The Punjab The Punjab The Punjab (pronounced or ; Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, The Punjab (pronounced or ; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: [[Gurmukhī script|ਪੰਜਾਬ]], The Punjab (pronounced or ; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: [[Gurmukhī script|ਪੰਜਾਬ]], [[Shahmukhi script|, ), also spelled Panjab .gif", event)' onMouseout='HidePop("6127")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Balochistan_(region)">Balochistan
Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Asia and South Asia, between Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. The area is named after the numerous Baloch tribes, an Iranian people, who moved into the area from the west around A.D. 1000...
from 1335-1520 A.D., with their capital at
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
in modern
PakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia...
before being replaced by the
Arghun DynastyThe Arghun Dynasty was a dynasty of either Mongol, Turkish or Turko-Mongol ethnicity that ruled parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, as well as the region of Sindh for most of the 16th century...
. The Samma dynasty has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the necropolis of kings and royalties in Thatta and many more ruins.
Background
The Sindh is a fertile valley with a sub-tropical climate watered by the Indus river, the location of some of the oldest civilizations in the world, with settlements dating back to 7000 BCE. Always a prize possession, it has been controlled by many different empires, alternating with periods of independence. Before the Samma dynasty took control, the Sindh was ruled by the Sumra Dynasty, first as nominal vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate of
CairoCairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab World. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life...
, later as vassals of the
Delhi SultanateThe Delhi Sultanate was one of many Muslim states that ruled in India from 1206 to 1526. Several Turkic and Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Mamluk dynasty , the Khilji dynasty , the Tughlaq dynasty , the Sayyid dynasty , and the Lodi dynasty...
, which reached its greatest extent under
Muhammad bin TughluqMuhammad bin Tughluq was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq. Ghiyath al-din sent the young Muhammad to the Deccan to campaign against king Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty whose capital was at Warangal...
(c.1300–1351), but began to break up towards the end of his reign.
The Sammas, a Balochi tribe, gained control of
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
in the southern Sindh from the Sumras around 1335, and expanded their territory northward to
BhakkarBhakkar is the principle city of Bhakkar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 31°37'60N 71°4'0E at an elevation of 159 metres and lies on the left bank of the Indus river...
and beyond. Throughout the period of the Samma dynasty,
TurkicThe Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
groups were pushing down from the northwest, including those led by
TimurTimur , also known as Tamerlane , was a 14th-century conqueror of much of western and central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal...
(Tamerlane) who sacked Delhi in 1398, and later the Mughals who finally conquered Delhi under
BaburZahir ud-din Muhammad Jalal ud-din Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his...
in 1526. The Sammas fought off these invaders until they were finally defeated by the
Arghun DynastyThe Arghun Dynasty was a dynasty of either Mongol, Turkish or Turko-Mongol ethnicity that ruled parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, as well as the region of Sindh for most of the 16th century...
, who had been displaced from
KandaharKandahār, also spelled Qandahār, Pashtoکندهار or قندهار is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of 324,800 . It is the capital of Kandahar province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m above sea level...
in
AfghanistanThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
by Babur, in 1519-1520 A.D.
Beginnings
Information about the early years of the Samma dynasty is very sketchy. We know from Ibn Battuta that in 1333 A.D. the Sammas were in rebellion, led by the
RajputA Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups of India. They enjoy a reputation as formidable soldiers and it is common to find many of them serving in the Indian Armed Forces. The British Government also accepted them and recruited them heavily into their armies...
founder of the dynasty, Unar. The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 A.D. and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of
GujaratGujarat is the westernmost state in India. It is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India...
, under the protection of
Muhammad bin TughluqMuhammad bin Tughluq was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq. Ghiyath al-din sent the young Muhammad to the Deccan to campaign against king Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty whose capital was at Warangal...
, the sultan of Delhi. Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 A.D. and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender.The Samma dynasty overtook the Sumra dynasty and ruled Sindh during 1365-1521. Around that time, the Sindhi Swarankar community returned from Kutch to their home towns in Sindh, and some settled empty land on the banks of Sindhu River near Dadu, Sindh. By the end of year 1500 AD, nearly the entire Sindhi Swarankar community had returned to Sindh. This period marks the beginning of Sufistic thought and teachings in Sindh.
For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.
