Gujarati language

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Gujarati language

Gujarati (??????? Gujarati^{?Gujarati script

The Gujarati script , which like all Nagari writing systems is strictly speaking an abugida rather than an alphabet, is used to write the Gujarati language and Kutchi language languages....}) is an Indo-Aryan language

Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages family.SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani language , Bangla language , Punjabi language , Marathi , Gujarati language , Nepali language , Oriya language , Sindhi language , Sinhal...
, and part of the greater Indo-European

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
language family

Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
. It is native to the India

India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
n state of Gujarat

Gujarat

Gujarat is a States and territories of India in western India. Gujarat borders Pakistan to the north west and the state of Rajasthan to the north and northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, Maharashtra and the Union territory of Diu, Daman District, India, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south....
, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu

Daman and Diu

Daman and Diu is a union territory in India.For over 450 years, these coastal enclaves on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli....
and Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Dadra and Nagar Haveli are in the watershed of the Daman Ganga River, which flows through the territory. The towns of Dadra and Silvassa both lie on the north bank of the river....
.

There are about 46.1 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language

List of languages by number of native speakers

This is a list of languages ordered by the number of native-language speakers with some data for second-language use. Languages are listed for secondary locations only when spoken by more than 1% of the population....
in the world. Along with Romany

Romani language

Romani or Romany, Gypsy or Gipsy is the language of the Romani people. It is an Indo-Aryan language, sometimes included in either the "Central Indo-Aryan" or the "Northwest Indo-Aryan languages" group, sometimes treated as a branch of its own....
and Sindhi

Sindhi language

Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and is also spoken by a minority 12 million in India; it is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan....
, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language

First language

A first language is the language a human being learns from birth. A person's first language is a basis for sociolinguistic identity....
of Mohandas K.

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Encyclopedia

Indo-Aryan languages

Indo-European languages

Language family

India

Gujarat

Daman and Diu

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

List of languages by number of native speakers

Romani language

Sindhi language

First language

A first language is the language a human being learns from birth. A person's first language is a basis for sociolinguistic identity....
of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father

Father of the Nation

Father ofhjkjijolkpx?gsoplqhdtrsjdewfathers]] may be used if more than one person is considered key....
of India", Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the "father of Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
," and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Patel was a politics of India and social leader of India who played a major role in the country's Indian independence movement and guided its Political integration of India into a united, independent nation....
, the "iron man of India."

History

Gujarati (also having been variously spelled as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi) is a modern Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
. The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages:

Old IA (Vedic
Vedic Sanskrit

Vedic Sanskrit is an Old Indic language. It is the language of the Vedas, the oldest shruti texts of Hinduism, compiled over the period of the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BC....
and Classical
Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
Sanskrit)
Middle IA (various Prakrit
Prakrit

Prakrit refers to the broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the Kshatriya caste, but were regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy....
s and Apabhramsha
Apabhramsha

Apabhra?sa is a terminology used by Sanskrit grammarians since Pata?jali to refer to dialects of North India that deviate from the norm of Sanskrit grammar....
s)
New IA (modern languages such as Hindi
Hindi

Standard Hindi, also known as High Hindi, Nagari Hindi or Literary Hindi is a Standard language register of Hindi. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, and is used, along with English language, for administration of the central government....
, Punjabi
Punjabi language

'Punjabi' , , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the religions of Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism....
, Bengali
Bengali language

Bengali or Bangla is an Indo-European languages language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages....
, etc
Et cetera

Et cetera is a Latin expression that means "and other things," or "and so forth." It is taken directly from the Latin expression which literally means "and the rest " and is a transliteration of the Greek language "?a? ?te?a" ....
.)

Another view accords successive family, tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages:

IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as stop
Stop consonant

A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The terms plosive and stop are usually used interchangeably, but they are not perfect synonyms....
s becoming voiced
Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sound, with sounds described as either voiceless or voiced....
in the Northern (Skt. danta "tooth
Tooth

Teeth are small whitish structures found in the jaws of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, and chew food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or defense....
" > Punj. dand) and dental
Dental consonant

In linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as , , , and in some languages....
and retroflex
Retroflex consonant

In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. The tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge, and may even be curled back to touch the palate: that is, they are articulated in the postalveolar consonant to palatal consonant region of the mouth....
sibilants merging with the palatal in the Eastern (Skt. sandhya "evening
Evening

Evening is the period in which the daylight is decreasing, between the late afternoon and night, around the time when dinner is taken. Though the term is subjective, evening is typically understood to begin before sunset, during the close of the standard business day ? and extend until dusk, the beginning of night....
" > Beng. sajh).
Western, into Central and Southern.
Central, in Gujarati/Rajasthani
Rajasthani language

Rajasthani is a language or language cluster of the Indo-Aryan languages family. It is spoken by 36 million people in Rajasthan and other States and territories of India of India and in some adjacent areas of Pakistan....
, Western Hindi, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb

In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantics or syntax information about the main or full verb following it....
s and postpositions in Gujarati/Rajasthani.
Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary ch- and the possessive
Possession (linguistics)

Possession, in the context of linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which possession the referent of the other....
marker
Marker (linguistics)

In linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word or sentence. In analytic languages and agglutinative languages, markers are generally easily distinguished....
-n- during the 15th century.

The principal changes from Sanskrit are the following:

Phonological
Phonology

Phonology is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use. Just as a language has syntax and vocabulary, it also has a phonology in the sense of a sound system....

