Human anatomy

Human anatomy

Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye...

, a branch of anatomy

Anatomy

Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...

, is the scientific study of the morphology

Morphology (biology)

In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....

 of the adult human

Human

Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...

. It is subdivided into gross anatomy

Gross anatomy

Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the macroscopic level. The term gross distinguishes it from other areas of anatomical study, including microscopic anatomy, which is studied on a microscopic scale, typically with a microscope....

 and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscope

Microscope

A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy...

s, and includes histology

Histology

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining cells and tissues commonly by sectioning and staining; followed by examination under a light microscope or electron microscope...

 (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology

Cell biology

Cell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level...

 (the study of cells).

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

Essence of human anatomy

Main article: Human anatomy

Human anatomy

Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye...

• Human body
  Human body
  The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs.By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells, the basic unit of life...
  
  

Branches of human anatomy

• Gross anatomy
  Gross anatomy
  Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the macroscopic level. The term gross distinguishes it from other areas of anatomical study, including microscopic anatomy, which is studied on a microscopic scale, typically with a microscope....
  
  
• Microscopic anatomy
  • Cytology
    Cell biology
    Cell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level...
    
    
  • Histology
    Histology
    Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining cells and tissues commonly by sectioning and staining; followed by examination under a light microscope or electron microscope...
    
    

Anatomy of the human body

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica

Terminologia Anatomica

Terminologia Anatomica is the international standard on human anatomic terminology. It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and was released in 1998. It supersedes the previous standard, Nomina...

, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation.

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General anatomy

• General terms
• Parts of human body
  • Head
    Head
    In anatomy, the head of an animal is the rostral part that usually comprises the brain, eyes, ears, nose and mouth . Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do....
    
    
    • Ear
      Ear
      The ear is the organ that detects sound. It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position. The ear is part of the auditory system....
      
      
    • Face
      Face
      The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
      
      
      • Eye
        Eye
        Eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. The simplest photoreceptors in conscious vision connect light to movement...
        
        
      • Cheek
        Cheek
        Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. They may also be referred to as jowls. "Buccal" means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve...
        
        
      • Nose
        Nose
        Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the...
        
        
      • Mouth
        Mouth
        The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food andsaliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth....
        
        
      • Chin
        Chin
        In the human anatomy, the chin is the lowermost part of the face.It is formed by the lower front of the mandible.People show a wide variety of chin structures. See Cleft chin....
        
        
  • Neck
    Neck
    The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
    
    
  • Trunk
    Torso
    Trunk or torso is an anatomical term for the central part of the many animal bodies from which extend the neck and limbs. The trunk includes the thorax and abdomen.-Major organs:...
    
    
    • Thorax
      Thorax
      The thorax is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.-In tetrapods:...
      
      
    • Abdomen
      Abdomen
      In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
      
      
    • Pelvis
    • Back
      Back
      - People :* Adam Back, British cryptographer* Charles Back, South African winemaker* Chris Back , Australian politician* Ernst Emil Alexander Back , German physicist* Frédéric Back , Canadian animator...
      
      
  • Upper limb
    Upper limb
    The upper limb or upper extremity is the region in an animal extending from the deltoid region to the hand, including the arm, axilla and shoulder.-Definition:...
    
    
    • Pectoral girdle
    • Axilla
    • Arm
      Arm
      In human anatomy, the arm is the part of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow joints. In other animals, the term arm can also be used for analogous structures, such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods...
      
      
    • Elbow
      Elbow
      The human elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm....
      
      
    • Forearm
      Forearm
      -See also:*Forearm flexors*Forearm muscles...
      
      
    • Hand
      Hand
      A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs...
      
      
  • Lower limb
    Lower limb
    The lower limb is a limb of the body.According to Terminologia Anatomica, it includes the pelvic girdle, buttocks, hip, and thigh, as well as the components distal to the knee.-References:...
    
    
    • Pelvic girdle
    • Buttocks
      Buttocks
      The buttocks are two rounded portions of the anatomy, located on the posterior of the pelvic region of apes and humans, and many other bipeds or quadrupeds, and comprise a layer of fat superimposed on the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles. Physiologically, the buttocks enable weight to...
      
      
    • Hip
    • Thigh
      Thigh
      In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb.The single bone in the thigh is called the femur...
      
      
    • Knee
      Knee
      The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the fibula and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest joint in the human body and is very complicated. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus , which permits flexion and extension as...
      
      
    • Leg
      Human leg
      The human leg is the entire lower extremity or limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh and even the hip or gluteal region; however, the precise definition in human anatomy refers only to the section of the lower limb extending from the knee to the ankle.Legs are used for standing,...
      
      
    • Foot
      Foot
      The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws...
      
      
  • Cavities
    • Cranial cavity
      Cranial cavity
      The cranial cavity, or intracranial space, is the space formed inside the skull. The brain occupies the cranial cavity, which is lined by the meninges and which contains cerebrospinal fluid to cushion blows....
      
      
    • Thoracic cavity
      Thoracic cavity
      The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the human body that is protected by the thoracic wall ....
      
      
    • Abdominopelvic cavity
      • Abdominal cavity
        Abdominal cavity
        The abdominal cavity is the body cavity of the human body that holds the bulk of the viscera. It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm , and its oblique floor is the pelvic inlet...
        
        
      • Pelvic cavity
        Pelvic cavity
        -External links:* * *...
        
        
• Planes, lines, and regions
  • Regions of head
  • Regions of neck
  • Anterior and lateral thoracic regions
  • Abdominal regions
  • Regions of back
  • Perineal regions
  • Regions of upper limb
  • Regions of lower limb

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Bones

• General terms
  • Bony part
    • Cortical bone
      Cortical bone
      Cortical bone, synonymous with compact bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the whole body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name...
      
      
    • Compact bone
    • Spongy bone
  • Cartilaginous part
  • Membranous part
    • Periosteum
      Periosteum
      Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones....
      
      
    • Perichondrium
      Perichondrium
      The perichondrium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. The chondrogenic...
      
      
  • Axial skeleton
    Axial skeleton
    The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones along the central axis of the human body. It is composed of six parts; the human skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column...
    
    
  • Appendicular skeleton
    Appendicular skeleton
    The Appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger...
    
    
  • Long bone
    Long bone
    The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow...
    
    
  • Short bone
    Short bone
    The patella, together with the other sesamoid bones, are by some regarded as short bones. Many short bones break more easily than large bones due to lack of support and extensive bone marrow-References:*...
    
    
  • Flat bone
    Flat bone
    Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment...
    
    
  • Irregular bone
    Irregular bone
    The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue , affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment , and...
    
    
  • Pneumatized bone
  • Sesamoid bone
    Sesamoid bone
    In anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon.Sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the sesamoid bone holds the...
    
    
  • Diaphysis
    Diaphysis
    The diaphysis is the main or mid section of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue ....
    
    
  • Epiphysis
    Epiphysis
    The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate...
    
    
    • Epiphysial plate (Growth plate)
  • Metaphysis
    Metaphysis
    The metaphysis is the wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. It is this part of the bone that grows during childhood; as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses...
    
    
  • Apophysis
  • Tuber
    Tuber
    Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months and provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season and they are a means of asexual reproduction...
    
    
  • Tubercle
    Tubercle
    A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection, but it has slightly different meaning depending on which family of plants or animals it is used to refer to....
    
    
  • Tuberosity
  • Eminence
    Eminence
    -Anatomy:In anatomy, eminence implies a protuberance, and may refer to a variety of structures:*Collateral eminence, alongside the hippocampus in the brain*Cruciform eminence, in the occipital bone of the skull...
    
    
  • Process
    Process (anatomy)
    In anatomy, a process is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. The vertebra has several kinds of processes,such as: transverse process, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis.-Examples:Examples of processes include:...
    
    
  • Condyle
  • Epicondyle
    Epicondyle
    Epicondyle may refer to:...
    
    
  • Fossa
    Fossa (anatomy)
    In anatomical terminology, fossa has come to mean a depression or hollow, in general, in a bone. Other parts of the body may be involved, for example, the antecubital fossa...
    
    
  • Medullary cavity
    Medullary cavity
    The medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity...
    
    
  • Endosteum
    Endosteum
    In anatomy the endosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness...
    
    
  • Yellow bone marrow
  • Red bone marrow
  • Nutrient foramen
  • Nutrient canal
    Nutrient canal
    A nutrient canal is canal through which the nutrient artery enters. A nutrient canal is found in both long bones and in irregular bones. In long bones the nutrient canal is found in the shaft, and in irregular bones it is found in other locations....
    
    
  • Ossification center
    Ossification center
    The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows....
    
    
• Cranium
  • Neurocranium
  • Viscerocranium
  • Cranial cavity
    Cranial cavity
    The cranial cavity, or intracranial space, is the space formed inside the skull. The brain occupies the cranial cavity, which is lined by the meninges and which contains cerebrospinal fluid to cushion blows....
    
    
  • Forehead
    Forehead
    For the Arsenal striker see GervinhoIn human anatomy, the forehead is the fore part of the head. It is, formally, an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp...
    
    
  • Occiput
    Occiput
    The occiput is the anatomical term for the posterior portion of the head, in insects the posterior part of those head capsule.-Clinical significance:Trauma to the occiput can cause a basilar skull fracture....
    
    
  • Nasion
    Nasion
    The nasion is the intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose....
    
    
  • Bregma
    Bregma
    The bregma is the anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture.-Location:The bregma is located at the intersection of the coronal suture and the sagittal suture on the superior middle portion of the calvarium...
    
    
  • Lambda
    Lambda
    Lambda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Roman L and the Cyrillic letter El...
    
    
  • Inion
    Inion
    The inion is the most prominent projection of the occipital bone at the posterioinferior part of the skull. The ligamentum nuchae and trapezius muscle attach to it....
    
    
  • Pterion
    Pterion
    The pterion is the point corresponding with the posterior end of the sphenoparietal suture.-Location:It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above the level of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.It marks the junction between four bones:...
    