During most of period of Samma rule, the Sindh was politically and economically tied to the
Gujarat SultanateThe Gujarat Sultanate was an independent kingdom established in the early 15th century in Gujarat. The founder of the ruling Muzaffarid dynasty, Zafar Khan was appointed as governor of Gujarat by Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad bin Tughluq IV in 1391. He defeated Farhat-ul-Mulk near Anhilwada Patan and made...
, with occasional periods of friction. Coins struck by the Samma dynasty show the titles "Sultan" and "Shah" as well as "Jam".
Rulers
The Samma dynasty took the title "Jam", the equivalent of "King" or "Sultan", because they claimed to be descended from
JamshidJamshēd, Jamshīd or Jam in Middle- and New Persian, or Yima in Avestan is a mythological figure of Greater Iranian culture and tradition....
. This is almost certainly fictitious.
Chronology
The main sources of information on the Samma Dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl,
FirishtaFirishta or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah , was born in 1560 and died in 1620 and he was a Persian historian. The name Firishta means angel or one who is sent in Persian.-Life:...
and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed:
| Rule (CE) |
Jam |
aka |
Descent |
| 1335-1339 |
'Unar |
|
Founder of dynasty |
| 1339-1352 |
Junan |
Junan |
Brother of 'Unar |
| 1352-1367 |
Banhbina |
Babinho Sadr al-Din |
Son of 'Unar |
| 1367-1379 |
Tamachi |
Tamachi Rukn al-Din |
|
| 1379-1389 |
Salah-ud-din |
Saláhuddín |
Son of Tamachi (usurper) |
| 1389-1391 |
Nizam-ud-din |
Nizámuddín |
Son of Salah-ud-din |
| 1391-1398 |
Ali Sher |
|
Son of Tamachi |
| 1398 |
Karn |
Karan |
|
| 1398-1414 |
Fath Khan |
Fateh Khán bin Sikandar |
Nephew of Karn |
| 1414-1442 |
Tughluq |
Taghlak bin Sikandar |
Brother of Fath Khan |
| 1442 |
Mubarak |
|
(usurper) |
| 1442-1444 |
Sikandar |
|
Son of Tughluq |
| 1444-1453 |
Raidhan |
|
|
| 1453-1461 |
Sanjar |
Sanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din |
|
| 1461-1508 |
Nanda |
Nizámuddín |
|
| 1508-1527 |
Firuz |
|
Son of Nanda |
Short Biographies
Thumbnail sketches of the Jams follow. Except where otherwise referenced, these sketches are mainly based on
A History of Sind Volume II, Translated from Persian Books by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. The author of the History of the Sind (Tārīḫ-i Sind, also referred to as Tārīḫ-i Maʿsūmī) was Muḥammad Maʿṣūm, who used the name "Nāmī" in his poetical works. He entered the service of Mughal ruler
Akbar the GreatJalaluddin Muhammad Akbar , also known as Akbar the Great was the third Mughal Emperor of India. He was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605, and the grandson of Babur who founded the dynasty...
in 1003-4 AH/1595-6 CE, and continued until the beginning of
JahangirNur-ud-din Salim Jahangir was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death...
’s reign, returning to his hometown in 1015 AH/1606-7 CE. He died shortly thereafter.
Jam Unar
Jam Unar was the founder of Samma Dynasty mentioned by
Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta was a Moroccan berber scholar and traveller who is known for the account of his travels and excursions called the Rihla...
, the famous traveller from
North AfricaNorth Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the UN definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia,Mauritania, and...
(Ibn Battuta visited Sindh in 1333 A.D., and saw Samma’s rebellion against Delhi government). Jam Unar, the Samma chief, taking advantage of the strained relation between the Sumra Dynasty and the Sultanate of Delhi, defeated the last Sumra ruler, son of Dodo, and established Sammatt rule.
Jam Salahuddin
Jám Saláhuddìn bin Jám Tamáchí was the successor of his father Jám Tamáchí. He put down revolts in some parts of the country, by sending forces in those directions and punished the ringleaders. Some of these unruly bands fled to Kachh, to which place Jám Saláhuddín pursued them, and in every engagement that took place he defeated them and ultimately subjugated them. After a reign of 11 years and some months, he departed from this world.