Loss of phonemic
Phoneme

In human language, a phoneme is the smallest posited linguistically distinctive unit of sound. Phonemes carry no semantic content themselves. In theoretical terms, phonemes are not the physical segment s themselves, but cognitive abstractions or categorizations of them....
length
Vowel length

In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound. Often the chroneme, or the "longness", acts like a consonant, and may etymologically be one such as in Australian English....
for vowel
Vowel

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis....
s
Change of consonant cluster
Consonant cluster

In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word splits....
s to geminate and then to single consonant
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
s (with compensatory vowel length)

English	Sanskrit	Prakrit Prakrit Prakrit refers to the broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the Kshatriya caste, but were regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy....	Gujarati
hand Hand The hands are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a human or other primate. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, using anywhere from the roughest motor skills to the finest , and since the fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve e...	hasta	hattha	hath
seven	sapta	satta	sat
eight	a??a	a??ha	a?h
snake Snake Snakes are elongate legless carnivore reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears....	sarpa	sappa	sap

Morphological
Morphology (linguistics)

Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of structure of words . While words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, words can be related to other words by rules....

Reduction in the number of compound
Compound (linguistics)

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one Word stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes ....
s
Merger of the dual
Dual (grammatical number)

Dual is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural. When a noun or pronoun appears in dual form, it is interpreted as referring to precisely two of the entities identified by the noun or pronoun....
with plural
Plural

Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers....
Replacement of case
Grammatical case

In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject , of direct object, or of possession ....
affix
Affix

An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word. Affixes may be derivation , like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed....
es by postpositions
Development of periphrastic
Circumlocution

Circumlocution is an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech. In its most basic form, circumlocution is using many words to describe something simple ....
tense
Grammatical tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal language quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, and grammatical person, which verb forms may express....
/voice
Grammatical voice

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its verb arguments ....
/mood
Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
constructions

Syntax
Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing Sentence s in natural languages. In addition to referring to the discipline, the term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the Irish syntax"....

Split ergativity
Split ergativity

Split ergativity is shown by languages that have a partly Ergative-absolutive_language behaviour, but employ another syntax or morphology ? usually Nominative-accusative language ? in some contexts....
More complex agreement
Agreement (linguistics)

In languages, agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase. Agreement happens when one word changes in form depending on to which other words it is being related....
system

Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages:

Old Gujarati (1100 — 1500 AD), ancestor of Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars in northern Gujarat and western Rajasthan. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. It had 3 gender

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once....
s as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct at the time. Also factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [u] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant

Nasal consonant

A nasal consonant is produced with a lowered soft palate in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound, but the air does not escape through the mouth as it is blocked by the tongue....
was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [u]. A formal grammar of the precursor to this language was written by Jain

Jainism

Jainism is one of the oldest Indian religions that originated in India. Jains believe that every soul is divine and has the potential to achieve God-consciousness....
monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra

Acharya Hemachandra

Hemachandra Acharya was an Indian Jainism scholar, poet, and polymath who wrote on grammar, philosophy, prosody, and contemporary history. Noted as a prodigy by his contemporaries, he gained the title Kalikal Sarvagya, ....
Suri in the reign of Rajput

Rajput

A Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups of Indian subcontinent. The Rajputs trace their roots to Rajputana. They enjoy a reputation as formidable soldiers and it is common to find many of them serving in the Indian Armed Forces....
king

King

King is a title for a head of state.King may also refer to:...
Siddharaj Jayasinh of Anhilwara (Patan).

Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:

rasa, predominantly didactic
Didacticism

Didacticism is an artistic philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art. Didactic art intends not primarily to "Entertainment" or to pursue subjective goals....
narrative, of which the earliest known is Salibhadrasuri's Bharatesvarabahubali (1185).
phagu, in which spring time is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasuri's Sirithulibadda (ca. 1335). The most famous is the Vasantavilasa, of unknown scholarship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in fourteenth or fifteenth century, or possibly earlier.
barmasi, describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months.
akhyana, in which different sections are each in a single metre.

Narasimha Mehta

Mehta

Parsi caste also found in India : Hindu , Jain, Parsi, and Sikh surname meaning praised or great from Sanskrit mahita which means . In Gujarati language it has also come to mean ?teacher? and ?accountant?, probably because teachers and accountants were respectfully so addressed in Gujarat....
(c. 1414 — 1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati poetry

Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important prose

Prose

Prose is writing that resembles everyday Speech communication. The word "prose" is derived from the Latin prosa, which literally translates to "straightforward"....
work is the fourteenth-century commentary of Taru?aprabha, the ?a?avasyakabalabodhavr?tti.

Middle Gujarati (1500 — 1800 AD), split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ? and ?, the auxiliary stem ch-, and the possessive marker -n-. Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are:

i, u develop to ? in open syllable
Syllable

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of Speech communication sounds. For example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and ter....
s
dipthongs ?i, ?u change to ? and ? in initial syllables and to e and o elsewhere
?u develops to ?~ in initial syllables and to u in final syllables

These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative-accusative singular in -?.

Modern Gujarati (1800 AD — ). A major phonological change was the deletion of final ?'s, such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -o developed. In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.

1840s, personal diary composition; Nityanondh, Durgaram Mahetaji.
1851, first essay; Mania?i Ma?vathi thata Labh, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.
1866, first novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
; Kara? Ghelo, Nandashankar Mehta.
1866, first autobiography; Mari Hakikat, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.

