded labour in the rural areas of the province. Most of the Muslim refugees are settled in urban areas of Sindh especially in Karachi and Hyderabad.
Since
PakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia...
's Independence in 1947, Sindh has been the destination of a continuous stream of migration from South Asian countries like
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
, Burma, and
AfghanistanThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
as well as
PashtunPashtuns , also called Pathans or ethnic Afghans, are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and in the North-West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan...
and
PunjabiThe Punjabi people are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. They originate from the Punjab region, which has been host to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization...
immigrants from the North West Frontier Province and the
PunjabThe Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the country's most populous region with about 45% of Pakistan's total population. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups...
Province of Pakistan to
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
. This is due to the fact that
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
is the economic magnet of Pakistan attracting people from all over Pakistan. Many native Sindhis resent this influx. Nonetheless, traditional Sindhi families remain prominent in Pakistani politics, especially the
BhuttoBhutto is a Sindhi samat tribe settled in Sindh, Pakistan.-Bhutto tribe:Bhutto is a vast tribe that has been settled in Sindh for over two centuries. The Bhutto tribe is also settled in most part of the Balochistan in Kachhi, Sibi, Dera Murad Jamali, Bhag and Mithri...
,
ZardariThe Zardari family is a Sindhi political family in Pakistan.- Family tree :- Hakim Ali Zardari family :The Hakim Ali Zardari' family family came into prominence after the marriage of Benazir Bhutto with Asif Zardari. Dr. Zareen Ara Zardari wife of Hakim Ali Zardari died on November 12, 2002...
and
SoomroSoomro or Soomra is a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. Today the Soomro clan is settled in parts Sindh and southern Punjab.-Soomra Dynasty:The Soomro Dynasty was established by the Soomra tribe of Sindh. The Soomra ruled Sindh from 1026-1351...
dynasties.
Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: , a 20th century politician and statesman, is generally regarded as the founder of Pakistan. He served as leader of The Muslim League and Pakistan's first Governor-General. He is officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam and Baba-e-Qaum...
, the Founder of Pakistan, was from Karachi, of
GujaratiGujarati People , or Gujaratis, is an umbrella term used to describe an indo-aryan ethnic group that is traditionally Gujarati-speaking and can trace their ancestry to the state of Gujarat in India.-Gujaratis in...
descent.
Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly
The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan.
Provincial government
The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
.
Politics
Sindh is a strong hold of
Pakistan Peoples PartyThe Pakistan Peoples Party : is a centre-left political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist International. Pakistan People's Party is the largest political party of Pakistan. To date, its leader has always been a member of the Bhutto family...
(PPP). The PPP is the largest political party of Sindh. And Sindh is known as PPP's home.
Muttahida Qaumi MovementMuttahida Qaumi Movement. generally known as MQM , is a political party in Pakistan. It is the largest liberal political party of Karachi, representing the immigrants who migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947. It is generally known as a party which holds immense mobilizing potential in province...
(MQM) is the second largest political party of Sindh with concentration in the city
Karachiis the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
.
Districts
There are 23
districtsThe Districts of Pakistan are the second order administrative divisions of Pakistan. Districts were the third order of administrative divisions, below provinces and "divisions", until the reforms of August 2000, when "divisions" were abolished...
in Sindh, Pakistan.
- Karachi
is the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
- Jamshoro
Jamshoro District is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan. Jamshoro is the capital of Jamshoro District.-Administration:The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:* Kotri* Sehwan Sharif* Thana Bulla Khan* Manjhand...
- Thatta
Thatta District is located in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, however it is close to the contested disputed boundary of the Kori Creek. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,113,194 of which 11.21% were urban...
- Badin
Badin District is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The total area of the district is 6,726 square kilometres, according to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,136,636 of which 16.42% were urban...
- Tharparkar
Tharparkar District is a district is located in Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 955,812 of which only 4.54%. The district lies between 24° 10' to 25°45' north latitudes and 69' 04' to 71°06' east longitude...
- Umerkot
Umerkot District or Umarkot District is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan.-History:After the 1843 invasion by Charles Napier, Sindh was divided into provinces and was assigned a Zamindars, also known as Wadaras, to collect taxes for the British.-Administration:The district is administratively...
- Mirpur Khas
Mirpur Khas District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,569,030 of which 18.60%-Administration:* Digri* Kot Ghulam Muhammad* Mirpurkhas...
- Tando Allahyar
Tando Allah Yar District is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan, the city of Tando Allahyar is the capital.-History:The town was founded by Mir Allahyar Talpur...
- Matiari
Matiari District is located in Sindh, Pakistan, the city of Matiari is the capital. The district is administratively subdivided into three talukhas:* Hala* Matiari* SaeedabadThe district was created in 2005 out of Hyderabad District.-External links:...
- Tando Muhammad Khan
Tando Muhammad Khan District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh province, Pakistan. It is located in the south of the province.In North of the district, Hyderabad and Tando Allahyar districts are located, Badin district lies on South and East, West boundary is shared by district...
- Hyderabad
Hyderābād District , is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. It used to be an administrative division of the Sindh namely the Hyderabad Division, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. Its capital is the city of Hyderabad. The Kirthar National Park is located in Hyderabad...
- Sanghar
Sanghar District is one of the largest districts of Sindh province, Pakistan. It is located in the centre of Sindh and is bounded to the east by India. The district capital, Sanghar, is itself a small city roughly east-south-east of the city of Nawabshah and the same distance north of Mirpur...
- Khairpur
Khairpur District is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The district has an area of 15,910 square kilometres and is headquartered at the city of Khairpur.-Location:...
- Nawabshah
Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The city's airport has a very large runway in Pakistan. The district was renamed in September 2007 when most of MPAs of Nawabshah demanded renaming the district to honour the late party leader...
- Dadu
Dadu is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan.Dadu district was created in 1933 by the British Indian administration by merging Kotri and Kohistan tehsils from Karachi district and Mehar, Khairpur Nathan Shah, Dadu, Johi and Sehwan tehsils from Larkana district. The population of the district is...
- Qambar Shahdadkot
Qambar District is officially known as Qamber-Shahdad Kot District. This name was chosen by much conflict between the people of Qambar Ali Khan City and Shahdad Kot City in the days of Chief Minister of Sindh Arbab Ghulam Rahim in 2004. This district of Sindh province, Pakistan was originally...
- Larkana
Larkana or Larkano is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,927,066 of which 28.70% were urban. Its main city is Larkana. It is home district of two former Prime Ministers of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto...
- Naushahro Feroze
Naushahro Feroze District , is a district in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 1,087,571 out of which 17.32% were urban.-Local governments:*Bhiria*Kandiaro*Moro...
- Ghotki
Ghotki District is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census it had a population of 970,549 of which 15.69%. Mirpur Mathelo is the capital of Ghotki District.-Administration:...
- Shikarpur
Shikarpur district is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Shikarpur is the capital. It is spread over an area of 2,512 sq.km, according to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 880,438 of which 23.51% were urban....
- Jacobabad
Jacobabad District is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census it had a population of 1,425,572 of which 24.10% were urban...
- Sukkur
Sukkur district is a district in Sindh Province in Pakistan. It is divided into 4 administrative strata , namely; Sukkur City, Rohri, Saleh Pat and Pano Aqil. Among them Sukkur city and new Sukkur are urban centre while Pano Aqil is famous for having one of largest military cantonment of the country...
