Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro
Encyclopedia
Miyan Nur Muhammad Kalhoro better known as Nawab Khuda-Yar Khan () reigned from 1718 to 1755. Miyan Nur Muhammad Kalhoro succeeded his father with the title of Khuda-Yar Khan. For the first three years his younger brother Daud Khan
would not submit to him and tried to oppose him, but ultimately yielded and paid allegiance to him.
In the year 1736, Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro was officially entitled as the Kalhora Nawab
of Sindh
and was given the title Nawab Khuda-Yar Khan by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah
.
s took certain "aggressive measures" . They fought with Mullah Jiyand Abra, who was Miyan Nur Muhammad’s agent in charge of certain villages in the parganah of Jatoi of the talukah of Bukkur
. They further trespassed on the parganahs of Shikarpur, Khanpur and other villages, that formed the jagir of Mir Abdul-Wasia Khan and would not give any explanation to the said Khan. Miyan Nur Muhammad therefore, sent Thariah, one of his confidential men, to the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah requesting that under the circumstances the jagir might be conferred on him in his own name, and at the same time marched against the Daudpotas. After some hard fought battles he besieged them in the fort of Shikarpur and compelled them to submit. At last a treaty was agreed upon in which that country was divided into four parts (or shares), two shares being given to the original owner of the jagir
, one to the Daudpotas and one being retained by the Miyan Nur Muhammad himself, who after taking some hostages, returned to his capital.
The Daudpotas did not long remain quiet. Again and again they rose against the Kalhoras, till in 1726 Miyan Nur Muhammad fixed his residence at Shikarpur and sent his army to extirpate them finally. The army pressed them hard in the Dabli Fort, but through the intercession of some Syeds they abandoned the expedition.
The result of all this was that the land of Nahars, that had lately fallen into the hands of the Daudpotas, came back into the owner’s possession, and the Daudpotas were scattered in confusion over certain parganahs of Multan
, e. g. Pahli, the territory of Imam ud-Din Joyah and Farid Khan Lakhwirah, Nain, Bahawalpur
, the territory of Hanas Sammah, Patan of Baba Farid and the country near the settlements of the Afghans
possibly northern Baluchistan
. Within two years, however, they were reduced to straitened circumstances and were obliged to seek service under Miyan Nur Muhammad, who gave them suitable pensions and places in the talukah of Bakhar, which had only recently come into the hands of the Sirais.
Similarly Sheikh Hamid and Sheikh Usman the Ronkahs, noteworthy zamindars of the suburbs of Multan
, emigrated to Bakhar and entered the service of the Miyan Nur Muhammad.
, descendants of Guhram Lashari, Ali Mardan Abrah chief of Noushehro, the chief of Siwi, Miru Buldi, the chief of Kachhi
, Mahyan Eri and Lahna Machhi, big land owners of Bhag Nari, Kala Khan and other chiefs of the tribe of Barzoi the owners of Dhadar
.
from Mubarak Khan
, after a severe blockade and fight, in which Ismael Khan Brohi was defeated and Kakar Brohi was killed. After these events Mir Abdullah Khan, the Khan of Kalat
thought it expedient to conclude peace with the Miyan Nur Muhammad, which was ratified by his giving two daughters in marriage to the two sons of Miyan Nur Muhammad.
In 1731, a force of Brohis, in open contravention of the terms of the peace, invaded the land of Kachhah and plundered that part of the country. To punish them for this, Miyan Nur Muhammad himself marched out and encamped at Larkana
. From there he dispatched some brave chiefs to fight with Mir Abdullah Khan. At Jandehar, where Mir Abdullah Khan had arrived in advance, a pitched battle was fought which ended in the complete overthrow of the Brohis and the death of their ruler. In 1732, the Miyan’s son Muhammad Muradyab Khan went to Khiar and Wankar with a few selected chiefs and celebrated his marriage with a daughter of Murad Ali Khan, a cousin of Mir Abdullah Khan; and in the next year his other son Khudadad Khan
also married a daughter of a kinsman of his. Thus the connection between the Sirais and the Brohis became stronger and closer by these marriages.