Demographics and Distribution

Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati, roughly 45.5 million reside in India, 150 000 in Uganda, 250 000 in Tanzania, 50 000 in Kenya and roughly 100 000 in Pakistan. There is also a large Gujarati community in Mumbai

Mumbai

Mumbai— formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city proper has approximately 14 million people and, along with the neighbouring suburbs of Navi Mumbai and Thane, Mumbai forms the World's largest urban agglomerations according to the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects report with around 19...
, India.

The United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
has 300 000 speakers, many of them situated in the London

London

London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
areas of Wembley

Wembley

Wembley Central is an area located in HA postcode area, UK which forms the Western part of the London Borough of Brent. It is best known as the location of Wembley Stadium, which is the home of English football....
, Harrow

London Borough of Harrow

The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough of outer north-west London. It borders Hertfordshire to the north and other London boroughs: London Borough of Hillingdon to the west, London Borough of Ealing to the south, London Borough of Brent to...
and Newham and in Leicester

Leicester

Leicester is a city status in the United Kingdom and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England. It is the county town of Leicestershire....
, Coventry

Coventry

Coventry is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. With a population of 303,475 at the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom....
and Bradford

Bradford

Bradford lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the foothills of the Pennines, west of Leeds, and northwest of Wakefield....
. A considerable population exists in North America

North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
as well. A portion of these numbers consists of East Africa

East Africa

East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN subregion, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
n Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly-independent resident countries (especially Uganda

Uganda

The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania....
, where Idi Amin

Idi Amin

Idi Amin Dada , commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan Military dictatorship and the President of Uganda of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colony regiment, the King's African Rifles, in 1946, and advanced to the rank of Major General and Commander of the Ugandan Army....
expelled 50 000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenship

Citizenship

Citizenship refers to a person's membership in a political community such as a country or city. It has different legal definitions in different countries....
s. Most, with British passport

Passport

A passport is a document, issued by a national government, which certifies, for the purpose of international travel, the identity and nationality of its holder....
s, settled in the UK.

Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people

Gujarati people

Gujarati people , or Gujaratis, is an umbrella term used to describe traditionally Gujarati language-speaking people who can trace their ancestry to the state of Gujarat in India....
, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state of Gujarat

Gujarat

Gujarat is a States and territories of India in western India. Gujarat borders Pakistan to the north west and the state of Rajasthan to the north and northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, Maharashtra and the Union territory of Diu, Daman District, India, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south....
also count as speakers, among them the Kutchis (as a literary language

Literary language

A literary language is a register of a language that is used in literary writing. This may also include Sacred language. The difference between literary and non-literary forms is more marked in some languages than in others....
), the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue

First language

A first language is the language a human being learns from birth. A person's first language is a basis for sociolinguistic identity....
), and Hindu Sindhi

Sindhi people

Sindhis are a Sindhi language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating from Sindh, now a province of Pakistan. Today Sindhis that live in Pakistan are predominantly Muslim but there are also smaller minorities of Hindus and Christians....
refugees from Pakistan

Pakistan

Official status

Gujarati is one of the 22 official language

Official language

An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other territory. Typically a nation's official language will be the one used in that nation's courts, parliament and administration....
s and 14 regional language

Regional language

A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a nation state, whether it be a small area, a Federalism state or province, or some wider area....
s of India

India

Dialects

The accepted standard dialect is the speech of the area from Baroda to Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is the largest city in the Indian state of Gujarat and one of the List of most populous metropolitan areas in India in India, with a population of approximately 52 lakhs ....
and north. Ethnologue

Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International , a Christianity linguistics service organization, which studies lesser-known languages, primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles, in their native language....
lists the following dialects and subdivisions.

Standard Gujarati

Saurashtra Standard
Nagari
Bombay Gujarati
Patnuli

Gamadia

Gramya
Surati
Anawla
Brathela
Eastern Broach Gujarati
Charotari
Patidari
Vadodari
Ahmedabad
Patani

Parsi/ Surati
Kathiyawadi

Jhalawadi
Sorathi
Holadi
Gohilwadi
Bhavnagari
Mer

Kharwa
Khakari
Tarimukhi

Ghisadi

Closely related languages

Kutchi

Kutchi may refer to:* Kutchi people, an ethnic group in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutchi language, language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India...
, also known as Khojki

Khojki

Khojki was a script used almost exclusively by the Khoja community of the Pakistan and other parts of South Asia. It was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as a few secret Shia Muslim sects....
, is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi

Sindhi language

Phonology

Vowel
Vowel

In phonetics, a **vowel** is a sound in spoken language, such as English *ah!* or *oh!* , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis....
s
	Front Front vowel A front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant....	Central Central vowel A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel....	Back Back vowel A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant....
Close Close vowel A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant....
Mid Mid vowel A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an open vowel and a close vowel....

Open Open vowel An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth....