    
  • Asterion
    Asterion
    In Greek mythology, Asterion denotes two sacred kings of Crete. The first Asterion or Asterius , the son of Tectamus or son of Neleus and Chloris by the Greeks called "king" of Crete, was the consort of Europa and stepfather of her sons by Zeus, who had to assume the form of the Cretan bull of...
    
    
  • Gonion
    Gonion
    The gonion is an anthropometric landmark located at the most inferior, posterior, and lateral point on the external angle of the mandible. This site is at the apex of the maximum curvature of the mandible, where the ascending ramus becomes the body of the mandible.-References:...
    
    
  • Temporal fossa
    Temporal fossa
    The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch.-Boundaries:...
    
    
  • Zygomatic arch
    Zygomatic arch
    The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone , the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process...
    
    
  • Infratemporal fossa
    Infratemporal fossa
    The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch.* anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from its zygomatic process...
    
    
  • Pterygopalatine fossa
    Pterygopalatine fossa
    The pterygopalatine fossa is a fossa in the skull. It is the indented area medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure leading into the sphenopalatine foramen.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:...
    
    
  • Pterygomaxillary fissure
    Pterygomaxillary fissure
    The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid.It connects the...
    
    
  • Fontanelles
    • Anterior fontanelle
      Anterior fontanelle
      The anterior fontanelle is the largest fontanelle, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter...
      
      
    • Posterior fontanelle
      Posterior fontanelle
      The posterior fontanelle is a gap between bones in the human skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6-8 weeks from birth. A delay in closure is associated with congential hypothyroidism....
      
      
    • Sphenoidal fontanelle
    • Mastoid fontanelle
  • Calvaria
    Calvaria (skull)
    The calvaria is the upper part of the cranium and surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain.The calvaria is made up of the frontal, occipital and right and left parietals....
    
    
    • Vertex
      Vertex (anatomy)
      In arthropod and vertebrate anatomy, the vertex refers to the upper surface of the head.In humans, the vertex is formed by four bones of the skull: the frontal bone, the two parietal bones, and the occipital bone...
      
      
    • Diploe
      Diploë
      Diploë refers to the spongy bone structure of the internal part of short, irregular, and flat bones.In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the...
      
      
  • Cranial base
    • Internal surface of cranial base
      • Petrosphenoidal fissure
      • Petro-occipital fissure
        Petro-occipital fissure
        This grooved surface of the foramen magnum is separated on either side from the petrous portion of the temporal bone by the petro-occipital fissure, which is occupied in the fresh state by a plate of cartilage; the fissure is continuous behind with the jugular foramen, and its margins are grooved...
        
        
      • Anterior cranial fossa
        Anterior cranial fossa
        The floor of the anterior fossa is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the...
        
        
      • Middle cranial fossa
        Middle cranial fossa
        The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest....
        
        
      • Posterior cranial fossa
        Posterior cranial fossa
        The posterior cranial fossa is part of the intracranial cavity, located between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli. It contains the brainstem and cerebellum.This is the most inferior of the fossae. It houses the cerebellum, medulla and pons....
        
        
        • Clivus
          Clivus (anatomy)
          The clivus is a part of the cranium, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellæ that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the...
          
          
    • External surface of cranial base
      • Jugular foramen
        Jugular foramen
        The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side....
        
        
      • Foramen lacerum
        Foramen lacerum
        The foramen lacerum is a triangular hole in the base of the skull located at the base of the medial pterygoid plate.-Transit through the foramen lacerum:...
        
        
      • Bony palate
      • Greater palatine canal
        Greater palatine canal
        The greater palatine canal is a passage in the skull that transmits the greater palatine artery, vein, and nerve between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity.-Structure:...
        
        
      • Greater palatine foramen
        Greater palatine foramen
        At either posterior angle of the hard palate is the greater palatine foramen, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and anterior palatine nerve; and running anteriorly and medially from it is a groove, for the same vessels and nerve.- Variations :The greater palatine foramen is...
        
        
      • Lesser palatine foramina
        Lesser palatine foramina
        Behind the greater palatine foramen is the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, perforated by one or more lesser palatine foramina which carry the lesser palatine nerve, and marked by the commencement of a transverse ridge, for the attachment of the tendinous expansion of the Tensor veli palatini....
        
        
      • Incisive fossa
      • Incisive canals
        Incisive canals
        In the opening of the incisive foramen, the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stensen....
        
        
      • Incisive foramina
  • Orbit
    • Orbital cavity
    • Medial wall
      • Anterior ethmoidal foramen
        Anterior ethmoidal foramen
        Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina .The anterior ethmoidal foramen, situated about the middle of the lateral margin of the olfactory groove, transmits the anterior ethmoidal vessels and the anterior ethmoidal nerve; the...
        
        
      • Posterior ethmoidal foramen
        Posterior ethmoidal foramen
        Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina .The posterior ethmoidal foramen opens at the back part of this margin under cover of the projecting lamina of the sphenoid, and transmits the posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve....
        
        
    • Superior orbital fissure
    • Inferior orbital fissure
      Inferior orbital fissure
      Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove, infraorbital canal, and infraorbital foramen.The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, and the ascending branches from the...
      
      
  • Nasolacrimal canal
    Nasolacrimal canal
    The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal.It is formed by indentations in the inferior nasal conchae, maxilla and lacrimal bone...
    
    
  • Bony nasal cavity
    • Piriform aperture
    • Superior nasal meatus
    • Middle nasal meatus
    • Inferior nasal meatus
    • Spheno-ethmoidal recess
    • Choana
      Choana
      Choana is the posterior nasal aperture.The choanae are separated by the vomer.- Boundaries :It is the opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx....
      
      
    • Sphenopalatine foramen
      Sphenopalatine foramen
      The sphenopalatine foramen is a foramen in the skull that connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface...
      
      
  • Bones of cranium
    • Parietal bone
      Parietal bone
      The parietal bones are bones in the human skull which, when joined together, form the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin pariet-, wall....
      
      
    • Frontal bone
      Frontal bone
      The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull that resembles a cockleshell in form, and consists of two portions:* a vertical portion, the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead....
      
      
      • Squamous part
        • External surface
          • Glabella
            Glabella
            The glabella, in humans, is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges.-Etymology:The term is derived from the Latin glabellus, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless....
            
            
          • Frontal suture
            Frontal suture
            The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together...
            
            
          • Supra-orbital margin
            • Supra-orbital notch (Supra-orbital foramen)
        • Internal surface
          • Foramen cecum
            Foramen cecum (frontal bone)
            The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum , by articulation with the ethmoid....
            
            
      • Frontal sinus
        Frontal sinus
        Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty...
        
        
    • Occipital bone
      Occipital bone
      The occipital bone, a saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself...
      
      
      • Foramen magnum
      • Occipital condyle
        Occipital condyle
        The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra....
        
        
      • Condylar canal
      • Hypoglossal canal
        Hypoglossal canal
        The hypoglossal canal is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull.-Anatomy:It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen...
        
        
      • Condylar fossa
      • Jugular tubercle
        Jugular tubercle
        The upper surface of the lateral parts of occipital bone presents an oval eminence, the jugular tubercle, which overlies the hypoglossal canal and is sometimes crossed by an oblique groove for the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.-External links:...
        
        
      • Jugular notch
      • Jugular process
        Jugular process
        In the lateral part of the occipital bone, extending lateralward from the posterior half of the condyle is a quadrilateral plate of bone, the jugular process, excavated in front by the jugular notch, which, in the articulated skull, forms the posterior part of the jugular foramen.It serves as the...
        
        
      • External occipital protuberance
        External occipital protuberance
        Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line.It is less pronounced in females....
        
        
      • Superior nuchal line
      • Inferior nuchal line
      • Internal occipital protuberance
        Internal occipital protuberance
        Along the internal surface of the occipital bone, at the point of intersection of the four divisions of the cruciate eminence is the internal occipital protuberance. Running transversely on either side is a groove for the transverse sinus.-External links:*...
        
        
    • Sphenoid
      Sphenoid bone
      The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone.The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit...
      
      
      • Body
        • Sella turcica
          Sella turcica
          -External links:*...
          
          
          • Tuberculum sellae
            Tuberculum sellae
            In the sphenoid bone, behind the chiasmatic groove is an elevation, the tuberculum sellæ .-External links:*...
            
            
          • Hypophysial fossa
          • Dorsum sellae
            Dorsum sellae
            In the sphenoid bone, the anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the middle clinoid processes, while the posterior boundary is formed by a square-shaped plate of bone, the dorsum sellæ, ending at its superior angles in two tubercles,...
            
            
          • Posterior clinoid process
        • Sphenoidal sinus
      • Lesser wing
        • Optic canal
        • Anterior clinoid process
          Anterior clinoid process
          In the sphenoid bone, the posterior border, smooth and rounded, is received into the lateral fissure of the brain; the medial end of this border forms the anterior clinoid process, which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli; it is sometimes joined to the middle clinoid process by a spicule...
          
          
        • Superior orbital fissure
      • Greater wing
        • Foramen rotundum
          Foramen rotundum
          The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
          
          
        • Foramen ovale
          Foramen ovale (skull)
          At the base of the skull the foramen ovale is one of the larger of the several holes that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum.-Contents:Several nerves, arteries and veins pass through...
          
          
        • Sphenoidal emissary foramen
          Sphenoidal emissary foramen
          In the base of the skull, in the great wings of the sphenoid bone, medial to the foramen ovale, a small aperture, the sphenoidal emissary foramen, may occasionally be seen opposite the root of the pterygoid process. When present, it opens below near the scaphoid fossa...
          
          
        • Foramen spinosum
          Foramen spinosum
          The foramen spinosum is one of several foramina located in the base of the skull, on the sphenoid bone, situated lateral to the foramen ovale, in a posterior angle.-Contents:It permits the passage of certain arteries, veins and/or other structures:...
          
          
        • Foramen petrosum
        • Pterygoid process
        • Pterygoid notch
        • Pterygoid fossa
          Pterygoid fossa
          The pterygoid fossa is an anatomical term for the fossa formed by the divergence of the lateral pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.-Structure:...
          