, and Miyan Nur Muhammad began to send envoys to him to prepare the way for their friendship. In 1736 the division of Bakhar was completely secured by the Sirais, Siwistan or Sehwan having already been brought into their possession. Next year 1737 Thatta
was obtained from the Emperor Muhammad Shah
, and Sheikh Ghulam Muhammad was deputed to have charge of it.
in order to keep a firm possession of that division, and sent his son Muhammad Muradyab Khan to Thatta
, where he arrived during the year 1738. Rana Ajmal, the ruler of Dharajah and the Jam of Kakralah rose to oppose him. They brought down ships from the sea to the river and commenced war both by land and by water. The ships came as far as Khat
and from there up to Nasarpur. They commenced fighting and plundering on both the sides of the river. But as the guns were soon placed along the banks and fired by the Sirais, the enemy were driven back and pursued till they were compelled to submit. Soon after this, Nadir Shah’s approach spread confusion throughout the country. Nadir Shah’s invasion lead Miyan Nur Muhammad to take refuge at Umarkot to prepare for a siege. In 1739, Muhammad Muradyab Khan left Thatta
and joined his father, who fled to Umarkot for shelter, having sent away his heavy baggage to Talhar
. Early one morning, before Miyan Nur Muhammad left the fort, as he had determined to do, all of a sudden, Nadir Shah appeared at the gate. Miyan Nur Muhammad had no alternative but to surrender, having tied his own hands like an offender. The king carried him with his camp and came to Larkana
.
, Manani Aresar and Khir in the talukah of Chakar Halah, under the command of Hund
son of Shorah chief, and to display great audacity. Miyan Nur Muhammad marched against them and without much trouble completely extirpated them. He next punished Tamachi
, Toghachi, Tharu, Silah, Kahah and Asu Sumrah, the chiefs of parganah Wangah in the tálukah of Chachikan, as they would not pay the fixed tribute.
In 1155 AH (1742 AD) Muzaffar Alí Khán Bayát, Beglarbegí, who had gone to bring some ships that had been ordered by Nadír Sháh to be built for him at the port of Súrat, came to Tattá from Karáchi port, Nawab Sháh Kulí Khán (Mián Núr Muhammad) came to receive him at Tattá, where they spent about two months and a half together, after which period Muzaffar Alí took his departure.
In 1156 AH, Tahmásb Kulí Khán, the chief of Jaláir
Fresh anarchy in Sind in consequence of Tahmásb Kulí Khán’s coming.
had been sent by Nádir Sháh to punish the Dáúdpótáhs. Mián Núr Muhammad thought it expedient to remain quiet and not take any part in the affair. Consequently anarchy broke out anew in Sind, during which Sultán Sámtiah, the administrator of Tattá and Shekh Shukrulláh were called away by the Mián and the charge of the place given to Razábeg the king’s envoy and another noble by name Fázilbeg. These two thought it proper to conclude a treaty of peace with the Ráná of Dhárájah and Sájan Ramah, the Hindú chiefs of neighbouring states. But when subsequently the Mián received Tahmásb Kulí Khán, who departed with the Mián’s third son Atur Khán as a hostage, Sultán Sámtiah and Shekh Shukrulláh were again sent to take up the administration of Tattá.
, the Hindus of that region had a long blood-feud with the Samma tribe (Muslim). Shaykh Shukrullah after a long conflict killed Hothi, and placed Jám Máhar Samma in his place. The next year the Mían Noor Mohammad Kalhoro himself proceeded to attack the fort of Kanjí
, and took it. As the Hindus of Kuch had, after the conquest of Kánji, come to Badín and other neighboring places, the Mián determined to punish them. In 1158 AH Bahár Sháh and other Sindhi warriors and even Sufi Fakirs, had been deputed by Mían Noor Mohammad Kalhoro in order to maintain peacein the region but after another Hindu rebellion, the Hindus were completely overpowered and disarmed. Sultán Samtiah the commander martyred in the conflict, was buried on the Maklí Hills and his place given to his son Masú Fakír.