Consonant
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a **consonant** is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
s
	Bilabial Bilabial consonant In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:...		Labio- dental		Dental Dental consonant In linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as , , , and in some languages.... / Alveolar Alveolar consonant Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the Dental alveolus of the superior teeth....		Retroflex Retroflex consonant In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. The tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge, and may even be curled back to touch the palate: that is, they are articulated in the postalveolar consonant to palatal consonant region of the mouth....		Post-alv./ Palatal Palatal consonant Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate . Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex consonant....		Velar Velar consonant Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the Soft palate)....		Glottal Glottal consonant Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the so-called fricatives, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have; in fact, some do not consider them to be consonants at all....
Nasal Nasal consonant A nasal consonant is produced with a lowered soft palate in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound, but the air does not escape through the mouth as it is blocked by the tongue....
Plosive
Affricate Affricate consonant Affricate consonants begin as stop consonants but release as a fricative consonant rather than directly into the following vowel....
Fricative
Tap or Flap Flap consonant In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another....
Approximant Approximant consonant Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and "typical" consonants. In the articulation of approximants, articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence....

Writing system

Similar to other Nagari writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida

Abugida

An 'abugida' is a segment writing system which is based on consonants but in which vowel notation is obligatory. About half the writing systems in the world are abugidas, including the extensive Brahmic family of scripts used in South and Southeast Asia....
. It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi

Kutchi language

Kachhi is an Indo-Aryan Languages spoken in the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat, with approximately 866,000 speakers. Often improperly referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, it is in fact a clear dialect of Sindhi, and behaves much like Sindhi in almost all its grammar and some vocabulary....
languages. It is a variant of Devanagari

Devanagari

, or 'Nagari', is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right, lacks distinct letter cases, and is recognizable by a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the letters that links them together....
script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.

Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi

Kutchi

Kutchi may refer to:* Kutchi people, an ethnic group in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutchi language, language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India...
, can be written in the Arabic or Persian scripts. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district.

Vocabulary

Categorization and Sources

These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and loanwords.

Tadbhav

?????? tadbhav, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
(old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:

Old Indo-Aryan		Gujarati
I I (pronoun) I is thegrammatical person,grammatical numberpersonal pronoun in Modern English. It is the person you are referring to when you are referring to yourself....	aham	hu
falls, slips	khasati	khasvu	to move
causes to move	arpayati	apvu	to give
school School File:Primary Student of Pakistan.JPGA school , is an institution designed to allow and encourage students to education, under the supervision of teachers....	nayasala	nisa?
attains to, obtains	prapnoti	pamvu
tiger Tiger The tiger is a member of the Felidae family; the largest of the four "big cats" in the genus Panthera. Native to much of eastern and southern Asia, the tiger is an apex predator and an Carnivore#Obligate carnivores....	vyaghra	vagh
equal, alike, level	sama	samu	right, sound
all	sarva	sau

Tatsam

?????? tatsam, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan

Middle Indo-Aryan languages

The Middle Indo-Aryan languages are the early medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as Sanskrit, and the predecessors of the late medieval languages such as Apabhramsha or Abahatta, which eventually evolved into the contemporary Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindustani language,...
, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

Tatsam	English	Gujarati
lekhak	writer Writer A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, as well as those who have written in many different forms....	lakhnar
vijeta	winner	jitnar
vikasit	developed	vikaselu
jagara?	awakening	jagvanu

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. ??????? prasara means "spreading", but now it's used for "broadcasting

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is distribution of Sound and/or video Signalling s which transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young adults....
". In addition to this are neologism

Neologism

A neologism is a newly coined word that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language . Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event....
s, often being calque

Calque

In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation....
s. An example is telephone

Telephone

The telephone is a telecommunications device that is used to transmitter and receive electronically or digitally encoded sound between two or more people conversing....
, which is Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
for "far talk", translated as ?????? durbha. Though most people just use ??? phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence: dharma
Dharma

The term , is an Indian Indian philosophy and Indian religions term, that means one's righteous duty or any virtuous path in the common sense of the term....
-dharam, other times with differences in meaning, with the former holding a "higher" one:

Tatsam		Tadbhav
karma Karma Karma is the concept of "action" or "deed" in Indian religions understood as that which causes the entire cycle of causality originating in ancient India and treated in Hindu, Jain, Sikh and Buddhism philosophies....	Work — Dharmic religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.	kam	work [without any religious connotations].
k?etra	Field — Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; khangi k?etra ? private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; ra?ak?etra ? battlefield.	khetar	field [in agricultural sense].

What remains are words of foreign origin (videsi), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (desaj). The former consists mainly of Persian

Persian language

English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
, with trace elements of Portuguese

Portuguese language

Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Portugal. It is derived from the Latin language spoken by the Romanization Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago....
and Turkish

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to Siberia and Western China, and are sometimes considered to be part of the proposed Altaic languages....
. While the phenomenon of English loanword

Loanword

A loanword is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the Meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself....
s is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nation-wide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it's being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.

Perso-Arabic

India was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims

Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent

The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region, beginning during the period of the ascendancy of the Rajput Kingdoms in North India, from the 7th century onwards....
. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. davo - claim, faydo - benefit, natijo - result, and humlo - attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khanu - compartment, has the neuter u. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvu, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabulvu - to admit (fault), kharidvu - to buy, kharacvu - to spend (money), gujarvu - to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.

Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary

Dictionary

A dictionary is a book of Alphabetical order listed words in a specific language, with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, and other information; or a book of alphabetically listed words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon....
, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu a, neuter u groups into a as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
and Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, perhaps 500 years ago.