Jam Ali Sher
Jám Alí Sher bin Jám Tamáchí was a wise man and a brave soldier. He ruled the country very discreetly and in his time the people were all at ease in their minds. This prince is said to have been very fond of going about on moonlight nights. Tamáchí’s other sons Sikandar and Karn, and Fateh Khán son of Sikandar, who had brought ruin on the last Jám, were now conspiring against Jám Alísher. They were therefore looking for an opportunity to fall upon him while he was out enjoying the moonlight as usual. They spent their time in the forests in the vicinity of the town. One Friday night, on the 13th of the lunar month, they took a band of cut-throats with them, and with naked swords attacked Jám Alísher who had come out in a boat to enjoy the moonlight on the quiet surface of the river and was returning home. They killed him, and red-handed they ran to the city, where the people had no help for it but to place one of them, Karan, on the vacant throne. The reign of Jám Alí Sher lasted for 7 year.
Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar
Jám Karan was succeeded by his nephew Jám Fateh Khán bin Sikandar. He ruled quietly for some time and gave satisfaction to the people in general.
About this time,
MirzaThe title Mirza The Mirza is a caste of Mughals. The Mirza title was also given to Muslim workers during the Mughal rule and to other people loyal to the king.Some Rajput Clans like Jarral of Jummu and Kashmir use the title Mirza.-Etymology:...
Pir MuhammadPir Muhammad was a grandson and appointed successor of Timur. He was the son of Jahangir.In 1392 he received the governorship of Qandahar. His territory extended from the lands west of the Hindu Kush to the Indus River...
one of
Amir TimurTimur , also known as Tamerlane , was a 14th-century conqueror of much of western and central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal...
’s grandsons came to
Multanis a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province. Multan District has a population of over 3.8 million—according to 1998 census—and the city itself is the sixth largest within the boundaries of Pakistan...
and conquered that town and
UchUch or Uch Sharif is located in 75 km from Bahawalpur in Punjab province, Pakistan. Uch is an historical city in Pakistan. Formerly located at the confluence of the Indus and Chenab rivers, it is now removed some 13 km from that confluence...
. As he made a long stay there, most of the horses with him died of a disease and his horsemen were obliged to move about as foot-soldiers. When Amir Timur heard of this, he sent 30,000 horses from his own stables to his grandson to enable him to extend his conquests. Pir Muhammad, being thus equipped, attacked those of the
zamindarA zamindar or zemindar , also known as a jomidar or jamindar, was an official employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants...
s who had threatened to do him harm and destroyed their household property. He then sent a messenger to Bakhar calling the chief men of the place to come and pay respects to him. But these men fearing his vengeance left the place in a body and went to Jesalmer. Only one solitary person, Sayyed Abulghais, one of the pious Sayyeds of the place, went to visit the Mirzá. He interceded for his town-people in the name of his great grandfather, the Prophet, and the Mirzá accepted his intercession.
Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to
DelhiDelhi, known locally as Dilli , and also by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi , is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India...
, which place he took and where he was crowned as king.
Multanis a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province. Multan District has a population of over 3.8 million—according to 1998 census—and the city itself is the sixth largest within the boundaries of Pakistan...
remained in the hands of Langáhs, and Sind in those of the Sammah rulers as before.
Jam Taghlak
Jám Taghlak was fond of hunting and left his brothers to administer the affairs of state at Sehwán and Bakhar. In his reign some Balóch raised the standard of revolt in the outskirts of Bakhar, but Jám Taghlak marched in the direction and punished their ring-leaders and appointed an outpost in each
parganaA pargana is a former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent, used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms.Parganas were introduced by the Delhi Sultanate, and the word is of Persian origin. As a revenue unit, a pargana consists of several mouzas, which are the smallest...
h to prevent any future rebellion of the kind. He died after a reign of 28 years.
Jam Sikandar
Jám Sikandar bin Jám Taghlak was a minor when he succeeded his father to the throne. The governors of Sehwán and Bakhar shook off their yoke, and prepared to take offensive steps. Jám Sikandar was obliged to march out from Tattá to Bakhar. When he came as far as Nasarpúr, a man by name Mubárak, who during the last Jám’s reign had made himself celebrated for acts of bravery, proclaimed himself king under the name of Jám Mubárak. But as the people were not in league with him, he was driven away within 3 days and information sent to Jám Sikandar, who made peace with his opponents and hastened to Tattá. After a year and a half, he died.
Jam Nizamuddin I
After Jam Salahuddin’s death, the nobles of the state put his son Jám Nizámuddín I bin Jám Saláhuddín on the throne. Jam Nizamuddin ruled for only a few months. His first act of kindness was the release of his cousins Sikandar, Karn and Baháuddín and Ámar, who had been placed in captivity by the advice of the ministers. He appointed every one of them as an officer to discharge administrative duties in different places, while he himself remained in the capital, superintending the work done by them and other officials in different quarters of the country.