In 1164 AH (1751 AD) ships left for the port of Muscat, but Shekh Shukrulláh died soon after. In due course of time Muhammad Murádyáb Khán arrived and was received with great affection by his father, who entrusted him with the entire management of the financial business of the state, and appointed Khudábád to be his head quarters. Sháhnawáz Khán, who used to be at Khudábád, came to reside at the new built town of Muhammadábád. Khudádád Khán, who during the absence of his elder brother, had put on the turban of an heir-apparent, had now to resign that honourable position to the rightful owner Murádváb Khán. Being much chagrined and mortified at this, he left his native land and went to Hindustán. But Muhammad Murádyáb Khán soon proved a failure as a financial manager and so that office was taken back from him.
The nobles of the state lost no time in electing the late ruler’s eldest son Muhammad Murádyáb Khán to the throne. That young nobleman, fearing lest he might be again given away as a hostage, had left his father on the way and betaken himself in a different direction, from which he had to be brought to fill the vacant throne. This ceremony of enthronement took place on 16th, i.e. 4 days after the late Mián’s death.
Daud Khan
Daud Khan may refer to:* Mohammed Daoud Khan, President of the Republic of Afghanistan* Nawab Daud Khan, Nawab of Carnatic* David XI of Kartli, aka Daud Khan of Kartli, Muslim Georgian king...
would not submit to him and tried to oppose him, but ultimately yielded and paid allegiance to him.
In the year 1736, Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro was officially entitled as the Kalhora Nawab
Nawab
A Nawab or Nawaab is an honorific title given to Muslim rulers of princely states in South Asia. It is the Muslim equivalent of the term "maharaja" that was granted to Hindu rulers....
of Sindh
Sindh
Sindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...
and was given the title Nawab Khuda-Yar Khan by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah also known as Roshan Akhtar, was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar Jahan Shah, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. Ascending the throne at 17 with the help of the Sayyid Brothers, he later got rid of them with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk Chin...
.
Wars against Daudpotas
In the 4th year of his rule, i.e. 1722, the DaudpotaDaudpota
- History :The Daudpota Abbasi's are Arabic origin and descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib , , a paternal uncle and Sahabi of Muhammad as well as a progenitor of the Abbasi Khalifa of Baghdad and Qahira. Sultan Ahmad II, son of Shah Muzammil of Egypt left that country and arrived in Sind...
s took certain "aggressive measures" . They fought with Mullah Jiyand Abra, who was Miyan Nur Muhammad’s agent in charge of certain villages in the parganah of Jatoi of the talukah of Bukkur
Bukkur
Bukkur is an island located in Rohri, Sukkur District, Pakistan.Named Bakar by the pious Sayed Muhammad Maki in the seventh century of Hijri, this island is a limestone rock, oval in shape, long by wide, and about in height. According to the Superintendent of Land Records and Registration,...
. They further trespassed on the parganahs of Shikarpur, Khanpur and other villages, that formed the jagir of Mir Abdul-Wasia Khan and would not give any explanation to the said Khan. Miyan Nur Muhammad therefore, sent Thariah, one of his confidential men, to the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah requesting that under the circumstances the jagir might be conferred on him in his own name, and at the same time marched against the Daudpotas. After some hard fought battles he besieged them in the fort of Shikarpur and compelled them to submit. At last a treaty was agreed upon in which that country was divided into four parts (or shares), two shares being given to the original owner of the jagir
Jagir
In historic India, a jagir was a small territory granted by the ruler to an army chieftain in fairly short terms usually of three years but not extending beyond his lifetime, in recognition of his military service...
, one to the Daudpotas and one being retained by the Miyan Nur Muhammad himself, who after taking some hostages, returned to his capital.
The Daudpotas did not long remain quiet. Again and again they rose against the Kalhoras, till in 1726 Miyan Nur Muhammad fixed his residence at Shikarpur and sent his army to extirpate them finally. The army pressed them hard in the Dabli Fort, but through the intercession of some Syeds they abandoned the expedition.