- Kashmore
Kashmore district is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. The capital city is Kashmore which has a population of 312,500. Kashmore is bordered by Ghotki and Shikarpur other district in Sindh. Also the district is bordered by Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and Rahim Yar Khan is Punjab Pakistan.-Administration...
Major cities
- Badin
Badin is a town located in Sindh, Pakistan east of the Indus River. The region is swampy, fertile for growing rice. Some oil fields are located near the town in the seasonally inundated Rann of Kutch region...
- Dadu
- Daharki
Daharki is a city of Ghotki District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital of Daharki Taluka - an administrative subdivision of the district. It is situate about 100 km from Sukkur, and between Mirpur Mathelo and Ubaro....
- Diplo
Diplo is a town in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 24°28'0N 69°35'0E with an altitude of 26 meters . It is located in Thar desert....
- Ghotki
Ghotki Ghotki is the capital of Ghotki District in northern Sindh, Pakistan. It was the site of the July 13, 2005, Ghotki rail crash. The town is located at 28°1'0N 69°19'0E with an altitude of 72 metres .. Pano Aqil army cantoment is also near Ghotki city but in Sukkur District.Ghotki has very...
- Ghambat
- Hala
Hala is a town in the Pakistani province of Sindh. It is located at 27°9'25N 68°19'5E with an altitude of 39 metres .- History :...
- Hyderabad
- Jacobabad
Jacobabad is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district, the city is subdivided into 8 Union Councils. Jacobabad is located at . The city is crossed by the Pakistan Railways...
- Jamshoro
Jamshoro is a city in Jamshoro District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is located on the right bank of Indus River, approximately 18 kilometres north-west of the city of Hyderabad and 150 kilometres north-east from the provincial capital Karachi. It is virtually the gate-way to the Indus Valley, world...
- Karachi
is the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
- Kashmore
Kashmore is the capital city of Kashmore District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 28°26'0N 69°35'0E with an altitude of 66 metres ....
- Khairpur
- Larkana
Larkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province, Pakistan, located in Larkana District. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence...
- matli
Matli is the largest taluka of Badin District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, it is administratively subdivided into 12 Union Councils....
- Mirpurkhas
- Mithi
Mithi is the capital of Tharparkar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The town is located at 24°20'0N 69°1'0E with an altitude of 2 metres , lying 300 kilometres from Karachi and is located in a beautiful desert area....
- Nasarpur
- Nawabshah
Nawabshah is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto District . Nawabshah was renamed after former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto. Nawabshah city is located in the centre of Sindh, Pakistan. The population is 12,79,825...
- Raharki
Raharki is a village in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 28°3'0N 69°39'0E with an altitude of 63 metres . and lies 5 kilometres away from the city of Daharki. The Mahi Wah river runs through the centre of the village....
- Ranipur
Ranipur is a town in the Khairpur District of Sindh province, Pakistan. It is located at 27°17'20N 68°30'16E with an altitude of 45 metres ....
- Ratodero
Ratodero is the capital of Ratodero Taluka a sub-division of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, it is located some 30 km away from the district capital Larkana . It is named after a Jalbani-tribe Landlord Ratto Khan Jalbani before Indo-Pak partition, the city has a special...
- Sanghar
Sanghar is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city is headquarters of Sanghar District and Sanghar Taluka . It is one of the agriculture town situated approximately 265 km from Karachi city...
- Sekhat
Sekhat is a town in the Matiari District of Sindh province, Pakistan. It is located at 25°39'0N 68°30'0E with an altitude of 14 metres ....
- Shikarpur
- Sobhodero
- Rohri
Rohri is a town of Sukkur District, Sindh province, Pakistan. It is located at 27°40'60N 68°54'0E , on the east bank of the Indus River. Rohri town is the administrative headquarters of Rohri Taluka, a tehsil of Sukkur district with which it forms a metropolitan area....
- Sukkur
Sukkur , or Sakhar , formerly Aror , is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. When Arabs invaded Sukkur in the 8th century, they found an extreme climate , and called it Saqar, which means intense...
- Tando Jam
Tando Jam is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 25°25'60N 68°31'60E and lies about 20 km away from Hyderabad city Pakistan, along Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas Road....
- Tando Muhammad Khan
Tando Muhammad Khan is a town in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the headquarters of Tando Muhammad Khan District. It has a railway station on the Badin - Hyderabad section of the railways.- History :...
- Thatta
Thatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
- Ubaro
- Umarkot
- Moro
Moro may refer to:* Moro, Nigeria, a Local Government Area in Kwara State* Moro Crater massacre, an engagement in the Philippine-American War* Battle of the Moro, a World War II battle between Canadian and German forces along the Moro River in 1943...
- Mir Pur Sakro
- Kotri
Kotri , a large town, is the headquarters station of the Kotri Taluka, or administrative district...
Economy
Sindh has the 2nd largest economy in Pakistan. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the Service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the Agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance wise, its best sector, is the Manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.
Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the
IndusThe Indus River is the longest river in...
. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
Agriculture is very important in Sindh with
cottonCotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft,...
,
riceRice is the seed of a monocot plant Oryza sativa, of the grass family . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East, South, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and the West Indies...
,
wheatWheat is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Fertile Crescent region of the Near East. In 2007 world production of wheat was 607 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize and rice...
, sugar cane,
bananaBanana is the common name for a herbaceous plants of the genus Musa, and the commonly eaten fruit it produces. They are native to the tropical region of Southeast Asia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics.Banana...
s, and
mangoMangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is indigenous to the Indian Subcontinent...
es as the most important crops. Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.
Flora and fauna
Provincial symbols of Sindh
| Provincial emblem |
Coat of arms of Sindh |
|
| Provincial flag |
Flag of Sindh |
|
| Provincial language |
سنڌيSindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by 24,410,910 people in Pakistan, and is also spoken in India by 2,535,485 speakers. It is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It is also an official language of India...
(unofficial) |
 |
| Provincial animal |
Sindh IbexThe Sindh Ibex or Turkman Wild Goat is a vulnerable wild goat commonly native to southern Pakistan.-Description:Sind Ibex are rather stocky animals with thick-set bodies and strong limbs terminating in broad hooves...
|
|
| Provincial bird |
Sind SparrowThe Sindh Sparrow is a sparrow found in Iran, Pakistan and Kathiawar peninsula, where its habitat is usually tall grass and scrub....
|
|
| Provincial tree |
Capparis deciduaCapparis decidua is commonly known as kerda, kair, karir, kirir, karril, etc. .- Tree characteristics :...
|
 |
| Provincial flower |
Water HyacinthThe seven species of water hyacinth comprise the genus Eichhornia. Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant native to tropical South America. With broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of the water as much as 1 meter in height. The leaves...
|
 |
The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris
(kher), and Tecomella undulataTecomella undulata is tree species, locally known as Rohida, found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and western India. It is a medium sized tree that produces quality timber and is the main source of timber amongst the indigenous tree species of desert regions of Shekhawati and Marwar in Rajasthan...
(lohirroRohida is a village in Sirohi district of Indian state of Rajastan.Rohida is birth place of the historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha. In 1922 Motilal Tejawat organized Eki Movement to unit tribals at Rohida.- References :***...
) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia niloticaAcacia nilotica is a species of Acacia native to Africa and the Indian subcontinent. It is also currently an invasive species of significant concern in Australia...
(babulBabul or is a 1950 Bollywood film directed by S.U. Sunny produced and with music direction by Naushad. The film stars Dilip Kumar and Nargis. A box-office success, the film became the second highest earning film of 1950, earning an approximate gross of Rs. 1,25,00,000 and a nett gross of Rs....
) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica
(neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris
(bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis
(jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla
(kirir) are among the more common trees.
Mango, date palms, and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange, and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa
(timmer) and Ceriops candolleana
(chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.
Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), wild sheep (urial or gadh) and black bear are found in the western rocky range, where the
leopardThe leopard , Panthera pardus, is a member of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four "big cats" in the genus Panthera; the other three being the tiger, lion and jaguar...
is now rare. The pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped
hyenaThe Hyaenidae is a mammalian family of order Carnivora. The Hyaenidae family, native to both African and Asian continents, consists of four living species, the Striped Hyena and Brown Hyena , the Spotted Hyena , and the Aardwolf .-Evolution:Hyenas seem to have originated 26 million years ago from...
(charakh),
jackalThe jackal is a member of any of three small to medium-sized species of the family Canidae, found in Africa, Asia and southeastern Europe...
,
foxFox is a common name for many species of carnivorous mammals belonging to the Canidae family. Foxes are small to medium-sized canids , characterized by possessing a long narrow snout, and a bushy tail ....
, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. In the Kirthar national park of sind, there is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants .
Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are a variety of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus and the eastern Nara channel. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along the Sind coast. The pallo (sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn.
Education
| Year |
Literacy rate |
| 1972 |
30.2% |
| 1981 |
31.5% |
| 1998 |
45.29% |
| 2008 |
57.7% |
Sources:
This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998.
| Qualification |
Urban |
Rural |
Total |
Enrollment ratio (%) |
| — |
14,839,862 |
15,600,031 |
30,439,893 |
— |
| Below Primary |
1,984,089 |
3,332,166 |
5,316,255 |
100.00 |
| Primary |
3,503,691 |
5,687,771 |
9,191,462 |
82.53 |
| Middle |
3,073,335 |
2,369,644 |
5,442,979 |
52.33 |
| Matriculation |
2,847,769 |
2,227,684 |
5,075,453 |
34.45 |
| Intermediate |
1,473,598 |
1,018,682 |
2,492,280 |
17.78 |
| BA, BSc… degrees |
106,847 |
53,040 |
159,887 |
9.59 |
| MA, MSc… degrees |
1,320,747 |
552,241 |
1,872,988 |
9.07 |
| Diploma, Certificate… |
440,743 |
280,800 |
721,543 |
2.91 |
| Other qualifications |
89,043 |
78,003 |
167,046 |
0.54 |
Major public and private institutes includes:
- Adamjee Government Science College
The Adamjee Government Science College is one of the most famous colleges of Karachi, Pakistan. It was established by Adamjee Group...
- Aga Khan University
The Aga Khan University is a coeducational research university spread over three continents. It was granted its charter in 1983 as Pakistan's first private, autonomous university. AKU was founded by the Aga Khan, and is part of the Aga Khan Development Network...
- APIIT
APIIT, the Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology, is an educational organisation specializing in providing education and training programmes in computing and Information Technology. Formed in 1993 and based originally in Malaysia, APIIT has since established other centres including...
- Applied Economics Research Centre
Applied Economics Research Centre is a distinguished research institute of University of Karachi. It was established in 1973 by government of Sindh and financially assisted by Ford Foundation. Prof. Dr. Ehsan Rasheed, the distinguished alumni of Aligarh University and the son of noted scholar...
- Bahria University
Bahria University , also known as BU, is a multi-campus university, with its headquarter in Islamabad, Pakistan. BU has two campuses, one in Islamabad and the other in Karachi...
- College of Digital Sciences
College of Digital Sciences , is located in Gulshan-e-Iqbal in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.College of Digital Sciences more commonly known as CDS, It was established in 1988 with a vision of establishing an institution in Pakistan which could train IT professionals of international standards...
- College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan is the only postgraduate training and examination body of Pakistan awarding degrees of FCPS, DCPS, MCPS and other diplomas-Regional campuses:The regional campuses CPSP are located at:*Faisalabad*Hyderabad...
- COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
The COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences , is located in Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences is a not-for-profit, co-educational institution founded in year 1993 by COMMECS, the alumni of Govt. College of Commerce &...
- D. J. Science College
D. J. Science College is an educational institute located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.- History :Inaugurated as Sindh Arts College by Lord Reay, Governor of Bombay, on January 17, 1882, the college was renamed D. J. Science College upon completion of the present structure on October 15, 1887...
- Dawood College of Engineering and Technology
Dawood College of Engineering and Technology is a Federal degree awarding institution located in Karachi, Pakistan. Established in 1962, the college is one of Pakistan's finest Engineering institutes.DCET has honor to be the pioneer to introduce the Electronics, Chemical, Industrial, and...
- Defence Authority Degree College for Men
Defence Housing Authority Degree College for Men, is located at Khayaban-e-Rahat, in D.H.A., Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.DHA Degree College started functioning on adhoc basis in the then SKBZ High School building in September 1988, with the aim of providing excellent facilities to the students in a...
- Dow International Medical College
Dow International Medical College , is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.The DIMC hospital has two hundred and fifty beds, with maximum diagnostic and treatment facilities...
- Dow University of Health Sciences
Dow University of Health Sciences, formerly, Dow Medical College, is a prestigious medical school located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Dow Medical College is one of the most respected medical colleges and one of the oldest education institutions of Sindh...
- Fatima Jinnah Dental College
Fatima Jinnah Dental College, commonly referred to by the acronym FJDC, is the oldest dental school in Karachi and one of the oldest in Pakistan. Established in 1992, it is run and managed by a duly registered Fatima Jinnah Dental College & Hospital Trust...
- Federal Urdu University
The Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology is a coeducational public university with its main campus located in Gulshan Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It has two other satellite campuses; Abdul Haq Campus at Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi and Islamabad Campus near Zero Point, Islamabad...
- Government College for Men Nazimabad
Government College for Men, Nazimabad is an all-male degree college located in Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan adjacent to the famous Nazimabad Flyover and Petrol Pump bus stop.- History :...
- Government College of Commerce & Economics
Government College of Commerce & Economics is one of the premier institutions of commerce education in the city of Karachi. It is located on Dr...
- Government College of Technology, Karachi
- Government Dehli College
- Government National College (Karachi)
Government National College, Karachi was founded by a group of dedicated teachers and city philanthropists as “National College” in 1956 under the umbrella of “National Educational Society” established in 1954. The society consisted of Mr. Saudagar Darwesh , Professor Hasan Adil , Professor...
- Hamdard University
Hamdard University is located in Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Hamdard University was founded by Hakim Said of Hamdard Foundation in 1991.Hamdard University is Largest University according to area in private sector universities in Pakistan spread on...
- Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry was established in 1967 as a "Postgraduate Institute of Chemistry" affiliated with the Department of Chemistry at Karachi University. Dr Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was designated as the institute's first director...
- Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture is a not-for-profit degree awarding institution in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan The college was established in 1989, by a group of professional architects, designers and artists.It was granted an independent charter by the Government of Sindh in June 1994,...
- Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
The Institute of Business Administration, usually referred to by its acronym IBA, is a university and business school in Karachi, Pakistan.-History:...
- Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
- Institute of Sindhology
Institute of Sindhology is one of the major resource on history of Sindh. It was the first research institution of its discipline that brought Sindhology to the forefront of international research. Sindhology is referred to as the knowledge about Sindh...
- Iqra University
Iqra University is a higher education university located at Defence View Korangi Karachi.It has branches in Quetta and many other cities in Pakistan....
- Islamia Science College (Karachi)
Islamia College is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the largest colleges in Pakistan. This college provides faculties of Science, Law, Commerce and Arts. This college is located just opposite Dawood College of Engineering and Technology...
- Isra University
Isra University is located at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. It contains a Faculty of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, a Faculty of Computer and Management Science, and a School of Nursing....
- Jinnah Medical & Dental College
Jinnah Medical & Dental College was established in 1998 in Karachi, Pakistan. It is located in the heart of Karachi at Shaheed-e-Millat road. The first class of doctors and dentists graduated from JMDC in 2003 and 2004 respectively. It is affiliated with the University of Karachi which awards...
- Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
Jinnah Polytechnic Institute is a polytechnic institute located in Karachi, Pakistan. The school offers 3-year diploma programs in various technologies....
- Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
- Jinnah University for Women
Jinnah University for Women was founded in 1998 by an act passed by the Sind government and is recognised by the The University Grants Commission of Pakistan.The University has 20 departments offering various Graduate and Postgraduate degree courses....
- KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
The KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering , is located at Karachi Nuclear Power Complex near Paradise Point in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan....
- Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
The Mehran University of Engineering and Technology informally shortened as Mehran University is the largest Engineering Degree-Awarding Institute in Pakistan. It is located in the university town of Jamshoro in the Sindh province, along with the other large universities, the University of Sindh...
- Mumtaz College (Khairpur)
- Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University is a private university located in Pakistan. The main campus is in Karachi. The other campus is in Islamabad. MAJU was established in 1998 after the grant of a charter by the Government of Sindh. MAJU, unlike some other institutions, which have a degree awarding...
- National Academy of Performing Arts
The National Academy of Performing Arts is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.NAPA was established as an institution to conserve and teach performing arts and music to students in Pakistan.- NAPA :...
- National University of Sciences and Technology
National University of Sciences and Technology, commonly known by its acronym NUST, is a public university that was primarily founded by the Government of Pakistan in 1991 to train members of the Pakistan Armed Forces after merging together previously established military institutes and...
- NED University of Engineering and Technology
-Profile:The NED University of Engineering & Technology is the oldest degree-level engineering institution in Pakistan. With its current enrollment of more than 6000 students, NED University offers bachelor’s degree programs in nineteen departments of engineering disciplines, as well as, master’s...
- Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
Ojha Institute Of Chest Diseases , is located in Karachi, Sindh, PakistanOjha Institute of Chest Diseases was founded in 1942. Mr.Deepchand Ojha contributed generously for its establishment, hence it was named after him. In 1948 The Ojha Institute was handed over to the Government of Pakistan...
- PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
The PAF Institute of Aviation Technology , is located at PAF Base Korangi Creek, Korangi Creek Cantonment, in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.-See also:* List of Universities in Pakistan-External links:*...
- Pakistan Navy Engineering College
Pakistan Navy Engineering College is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the constituent colleges of the National University of Science and Technology. It is administered by the Pakistan Navy and the campus is referred to as PNS Jauhar...
- Pakistan Shipowners' College
Pakistan Shipowners' College is a Government college, located at Shahrah e Noorjahan, in North Nazimabad, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.- History :...
- Pakistan Steel Cadet College
The Pakistan Steel Cadet College, is a residential Educational institution under the management of Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation. Students are admitted in Class 8 till Class 12...
- Peoples Medical Girls College Nawabshah
- Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
- Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Nawabshah
- Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics is situated at Stadium Road in Gulshan-e-Iqbal in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.The RLAK Government College was founded by Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan wife of first Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawab Liaquat Ali Khan.-External links:*...
- Rehan College of Education
Rehan College of Education, is located in Korangi No. 4 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.It was affiliated by the University of Karachi in 1992 via an Dean of Arts. The college was established in Jan 1986, the first private college in Pakistan. The college consists of 04 departments systematized into...
- Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
- Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
The Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University is a university located in the Sindh province of Pakistan.-Initial foundation:In 1974-75 the University of Sindh with its solitary campus in Jamshoro could not keep pace with the growing need of the Sindh Province for higher education...
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology is a Pakistani university, with headquarters at Karachi and campuses at Islamabad, Karachi, Larkana and Dubai...
- Sindh Agriculture University
Sindh Agriculture University, is situated in Tando Jam town at 18 km from Hyderabad, on Hyderabad-Mirpurkhas road and is about 200 km from Karachi airport linked with super highway to Hyderabad...
- Sindh Medical College
Sindh Medical College , is a medical college situated at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.SMC started functioning on April 7, 1973 after the final decision of a committee constituted by the Government of Sindh and after its budget was approved in the first week of...
- Superior College of Science Hyderabad
- Sindh Muslim Law College
The Sindh Muslim Government Law College or S. M. Law College is located on Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The college was established by its first Principal Hassanally A. Rahman, a leading Advocate of Sindh on the June 28 1947 and was affiliated to the University of Sindh...
- Sir Syed Government Girls College
Sir Syed Government Girls College is located adjacent to 1st Chowrangi, Altaf Ali Barelvi Road, Nazimabad, Karachi and is under the supervision of Government of Sindh.-History:...
- Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, commonly known as SSUET, is a private sector engineering university located in Karachi, Pakistan. SSUET was named after the 19th-century Muslim education reformer Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology was founded by...
- St. Joseph's College
- Textile Institute Of Pakistan
Textile Institute of Pakistan - TIP is Pakistan's premier textile university. It is a not-for-profit degree-awarding institution in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan This college was established by the 'All Pakistan Textile Manufacturers Association' in 1994....
- University of Karachi
The University of Karachi is located in Karachi, Pakistan. It is the largest public university in the country with a student population of 24,000 . According to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, it is ranked among the top universities of the country...
- University of Sindh
The University of Sindh informally known as Sindh University is the second oldest university in Pakistan accredited by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan....
- Usman Institute of Technology
Usman Institute of Technology is a small, comprehensive and private higher education institute in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. UIT is a not-for-profit, distinguished academic institution. It prepares engineers and technologists who have the character and skills to serve the country's needs...
- Ziauddin Medical University
Ziauddin University is a degree awarding private University in Karachi, Pakistan. After the necessary approval from the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council , the University established Ziauddin Medical College in 1995, which commenced its first academic session in April 1996. The first group of 55...
There are six Cadet Colleges also. Admission to state run educational institutions in Pakistan is based on the provincial level. The other three provinces have a merit-based intraprovincial admission policy. Sindh is an exception to this general rule, where admissions are allowed on district domiciles of the candidates and their parents. This arrangement discriminates against meritorious students of Sindhi ethnic background, denying them admission to educational institutes and courses of their choice. Currently there is a lot of resentment of this admission policy. Sindhis are demanding intraprovincial merit-based admissions to state run educational institutes, similar to the one existing in other provinces. This will provide equal opportunities to all students of Sindh. Furthermore, the armed forces have also entered the education sector. They are funded by government and operate like private costly education providers.