NOUNS									ADJECTIVES
MASC			NEU			FEM			ADJECTIVES
faydo	gain, advantage, benefit	A	khanu	compartment	P	kharidi	purchase(s), shopping	P	taju	fresh	P
humlo	attack	A	makan	house, building	A	sardi	cold Common cold Acute viral rhinopharyngitis, or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious, virus infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, primarily caused by picornaviruses or coronaviruses....	P	judu	different, separate	P
davo	claim	A	nasib	luck Luck Luck is a chance happening, or that which happens beyond a person's control. Luck can be good or bad ....	A	baju	side	P	najik	near	P
natijo	result, outcome	A	saher	city City A city is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....	P	cijh	thing	P	kharab	bad	A
gusso	anger Anger Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage. The physical effects of anger include increased heart rate, blood pressure,and levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline....	P	medan	plain Plain In geography, a plain is an area of landscape with relatively high relief, as well as flat. Prairies and steppes are types of plains, and the archetype for a plain is often thought of as a grassland, but plains in their natural state may also be covered in shrublands, woodland and forest, or vegetation may be absent in the case of sandy or...	P	jindgi	life	P	lal	red Red Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625?740 Nanometer....	P

Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family

Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European languages family of languages. It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan languages , Iranian languages and Nuristani languages....
as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates:

Persian	INDO-ARYAN	English
marad	martya	man, mortal
stan -stan The Affix -stan is Persian language for "place of", derived from the Indo-Aryan languages equivalent, -sthana The suffix also appears in the names of many regions, especially in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, areas where ancient Indo-Iranians were established; in Iranian, however, it is also used more generally, as in Persi...	sthan	place, land
i	iya
band	bandh	closed, fastened

Zoroastrian Persian refugee

Refugee

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecutionOwing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality,...
s known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.

English

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonialism

British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglosphere

Anglosphere

The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of anglophone nations which share historical, political, and cultural characteristics rooted in or attributed to the historical experience of the United Kingdom....
dominance in the post-colonial period. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish
Hinglish

Hinglish, a portmanteau of the words Hindi and English, usage of Hindi and English language words, combining both, in one sentence. This is more commonly seen in urban and semi-urban centers of the Hindi speaking states of India, but is slowly spreading its root into rural and remote areas of these states via television, mobile p...
, Code-switching
Code-switching

Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or Variety in conversation. Multilingualism, who can speak at least two languages, have the ability to use elements of both languages when conversing with another bilingual....
.

In matters of sound, English alveolar

Alveolar consonant

Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the Dental alveolus of the superior teeth....
consonants map as retroflexes

Retroflex consonant

In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. The tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge, and may even be curled back to touch the palate: that is, they are articulated in the postalveolar consonant to palatal consonant region of the mouth....
rather than dentals

Dental consonant

In linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as , , , and in some languages....
. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /?/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English
Indian English

Indian English comprises several dialects or varieties of English language spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin....
.

As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having 3 genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.


bâ?k	bank Bank A bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money. It is an institution for receiving, keeping, and lending money....	phon	phone Phone Within phonetics, a phone is:* a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language...	?ebal	table Table (furniture) A table is a item of furniture comprising a surface supported by a base or legs. It may be used to hold articles such as food at a convenient or comfortable height when sitting, and is therefore often used in conjunction with chairs....	bas	bus Bus A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. A bus can generally seat a maximum of anywhere from 8 to 200 passengers; many more passengers than a minivan....	rabbar	eraser Eraser An eraser or rubber is an article of stationery that is used for removing pencil and sometimes pen writings. Erasers have a rubbery consistency and are often white, brown or pink, although modern materials allow them to be made in any color....	?orc	flashlight Flashlight A flashlight is a portable electric searchlight which emits light from a small incandescent lightbulb, or from one or more light-emitting diodes ....	dôk?ar	doctor Physician A physician, medical practitioner, doctor of medicine, or medical doctor practices medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and injury....	rasid	receipt Receipt A receipt is a written acknowledgement that a specified article or sum of money has been received as an exchange for goods or services. The receipt acts as the Title to the property obtained in the exchange....
helo halo halo	hello Hello Hello is a salutation or Greeting habits in the English language. Hello was recorded in dictionaries in 1883....	hôspi?al aspital ispital	hospital Hospital A hospital is an institution for health care providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment, and often but not always providing for longer-term patient stays....	s?esan ?esan	station Train station \|}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which passengers may board and alight from trains and/or rail-transported freight may be loaded or unloaded....	saykal	(bi)cycle Bicycle The bicycle, bike, or cycle is a pedal-driven, human-powered transport with two bicycle wheel attached to a bicycle frame, one behind the other....	rum	room	ais krim	ice cream Ice cream Ice cream or ice-cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, combined with fruits or other ingredients....	rôba?	robot Robot A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an Electromechanics which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has Intention or Agency of its own....	?aym	time Time Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....
a?kal¹	uncle Uncle Uncle may refer to:* A family relationship, either the brother of a parent or the husband of a sister of a parent. A woman with an equivalent relationship is an aunt, and the reciprocal relationship is that of a nephew or niece....	a??i¹	auntie Auntie The word auntie or aunty can mean:-A pet form for the word "aunt"An informal name for The British Broadcasting Corporation .*An informal name for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ...	paki?	wallet Wallet A wallet, or billfold, is a small, flat case used to carry personal items such as cash, credit cards and identification documents, such as a driver's license....	kavar	envelope Envelope An envelope is a packaging product, usually made of flat material such as paper or cardboard, and designed to contain a flat object, which in a postal-service context is usually a letter , card or bills....	no?	banknote Banknote A banknote is a kind of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and in many jurisdictions is legal tender....	skul	school School File:Primary Student of Pakistan.JPGA school , is an institution designed to allow and encourage students to education, under the supervision of teachers....	?yusan	tuitoring	esi	AC Air conditioning An air conditioner is an appliance, system, or Mechanism designed to extract heat from an area via a refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of heating, Ventilation , and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC." Its purpose, in a building or an automobile, is to provide comfort during either hot or cold...
mina? mini?	minute Minute A minute is a unit of measurement of time or of angle.The minute is a Unit of measurement of time equal to 1/60th of an hour or 60 seconds. In the Coordinated Universal Time time scale, a minute occasionally has 59 or 61 seconds; see leap second....	?iki? ?ika?	ticket Ticket Ticket may refer to:Ticket , a card or slip of paper used to gain admission to a location or eventTicket , a single election choice which fills more than one political office or seat...	sle?	slate Slate (writing) A writing slate is a piece of flat material used as a Recording medium for writing.In the 1800s, writing slates were made of slate, which is more durable than paper and was cheap at the time when paper was expensive....	ho?al	hotel Hotel ----A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including Bathroom#Types of bathroomss and air conditioning or clima...	par?i	party Political party A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain and maintain politics power within government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns....	?ren	train Train A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track to rail transport from one place to another. The track usually consists of two rail tracks, but might also be a monorail or magnetic levitation train guideway....	kalek?ar	collector District collector The District Collector is a Government of India appointee who is in charge of the governance of a List of Indian districts in a States and territories of India....	re?iyo	radio Radio Radio is the transmission of signals, by modulation of electromagnetic radiation with frequency below those of visible light.Electromagnetic radiation radio propagation by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space....