          
        • Scaphoid fossa
          Scaphoid fossa
          In the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, above the pterygoid fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the Tensor veli palatini.-External links:*...
          
          
        • Pterygoid hamulus
          Pterygoid hamulus
          The medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid curves laterally at its lower extremity into a hook-like process, the pterygoid hamulus, around which the tendon of the Tensor veli palatini glides.-External links: *...
          
          
        • Pterygoid canal
          Pterygoid canal
          The pterygoid canal is a passage in the skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
          
          
    • Temporal bone
      Temporal bone
      The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.-Parts:The temporal bone consists of four parts:* Squama temporalis...
      
      
      • Petrous part
        • Mastoid process
          Mastoid process
          The mastoid process is a conical prominence projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is located just behind the external acoustic meatus, and lateral to the styloid process...
          
          
        • Occipital groove
          Occipital groove
          On the medial side of the mastoid process of the temporal bone is a deep groove, the mastoid notch , for the attachment of the Digastricus; medial to this is a shallow furrow, the occipital groove, which lodges the occipital artery....
          
          
        • Mastoid foramen
          Mastoid foramen
          The mastoid foramen is a large hole in the posterior border of the temporal bone. It transmits a Mastoid emissary vein to the sigmoid sinus and a small branch of the occipital artery, the posterior meningeal artery to the dura mater.-Variations:...
          
          
        • Facial canal
          Facial canal
          The facial canal is a Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. In humans it is approximately 3 centimeters long, which makes it the longest human osseous canal of a nerve...
          
          
        • Inferior surface of petrous part
          • Styloid process
          • Stylomastoid foramen
            Stylomastoid foramen
            Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone is the stylomastoid foramenIt is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.- Clinical Relevance :...
            
            
        • Tympanic cavity
          Tympanic cavity
          The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear.It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch....
          
          
      • Mandibular fossa
        Mandibular fossa
        The mandibular fossa is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle. In the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is...
        
        
      • Articular tubercle
        Articular tubercle
        The anterior root of the posterior end of the outer surface of the Squama temporalis, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the articular tubercle .This tubercle forms the front boundary of the mandibular fossa,...
        
        
        • Petrotympanic fissure
          Petrotympanic fissure
          The petrotympanic fissure is a fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity....
          
          
        • Petrosquamous fissure
    • Ethmoid
      • Cribriform plate
        Cribriform plate
        The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities....
        
        
      • Cribriform foramina
      • Crista galli
        Crista galli
        The crista galli is a median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.It is where the falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the skull....
        
        
      • Ethmoidal labyrinth
        • Ethmoidal bulla
    • Inferior nasal concha
    • Lacrimal bone
      Lacrimal bone
      The lacrimal bone, the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders.-Lateral or orbital surface:...
      
      
    • Nasal bone
      Nasal bone
      The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, "the bridge" of the nose.Each has two surfaces and four borders....
      
      
    • Vomer
      Vomer
      The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones.-Biology:...
      
      
    • Maxilla
      Maxilla
      The maxilla is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. This is similar to the mandible , which is also a fusion of two halves at the mental symphysis. Sometimes The maxilla (plural: maxillae) is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper...
      
      
      • Body of maxilla
        • Orbital surface
          • Infra-orbital canal
          • Infra-orbital groove
        • Anterior surface
          • Infra-orbital foramen
        • Maxillary sinus
          Maxillary sinus
          The pyramid shaped maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the nose. It is present at birth as rudimentary air cells, and develops throughout childhood.-General characteristics:...
          
          
      • Palatine process
        • Incisive canals
          Incisive canals
          In the opening of the incisive foramen, the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stensen....
          
          
      • Alveolar process
        • Dental alveoli
        • Incisive foramina
    • Palatine bone
      Palatine bone
      The palatine bone is a bone in many species of the animal kingdom, commonly termed the palatum .-Human anatomy:...
      
      
    • Zygomatic bone
      Zygomatic bone
      The zygomatic bone is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods...
      
      
      • Zygomatico-orbital foramen
      • Zygomaticofacial foramen
        Zygomaticofacial foramen
        The malar surface of the zygomatic bone is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the Zygomaticus....
        
        
      • Zygomaticotemporal foramen
        Zygomaticotemporal foramen
        Near the center of the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve....
        
        
    • Mandible
      • Body of mandible
        • Mental protuberance
          Mental protuberance
          The symphysis of the external surface of the mandible divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. The size and shape of the bones making up this structure are...
          
          
        • Mental tubercle
          Mental tubercle
          The symphysis menti divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle.-External links:*...
          
          
        • Mental foramen
          Mental foramen
          The mental foramen is one of two holes located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals.- Variations :...
          
          
        • Oblique line
        • Superior mental spine
        • Inferior mental spine
        • Mylohyoid line
          Mylohyoid line
          Extending upward and backward on either side from the lower part of the symphysis of the mandible is the mylohyoid line, which is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle; the posterior part of this line, near the alveolar margin, gives attachment to a small part of the Constrictor pharyngis superior,...
          
          
        • Sublingual fossa
        • Submandibular fossa
        • Alveolar part
          • Dental alveoli
      • Ramus of mandible
        • Angle of mandible
        • Mandibular foramen
          Mandibular foramen
          The Mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the ramus for divisions of the mandibular vessels and nerve to pass.-Contents:...
          
          
          • Mandibular canal
            Mandibular canal
            The mandibular canal is a canal within the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein...
            
            
        • Mylohyoid groove
          Mylohyoid groove
          The margin of the mandibular foramen is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula mandibulæ, which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and...
          
          
        • Coronoid process
          Coronoid process of the mandible
          The mandible's coronoid process is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size....
          
          
        • Mandibular notch
          Mandibular notch
          The upper border of the ramus of mandible is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid process anteriorly and the condyloid process posteriorly, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch...
          
          
        • Condylar process
          • Pterygoid fovea
    • Hyoid bone
      Hyoid bone
      The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind.Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly...
      
      
    • (Auditory ossicles - see sense organs)
• Vertebral column
  Vertebral column
  In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
  
  
  • Vertebral canal
  • Vertebra (this category contains parts of a vertebra)
    • Vertebral body
    • Vertebral arch
      Vertebral arch
      The vertebral arch is the posterior part of a vertebra.It consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes:* four articular processes* two transverse processes* one spinous process...
      
      
      • Pedicle
        Pedicle of vertebral arch
        The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch...
        
        
      • Lamina
        Lamina of the vertebral arch
        The laminæ are two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch.Their upper borders and the lower parts of their anterior surfaces are rough for the attachment of the ligamenta flava....
        
        
    • Intervertebral foramen
    • Superior vertebral notch
    • Inferior vertebral notch
    • Vertebral foramen
      Vertebral foramen
      In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment , and the posterior part, the vertebral arch....
      
      
    • Spinous process
      Spinous process
      The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae , and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward...
      
      
    • Transverse process
  • Cervical vertebrae
    • Uncus of body
    • Foramen transversarium
    • Carotid tubercle
    • Atlas (anatomy)
      Atlas (anatomy)
      In anatomy, the atlas is the most superior cervical vertebra of the spine.It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head....
      
      
    • Axis (anatomy)
      Axis (anatomy)
      In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra of the spine is named the axis or epistropheus.It forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra , which carries the head, rotates....
      
      
      • Dens
        Dens (anatomy)
        The dens is a protuberance of the axis . It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the main body of the vertebra...
        
        
    • Vertebra prominens
      Vertebra prominens
      Vertebra prominens is the proper name for the seventh cervical vertebra. The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface, hence the name...
      
       (C7)
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacrum
    Sacrum
    In vertebrate anatomy the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx...
    
    
    • Dorsal surface
      • Sacral cornu
      • Sacral canal
        Sacral canal
        The vertebral canal runs throughout the greater part of the sacral bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminæ and spinous processes....
        
        
        • Sacral hiatus
          Sacral hiatus
          The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, fail to meet behind, and thus a sacral hiatus occurs in the posterior wall of the sacral canal....
          
          
  • Coccyx
    Coccyx
    The coccyx , commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between...
    
    
• Thoracic skeleton
  • Ribs
    • True ribs
      True ribs
      The first seven ribs are connected posteriorly with the vertebral column, and anteriorly, through the intervention of the costal cartilages, with the sternum; they are called true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs....
      
      
    • False ribs
      False ribs
      The false ribs, are the five sets of ribs below the top seven true ribs. A rib is considered to be "false" if it has no direct attachment to the sternum, also known as the breast bone...
      
      
      • Floating ribs
    • Costal cartilage
  • Rib
    Rib
    In vertebrate anatomy, ribs are the long curved bones which form the rib cage. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax...
    
    
    • Body
      • Costal groove
        Costal groove
        The Costal groove is a groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It contains the intercostal vessels and intercostal nerve....
        
        
    • Cervical rib
      Cervical rib
      A cervical rib is a supernumerary rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. It is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. A cervical rib is present in only about 1 in 500 of people; in even rarer cases, an individual may have two cervical ribs...
      
      
    • First rib
      First rib
      The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward....
      
      
      • Scalene tubercle
        Scalene tubercle
        The scalene tubercle is a small projection that runs along the medial border of the first rib between two grooves, which travel anteriorly for the subclavian vein and posteriorly for the subclavian artery. It projects outward medially and is the site of insertion for scalenus anterior....
        
        
    • Lumbar rib
  • Sternum
    • Manubrium of sternum
      • Clavicular notch
      • Jugular notch
    • Sternal angle
      Sternal angle
      The sternal angle or 'angle of Louis', from the Latin angulus Ludovici is the anterior angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum in the form of a secondary cartilaginous joint . This is also called the manubriosternal joint or Angle of Louis...
      
      
    • Xiphoid process
      Xiphoid process
      The xiphoid process, or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process of the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major...
      
      
  • Thoracic cage
    • Thoracic cavity
      Thoracic cavity
      The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the human body that is protected by the thoracic wall ....
      