Before long, however, his cousins, very ungratefully made a conspiracy among themselves and stealthily coming to the capital attempted to seize him. But Jám Saláhuddín learning their intention in time, left the place at the dead of night with a handful of men and made his escape to
GujratGujrat is a city in Pakistan and is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in the Punjab Province. A person living in Gujrat is called Gujrati. The major sources of livelihood of Gujrat populace are agriculture and small industries.-Location:Gujrat is situated near the...
. In the morning, men were sent after him, but before any information could be brought about him, the people summoned Alísher, son of Jám Tamáchí, who was living in obscurity, and raised him to the throne. Meanwhile Jám Nizámuddín also died in his flight and his cousins too being disappointed in every thing, lived roving lives.
Jam Sanjar
On Ráinah’s death, Sanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din became the Jám of Sind. He is said to have been a very handsome person, and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons, who took pleasure in remaining in his company. It is believed that before his coming to the throne, a pious fakír had been very fond of him; that one day Sanjar informed him that he had a very strong desire to become the king of Tattá though it should be for not more than 8 days; and that the fakír had given him his blessings, telling him that he would be the king of the place for 8 years.
Jám Sanjar ruled the country very wisely. Under no ruler before this had the people of Sind enjoyed such ease of mind. He was very fond of the company of the learned and the pious. Every Friday he used to distribute charities and had fixed periodical allowances for those who deserved the same. He increased the pay of responsible officers. One Kází Maarúf, who had been appointed by the late rulers to be the Kází of Bakhar, was in the habit of receiving bribes from the plaintiffs as well as from the defendants. When this fact came to the notice of Jám Sanjar, he sent for the Kází and asked him about it. The Kází admitted the whole thing. “Yes” said he “I do demand something from the plaintiffs as well as the defendants, and I am anxious to get something from the witnesses too, but before the case closes, they go away and I am disappointed in that.” Jám Sanjar could not help laughing at this. The Kází continued “I work in the court for the whole day and my wife and children die of hunger at home, because I get very little pay.” Jám Sanjar increased his pay and issued general orders for the increase of every government post of importance.
Jam Nizamuddin II
Jám Nizámuddín II (866–914AH, 1461–1508AD) was the most famous Sultan of the Samma or Jamot dynasty, which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan (region) from 1351-1551 C.E. He was known by the nick-name of Jám Nindó. His capital was at
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
in modern Pakistan. The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age.
Shortly after his accession, he went with a large force to
BhakkarBhakkar is the principle city of Bhakkar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 31°37'60N 71°4'0E at an elevation of 159 metres and lies on the left bank of the Indus river...
, where he spent about a year, during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country. After that, for a period of forty-eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power.
In the last part of Jám Nindó’s reign, after 1490 CE, a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from
KandaharKandahār, also spelled Qandahār, Pashtoکندهار or قندهار is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of 324,800 . It is the capital of Kandahar province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m above sea level...
and fell upon many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the town of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier Darya Khan[1], which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi, defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle. Sháh Beg Arghun’s brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín[2].
Jam Nizamuddin's death was followed by a war of succession between the cousins Jam Feroz and Jam Salahuddin.
Jam Feruz
Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh. Jám Feróz succeeded his father Jám Nizámuddín at a minor age. Jám Feróz was a young man, and as from the commencement the management of the state affairs was in the hands of his guardian he spent his time in his harem and seldom went out. But he was fearful of his ministers.
As a precautionary measure he enlisted in his service Kíbak Arghún and a large number of men belonging to the tribes of Mughuls, who had during his reign, left Sháhbeg Arghún and came to Tattá. Jám Feróz gave them the quarter of the town, called Mughal-Wárah to live in. He secretly flattered himself for his policy in securing the services of intrepid men to check Daryá Khán, but he never for a minute imagined what ruin these very men were destined to bring on him. For, it was through some of these men that Sháhbeg Arghún was induced to invade and conquer Sind in 926 A.H. (1519 A.D) at the
Battle of Fatehpur (1519)The Battle of Fatehpur was a key episode in the dissolution of the Samma Dynasty of Sindh and its replacement by the Arghun Dynasty. The account that follows is largely derived from the History of the Sind by Muḥammad Maʿṣūm, translated by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg.Some Mughals had come to Sind in...
, which resulted in the displacement of the Sammah dynasty of rulers by that of Arghún.