The result of all this was that the land of Nahars, that had lately fallen into the hands of the Daudpotas, came back into the owner’s possession, and the Daudpotas were scattered in confusion over certain parganahs of Multan
Multan
Multan , is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about from Islamabad, from Lahore and from Karachi...
, e. g. Pahli, the territory of Imam ud-Din Joyah and Farid Khan Lakhwirah, Nain, Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur , located in the province of Punjab, is the twelfth largest city in Pakistan. The city was once the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The city was home to various Nawabs and counted as part of the Rajputana states...
, the territory of Hanas Sammah, Patan of Baba Farid and the country near the settlements of the Afghans
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
possibly northern Baluchistan
Balochistan (Afghanistan)
Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid, mountainous region that includes part of southern and southwestern Afghanistan. It extends into southeastern Iran and western Pakistan and is named after the Baloch people.-Geography:...
. Within two years, however, they were reduced to straitened circumstances and were obliged to seek service under Miyan Nur Muhammad, who gave them suitable pensions and places in the talukah of Bakhar, which had only recently come into the hands of the Sirais.
Similarly Sheikh Hamid and Sheikh Usman the Ronkahs, noteworthy zamindars of the suburbs of Multan
Multan
Multan , is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about from Islamabad, from Lahore and from Karachi...
, emigrated to Bakhar and entered the service of the Miyan Nur Muhammad.
Conquest of Siwi(Sibi)
In the year 1729, Murad Kaleri, known as Ganjah, was appointed as an agent in charge of Siwi, and brought into subjection powerful chiefs like Kaisar Khan Magsi, the zamindar of Ganjabah, Miru Kodri Rind, the chief of ShoranSHORAN
SHORAN is an acronym for SHOrt RAnge Navigation, a type of electronic navigation and bombing system with a precision radar beacon used in the B-26 and B-29 bomber aircraft during the Korean War.-Origin:...
, descendants of Guhram Lashari, Ali Mardan Abrah chief of Noushehro, the chief of Siwi, Miru Buldi, the chief of Kachhi
Kachhi
The Kachhi is a geographical region of Punjab, Pakistan. It lies between the Thal Desert and the part of Chenab which flows after its confluence with the Jhelum River at Atharan Hazari in Jhang District. Parts of the districts of Muzaffargarh and Layyah form this region....
, Mahyan Eri and Lahna Machhi, big land owners of Bhag Nari, Kala Khan and other chiefs of the tribe of Barzoi the owners of Dhadar
Dhadar
Dhadar, also spelt Dadhar, is the capital of the Bolan District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The town which also consists of one Union Council is the headquarters of the tehsil of the same name. It is located at 29°28'0"N 67°39'0"E and has an altitude of 132 metres ....
.
Hostilities with Khan of Kalat
Miyan Nur Muhammad now commenced hostilities with the Khan of Kalat, who was a Brohi and who proudly called himself “the royal Eagle of Kohistán” In 1143 AH (1730 AD) he marched and took the fort of KartahKartah
Kartah - city, a town in the tribe of Zebulun assigned to the Levites of the family of Merari . It is identical with Kattath , and perhaps also with Kitron ....
from Mubarak Khan
Mubarak Khan
Mubarak Khan also Mubarak Khilji named himself regent of Khilji Dynasty after escaping an assassination attempt on him by Malik Kafur, once his father's trusted general...
, after a severe blockade and fight, in which Ismael Khan Brohi was defeated and Kakar Brohi was killed. After these events Mir Abdullah Khan, the Khan of Kalat
Khan of Kalat
Khan of Kalat or Khan-e-Qalat is the title of former rulers of State of Kalat. Kalat state is now part of Balochistan, Pakistan. The rulers in Kalat were always subject to the political authority of a larger state, after the Mongol invasion they were subject to the Mughal emperors in Delhi, then...
thought it expedient to conclude peace with the Miyan Nur Muhammad, which was ratified by his giving two daughters in marriage to the two sons of Miyan Nur Muhammad.