      
    • Superior thoracic aperture
      Superior thoracic aperture
      The superior thoracic aperture refers to the superior opening of the thoracic cavity. It is also referred to anatomically as the thoracic inlet and clinically as the thoracic outlet...
      
       (thoracic inlet)
    • Inferior thoracic aperture
      Inferior thoracic aperture
      -Anatomy:The inferior thoracic aperture is much larger than the superior thoracic aperture. In layman's terms, it is the round opening whose edges are the lowest ribs...
      
      
    • Intercostal space
      Intercostal space
      The intercostal space is the space between two ribs . Since there are 12 ribs on each side, there are 11 intercostal spaces, each numbered for the rib superior to it.-Structures in intercostal space:* several kinds of intercostal muscle...
      
      
    • Infrasternal angle
      Infrasternal angle
      The lower opening of the thorax is formed by the twelfth thoracic vertebra behind, by the eleventh and twelfth ribs at the sides, and in front by the cartilages of the tenth, ninth, eighth, and seventh ribs, which ascend on either side and form an angle, the infrasternal angle or subcostal angle,...
      
      
• Bones of upper limb
  • Pectoral girdle
    • Scapula
      Scapula
      In anatomy, the scapula , omo, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle ....
      
      
      • Acromion
      • Superior border
        • Suprascapular notch
          Suprascapular notch
          The suprascapular notch is a notch in the superior border of the scapula, just medial to the base of the coracoid process...
          
          
      • Glenoid cavity
        Glenoid cavity
        The glenoid cavity is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.This cavity forms the...
        
        
      • Supraglenoid tubercle
        Supraglenoid tubercle
        The supraglenoid tubercle is a region of the scapula to which the long head of the biceps brachii muscle attaches. It is a small, rough projection just superior to the Glenoid cavity near the base of the coracoid process...
        
        
      • Infraglenoid tubercle
        Infraglenoid tubercle
        The infraglenoid tubercle is the part of the scapula to which the long head of the triceps brachii attaches.-External links: - "Axillary Region: Scapula "...
        
        
      • Coracoid process
    • Clavicle
      Clavicle
      In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is a long bone of short length that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. It is the only long bone in body that lies horizontally...
      
      
      • Acromial end
        • Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament
          • Conoid tubercle
            Conoid tubercle
            At the posterior inferior side of the clavicle, near the point where the prismatic joins with the flattened portion, is a rough eminence, the conoid tubercle ; this, in the natural position of the bone, surmounts the coracoid process of the scapula, and gives attachment to the conoid ligament....
            
            
          • Trapezoid line
            Trapezoid line
            From the conoid tubercule an oblique ridge, the trapezoid line , runs forward and lateralward, and affords attachment to the trapezoid ligament....
            
            
  • Free part of upper limb
    • Humerus
      Humerus
      The humerus is a long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow....
      
      
      • Greater tubercle
        Greater tubercle
        The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle.Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions....
        
        
      • Lesser tubercle
        Lesser tubercle
        The lesser tubercle of the humerus, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly....
        
        
        • Intertubercular sulcus
      • Shaft of humerus
        • Posterior surface
          • Radial groove
        • Deltoid tuberosity
          Deltoid tuberosity
          In human anatomy, the deltoid tuberosity is a rough, triangular area on the anterolateral surface of the middle of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches.-Development:...
          
          
      • Condyle of humerus
        • Capitulum
          Capitulum of the humerus
          In human anatomy of the arm, the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus....
          
          
        • Trochlea
          Trochlea of humerus
          The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity...
          
          
        • Olecranon fossa
          Olecranon fossa
          The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea, in which the summit of the olecranon is received during extension of the forearm.-External links: *...
          
          
        • Coronoid fossa
        • Radial fossa
          Radial fossa
          Above the front part of the capitulum is a slight depression, the radial fossa, which receives the anterior border of the head of the radius, when the forearm is flexed....
          
          
      • Medial epicondyle
        Medial epicondyle of the humerus
        The medial epicondyle of the humerus, larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called ventral epicondyle of the humerus....
        
        
      • Lateral epicondyle
        Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
        The lateral epicondyle of the humerus is a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the Supinator and some of the Extensor muscles. In birds, where the arm is somewhat...
        
        
    • Radius
      Radius
      In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any line segment from its center to its perimeter. By extension, the radius of a circle or sphere is the length of any such segment, which is half the diameter. If the object does not have an obvious center, the term may refer to its...
      
      
      • Radial styloid process
        Radial styloid process
        The radial styloid process is a projection of bone on the lateral surface of the distal radius bone. It extends obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection. The tendon of the brachioradialis attaches at its base, and the radial collateral ligament of the wrist attaches at its apex...
        
        
    • Ulna
      Ulna
      The ulna is one of the two long bones in the forearm, the other being the radius. It is prismatic in form and runs parallel to the radius, which is shorter and smaller. In anatomical position The ulna is one of the two long bones in the forearm, the other being the radius. It is prismatic in form...
      
      
      • Olecranon
        Olecranon
        The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow.It is situated at the upper end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm...
        
        
      • Coronoid process
        Coronoid process of the ulna
        The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna.Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength....
        
        
      • Head
        • Ulnar styloid process
          Ulnar styloid process
          The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist-joint....
          
          
  • Bones of hand
    • Carpal bones
      • Scaphoid
      • Lunate
        Lunate
        Lunate is a term meaning crescent or moon-shaped. In the specialized terminology of lithic reduction, a lunate flake is a small, crescent-shaped flake removed from a stone tool during the process of pressure flaking....
        
        
      • Triquetrum
        Triquetral bone
        The triquetral bone is located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones. It is on the ulnar side of the hand, but does not articulate with the ulna...
        
        
      • Pisiform
      • Trapezium
        Trapezium (bone)
        The trapezium bone is a carpal bone in the wrist.The trapezium is distinguished by a deep groove on its palmar surface. It is situated at the radial side of the carpus, between the scaphoid and the first metacarpal bone...
        
        
      • Trapezoid
        Trapezoid
        In Euclidean geometry, a convex quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American English and as a trapezium in English outside North America. A trapezoid with vertices ABCD is denoted...
        
        
      • Capitate
      • Hamate
    • Metacarpals
    • Phalanges (hand)
    • Sesamoid bones (hand)
• Bones of lower limb
  • Pelvic girdle
    • [Sacrum - see vertebrae section]
    • Hip bone
      Hip bone
      The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below...
      
      
      • Acetabulum
        Acetabulum
        The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.-Structure:...
        
        
      • Obturator foramen
        Obturator foramen
        The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass.- General structure :...
        
        
      • Greater sciatic notch
        Greater sciatic notch
        Above the ischial spine is a large notch, the greater sciatic notch, converted into a foramen by the sacrospinous ligament.It transmits the Piriformis, the superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, the sciatic and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, the internal pudendal vessels, and the...
        
        
      • Ilium
        Ilium (bone)
        The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium.The name comes from the Latin ,...
        
        
        • Arcuate line
          Arcuate line (ilium)
          The arcuate line of the ilium is a smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium. It is immediately inferior to the iliac fossa and Iliacus muscle.It forms part of the border of the pelvic inlet....
          
          
        • Iliac crest
          Iliac crest
          -External links: - "Superficial muscles of the gluteal region and posterior thigh." - "Anterior Abdominal Wall: Osteology and Surface Anatomy " - "The Back, Posterior View" * *...
          
          
          • Anterior superior iliac spine
            Anterior superior iliac spine
            The anterior superior iliac spine is an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis, which provides attachment for the inguinal ligament, and the sartorius muscle...
            
            
          • Anterior inferior iliac spine
          • Posterior superior iliac spine
            Posterior superior iliac spine
            The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. The posterior superior iliac spine serves for the attachment of the oblique portion of the posterior sacroiliac...
            
            
          • Posterior inferior iliac spine
            Posterior inferior iliac spine
            The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. The posterior inferior iliac spine corresponds with the posterior extremity of the auricular surface....
            
            
      • Ischium
        • Lesser sciatic notch
          Lesser sciatic notch
          Below the ischial spine is a smaller notch, the lesser sciatic notch; it is smooth, coated in the recent state with cartilage, the surface of which presents two or three ridges corresponding to the subdivisions of the tendon of the Obturator internus, which winds over it.It is converted into a...
          
          
      • Pubis
        Pubis (bone)
        In vertebrates, the pubic bone is the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis.It is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis....
        
        
        • Body
          • Pubic tubercle
            Pubic tubercle
            The pubic tubercle is a prominent forward-projecting tubercle on the upper border of the medial portion of the superior ramus of the pubis...
            
            
        • Superior pubic ramus
          • Pecten pubis
    • Pelvis (category contains general terms)
      • Pelvic cavity
        Pelvic cavity
        -External links:* * *...
        
        
      • Pubic arch
        Pubic arch
        The eminences of the lower circumference of the true pelvis are separated by three notches: one in front, the pubic arch, formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side. The angle at which they converge is known as the subpubic angle.-External links:* *...
        
        
      • Subpubic angle
        Subpubic angle
        The Subpubic angle is the angle in the human body formed at pubic arch by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side. The subpubic angle is important in forensic anthropology, in determining the sex of someone from skeletal remains...
        
        
      • Greater pelvis
        Greater pelvis
        The greater pelvis is a portion of the cavity surrounded by the skeleton of the pelvis, situated above and in front of the pelvic brim...
        
        
      • Lesser pelvis
        Lesser pelvis
        The lesser pelvis is that part of the space enclosed by the skeleton of the pelvis which is situated between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic floor. Some authors call this cavity the pelvic cavity...
        
        
      • Linea terminalis
        Linea terminalis
        The linea terminalis or innominate line consists of the pectineal line, the arcuate line, and the sacral promontory.It is part of the pelvic brim, which is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The pelvic inlet is typically used to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into an abdominal and a pelvic cavity...
        
        
      • Pelvic inlet
        Pelvic inlet
        The pelvic inlet or superior aperture of the pelvis is a planar surface which is typically used to define the boundary between the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity .Its position and orientation relative to the skeleton of the pelvis is anatomically defined by its...
        