Arts and crafts
The skill of the Sindhi craftsman continues to exhibit the 5000-year-old artistic tradition. The long span of time, punctuated by fresh and incessant waves of invaders and settlers, provided various exotic modes of arts which, with the passage of time, got naturalized on the soil. The perfected surface decorations of objects of everyday use - clay, metal, wood, stone or fabrics, with the floral and geometrical designs - can be traced back to the Muslim influence.
Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for
AjrakAjrak is a name given to a unique form of blockprint shawls and tiles found in Sindh, Pakistan. Ajrak is also worn by the Seraiki people of Southern Punjab and Kutch. These shawls display special designs and patterns made using block printing by stamps. Common colours used while making these...
, pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloth which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi) camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and Khes. The earthenware of Johi, metal vessels of Shikarpur, relli, embroidery, and leather articles of Tharparkar, and lacquered work of Kandhkot are some of the other popular crafts.
The pre-historic finds from different archaeological sites such as
Mohenjo-daroMoenjo-daro was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia situated in the province of Sind, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world, existing at the same time as the civilizations of ancient Egypt,...
, engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of
MakliOne of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 Sufi saints. It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower Sind until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern...
and other tombs provide ample evidence of the people in their literary and musical traditions.
Modern painting and calligraphy have also developed in recent times and some young trained men have taken up commercial art collections.
Cultural heritage
Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of
HalaHala can refer to* An Arabic name meaning Halo or Corona.** Hala Gorani, CNN reporter.* Hāla, an Indian king of the Satavahana dynasty.* Hala , a clan of India and Pakistan.* Hala, Sindh, a town in Sindh, Pakistan....
, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala’s artisans are manufacturing high quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, blue pottery, etc. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including
KhadiThe term khādī or khaddar means cotton. khādī is Indian handspun and hand-woven cloth. The raw materials may be cotton, silk, or wool, which are spun into threads on a spinning wheel called a charkha. It is a versatile fabric, cool in the summer and warm in the winter...
, Susi, and
AjrakAjrak is a name given to a unique form of blockprint shawls and tiles found in Sindh, Pakistan. Ajrak is also worn by the Seraiki people of Southern Punjab and Kutch. These shawls display special designs and patterns made using block printing by stamps. Common colours used while making these...
are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala’s handicraft.
The Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is also publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.
Sindh is known the world over for its various handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Armenia, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten an English traveller who visited Sindh in early 19th century said, the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements were gradually introduced such as the spinning wheel charkha and treadle pai-chah in the weavers’ loom, to increase refinement in designing, dyeing and printing by block. Painting process amounted for a much higher volume of output. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to only woollens and linens of the age.
AjrakAjrak is a name given to a unique form of blockprint shawls and tiles found in Sindh, Pakistan. Ajrak is also worn by the Seraiki people of Southern Punjab and Kutch. These shawls display special designs and patterns made using block printing by stamps. Common colours used while making these...
has been in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. Blue colour is dominantly used in Ajrak. Also, Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. Ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured quest, friend or woman. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions - like homecoming. Along with Ajrak the Rilli or patchwork sheet, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Every Sindhi home will have set of Rillis - one for each member of the family and few spare for guests. Rilli is made with different small pieces of different geometrical shapes of cloths sewn together to create intricate designs.
Rilhi is also given as a gift to friends and visitors. It is used as a bedspread as well as a blanket. A beautifully sewn Rilli can also become part of a bride or grooms gifts. Rural women in Sindh are skilful in producing Sindhi caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places and these manufacturing units have very limited production due to lack of marketing facilities.
The Sindhi language
Sindhī (Arabic script: سنڌي, Devanagari script: सिन्धी) is spoken by about 15 million people in the province of Sindh. The largest Sindhi-speaking city is Hyderabad, Pakistan.
It is an Indo-European language, related to
KutchiKutchi may refer to:* Kutchi people, an ethnic group in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutchi language, language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutch District, in Gujarat, India* Kuchi nomads of Afghanistan...
,
GujaratiGujarati is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family...
and other Indo-European languages prevalent in the region with substantial Persian, Turkish and Arabic loan words. In Pakistan it is written in a modified Arabic script.
Places of interest
Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of
Mohenjo-daroMoenjo-daro was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia situated in the province of Sind, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world, existing at the same time as the civilizations of ancient Egypt,...
near the city of
LarkanaLarkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province, Pakistan, located in Larkana District. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence...
. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province with the Jama Masjid in
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
built by the
MughalThe Mughal Empire was an Islamic and Persianate imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century...
emperor Shahjahan and numerous mausoleums dot the province including the very old
Shahbaz QalanderHazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar , a Persian sufi saint, philosopher, poet, and qalandar, was born as Syed Usman Shah Marwandi....
mausoleum dedicated to the Iranian-born Sufi and the beautiful mausoleum of
Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: , a 20th century politician and statesman, is generally regarded as the founder of Pakistan. He served as leader of The Muslim League and Pakistan's first Governor-General. He is officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam and Baba-e-Qaum...
known as the
Mazar-e-QuaidMazar-e-Quaid or the National Mausoleum refers to the tomb of the founder of Pakistan, SNAKE. It is an iconic symbol of Karachi throughout the world. The mausoleum, completed in the 1960s, is situated at the heart of the city.- Structure :...
in Karachi.
- Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur.
- Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi
is the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
.
- Forts at Hyderabad
is the second largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the sixth largest city in the country. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro upon the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus known as Neroon Kot . Formerly the capital of Sindh, it serves...
and Umarkot
- Gorakh Hill
Gorakh is an Under-Development Hill Station of Sindh, Pakistan. It is situated at an elevation of 5688 Ft. in the Kirthar Mountains Range's Sindh Segment, 93-km north west of Dadu city...
near Dadu.
- Kahu-Jo-Darro
Kahu-Jo-Darro is ancient Buddhist archaeological site near Mirpurkhas, Pakistan. Excavations revealed a Buddhist stupa from the site. The ancient site is spread over 30 acres....
near Mirpurkhas.
- Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad.
- Makli Graveyard, Asia's Biggest
One of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 Sufi saints. It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower Sind until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern...
, Makli, ThattaOne of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 Sufi saints. It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower Sind until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern...
.
- Mazar-e-Quaid Karachi
is the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
.
- Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur
Sukkur , or Sakhar , formerly Aror , is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. When Arabs invaded Sukkur in the 8th century, they found an extreme climate , and called it Saqar, which means intense...
.
- Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi
is the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
.
- Rani Bagh
Rani Bagh is a densely populated residential area in the northwest part of Delhi, India. It is situated quite near to Pitam Pura, Saraswati Vihar, Lok Vihar and Punjabi Bagh. It is well connected to various parts of Delhi through a network of DTC and private buses. It is accessible through the...
, Hyderabadis the second largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the sixth largest city in the country. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro upon the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus known as Neroon Kot . Formerly the capital of Sindh, it serves...
.
- Ranikot Fort
Ranikot Fort is the world's largest fort with a circumference of about 29 km or 18 miles. Since 1993, it has been on the list of tenative UNESCO World Heritage Sites. - Location :...
near Sann.
- Ruins of Mohenjo-daro
Moenjo-daro was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia situated in the province of Sind, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world, existing at the same time as the civilizations of ancient Egypt,...