¹ These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that aren't actually uncles and aunts but are of the age.

Portuguese

The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India
Portuguese India

Portuguese India was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India. At the time of British India's independence in 1947, Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman and Daman and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inl...
, Portuguese-based creole languages#India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [?].

Gujarati	Meaning	Portuguese
istri	iron(ing) Ironing File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001163-0012, K?ln, Textilfabrik Bierbaum-Proenen.jpgIroning or smoothing is the work of using a heated tool, or tools, to remove wrinkles from fabric....	estirar¹
mistri ²	carpenter Carpenter A carpenter is a skilled artisan who performs carpentry - a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing building construction, furniture, and other objects out of wood....	mestre³
sabu	soap SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks....	sabão
cavi	key Key (lock) A key is a device which is used to open a Lock . A typical key consist of two parts: the blade, which slides into the keyway of the lock and distinguishes between different keys, and the bow, which is left protruding so that torque can be applied by the user....	chave
tamaku	tobacco Tobacco Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide, and in the form of nicotine tartrate it is used in some medicines....	tobacco
kobi	cabbage Cabbage The cabbage is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae , used as a Leaf vegetable. It is a herbaceous, biennial plant, dicotyledonous flowering plant distinguished by a short stem upon which is crowded a mass of leaves, usually green but in some varieties red or purplish, forming a characteristic compact, globular cluster ....	couve
kaju	cashew Cashew The cashew is a tree in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil. Its English language name derives from the Portuguese language name for the fruit of the cashew tree, caju, which in turn derives from the indigenous Tupi language name, acaj?....	caju
pau	bread Bread Bread is a staple food prepared by baking a dough of flour and water. It may be leavened or unleavened. Edible salt, fat and a leavening agent such as yeast are common ingredients, though bread may contain a range of other ingredients: milk, Egg , sugar, spice, fruit , vegetables , Nut or seeds ....	pão
ba?ako	potato Potato The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial plant Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family. The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well....	batata
ananas	pineapple Pineapple Pineapple is the common name for an edible tropical plant and also its fruit. It is native to the southern part of Brazil, and Paraguay. This herbaceous plant perennial plant grows to tall with 30 or more trough-shaped and pointed leaves long, surrounding a thick plant stem....	ananás
padri	'father The Reverend Reverend or the Reverend is a Style used as a prefix to the names of many Christian clergy and Minister of religions. "The Reverend" is formally called a style but commonly and in dictionaries called a title, form of address, or title of respect.... '	padre
a?grej(i)	English	inglês
natal	christmas Christmas Christmas , also referred to as Christmas Day, is an annual holiday celebrated on December 25 that commemorates the birth of Jesus. The day marks the beginning of the larger season of Christmastide, which lasts Twelve Days of Christmas....	natal

¹ "Lengthen".

² Common occupational surname

Surname

A surname is a name added to a given name and is part of a personal name. In many cases a surname is a family name; the family-name meaning first appeared in 1375....
.

³ "Master".