        
      • Pelvic outlet
        Pelvic outlet
        The lower circumference of the lesser pelvis is very irregular; the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or pelvic outlet.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:* anteriorly: the pubic arch* laterally: the ischial tuberosities...
        
        
  • Free part of lower limb
    • Femur
      Femur
      The femur , or thigh bone, is the most proximal bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs such as dogs and horses, the femur is found only in...
      
      
      • Greater trochanter
        Greater trochanter
        The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system.It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head...
        
        
      • Lesser trochanter
        Lesser trochanter
        The lesser trochanter of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects-Anatomy:It projects from the lower and back part of the base of the femur neck.From its apex three well-marked borders extend:...
        
        
      • Intertrochanteric line
      • Intertrochanteric crest
        Intertrochanteric crest
        The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter....
        
        
      • Shaft of femur
        • Linea aspera
          Linea aspera
          The linea aspera is a ridge of roughened surface on the posterior aspect of the femur, to which are attached muscles and intermuscular septum.Its margins diverge above and below....
          
          
        • Pectineal line
      • Intercondylar fossa
    • Patella
    • Tibia
      Tibia
      The tibia , shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates , and connects the knee with the ankle bones....
      
      
      • Medial malleolus
    • Fibula
      • Lateral malleolus
  • Bones of foot
    • Tarsal bones
      • Talus
        Talus bone
        -External links:* *...
        
        
      • Calcaneus
        • Sustentaculum tali
          Sustentaculum tali
          At the upper and forepart of the medial surface of the calcaneus is a horizontal eminence, the sustentaculum tali , which gives attachment to the plantar calcaneo-navicular ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, and medial talocalcaneal ligament.This eminence is concave above, and articulates with the...
          
          
      • Navicular
      • Medial cuneiform
      • Intermediate cuneiform
      • Lateral cuneiform
      • Cuboid
        Cuboid
        In geometry, a cuboid is a solid figure bounded by six faces, forming a convex polyhedron. There are two competing definitions of a cuboid in mathematical literature...
        
        
    • Metatarsals
    • Phalanges (foot)
    • Sesamoid bones (foot)

----

Joints

• General terms
  • Joint
    Joint
    A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.-Classification:...
    
    
  • Bony joints
    • Synarthrosis
      Synarthrosis
      A synarthrosis is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous.Suture joints and Gomphosis joint are synarthroses.-Types:...
      
      
      • Fibrous joint
        Fibrous joint
        Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen.-Types:These joints are also called "fixed" or "immoveable" joints, because they do not move. These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by...
        
        
        • Syndesmosis
          Syndesmosis
          A syndesmosis is slightly movable articulation where the contiguous bony surfaces are united by an interosseous ligament, as in the inferior tibiofibular articulation...
          
          
          • Gomphosis
            Gomphosis
            Gomphosis is a joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament...
            
            
        • Interosseous membrane
          Interosseous membrane
          An interosseous membrane is a broad and thin plane of fibrous tissue that separates many of the bones of the body. It is an important component of many joints.Interosseous membranes in the human body:* Interosseous membrane of the forearm...
          
          
        • Suture
          Suture (anatomical)
          In anatomy, a suture is a fairly rigid joint between two or more hard elements of an animal, with or without significant overlap of the elements....
          
          
      • Cartilaginous joint
        Cartilaginous joint
        Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage . Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum...
        
        
        • Synchondrosis
          Synchondrosis
          Where the connecting medium is hyaline cartilage, a cartilaginous joint is termed a synchondrosis. An example of a synchondrosis joint is the first sternocostal joint . In this example, the rib articulates with the sternum via the costal cartilage...
          
          
        • Symphysis
          Symphysis
          A symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. It is a type of cartilaginous joint, specifically a secondary cartilaginous joint.1.A symphysis is an amphiarthrosis, a slightly movable joint.2.A growing together of parts or structures...
          
          
        • Epiphysial cartilage
    • Synovial joint
      Synovial joint
      A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones....
      
      
      • Articular disc
      • Meniscus
        Meniscus
        The meniscus is the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, caused by surface tension. It can be either convex or concave. A convex meniscus occurs when the molecules have a stronger attraction to each other than to the material of the...
        
        
      • Synovial bursa
      • Synovial sheath
        Synovial sheath
        A synovial sheath is a layer of a tendon sheath containing tendons in the hand and foot.They lie internal to the fibrous tendon sheaths.An example is the common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons....
        
        
      • Plane joint
      • Cylindrical joint
        • Pivot joint
          Pivot joint
          A Pivot joint is a type of diarthrosis, or synovial joint. In pivot joints, the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone.-Movements:...
          
          
        • Hinge joint
          Hinge joint
          A hinge joint is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane—backward and forward—the extent of motion at the same time being considerable....
          
          
      • Bicondylar joint
      • Saddle joint
        Saddle joint
        In a saddle joint the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex.-Movements:...
        
        
      • Condylar joint
      • Ball and socket joint
        Ball and socket joint
        A ball and socket joint is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center...
        
        
  • Abduction
    Abduction (kinesiology)
    Abduction, in functional anatomy, is a movement which draws a limb away from the median plane of the body. It is thus opposed to adduction.-Upper limb:* of arm at shoulder ** Supraspinatus** Deltoid* of hand at wrist...
    
    
  • Adduction
    Adduction
    Adduction is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction.-Upper limb:* of arm at shoulder ** Subscapularis** Teres major** Pectoralis major** Infraspinatus...
    
    
  • External rotation
    External rotation
    External rotation is rotation away from the center of the body.The muscles of external rotation include:* of arm/humerus at shoulder** Deltoid muscle** Infraspinatus** Teres minor* of thigh/femur at hip ** Gluteus maximus...
    
     or Lateral rotation
  • Internal rotation
    Internal rotation
    In anatomy, internal rotation is rotation towards the center of the body.The muscles of internal rotation include:* of arm/humerus at shoulder** Deltoid muscle** Subscapularis** Teres major** Latissimus dorsi...
    
     or Medial rotation
  • Circumduction
    Circumduction (anatomy)
    In anatomy, circumduction means to move a limb in a circular manner.Circumduction is defined as the movement pattern which is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. It occurs at synovial joints where a circle can be described by the body part...
    
    
  • Flexion
    Flexion
    In anatomy, flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing. The skeletal and muscular systems work together to move the joint into a "flexed" position. For example the elbow is flexed when the hand is brought closer to the shoulder...
    
    
  • Extension
    Extension (kinesiology)
    In kinesiology, extension is a movement of a joint that results in increased angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint. Extension usually results in straightening of the bones or body surfaces involved. For example, extension is produced by extending the flexed elbow. Straightening of...
    
    
  • Pronation
    Pronation
    In anatomy, pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint, or of the foot at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints. For the forearm, when standing in the anatomical position, pronation will move the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a...
    
    
  • Supination
    Supination
    Supination is a position of either the forearm or foot; in the forearm when the palm faces anteriorly, or faces up . Supination in the foot occurs when a person appears "bow-legged" with their weight supported primarily on the anterior of their feet.The hand is supine in the anatomical position...
    
    
  • Opposition
    Opposition
    Opposition may mean or refer to:* Opposition , a term describing the position of a celestial body* Opposition , a term describing the position of the kings relative to each other...
    
    
  • Reposition
• Joints of the skull
  • Cranial fibrous joints
    • Cranial syndesmoses
    • Cranial sutures
      Cranial sutures
      *Surgical suture, to describe stitches and other techniques for holding tissues together.* Geology, to describe a certain type of boundary between layers of rock....
      
      
      • Coronal suture
        Coronal suture
        The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet.-Pathology:...
        
        
      • Sagittal suture
        Sagittal suture
        The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning "arrow". The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow,...
        
        
      • Lambdoid suture
        Lambdoid suture
        The lambdoid suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone.Its name comes from its lambda-like shape....
        
        
    • Dento-alveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis)
  • Cranial cartilaginous joints
    • Cranial synchondroses
  • Cranial synovial joints
    • Temporomandibular joint
      Temporomandibular joint
      The temporomandibular joint is the joint of the jaw and is frequently referred to as TMJ. There are two TMJs, one on either side, working in unison. The name is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium , and the lower jaw bone called the...
      
      
      • Sphenomandibular ligament
        Sphenomandibular ligament
        The sphenomandibular ligament is a flat, thin band which is attached above to the spina angularis of the sphenoid bone, and, becoming broader as it descends, is fixed to the lingula of the mandibular foramen...
        
        
      • Stylomandibular ligament
        Stylomandibular ligament
        The stylomandibular ligament is a specialized band of the cervical fascia, which extends from near the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle and posterior border of the angle of the mandible, between the Masseter and Pterygoideus internus.This ligament separates the parotid...
        
        
    • Atlanto-occipital joint
      Atlanto-occipital joint
      The Atlanto-occipital joint consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint.-Ligaments:The ligaments connecting the bones are:* Two Articular capsules...
      
      
• Vertebral joints
  • Syndesmoses of vertebral column
    • Interspinous ligaments
    • Ligamenta flava
      Ligamenta flava
      The ligamenta flava are ligaments which connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, all the way from the axis to the first segment of the sacrum...
      
      
    • Intertransverse ligaments
    • Supraspinous ligament
      Supraspinous ligament
      The supraspinal ligament is a strong fibrous cord, which connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum; at the points of attachment to the tips of the spinous processes fibrocartilage is developed in the ligament.It is thicker and broader in...
      
      
    • Ligamentum nuchae
    • Anterior longitudinal ligament
      Anterior longitudinal ligament
      The anterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament that runs down the anterior surface of the spine. It traverses all of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs....
      
      
    • Posterior longitudinal ligament
      Posterior longitudinal ligament
      The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with the membrana tectoria, to the sacrum....
      
      
    • Transverse ligaments
      Atlas (anatomy)
      In anatomy, the atlas is the most superior cervical vertebra of the spine.It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head....
      