In 1731, a force of Brohis, in open contravention of the terms of the peace, invaded the land of Kachhah and plundered that part of the country. To punish them for this, Miyan Nur Muhammad himself marched out and encamped at Larkana
Larkana
Larkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city in the north-western part of Sindh Province, Pakistan, and is located within Larkana District.The old name of larkano is chandka which was changed in 1901. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence...
. From there he dispatched some brave chiefs to fight with Mir Abdullah Khan. At Jandehar, where Mir Abdullah Khan had arrived in advance, a pitched battle was fought which ended in the complete overthrow of the Brohis and the death of their ruler. In 1732, the Miyan’s son Muhammad Muradyab Khan went to Khiar and Wankar with a few selected chiefs and celebrated his marriage with a daughter of Murad Ali Khan, a cousin of Mir Abdullah Khan; and in the next year his other son Khudadad Khan
Khudadad Khan
Khudadad Khan, VC , was the first South Asian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest military award for gallantry in the face of the enemy given to British and Commonwealth forces...
also married a daughter of a kinsman of his. Thus the connection between the Sirais and the Brohis became stronger and closer by these marriages.
Conquest of Siwistan and Thatta
News arrived of Nadir Shah’s impending invasion of Mughal EmpireMughal Empire
The Mughal Empire , or Mogul Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids...
, and Miyan Nur Muhammad began to send envoys to him to prepare the way for their friendship. In 1736 the division of Bakhar was completely secured by the Sirais, Siwistan or Sehwan having already been brought into their possession. Next year 1737 Thatta
Thatta
Thatta is a historic town of 220,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments especially its necropolis at Makli are listed among the World Heritage Sites. The Shah Jahan Mosque is also listed...
was obtained from the Emperor Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah also known as Roshan Akhtar, was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar Jahan Shah, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. Ascending the throne at 17 with the help of the Sayyid Brothers, he later got rid of them with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk Chin...
, and Sheikh Ghulam Muhammad was deputed to have charge of it.
Nadir Shah's Invasion of Sindh
Miyan Nur Muhammad being apprehensive of Nadir Shah's approach went to LarkanaLarkana
Larkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city in the north-western part of Sindh Province, Pakistan, and is located within Larkana District.The old name of larkano is chandka which was changed in 1901. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence...
in order to keep a firm possession of that division, and sent his son Muhammad Muradyab Khan to Thatta
Thatta
Thatta is a historic town of 220,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments especially its necropolis at Makli are listed among the World Heritage Sites. The Shah Jahan Mosque is also listed...
, where he arrived during the year 1738. Rana Ajmal, the ruler of Dharajah and the Jam of Kakralah rose to oppose him. They brought down ships from the sea to the river and commenced war both by land and by water. The ships came as far as Khat
Khat
Khat, qat, gat or Waquish Spoken from true Yemeni, is a flowering plant native to tropical East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula....
and from there up to Nasarpur. They commenced fighting and plundering on both the sides of the river. But as the guns were soon placed along the banks and fired by the Sirais, the enemy were driven back and pursued till they were compelled to submit. Soon after this, Nadir Shah’s approach spread confusion throughout the country. Nadir Shah’s invasion lead Miyan Nur Muhammad to take refuge at Umarkot to prepare for a siege. In 1739, Muhammad Muradyab Khan left Thatta
Thatta
Thatta is a historic town of 220,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments especially its necropolis at Makli are listed among the World Heritage Sites. The Shah Jahan Mosque is also listed...
and joined his father, who fled to Umarkot for shelter, having sent away his heavy baggage to Talhar
Talhar
Talhar Urdu-تلهار is a town of Badin District in the Sindh province of PakistanWith the city having a population of approximately more than 50 Thousands inhabitants. Talhar is a Taluka of District Badin along with Matli, Tando Bago and Golarchi and Badin...
. Early one morning, before Miyan Nur Muhammad left the fort, as he had determined to do, all of a sudden, Nadir Shah appeared at the gate. Miyan Nur Muhammad had no alternative but to surrender, having tied his own hands like an offender. The king carried him with his camp and came to Larkana
Larkana
Larkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city in the north-western part of Sindh Province, Pakistan, and is located within Larkana District.The old name of larkano is chandka which was changed in 1901. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence...