Loans into English

Bungalow
Bungalow

A bungalow is a type of single-story house that originated in India. The word derives from the Gujarati word ba?glo, which in turn came from Hindustani ba?gla....
—

Coolie
Coolie

Coolie is:*A historical term for manual labourers from Asia, particularly China and India, in the 19th century and early 20th century.*An "old-fashioned an unskilled worker who is paid very low wages, especially in parts of Asia", but the current version adds "taboo old-fashioned...
—

Tank
Tank (disambiguation)

A tank is an armoured combat vehicle.Tank may also refer to:...
—

Grammar

Gujarati is a head-final, or left-branching

Branching (linguistics)

In linguistics, branching is the general tendency towards a given order of words within Sentence s and smaller grammatical units within sentences ....
language. Adjective

Adjective

In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntax role is to grammatical modifier a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's definition....
s precede noun

Noun

In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open class lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition....
s, direct objects come before verb

Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word that usually denotes an action , an occurrence , or a state of being . Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, grammatical mood and grammatical voice....
s, and there are postpositions. The word order

Word order

In linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other, and the systematic correspondences of between these arrangements....
of Gujarati is SOV

Subject Object Verb

In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb is the type of languages in which the subject , object , and verb of a sentence appear or usually appear in that order....
, and there are three genders

Grammatical gender

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
. There are no definite

Definite Article

Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzard's 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England....
or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root

Root (linguistics)

The root is the primary lexicology unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantics content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents....
followed by suffix

Suffix

In grammar, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the grammatical conjugation of verbs....
es marking aspect

Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb defines the temporal flow in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect ....
and agreement

Agreement (linguistics)

In languages, agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase. Agreement happens when one word changes in form depending on to which other words it is being related....
in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary

Auxiliary verb

In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantics or syntax information about the main or full verb following it....
form derived from to be, marking tense

Grammatical tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal language quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, and grammatical person, which verb forms may express....
and mood

Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
, and also showing agreement. Causative

Causative

A causative form, in linguistics, is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action .All languages have ways to express causation, but they differ in the means....
s (up to double) and passives have morphological basis'.

Sample Text

Gujarati script
Gujarati script

The Gujarati script , which like all Nagari writing systems is strictly speaking an abugida rather than an alphabet, is used to write the Gujarati language and Kutchi language languages....
—

????????? ??????-?????

?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??.??-?-?????? ??.?-?-???? ???? ????? ????? ???. ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???.

??.??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???.

Devanagari script —

????????? ??????-?????

??.??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???.

Arabic alphabet
Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is the writing system used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic language, Persian language, and Urdu language....
—

?????? ???? ????????-?????

?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??.1?-?-??????? ??.?-?-???? ????? ????? ????? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???. ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???.

??.???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???.

Transliteration
Transliteration

Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice....
—

gandhijini jhu~p?i-Kara?i

jag prasiddh da??i kuc pachi gandhijie ahi~ ambana vr?k? nice khajurina~ cha?iya~ni ek jhu~p?ima~ ta.14-4-1930thi ta.4-5-1930 sudhi nivas karyo hato. da??ima~ cha?h?hi eprile saru kareli nimak kanun bha?gni la?atne tem?e ahi~thi veg api des vyapi banavi hati. ahi~thij tem?e dharasa?ana mi?hana agaro taraph kuc karvano potano sa?kalp bri?is vaisarôyne patra lakhine ja?avyo hato.

ta.4thi me 1930ni ratna bar vagya pachi a stha?ethi bri?is sarkare temni dharpaka? kari hati.

Transcription
Phonetic transcription

Phonetic transcription is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human language. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet ....
(IPA) —

g?n?d??i?ini ??up?i-k????i

??g p??s?d?d?? ????i ku? p???i g?n?d??i?ie ??j~ ?mb?n? ???k? ni?e k???u?n?~ ????ij?~ni ek ??up?im?~ t?? _________t??i t??._______ sud??i ni??s k??jot?o. ????im?~ ???????i ep?ile ???u k??eli nim?k k?nun b???gni l???t?ne t??m?e ??j~t??i ?eg ?pi de? ?j?pi b?n??it?i. ??j~t??i? t??m?e d?????s??~?n? mi???n? ?g??o t????f ku? k????no pot??no s??k?lp b?i?i? ??js???jne p?t??? l?k?ine ???~??jot?o.

t??.__t??i me ____ni ??t?n? b?? ??gj? p???i ? st????et??i b?i?i? s??k??e t??mni d????p?k?? k??it?i.

Simple gloss
Gloss

A gloss is a brief summary of a word's meaning, equivalent to the dictionary entry of that word, but only a word or two in length. It is typically used for the meaning of a word in another language, and hence a simple translation....
—

gandhiji's hut-karadi

world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-at started done salt law break's fight(-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. here-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.

date.4-from may 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from british government his arrest done was.

Transliteration and detailed gloss —

gandhiji-n-i	jhu~p?-i-Ø	Kara?i
gandhiji–GEN–FEM	hut–FEM–SG	karadi

jag	prasiddh	da??i	kuc	pachi	gandhiji-e	ahi~	amb-a-Ø-n-a	v?k?	nice
world	famous	dandi	march	after	gandhiji–ERG	here	mango–MASC.OBL–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL	tree	under

khajur-i-Ø-n-a~	cha?iy-a~-n-i	ek	jhu~p?-i-Ø-ma~	ta.	14 4 1930thi	ta.	4 5 1930	sudhi
palmdate–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT.OBL	bark–NEUT.PL.OBL–GEN–FEM.OBL	one	hut–FEM–SG–in	date	14 4 1930–from	date	4 5 1930	until

nivas	kar-y-o	ha-t-o	.	da??i-ma~	cha?h?hi	epril-e	saru	kar-el-i	nimak
residence.MASC.SG.OBJ.NOM	do–PERF–MASC.SG	be–PAST–MASC.SG	.	dandi–in	sixth	April–at	started	do–PAST.PTCP–FEM	salt

kanun	bha?g-n-i	la?at-Ø-ne	te-m-?e	ahi~-thi	veg	ap-i	des	vyapi
law	break–GEN–FEM.OBL	fight.FEM.OBJ–SG–ACC	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	here–from	speed–OBJ	give–CONJUNCTIVE	country	wide