      
  • Synchondroses of vertebral column
    • Intervertebral joint
      • Intervertebral disc
        Intervertebral disc
        Intervertebral discs lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.-Structure:...
        
        
        • Annulus fibrosus
          Annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis
          Each intervertebral fibrocartilage is composed, at its circumference, of laminæ of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage, forming the annulus fibrosus.-Spelling notes:...
          
          
        • Nucleus pulposus
          Nucleus pulposus
          Nucleus pulposus is the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord . It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocyte-like cells, collagen fibrils,...
          
          
  • Vertebral synovial joints
    • Median atlanto-axial joint
      • Alar ligaments
      • Apical ligament of dens
      • Cruciate ligament of dens
    • Lateral atlanto-axial joint
    • Zygapophysial joints
    • Lumbosacral joint
      Lumbosacral joint
      The lumbosacral joint is a joint of the body, between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral segment of the spinal cord....
      
      
    • Sacrococcygeal joint
• Thoracic joints
  • Syndesmoses of thorax
    • External intercostal membrane
      External intercostal membrane
      Unlike the other two intercostal muscles, the external intercostal muscle does not retain its muscular character all the way to the sternum, and so the tissue in this location is called the external intercostal membrane....
      
      
    • Internal intercostal membrane
  • Synchondroses of thorax
    • Costosternal joint
    • Synchondrosis of first rib
    • Sternal synchondroses
      • Xiphisternal joint
        Xiphisternal joint
        The xiphisternal joint is a location near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process meet.It is in line with the T9 vertebrae....
        
        
      • Manubriosternal joint
  • Synovial joints of thorax
    • Costovertebral joints
    • Sternocostal joints
      Sternocostal joints
      The sternocostal articulations , articulations of the cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum are arthrodial joints, with the exception of the first, in which the cartilage is directly united with the sternum, and which is, therefore, a synarthrodial articulation...
      
      
    • Costochondral joints
    • Interchondral joints
• Joints of upper limb
  • Joints of pectoral girdle
    • Syndesmoses of pectoral girdle
      • Coraco-acromial ligament
      • Superior transverse scapular ligament
        Superior transverse scapular ligament
        The superior transverse ligament converts the scapular notch into a foramen or opening.It is a thin and flat fasciculus, narrower at the middle than at the extremities, attached by one end to the base of the coracoid process, and by the other to the medial end of the scapular notch.The...
        
        
    • Synovial joints of pectoral girdle
      • Acromioclavicular joint
        Acromioclavicular joint
        The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion and the clavicle. -Function:...
        
        
        • Acromioclavicular ligament
          Acromioclavicular ligament
          The Acromioclavicular ligament is part of the acromioclavicular joint. It is divided into two parts: superior and inferior.-Superior Acromioclavicular Ligament:...
          
          
        • Coracoclavicular ligament
          Coracoclavicular ligament
          The Coracoclavicular Ligament serves to connect the clavicle with the coracoid process of the scapula.It does not properly belong the acromioclavicular joint articulation, but is usually described with it, since it forms a most efficient means of retaining the clavicle in contact with the acromion...
          
          
          • Trapezoid ligament
            Trapezoid ligament
            The trapezoid ligament, the anterior and lateral fasciculus, is broad, thin, and quadrilateral: it is placed obliquely between the coracoid process and the clavicle....
            
            
          • Conoid ligament
            Conoid ligament
            The Conoid Ligament, the posterior and medial fasciculus, is a dense band of fibers, conical in form, with its base directed upward.It is attached by its apex to a rough impression at the base of the coracoid process, medial to the trapezoid ligament; above, by its expanded base, to the coracoid...
            
            
      • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Joints of free upper limb
    • Radio-ulnar syndesmosis
      • Interosseous membrane of forearm
    • Synovial joints of free upper limb
      • Glenohumeral joint
        Glenohumeral joint
        The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus...
        
        
      • Elbow joint
        Elbow
        The human elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm....
        
         (since merged with elbow
        Elbow
        The human elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm....
        
         article)
        • Humero-ulnar joint
        • Humeroradial joint
          Humeroradial joint
          The humeroradial joint, the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a limited ball-and-socket joint, hinge type of synovial joint....
          
          
        • Proximal radio-ulnar joint
        • Ulnar collateral ligament
          Ulnar collateral ligament (elbow)
          The ulnar collateral ligament is a thick triangular band consisting of two portions, an anterior and posterior united by a thinner intermediate portion....
          
          
        • Radial collateral ligament
          Radial collateral ligament (elbow)
          The radial collateral ligament is a short and narrow fibrous band, less distinct than the ulnar collateral, attached, above, to a depression below the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; below, to the annular ligament, some of its most posterior fibers passing over that ligament, to be inserted...
          
          
        • Anular ligament of radius
        • Quadrate ligament
      • Distal radio-ulnar joint
      • Joints of hand
        • Wrist joint
        • Carpal joints
          • Midcarpal joint
            Midcarpal joint
            The midcarpal joint is formed by the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones in the proximal row, and the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones in the distal row. The distal pole of the scaphoid articulates with two trapezial bones as a gliding type of joint...
            
            
          • Radiate carpal ligament
            Radiate carpal ligament
            The Radiate carpal ligament is a group of about seven fibrous bands which diverge in all directions on the palmar surface of the carpal bones. The majority of the bands radiate from the capitate to the scaphoid, lunate, and Triquetral bone bones....
            
            
          • Pisiform joint
            Pisiform joint
            The pisiform joint is a joint between the pisiform and triquetrum.It includes the pisohamate ligament and pisometacarpal ligament....
            
            
            • Pisohamate ligament
              Pisohamate ligament
              The pisohamate ligament is a ligament in the hand. It is the volar ligament that connects the pisiform to the hamate. It is a prolongation of the tendon of the Flexor carpi ulnaris.It serves as part of the origin for the abductor digiti minimi....
              
              
            • Pisometacarpal ligament
              Pisometacarpal ligament
              The pisometacarpal ligament joins the pisiform to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone.-External links:* http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/handkines/ligaments/wvdpisometa.htm...
              
              
        • Carpal tunnel
          Carpal tunnel
          In the human body, the carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the middle compartment of the deep plane of the palm. The tunnel consists of bones and connective tissue...
          
          
        • Ulnar canal
          Ulnar canal
          The ulnar canal or ulnar tunnel, also called Guyon's canal, is a space at the wrist between the pisiform bone and the hamate bone through which the ulnar artery and the ulnar nerve travel into the hand.-Eponym:...
          
          
        • Carpometacarpal joints
          • Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
        • Intermetacarpal joints
        • Metacarpophalangeal joints
          • Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
            Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
            The deep transverse metacarpal ligament is a narrow fibrous band which runs across the palmar surfaces of the heads of the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, connecting them together.It is blended with the palmar metacarpophalangeal ligaments....
            
            
        • Interphalangeal joints of hand
• Joints of lower limb
  • Joints of pelvic girdle
    • Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle
      • Obturator canal
        Obturator canal
        The obturator canal is a passageway formed in the obturator foramen by part of the obturator membrane. It connects the pelvis to the thigh.The obturator artery, obturator vein, and obturator nerve all travel through the canal.-Pathology:...
        
        
      • Pubic symphysis
        Pubic symphysis
        The pubic symphysis or symphysis pubis is the midline cartilaginous joint uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones. It is located anterior to the urinary bladder and superior to the external genitalia; for females it is above the vulva and for males it is above the penis...
        
        
      • Sacro-iliac joint
        • Sacrotuberous ligament
          Sacrotuberous ligament
          The sacrotuberous ligament is situated at the lower and back part of the pelvis. It is flat, and triangular in form; narrower in the middle than at the ends....
          
          
        • Sacrospinous ligament
          Sacrospinous ligament
          -External links: - "Posterior view of the bones and ligaments of the hip joint."*...
          
          
        • Greater sciatic foramen
          Greater sciatic foramen
          -Boundaries:It is bounded as follows:* anterolaterally by the greater sciatic notch of the illium* posteromedially by the sacrotuberous ligament* inferiorly by the sacrospinous ligament and the ischial spine* superiorly by the anterior sacroilliac ligament...
          
          
        • Lesser sciatic foramen
          Lesser sciatic foramen
          An opening between the pelvis and the posterior thigh, the foramen is formed by the sacrotuberous ligament which runs between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity and the sacrospinous ligament which runs between the sacrum and the ischial spine.-Boundaries:...
          
          
  • Joints of free lower limb
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis
      • Interosseous membrane of leg
    • Synovial joints of free lower limb
      • Hip joint
        • Iliofemoral ligament
          Iliofemoral ligament
          The iliofemoral ligament is a ligament of the hip joint which extends from the ilium to the femur in front of the joint. It is also referred to as the Y-ligament or the ligament of Bigelow, and any combinations of these names....
          
          
        • Ischiofemoral ligament
          Ischiofemoral ligament
          The ischiocapsular ligament consists of a triangular band of strong fibers on the posterior side of the hip joint...
          
          
        • Pubofemoral ligament
          Pubofemoral ligament
          The pubofemoral ligament is a ligament on the inferior side of the hip joint.This ligament is attached, above, to the obturator crest and the superior ramus of the pubis; below, it blends with the capsule and with the deep surface of the vertical band of the iliofemoral ligament....
          
          
        • Transverse acetabular ligament
          Transverse acetabular ligament
          The Transverse Acetabular Ligament is in reality a portion of the acetabular labrum, though differing from it in having no cartilage cells among its fibers....
          
          
        • Ligament of head of femur
          Ligament of head of femur
          The ligament of the head of the femur , or the round ligament of the femur , is a triangular, somewhat flattened band implanted by its apex into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris; its base is attached by two bands, one into either side of the acetabular notch, and between these...
          
          
      • Knee joint
        • Lateral meniscus
          Lateral meniscus
          The lateral meniscus, also called the external semilunar fibrocartilage, is a fibrocartilaginous band that spans the lateral side of the interior of the knee joint. It is one of two menisci of the knee, the other being the medial meniscus. It is nearly circular and covers a larger portion of the...
          