.
Sindh Post-Persian Invasion
In 1741, the tribe of Shorah, during the period of anarchy consequent on Nadir Shah’s arrival, had shaken off the Miyan Nur Muhammad’s yoke, began to assemble at KandKAND
KAND is a radio station that serves the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, and is owned by Yates Communications. This station runs a country music format, and is also the home of Corsicana High School Tigers and Navarro College Bulldogs football games, and the latest news from the Texas State Network...
, Manani Aresar and Khir in the talukah of Chakar Halah, under the command of Hund
Hund
Hund is a small village in Swabi district, situated on the right bank of the Indus River about 15 km upstream of Attock Fort and at a distance of about 80 km to the east of Peshawar in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, of Pakistan...
son of Shorah chief, and to display great audacity. Miyan Nur Muhammad marched against them and without much trouble completely extirpated them. He next punished Tamachi
Tamachi
Tamachi is the informal name for the area surrounding Tamachi Station in Minato, Tokyo, generally referring to the districts of Shiba, Shibaura and Mita. The name, meaning literally "field town", probably derives from the earlier presence of rice paddies.-History:During the Edo period Tamachi was...
, Toghachi, Tharu, Silah, Kahah and Asu Sumrah, the chiefs of parganah Wangah in the tálukah of Chachikan, as they would not pay the fixed tribute.
In 1155 AH (1742 AD) Muzaffar Alí Khán Bayát, Beglarbegí, who had gone to bring some ships that had been ordered by Nadír Sháh to be built for him at the port of Súrat, came to Tattá from Karáchi port, Nawab Sháh Kulí Khán (Mián Núr Muhammad) came to receive him at Tattá, where they spent about two months and a half together, after which period Muzaffar Alí took his departure.
In 1156 AH, Tahmásb Kulí Khán, the chief of Jaláir
Fresh anarchy in Sind in consequence of Tahmásb Kulí Khán’s coming.
had been sent by Nádir Sháh to punish the Dáúdpótáhs. Mián Núr Muhammad thought it expedient to remain quiet and not take any part in the affair. Consequently anarchy broke out anew in Sind, during which Sultán Sámtiah, the administrator of Tattá and Shekh Shukrulláh were called away by the Mián and the charge of the place given to Razábeg the king’s envoy and another noble by name Fázilbeg. These two thought it proper to conclude a treaty of peace with the Ráná of Dhárájah and Sájan Ramah, the Hindú chiefs of neighbouring states. But when subsequently the Mián received Tahmásb Kulí Khán, who departed with the Mián’s third son Atur Khán as a hostage, Sultán Sámtiah and Shekh Shukrulláh were again sent to take up the administration of Tattá.
Fighting with certain Hindu chiefs
In 1157 AH (1744 AD) Shaykh Shukrullah a Sindhi war-chief sent by Mian Noor Mohammad Kalhoro defeated Hothí the chief of the Kakralah a Hindu tribe which had build the fort of KanjiKanji
Kanji are the adopted logographic Chinese characters hanzi that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana , katakana , Indo Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet...
, the Hindus of that region had a long blood-feud with the Samma tribe (Muslim). Shaykh Shukrullah after a long conflict killed Hothi, and placed Jám Máhar Samma in his place. The next year the Mían Noor Mohammad Kalhoro himself proceeded to attack the fort of Kanjí
Kanji
Kanji are the adopted logographic Chinese characters hanzi that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana , katakana , Indo Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet...
, and took it. As the Hindus of Kuch had, after the conquest of Kánji, come to Badín and other neighboring places, the Mián determined to punish them. In 1158 AH Bahár Sháh and other Sindhi warriors and even Sufi Fakirs, had been deputed by Mían Noor Mohammad Kalhoro in order to maintain peacein the region but after another Hindu rebellion, the Hindus were completely overpowered and disarmed. Sultán Samtiah the commander martyred in the conflict, was buried on the Maklí Hills and his place given to his son Masú Fakír.