& Museum near Larkana.
- Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur
Sukkur , or Sakhar , formerly Aror , is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. When Arabs invaded Sukkur in the 8th century, they found an extreme climate , and called it Saqar, which means intense...
.
- Shahjahan Mosque
The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is located in Thatta, Sindh province, Pakistan. It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage and has been to preserved since its entry....
, ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
.
- Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah
Bhit Shah is name of two places in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.* Bhit is the town where the shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, the patron saint of Sindh, is located.* Bhit Shah Island is located near Hala New, Sindh....
.
- Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander
Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar , a Persian sufi saint, philosopher, poet, and qalandar, was born as Syed Usman Shah Marwandi....
, Sehwan Shairf.
- Sukkur barrage
The Sukkur barrage is a barrage across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur, Pakistan. It was built during the British Raj from 1923 to 1932 as the Lloyd Barrage to help alleviate famines caused by lack of rain...
, SukkurSukkur , or Sakhar , formerly Aror , is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. When Arabs invaded Sukkur in the 8th century, they found an extreme climate , and called it Saqar, which means intense...
.
- Kot Diji Fort
The Kot Diji Fort, formally known as Fort Ahmadabad, dominates the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur, Pakistan about 25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Nara-Rajisthan Desert. The fort was built between 1785 to 1795 by Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh in 1783...
, Kot DijiThe ancient site at Kot Diji was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground , and outer area...
- Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur (princely state).
Famous people
Note: Regarding those personalities who were born before 1947 and lived until after independence, the criteria used for judging which list to put them under is when did this person first make a name for themselves, e.g., Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
Historical personalities
- Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai was a Sufi scholar and saint, and is considered one of the greatest poets of the Sindhi language. He settled in the town of Bhit Shah in Matiari, Pakistan where his shrine is located. His most famous written work is the Shah Jo Risalo, which is a master-piece of Sindhi...
- Sachal Sarmast
Sachal Sarmast was a renowned Sufi poet from Sindh, Pakistan during the Kalhora era. Abdul Wahab was his real name and "Sachal" was the name he used in his own poetry. Sachalu means truthful in Sindhi. Sarmast means mystic in Sindhi and Urdu. Sachal Sarmast literally means 'truthful mystic'...
- Shah Inayatullah
- Sami
Sami may refer to:* Sami people of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia and Finland* Sami languages of the Sami people* Sami, Burkina Faso, one of the six districts of the Banwa Province* Sami District of Gambia...
- Abdullah Shah Ghazi
Abdullah Shah Ghazi is considered to be patron saint of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The dargah of Abdullah Shah Ghazi is located in Clifton neighbourhood of Saddar Town in Karachi. - History :...
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: , a 20th century politician and statesman, is generally regarded as the founder of Pakistan. He served as leader of The Muslim League and Pakistan's first Governor-General. He is officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam and Baba-e-Qaum...
- Jam Nizamuddin II
Jám Nizámuddín II سلطان جام نظام الدين دوم : was the most famous Sultan of the Samma Dynasty, which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1351-1551 C.E. He was known by the nick-name of Jám Nindó...
- Jam Feroz
Jam Ferozudin bin Jam Nizamudin جام فيروزالدين بن نظام الدين:was the last ruler of the Samma Dynasty of Sindh.- History :...
udin
- Jam Unar
Jam Unar bin Babinah'جام انڑ: was the founder of the Samma Dynasty, which ruled the Sind and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1335-1520 C.E.- History :...
- Jam Sanjar
Jam Sanjar جام سنجر بن بابينه: On Ráinah’s death, Sanjar became the Jám of Sind. He is said to have been a very handsome person, and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons, who took pleasure in remaining in his company...
- Jam Tamachi
Jam Tamachi bin Jam Unar ڄام تماچي: or Jam Khairuddin bin Tamachi was ruler of Sind. He belonged Unar tribe of Sindh, Pakistan.- History :...
- Sardar Darya Khan
Sardar Darya Khan , great Samma commander Darya Khan, the son of Jam Nindo , was the commander of Samma army who commanded the battles against the Arghuns of Qandahar.-Battle of Sibbi:...
- Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro
Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro was the starting Amir who established the Kalhora Dynasty of Sindh.Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro started his career from this small village with the support of the Abro tribe who remained a powerful force behind him. Sardar Khabar Abro, was the first person to enrol as his follower...
, Amir
- Yar Mouhammed Kalhoro (Khudabad)
Yar Mouhammed Kalhor ميان يارمحمدخدايارخان کلھوڑو: was the famous king of the Kalhora Dynasty that ruled Sindh from 1701 to 1783.- Shikarpur fixed as the central city under the name of Mián Din Muhammad’s brother Mian Yar Muhammad Khudabad...
, Amir
- Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro
Mian Noor Muhammad or Nawab Khudayar Khan ميان نور محمد کلھوڑو 'المعروف'نواب خدا يار خان:Mian Noor Muhammad or Nawab Khudayar Khan (urdu)ميان نور محمد کلھوڑو 'المعروف'نواب خدا يار خان:Mian Noor Muhammad or Nawab Khudayar Khan (urdu)ميان نور محمد کلھوڑو 'المعروف'نواب خدا يار خان:(1135A.H (1722...
, Amir
- Mian Ghuam Shah Kalhoro (Shah Wardi Khan)
Mian Ghuam Shah Kalhoro 1175 A.H. ميان غلام شاه كلهوره المعرووف شاه وردي خان :In the beginning of the next year 1175 A.H...
, Amir
- Muhammad Muradyab Khan (Nawab Sarbuland Khan)
Muhammad Muradyab Khan Kalhoro محمدمرياب خان كلهورو المعروف نواب سربلندخان:-Different agents appointed by the king’s orders.:...
, Amir
- Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur
Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur, popularly known as “The Lion of Sindh” belonged to the Mirpurkhas House of Royal Talpurs. He was the son of Mir Ali Murad Talpur, the founder of Mirpurkhas, and was born in 1810...
- Gernal Hosh Mohammad Sheedi
Hoshu Sheedi, whose full name is Shaheed Hosh Mohammad Sheedi was army leader of Talpur Mirs' army which fought against British in the Battles of Miani and Dubbo...
- Mir Ali Murad Talpur
Mir Ali Murad Talpur, known as the Aadil-i-Jang, was the second ruler of the Mankani Talpurs state of Mirpurkhas. He founded Mirpurkhas town in 1806 and made it the capital of his state which was founded by his father, Mir Tharo Khan Talpur at Keti Mir Tharo. His state included territories of the...
- Mir Allahyar Talpur
Mir Allahyar Talpur belonged to Mankani branch of the Talpur dynasty, which ruled Southeastern Sindh. He founded the town of Tando Allahyar. Remnants of his clay fort are still of interest to visitors...
- Abdul Raheem Grohirri
- Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi, Pir Pagaro the sixth, was spiritual leader and considered as one of the heroes of Pakistan's freedom struggle. He pioneered the Hur Freedom Movement against British colonialists....
- Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi
Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi was a noted pan-Islamic leader a political activist of the Indian independence movement...
- Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai
Maulana Deen Muhammad Wafai was a scholar, academic, writer and poet. In terms of political activism he was heavily involved in the Khilafat movement....