Legacy
The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural centre was directly related to Jam Ninda's patronage and policies. At the time the
Portuguese took controlThe Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, with territories in South America, Africa, India and South East Asia...
of the trading centre of
HormuzHormuz Island is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. It is located in the Straits of Hormuz and is part of the Hormozgān Province. It has an area of 42 km² . Hormuz Island was once land of the Portuguese Empire. The island was conquered by the Portuguese explorer Afonso de Albuquerque in...
in 1514 CE, trade from the Sindh accounted for nearly 10% of their customs revenue, and they described Thatta as one of the richest cities in the world. Thatta's prosperity was based partly on its own high-quality cotton and silk textile industry, partly on export of goods from further inland in the Punjab and northern India. However, the trade declined when the Mughals took over. Later, due to silting of the main Indus channel, Thatta no longer functioned as a port.
The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the "Sindhi-Islamic" architectural style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the
Makli HillOne of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 Sufi saints. It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower Sind until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern...
. It assumed its quasi-sacred character during Jam Ninda's rule. Every year thousands perform pilgrimage to this site to commemorate the saints buried here. The graves testify to a long period when Thatta was a thriving center of trade, religion and scholarly pursuits.
Later History
The State of Las Bela was founded in 1742 by Ali Khan I. His descendants ruled Las Bela until 1955 when the state became part of
West PakistanWest Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing became independent as Bangladesh...
. For a period of three years between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955, Las Bela was part of the
Baluchistan States UnionThe Baluchistan States Union existed between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955 in southwest Pakistan. It was formed by the states of Kalat, Kharan, Las Bela and Makran with the capital at the town of Kalat. The area of the Union was roughly the western half of the modern province of Balochistan...
but retained internal autonomy. In 1955, Las Bela was incorporated into the new province of
West PakistanWest Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing became independent as Bangladesh...
and became part of
Kalat divisionKalat or Qalat is a district in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of 26 in that province, and encompasses an area of 6,621 km². The population of the district is estimated to be over 400,000 in 2005. The district is governed from the city of Kalat....
. In 1962, the area of Las Bela was detached from Kalat division and merged with the former Federal Capital Territory to form the division of Karachi-Bela. When the provincial system was changed in 1970, Las Bela became part of the new province of
BalochistanBalochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by geographical area, constituting approximately 48% of the total area of Pakistan. At the 1998 census, Balochistan had a population of roughly 6.5 million. Its neighbouring regions are Iran to the west, Afghanistan and the North West Frontier...
.
After the demise of the Samma dynasty the
NawabA Nawab or Nawaab was originally the subedar or viceroy of a subah or region of the Mughal empire. It became a high title for Muslim nobles.-History:...
migrated along with his brothers and tribal members leaving their once thriving land of Nagar-Samma to parts of
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
and settled in
GujratGujrat is a city in Pakistan and is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in the Punjab Province. A person living in Gujrat is called Gujrati. The major sources of livelihood of Gujrat populace are agriculture and small industries.-Location:Gujrat is situated near the...
. A vast Village in Gujrat is now settled by the descendants of the 4 tribal leaders who were also blood brothers.
One of the brothers is recorded to have migrated back to Sindh and settled the lands on the outskirts of
ThattaThatta or Thatto is an historic town of 22,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monuments are listed among the World Heritage Sites...
known as Sikhaat - famous for its rose farms. The village in Gujrat Known also Nagar-Samma consists of many thousand of acres of cultivatable and non cultivatable land an accurate size is not known.
External References
Islamic culture - Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board
A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, by William Erskine
The History and culture of the Indian people - Page 224, by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
The Ṭabaqāt-i-Akbarī of K̲h̲wājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: a history of India, by Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Muqīm, Brajendranath De, Baini Prashad
Bibliotheca Indica - Page 778, by Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri
The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar, A. D. Pusalker
Babar, by Radhey Shyam
Indo-Arab relations: an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat, by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī, M. Salahuddin
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
Muslim Kingship in India, by Nagendra Kumar Singh
The Indus Delta country: a memoir, chiefly on its ancient geography and history, by Malcolm Robert Haig
The Samma kingdom of Sindh: historical studies, by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho, University of Sind. Institute of Sindology
Imperial Gazetteer of India, by William Wilson Hunter, James Sutherland Cotton, Richard Burn, William Stevenson Meyer, Great Britain. India Office, John George Bartholomew