Fighting with the Rana of Dharajah
In 1160 AH (1747 AD) at the instigation of the Ráná of Dhárájah some hundreds of Hindu hill tribes invaded the city of Thatta. Masú Fakír, Shekh Shukrulláh and Búlah Khán Naomardiah Jakhrah,* advanced to meet them. As the hill people had been sacrilegious enough to pass through graveyards without respect for the tombs or the spirits of the dead, they were completely routed on the third day, though on the other side there were comparatively few persons. Getting this news, the Mián’s son Muhammad Khudádád Khán came to Thatta with a large army. Masú Fakír was removed from the charge of Tattá and Biláwal Fakír Náij was appointed in his place, who immediately marched against the Ráná’s fort. The Ráná betook himself across the river and left the place to some of his men to defend. But they could not stand against such an overwhelming force. The fort fell into the hands of the Mian's son, who returned victorious to his father. Shortly after this Shekh Shukrulláh caused the Ráná to be killed by Bijár Jókhiah, who treacherously secured his presence to discuss terms of peace.The Mian receives the title of Shahnawaz Khan and his sons return from Persia
In 1161 AH (1748 A D.) Ahmad Sháh Dúrání, who settled the boundaries of Nádir Sháh’s share of the country with the Emperor of Dehlí, and secured it for himself,* confirmed Mián Núr Muhammad as the ruler of Sind, giving him the new title of “Sháhna wáz Khán.” In the next year, the Mián’s sons Ghulám Sháh and Atur Khán, who had been taken away as hostages, returned from Persia. In 1163 AH. (1750, AD) Gul Muhammad Khurásání became the Miáns agent at Tattá. In the same year news was received of the Miáns third son Murádyáb Khán’s arrival at Muscat and the death of Shekh Ghulám Muhammad, who had been in his company. Accordingly Shukrulláh Khán was ordered to proceed immediately to bring the young nobleman home.In 1164 AH (1751 AD) ships left for the port of Muscat, but Shekh Shukrulláh died soon after. In due course of time Muhammad Murádyáb Khán arrived and was received with great affection by his father, who entrusted him with the entire management of the financial business of the state, and appointed Khudábád to be his head quarters. Sháhnawáz Khán, who used to be at Khudábád, came to reside at the new built town of Muhammadábád. Khudádád Khán, who during the absence of his elder brother, had put on the turban of an heir-apparent, had now to resign that honourable position to the rightful owner Murádváb Khán. Being much chagrined and mortified at this, he left his native land and went to Hindustán. But Muhammad Murádyáb Khán soon proved a failure as a financial manager and so that office was taken back from him.
The king comes to Sind and Diwan Gidumal is sent as an envoy to him
In the beginning of 1166 AH (1753 AD) it was rumoured that Sardár Jahán Khán was coming to Sind. And about the close of the year a different rumour was circulated to the effect that the king himself was coming in order to pass on to Hindustán.* On the 4th of Muharram 1168 AH (1755 AD) information was received that the king had moved from Muhammadàbád to the sand-hills. Diwán Gidúmal was therefore sent in a hurry as an envoy to meet him at his camp and assure him of the Mián’s loyalty and faithfulness, and if possible to induce him to turn back without marching further by the route. The Diwán met the king’s camp at the bridge of Sakhar.* As the king was angry and out of humour, the Diwán could not get an audience for 3 days. At last the king encamped at Naoshahrah. Here Diwán Gidúmal was fortunate enough to secure the king’s audience and to conciliate him.*Death of Mian Noor Muhammad and the election of his son Muradyab Khan
It was about this time, on the 12th of Saffar of the same year 1168 AH (1755 AD) that the ruler of Sind Mián Núr Muhammad died of quinsy or the inflammation of the throat in the vicinity of Jesalmer.The nobles of the state lost no time in electing the late ruler’s eldest son Muhammad Murádyáb Khán to the throne. That young nobleman, fearing lest he might be again given away as a hostage, had left his father on the way and betaken himself in a different direction, from which he had to be brought to fill the vacant throne. This ceremony of enthronement took place on 16th, i.e. 4 days after the late Mián’s death.