- Saaen G.M Sayed
Pre-Independence (pre-1947)
- Fatima Jinnah
Fatima Jinnah was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan and an active political figure in the movement for independence from the British Raj...
- Sir
Sir is an honorific used as a title , or as a courtesy title to address a man without using his given or family name in most English speaking cultures...
Abdullah HaroonAbdullah Haroon or Haji Sir Abdullah Haroon was a leading Kutchi businessman, distinguished philanthropist and was involved in Pakistan's freedom movement....
- Qazi Faiz Mohammad
- Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah
- Allah Bux Soomro
Allah Bux Muhammad Umar Soomro , or Allah Baksh Soomro, was a zamindar, government contractor, Indian independence activist and politician from the province of Sindh in British India. He is considered to be amongst the best premiers of the province...
- Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo
- Pir Pagaro
Pir Pagara is the title given to the leader of Sunni Muslim Sufi order of Hurs in Sindh province of Pakistan. It comes from Persian word Pir and Sindhi word Pagara . The turban that Pir Pagara's used to adorn was thought to belong to Prophet Muhammad.Per legend, the first Pir Pagara was such a...
- Aga Khan III
Sultan Mahommed Shah, Aga Khan III, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, PC was the 48th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims...
- Seth Edulji Dinshaw
Seth Edulji Dinshaw was one of prepartition Karachi's foremost philanthropists. A member of the Parsi community, he made his initial money during the Second Afghan War by being a contractor for the British Army...
- Elsa Kazi
Elsa Kazi , commonly known as "Mother Elsa", was a German writer of one-act plays, short stories, novels and history, and one of the greatest poets of her time. She was also a composer and a musician of considerable achievement, involved in virtually every conspicuous branch of fine arts. Her...
- Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Kazi
- Khan Bahadur Muhmmad Ayub Khuhro
- Pir Illahi Bakhsh
- Allah Bux Soomro
Allah Bux Muhammad Umar Soomro , or Allah Baksh Soomro, was a zamindar, government contractor, Indian independence activist and politician from the province of Sindh in British India. He is considered to be amongst the best premiers of the province...
- Abdul Sattar Pirzada
- Khan Sahib Ali Bux Channa
- Nana Ghulam Ally
- Jamshed Nusserwanjee
- Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw
Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw lived in Karachi, Sindh, British India . In 1924, in memory of Mr. Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw, a well known philanthropist, his heirs made substantial donations to Prince of Wales Engineering College and it was renamed as Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw Engineering College or NED...
- Khan Bahadur Allah Bux Gabole
- K. R. Malkani
- Molana Din Mohammad Wafai
- Syed Hussain Shah He was Pakistan's first boxer to win any medal in olympic boxing
Judges and lawyers
- Justice Fakhruddin G Ebrahim
- A K Brohi
- Abdul Hafeez Pirzada
- Justice Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman
Justice Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman Zubedi, a criminal lawyer, was Attorney General of Pakistan under the regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan Afterwards, General Yahya Khan elevated him to the position of Chief Justice of Sindh and Balochistan High Court; he held this position until his death in 1975.He...
Zubedi
- Barrister Hassanally A. Rahman
Hassan Ali Abdul Rahman Zubedi was born in Karachi, Sindh, to a respected professional, legal family. He received his barrister-at-law from Middle Temple, England in 1934. He was the founding architect and the first principal of the , Karachi...
Zubedi
- Justice Abdul Hafeez Memon
- Justice Rana Bhagwandas
- Justice Z.A. Channa
- Justice Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman
- Justice Abdul Kadir Sheikh
- Justice Sajjad Ali Shah
- Justice Mamoon Kazi
Post independence
- Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
- Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto was a Pakistani politician who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party , a centre-left political party in Pakistan. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state, having twice been Prime Minister of Pakistan . She was Pakistan's first and to date only female prime minister...
- Muhammad Khan Junejo
Muhammad Khan Junejo was the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan.-Early life:He was born at Sindhri in Tharparkar of Sindh. He belongs to Sindhi Muslim Rajput family of Junejo clan. Junejo started his political career at the age of twenty one...
- Rasool Bux Palijo
- Miskeen Jahan Khan Khoso
- Air Marshal M Azim Daudpota
- Aftab Shaban Mirani
Aftab Shaban Mirani is a politician from Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan. The former defence minister is now a representative for the NA-202 constituency.- Family :Aftab Shahban Mirani's wife Ms Safia Aftab Mirani died on October 5th, 2007...
- Yusuf Haroon
Muhammad Yusuf Abdullah Haroon was a politician from Sindh, Pakistan....
- Murtaza Bhutto
Mir Ghulam Murtaza Bhutto was a member of Pakistan's powerful Bhutto family, elder son of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the brother of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto. He was killed in a police encounter in 1996...
Scholars
- Abul Hassan (First ever translation of Holy Quran made from Arabic to Sindhi Language
- Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi
Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi was a noted pan-Islamic leader a political activist of the Indian independence movement...
- Hafiz-ul-milat Hafiz Muhammad Siddique Of Bhar Chandi
- Makhdum Muhammad Hashim Thatwi
- Moalana Taj Mohammad Amrothi
- Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi
- Shams-ul-Ulama Mirza Kalich Baig
Shams-ul-Ulama Mirza Kalich Baig was a Sindhi scholar, highly appreciated prose writer, and a well-known poet. He knew Sindhi, Persian, Arabic, Urdu, English and Turkish languages very well.-Early life:...
- Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo
- Shamsul Ulema Dr Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota
Shams-ul-Ulama Dr. Umar Bin Mohammad Daudpota was a Researcher, Historian, Linguist and dutiful Scholar of great Indus Valley, internationally acclaimed scholar as he served the field of literature. Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota was born in 1897 and died in 1958.-Life History:Shams-ul-Ulama Dr...
- Allama Ali Khan Abro
Allama Ali Khan Abro was the famous scholar and educationist from Sindh who wrote the Sindhi translation of Quran and intended to give the Qur’an a practical contemporary interpretation....
- Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai
Maulana Deen Muhammad Wafai was a scholar, academic, writer and poet. In terms of political activism he was heavily involved in the Khilafat movement....
- Dr. Ghulam Ali Allana
- Allama I. I. Kazi
Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi , was a scholar, philosopher, jurist, and educationist. He is considered to be a founder of the University of Sindh at its present location at Jamshoro. Many remarkable works for Sindhi Art, literature, mysticism, education and history are attributed to him...
- Atta Mohammad Hami
- Allama Ali Sher Hydri
- Dr Mubarak Ali
- Makhdoom Bilawal
Makhdoom Bilawal Bin Jam Hassan Samo , a sufi saint, philosopher and poet from Sindh, Pakistan. He was popularly knows as Makhdoom Bilawal....
- Shaikh Mubarak Sindhi
- Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Mola
Entertainment
- Abida Parveen
Abida Parveen , is a Pakistani singer of Sufi music. Parveen sings in Urdu, Sindhi, Seraiki, Punjabi and Persian.-Early life and background:Abida Parveen, a Sindhi, was born in mohalla Ali Goharabad in Larkana...
- Mohammed Ali
Mohammad Ali was one of the greatest actors of Pakistan. Mohammad Ali was given the title of Shahenshah-e-Jazbaat , i.e. The Emperor of Emotions. Mohammad Ali started his career at Radio Pakistan Karachi in the early 1960s. In 1968, he married the renowned actress Zeba...