          
        • Medial meniscus
          Medial meniscus
          -External links: *...
          
          
        • Transverse ligament of knee
        • Anterior cruciate ligament
          Anterior cruciate ligament
          The anterior cruciate ligament is a cruciate ligament which is one of the four major ligaments of the human knee. In the quadruped stifle , based on its anatomical position, it is referred to as the cranial cruciate ligament.The ACL originates from deep within the notch of the distal femur...
          
          
        • Posterior cruciate ligament
          Posterior cruciate ligament
          The posterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur...
          
          
        • Fibular collateral ligament
          Fibular collateral ligament
          -External links:*...
          
          
        • Tibial collateral ligament
        • Oblique popliteal ligament
          Oblique popliteal ligament
          The oblique popliteal ligament is a broad, flat, fibrous band, formed of fasciculi separated from one another by apertures for the passage of vessels and nerves....
          
          
        • Arcuate popliteal ligament
          Arcuate popliteal ligament
          The arcuate popliteal ligament is an extracapsular ligament of the knee. It is Y-shaped and is attached to the fibular head. From there it goes to its two insertions; one goes over m. popliteus and attaches to the intercondylar area of tibia, the other to the lateral epicondyle of femur and blends...
          
          
        • Patellar ligament
          Patellar ligament
          The patellar ligament is the central portion of the common tendon of the Quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia.-Anatomy:It is a strong, flat, ligament, about 10 cm...
          
          
      • Tibiofibular joint
        Tibiofibular joint
        Tibiofibular joint may refer to:* Superior tibiofibular articulation* Inferior tibiofibular articulation...
        
        
      • Joints of foot
        • Ankle joint
          • Medial ligament
            Medial ligament of talocrural joint
            The medial ligament of talocrural joint is a strong, flat, triangular band, attached, above, to the apex and anterior and posterior borders of the medial malleolus....
            
             (deltoid ligament)
          • Lateral ligament
        • Subtalar joint
          Subtalar joint
          In human anatomy, the subtalar joint, also known as thetalocalcaneal joint, is a joint of the foot. It occurs at the meeting point of the talus and the calcaneus.-Motion:...
          
          
        • Transverse tarsal joint
          Transverse tarsal joint
          The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid, and the articulation of the talus with the navicular....
          
          
        • Cuneonavicular joint
        • Intercuneiform joints
        • Tarsal ligaments
          • Tarsal interosseous ligaments
          • Dorsal tarsal ligaments
          • Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament
          • Plantar tarsal ligaments
            • Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
              Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
              The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is a ligament on the underside of the foot that connects the calcaneus with the navicular bone.-Structure:...
              
               (Spring ligament)
        • Tarsometatarsal joints
        • Intermetatarsal joints
        • Metatarsophalangeal joints
        • Interphalangeal joints of foot

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Muscles

• General terms
  • Muscle
    Muscle
    Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
    
    
• Muscles of head
  • Extra-ocular muscles (see sense organs)
  • Muscles of auditory ossicles (see sense organs)
  • Facial muscles
    • Epicranius
    • Procerus
    • Nasalis
      Nasalis muscle
      The nasalis is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilage.It consists of two parts, transverse and alar:...
      
      
    • Depressor septi nasi
    • Orbicularis oculi
    • Corrugator supercilii
    • Depressor supercilii
    • Auricularis anterior
    • Auricularis superior
    • Auricularis posterior
    • Orbicularis oris
    • Depressor anguli oris
    • Transversus menti
    • Risorius
      Risorius
      The risorius is a muscle of facial expression which arises in the fascia over the parotid gland and, passing horizontally forward, superficial to the platysma, inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth...
      
      
    • Zygomaticus major
    • Zygomaticus minor
    • Levator labii superioris
      Levator labii superioris
      The levator labii superioris is a muscle of the human body used in facial expression. It is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone....
      
      
    • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
    • Depressor labii inferioris
    • Levator anguli oris
      Levator anguli oris
      The levator anguli oris is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen....
      
      
    • Modiolus
    • Buccinator
      Buccinator
      The buccinator muscle is a muscle at the side of the face.Buccinator may also refer to:* Buccinator artery * Buccinator lymph node* Buccinator nerve * An ancient Roman buccina player...
      
      
    • Mentalis
      Mentalis
      The Mentalis is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip, causing wrinkling of the chin, as in doubt or displeasure...
      
      
    • Masticatory muscles
      • Masseter
      • Temporalis
      • Lateral pterygoid
      • Medial pterygoid
        Medial pterygoid muscle
        The medial pterygoid , is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication.The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle.-Origin and insertion:...
        
        
  • Muscles of tongue - see alimentary system
  • Muscles of soft palate and fauces - see alimentary system
• Muscles of neck
  • Platysma
  • Longus colli
  • Longus capitis
  • Scalenus anterior
    Scalenus anterior
    The Scalenus anterior , also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus.-Anatomy:...
    
    
  • Scalenus medius
    Scalenus medius
    The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first...
    
    
  • Scalenus posterior
    Scalenus posterior
    The Scalenus posterior , the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second...
    
    
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Suboccipital muscles
    • Rectus capitis anterior
    • Rectus capitis lateralis
    • Rectus capitis posterior major
    • Rectus capitis posterior minor
    • Obliquus capitis superior
    • Obliquus capitis inferior
  • Suprahyoid muscles
    • Digastric
    • Stylohyoid
    • Mylohyoid
      Mylohyoid muscle
      The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. It is named for its two attachments, with the prefix "mylo" coming from the Greek word for "molar". These muscles are mesodermal in origin...
      
      
    • Geniohyoid
  • Infrahyoid muscles
    • Sternohyoid
    • Omohyoid
    • Sternothyroid
    • Thyrohyoid
  • Cervical fascia
• Muscles of back
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
  • Levator scapulae
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Anterior cervical intertransversarii
  • Lateral posterior cervical intertransversarii
  • Intertransversarii laterales lumborum
  • Muscles of back proper
    • Erector spinae
      Erector spinae
      The Erector spinæ is a muscle group of the back in humans and animals. It is also known as sacrospinalis in older texts. A more modern term is extensor spinae, though this is not in widespread use. The name of the muscle is pronounced e-rec-tor speen-aye, or e-rec-tor spinae-ee.It is really not...
      
      
      • Erector spinae aponeurosis
      • Iliocostalis
        Iliocostalis
        The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial...
        
        
      • Longissimus
        Longissimus
        The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae.-Longissimus thoracis:...
        
        
      • Spinalis
        Spinalis
        The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts.-Spinalis dorsi:...
        
        
    • Spinotransversales
      • Splenius
    • Transversospinales
      • Multifidus
      • Semispinalis
      • Rotatores
    • Interspinales
    • Intertransversarii
    • Thoracolumbar fascia
• Muscles of thorax
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus anterior
  • Levatores costarum
  • External intercostal muscle
  • Internal intercostal muscle
  • Innermost intercostal muscle
    Innermost intercostal muscle
    The innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscles deep to the plane that contains the intercostal nerves and intercostal vessels and the internal intercostal muscles...
    
    
  • Subcostales
  • Transversus thoracis
  • Pectoral fascia
  • Clavipectoral fascia
    Clavipectoral fascia
    The clavipectoral fascia is a strong fascia situated under cover of the clavicular portion of the Pectoralis major....
    
    
  • Thoracic fascia
  • Endothoracic fascia
  • Thoracic diaphragm
    Thoracic diaphragm
    In the anatomy of mammals, the thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm , is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration...
    
    
    • Lumbar part
      • Right crus of diaphragm
      • Left crus of diaphragm
      • Median arcuate ligament
        Median arcuate ligament
        The median arcuate ligament is a ligament under the diaphragm that connects the right and left crura of diaphragm.-Structure:The median arcuate ligament is formed by the right and left crura of the diaphragm...
        
        
      • Medial arcuate ligament
        Medial arcuate ligament
        The medial arcuate ligament is a tendinous fascia that arches over the psoas major muscle as it passes through the diaphragm.-Structure:...
        
        
      • Lateral arcuate ligament
        Lateral arcuate ligament
        The lateral arcuate ligament is a ligament under the diaphragm that arches across the upper part of the quadratus lumborum...
        
        
    • Aortic hiatus
      Aortic hiatus
      The aortic hiatus is a hole in the human diaphragm. It is the lowest and most posterior of the large apertures.It is located approximately at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra .-Structure:...
      
      
    • Esophageal hiatus
      Esophageal hiatus
      In human anatomy, the esophageal hiatus is a hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. It is located in the right crus of the diaphragm.It is located approximately at level of the tenth thoracic vertebra ....
      
      
    • Caval opening
      Caval opening
      The caval opening is a hiatus in the diaphragm of humans through which passes the inferior vena cava, the wall of which is adherent to the margins of the opening, and some branches of the right phrenic nerve....
      
      
• Muscles of abdomen
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Pyramidalis
    Pyramidalis muscle
    The pyramidalis is a small and triangular muscle, anterior to the Rectus abdominis, and contained in the rectus sheath.-Attachments and actions:...
    
    
  • External oblique
    • Inguinal ligament
      Inguinal ligament
      The inguinal ligament is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients.-Anatomy:...
      
      
  • Superficial inguinal ring
    Superficial inguinal ring
    The superficial inguinal ring is an anatomical structure in the anterior wall of the human abdomen. It is a triangular opening that forms the exit of the inguinal canal, which houses the ilioinguinal nerve, the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, and the spermatic cord or the round ligament...
    
    
  • Internal oblique
    • Cremaster
      Cremaster muscle
      -Contraction:Its function is to raise and lower the testes in order to regulate the temperature of the testes and promote spermatogenesis. Contraction may also occur during arousal which can prevent injury to the testicles during sex....
      
      
  • Transversus abdominis
    • Inguinal falx
    • Deep inguinal ring
      Deep inguinal ring
      The deep inguinal ring is the entrance to the inguinal canal.-Location:...
      