ban-av-Ø-i	ha-t-i	.	ahi~-thi-j	te-m-?e	dharasa?a-n-a
become–CAUS–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM	.	here–from–INTENSIFIER	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	dharasana–GEN–MASC.PL

mi?h-a-n-a	agar-o	taraph	kuc	kar-v-a-n-o	pota-n-o
salt–NEUT.SG.OBL–GEN–MASC.PL	mound.MASC–PL	towards	march.MASC.SG	do–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC.SG	REFL–GEN–MASC.SG

sa?kalp	bri?is	vaisarôy-Ø-ne	patra	lakh-ine	ja?-av-y-o	ha-t-o	.	ta.
resolve.MASC.SG.OBJ.ACC	British	viceroy.OBJ–SG–DAT	letter	write–CONJUNCTIVE	know–CAUS–PERF–MASC.SG	be–PAST–MASC.SG	.	date

4-thi	me	1930-n-i	rat-Ø-n-a	bar	vag-y-a	pachi	a	stha?-e-thi	bri?is
4-from	may	1930–GEN–FEM.OBL	night.FEM–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL	twelve	strike–PERF–OBL	after	3.PROX	place–at–from	British

sarkar-e	te-m-n-i	dharpaka?	kar-Ø-i	ha-t-i	.
government–ERG	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM	arrest.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACC	do–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM	.

Translation
Translation

Translation is the hermeneutics of the Meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an Dynamic and formal equivalence text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language....
(by Wikipedia) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in a date palm

Date Palm

Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as the Date Palm, is a Arecaceae in the genus Phoenix , extensively cultivated for its edible sweet fruit....
bark

BARK

BARK was an early Electromechanics. BARK was built using standard phone relays, implementing a 32-bit binary machine and could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms....
hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on April the 6th. From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve in marching towards the salt

Salt

A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge ....
mound

Mound

A mound is a general term for an artificial wikt:heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rock s, or debris. The most common use is in reference to natural earthen formation such as hills and mountains, particularly if they appear artificial....
s of Dharasana.

The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of the 4th of May, 1930.

Translation (provided at location) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on April 6 at Dandi and turned it into a nation wide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana.

This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on May 4, 1930.

Common Words, Phrases, and Idioms

Gujarati	Transliteration	English	Notes
??? ???	kem cho?	How are you?	The Gujarati greeting.
??????, ???????	namaste, namaskar	Greetings	Formal pan-Indian (or rather perhaps, pan-Hindu) greetings.
??? ??????? ???? ???	tame gujarati bolo chho?	Do you speak Gujarati?	The pronoun tame and the os following bol and ch are honorific. cf. French French language French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries.... 's vous parlez.
??? ??????? ????? ???	hu gujarati bolu chhu	Yes I speak Gujarati
??? ??????? ???? ??	mane gujarati (bolta) avade che	I know (how to speak) Gujarati
????????	agreji	English	iglis is also well understood.
?????	saru	Good	The end vowel u signifies that this adjective is variable. It agrees with what it describes. The root is sar and the appropriate agreement vowel is slotted in behind it. Right now that vowel is singular neuter u, default for when the variable is alone and not describing (agreeing with) something.
????	kharab	Bad	Arabic loan.
?????? ??? ??? ???	tamaru nam su che?	What is your name?	tamaru "Your" is honorific. cf. French's votre.
????? ??? ___ ??	maru nam ___ che	My name is ___	Name is a neuter noun.
?????????? ___(??) ??? ??????	gujaratima~ ___(ne) su kevay?	What is ___ called in Gujarati?
??, ?????	ha, ha~ji	Yes	In increasing formality.
??, ????	na, naji	No	In increasing formality.
????	avjo	Bye	lit. Do come
???	ne?	Eh?, Right?, Isn't it?
??	bas	That's it!, Enough!, Just...	Persian loan.
??? ?????	su thayu?	What happened?
??? ___ ??? ??	mane ___ game che	I like ___	lit. to me ___ is (being) likeable.
?????? ????????	kela~ vagya~?	What time is it?	lit. How many did it strike?
???????	sambhajo	Take care
????? ????? ? ??	maru mathu na kha	Don't bother me	lit. Do not eat my head
... ?? ? ??????? ???	ke na puchvani vat	... that you wouldn't believe it	lit. an un-ask-able talk or a talk not to (be) ask(ed)

Bibliography

Dictionaries

Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
Deshpande
Deshpande

Deshpande is a common surname in the states of Maharashtra and Northern Karnataka, India. More than 96% of Deshpandes belongs to Deshastha Brahmin community....
, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
.
Suthar, B.
Babu Suthar

Babu Suthar is a Gujarati language Lecturer in South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, currently the only full-time instructor in this language in North America at the university level....
(2003)
.

Grammars

Courses

Overviews

Old Gujarati

Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0

Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0947593306
Tessitori, L.P. (1914-1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43-45.

Gujarati language

History

Demographics and Distribution

Official status

Dialects

Closely related languages

Phonology

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Vocabulary

Categorization and Sources

Tadbhav

Tatsam

Perso-Arabic

English

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Sample Text

Common Words, Phrases, and Idioms

See also

Bibliography

Dictionaries

Grammars

Courses

Overviews

Old Gujarati

Other

External links

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