- Waheed Murad
Waheed Murad was a Pakistani film actor, producer and script writer. Born in Sialkot, Pakistan Waheed was the only child of well-off film distributor Mr. Nisar Murad. He got early education from Karachi Grammar School or Marie Colaco School, Karachi, did graduation from S.M...
- Allan Faqir
- Sarmad Sindhi
Sarmad Sindhi was a popular Sindhi singer from Sindh, Pakistan. Sarmad Sindhi's real name was Rahman Mughal. He died in a car accident on December 27th, 1996....
- Anwar Maqsood
Anwar Maqsood Hameedi commonly known as Anwar Maqsood Urdu: انور مقصود) or Anwer Maqsood is one of Pakistan's most famous celebrities with over 35 years in the entertainment industry. He is an intellectual, playwright, poet, television host, satirist, humorist, infrequent actor and long time painter...
- Moin Akhtar
- Bushra Ansari
Bushra Ansari, is a Pakistani television compere, actress and producer. Bushra Ansari was born in Karachi. She is daughter of an eminent journalist and writer Ahmad Bashir...
- Talat Hussain
Syed Talat Hussain is the executive director of AAJ Television and hosts the famous show Live with Talat. He writes for Newsline, Time Magazine, Daily Express and occasionally contributes to India Today.- Family :...
- Ahmed Mughal
Ahmed Mughal is a popular Sindhi singer from Sindh, Pakistan. He is the brother of the popular Sindhi singer Sarmad Sindhi ....
- Ashiq Nizamani
- Govind Nihalani
Govind Nihalani is one of Indian cinema's foremost directors, cinematographer, and also a screenwriter and film producer. He has been directing Hindi films since the late seventies, and worked in the television medium.- Biography :...
- Fozia Soomro
- Jalal Chandio
- Ramesh Sippy
Ramesh Sippy is an Indian film director, best known for directing the popular and critically acclaimed film Sholay ....
- Mai Bhaggi
- Faisal Malik
Faisal Malik is an Actor, Theater and TV Director. He made Thespianz Theater in Feb. 2004.He gave directions for many theater plays and acted in many plays. He has strong relations with Government Cultural Promoters, private sector, Embassies for Cultural Promotion. His few works are as...
- Waqar Zaka
- Professor Ram Panjwani
- Mohammad Ali Charles(Dino)
- Saifudin A. Channa
Authors
- Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo
Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo son of Muhammad Khan was born on August 12, 1915, in village Abad near Laki, Kotri, Dadu, now in Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. He is a great scholar of the twenty first century....
- Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi
Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi September 20 1911 - April 1 1982 was a Pakistani journalist, author and scholar.Born in 1911 near Nusrat Station, Ratodero Taluka, Larkana District, he was the son of Muhammad Hamid Shah Rashidi and the younger brother of Pir Ali Muhammad Rashidi...
- Dr. Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota
- Mirza Qalich Baig
- Allama I. I. Kazi
Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi , was a scholar, philosopher, jurist, and educationist. He is considered to be a founder of the University of Sindh at its present location at Jamshoro. Many remarkable works for Sindhi Art, literature, mysticism, education and history are attributed to him...
- Qazi Faiz Mohammad
- Nabi Bux Khan Baloch
Dr. Nabi Bux Khan Baloch is a scholar of the Sindhi, Persian, Arabic, and Urdu languages. He has written many books on Sindh's History, and about 42 volumes on Sindhi Folklore. In addition, he has compiled and published Sindhi dictionary in five volumes—which has lately been revised in three...
- Elsa Kazi
Elsa Kazi , commonly known as "Mother Elsa", was a German writer of one-act plays, short stories, novels and history, and one of the greatest poets of her time. She was also a composer and a musician of considerable achievement, involved in virtually every conspicuous branch of fine arts. Her...
- Ali Muhammad Rashidi
Pir Ali Muhammad Rashidi was a Pakistani politician, scholar, bureaucrat, journalist and well known writer. He was from Rashidi Syed, those are calculated in Lakyari Syed's branch. He was elder brother of scholar Pir Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi....
- Bedil Masroor
Haji Bedil Masroor was born on July 11, 1947, at Shikarpur. He is famous musician, poet, story writer, prose writer and television producer. His father, Ghulam Ali Masroor Badvi, was also great poet of that era...
- Jamal Abro
Jamaluddin Abro, , also known as Jamal Abro was a Sindhi writer. He was born in May 1924 at Sangi, a small village in Mehar Taluka, then part of Dadu District.-Life:...
- G.M. Syed
- Agha Salim
- Pir Ali Muhammad Shah Rashidi
- Professor Amina Khamisani-Channa
- Anwar Pirzado
- Kalyan Advani
Poets
- Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
- Sachal Sarmast
Sachal Sarmast was a renowned Sufi poet from Sindh, Pakistan during the Kalhora era. Abdul Wahab was his real name and "Sachal" was the name he used in his own poetry. Sachalu means truthful in Sindhi. Sarmast means mystic in Sindhi and Urdu. Sachal Sarmast literally means 'truthful mystic'...
- Shaikh Ayaz
Shaikh Ayaz was one of the major Sindhi poets of Pakistan. By profession he was a lawyer but he also served as the vice chancellor of Sindh University. The people of Sindh province, in Pakistan, admire his poetry greatly. In Sindhi poetry he is considered like Pablo Neruda to the Latin America....
- Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
- Shah Abdul Karim Bulri
Shah Abdul Karim Bulri was a famous Sufi poet of the Sindhi language from Sindh, Pakistan. Shah Abdul Karim Bulri was the great-grandfather of the famous poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai....
- Shah Inayatullah
- Imdad Hussaini
Imdad Hussaini is a prolific Sindhi poet and writer of Pakistan.His published work includes:*Hawa Jay Samhoon*Shehar*Imdad Aahay Rol-See also:* Sindhi* Sindhi poetry...
- Elsa Kazi
Elsa Kazi , commonly known as "Mother Elsa", was a German writer of one-act plays, short stories, novels and history, and one of the greatest poets of her time. She was also a composer and a musician of considerable achievement, involved in virtually every conspicuous branch of fine arts. Her...
- Anwar Pirzado
- Minyoon Shah Inayat
- Behzad Lakhnawi
- Dadan Fakeer
- Adal Soomro
- Ayaz Gul
See also
- Ba'ab-ul-Islam
Bab-ul-Islam Sindh also has the honour of having the title Bab-ul-Islam since the Umayyad Soldier Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sindh in 711 CE began the Islamic era in South Asia....
- Famous Sindhi people
- Harappa
Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village is located near the former course of the Ravi River, some southeast of the site....
- Institute of Sindhology
Institute of Sindhology is one of the major resource on history of Sindh. It was the first research institution of its discipline that brought Sindhology to the forefront of international research. Sindhology is referred to as the knowledge about Sindh...
- Karachi
is the largest city, main seaport and the financial capital of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. It is the 3rd largest city in the world by population and 20th largest city of the world, in terms of metropolitan population. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and...
- Mohenjodaro
- Sateen Jo Aastan
Sateen Jo Aastan is located on the left bank of the Indus River near Rohri, Sindh, Pakistan.- Description :...
- Sindhudesh
Sindhudesh is a concept floated around by Sindhi nationalists in Pakistan, for the creation of a Sindhi state. It was conceived by senior Sindhi political leader G. M. Syed...
External links