      
  • Linea alba
  • Linea semilunaris
    Linea semilunaris
    The linea semilunaris is a curved tendinous line placed one on either side of the rectus abdominis.Each corresponds with the lateral border of the rectus, extends from the cartilage of the ninth rib to the pubic tubercle, and is formed by the aponeurosis of the internal oblique at its line of...
    
    
  • Inguinal canal
    Inguinal canal
    The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord and in women the round ligament. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men.-Site:...
    
    
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • Abdominal fascia
  • Pelvic fascia
  • Pelvic diaphragm
    • Levator ani
      Levator ani
      The levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis.It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity....
      
      
    • Ischiococcygeus
    • External anal sphincter
  • Perineal muscles - see genital systems
• Muscles of upper limb
  • Compartments
  • Muscles
    • Deltoid
      Deltoid muscle
      In human anatomy, the deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder. Anatomically, it appears to be made up of three distinct sets of fibers though electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the central...
      
      
    • Supraspinatus
    • Infraspinatus
    • Teres minor
    • Teres major
    • Subscapularis
    • Biceps brachii
    • Coracobrachialis
    • Brachialis
    • Triceps brachii
    • Anconeus
    • Pronator teres
    • Flexor carpi radialis
    • Palmaris longus
    • Flexor digitorum superficialis
    • Flexor digitorum profundus
    • Flexor pollicis longus
    • Pronator quadratus
      Pronator quadratus
      Pronator quadratus is a square shaped muscle on the distal forearm that acts to pronate the hand.As it is on the anterior side of the arm, it is innervated by a branch of the median nerve, the anterior interosseous nerve...
      
      
    • Brachioradialis
      Brachioradialis
      Brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that acts to flex the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm...
      
      
    • Extensor carpi radialis longus
    • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
    • Extensor digitorum
    • Extensor digiti minimi
    • Extensor carpi ulnaris
    • Supinator
    • Abductor pollicis longus
    • Extensor pollicis brevis
    • Extensor pollicis longus
    • Extensor indicis
    • Palmaris brevis
    • Abductor pollicis brevis
    • Flexor pollicis brevis
    • Opponens pollicis
    • Adductor pollicis
    • Abductor digiti minimi
    • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
      Flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand)
      For the muscle of the foot, see Flexor digiti quinti brevis muscle The flexor digiti minimi brevis is a muscle in the hand that flexes the little finger...
      
      
    • Opponens digiti minimi
    • Lumbricals of hand
    • Dorsal interossei (of hand)
    • Palmar interossei (of hand)
    • Fascia
      • Flexor retinaculum
        Flexor retinaculum of the hand
        The flexor retinaculum is a strong, fibrous band that arches over the carpus, converting the deep groove on the front of the carpal bones into a tunnel, the carpal tunnel, through which the Flexor tendons of the digits and the median nerve pass.It is attached, medially, to the pisiform and the...
        
        
• Muscles of lower limb
  • Compartments
  • Muscles
    • Iliopsoas
      Iliopsoas
      -External links:*...
      
      
      • Iliacus
      • Psoas major
    • Gluteus maximus
    • Gluteus medius
    • Gluteus minimus
    • Tensor fasciae latae
      Tensor fasciae latae
      The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. The English name for this muscle is the muscle that stretches the band on the side...
      
      
    • Piriformis
    • Obturator internus
    • Gemellus superior
    • Gemellus inferior
    • Quadriceps femoris
      • Rectus femoris
      • Vastus lateralis
      • Vastus intermedius
      • Vastus medialis
        Vastus medialis
        The vastus medialis , often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps.-Function:The vasti appear to act largely in a co-ordinated manner throughout the control of knee extension...
        
        
    • Articularis genus
    • Pectineus
    • Adductor longus
    • Adductor brevis
    • Adductor magnus
    • Gracilis
      Gracilis muscle
      The gracilis is the most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below.-Origin and insertion:...
      
      
    • Obturator externus
    • Biceps femoris
    • Semitendinosus
    • Semimembranosus
    • Tibialis anterior
    • Extensor digitorum longus
    • Fibularis tertius
      Fibularis tertius
      The peroneus tertius is a muscle of the human body located in the lower limb.The muscle arises from the lower third of the anterior surface of the fibula; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; and from an intermuscular septum between it and the peroneus brevis muscle...
      
      
    • Extensor hallucis longus
    • Fibularis longus
      Fibularis longus
      In human anatomy, the peroneus longus is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle....
      
      
    • Fibularis brevis
      Fibularis brevis
      The peroneus brevis muscle lies under cover of the peroneus longus, and is a shorter and smaller muscle. It is also innervated by the superficial fibular nerve...
      
      
    • Triceps surae
      Triceps surae
      The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus...
      
      
      • Gastrocnemius
      • Soleus
      • Calcaneal tendon
    • Plantaris
    • Popliteus
    • Tibialis posterior
    • Flexor digitorum longus
    • Flexor hallucis longus
    • Extensor hallucis brevis
    • Extensor digitorum brevis
    • Abductor hallucis
    • Flexor hallucis brevis
    • Adductor hallucis
    • Abductor digiti minimi
    • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
      Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (foot)
      The Flexor digiti minimi brevis lies under the metatarsal bone of the little toe, and resembles one of the Interossei....
      
      
    • Flexor digitorum brevis
    • Quadratus plantae
    • Lumbricals
      Lumbrical muscle (foot)
      The lumbricals are four small skeletal muscles, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the foot; they arise from these tendons, as far back as their angles of division, each springing from two tendons, except the first.The muscles end in...
      
      
    • Dorsal interossei
    • Plantar interossei
    • Fascia
      • Fascia lata
        Fascia lata
        -Thickness:It is an investment for the whole of the thigh, but varies in thickness in different parts.Thus, it is thicker in the upper and lateral part of the thigh, where it receives a fibrous expansion from the Glutæus maximus, and where the Tensor fasciæ latæ is inserted between its layers; it...
        
        
        • Iliotibial tract
          Iliotibial tract
          The iliotibial tract or iliotibial band is a longitudinal fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata. It is attached to the anterolateral iliac tubercle portion of the external lip of the iliac crest and to the lateral condyle of the tibia...
          
          
      • Adductor canal
        Adductor canal
        The adductor canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh, extending from the apex of the femoral triangle to the opening in the Adductor magnus, the Adductor hiatus.-Boundary:...
        
        
      • Femoral canal
        Femoral canal
        The femoral sheath has three compartments. The lateral compartment contains the femoral artery, the intermediate compartment contains the femoral vein, and the medial and smallest compartment is called the femoral canal. The femoral canal contains efferent lymphatic vessels and a lymph node...
        
        
      • Femoral triangle
        Femoral triangle
        The femoral triangle is an anatomical region of the upper inner human thigh.-Boundaries:It is bounded by:* the inguinal ligament* the medial border of the adductor longus muscle...
        
        
      • Femoral ring
        Femoral ring
        The femoral ring is the base of the femoral canal. It is directed upward and is oval in form, its long diameter being directed transversely and measuring about 1.25 cm.-Boundaries:The femoral ring is bounded as follows:...
        
        
      • Femoral septum
• Tendon sheaths and bursae
  • General terms
  • Bursae of neck
  • Bursae of upper limb
  • Tendinous sheaths of upper limb
  • Bursae of lower limb
  • Tendinous sheaths of lower limb

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Alimentary system

• Mouth
  • Oral cavity
    • Oral vestibule
    • Oral cavity proper
  • Glands of mouth
    • Major salivary glands
      • Parotid gland
        Parotid gland
        The paired parotid glands are the largest of the salivary glands. They are each found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secrete saliva through Stensen's ducts into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches.-Location:The parotid glands...
        
        
      • Sublingual gland
        Sublingual gland
        The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth.They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus....
        
        
      • Submandibular gland
        Submandibular gland
        The paired submandibular glands are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. Unstimulated in humans, the percentage contribution to whole saliva; ~25% Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual ~ 67% and...
        
        
    • Minor salivary glands
  • Teeth
    • Incisor tooth
  • Tongue
    Tongue
    The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
    
    
    • Muscles of tongue
      • Genioglossus
        Genioglossus
        The genioglossus is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding the tongue.-Structure:...
        
        
      • Hyoglossus
        Hyoglossus
        The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior....
        
        
      • Styloglossus
        Styloglossus
        The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament....
        
        
      • Superior longitudinal muscle
        Superior longitudinal muscle
        The Longitudinalis linguæ superior is a thin stratum of oblique and longitudinal fibers immediately underlying the mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue.-Course:...
        
        
      • Inferior longitudinal muscle
        Inferior longitudinal muscle
        The Longitudinalis linguæ inferior is a narrow band situated on the under surface of the tongue between the Genioglossus and Hyoglossus.-Course:...
        
        
      • Transverse muscle
      • Vertical muscle
      • Palatoglossus
• Fauces
  • Muscles of soft palate and fauces
    • Levator veli palatini
      Levator veli palatini
      The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the soft palate in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx...
      
      
    • Tensor veli palatini
    • Musculus uvulae
      Musculus uvulae
      The musculus uvulae is a muscle of the soft palate.-Origin and insertion:It arises from the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bones and from the palatine aponeurosis....
      
      
    • Palatoglossus
    • Palatopharyngeus
• Pharynx
  Pharynx
  The human pharynx is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and anterior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx , the oropharynx , and the laryngopharynx...
  
  
  • Nasopharynx
    Nasopharynx
    The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate; it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent .-Lateral:On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the...
    
    
  • Oropharynx
    Oropharynx
    The Oropharynx reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone.It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil....
    
    
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Pharyngeal muscles
    Pharyngeal muscles
    The pharyngeal muscles are a group of muscles that act upon the pharynx.They include:* Inferior constrictor muscle* Middle constrictor muscle* Superior constrictor muscle* Stylopharyngeus muscle* Salpingopharyngeus muscle* Palatopharyngeus muscle...
    
    
    • Superior pharyngeal constrictor
    • Middle pharyngeal constrictor
    • Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
    • Stylopharyngeus
    • Salpingopharyngeus
    • Palatopharyngeus - see 'Muscles of soft palate and fauces'
• Esophagus
  Esophagus
  The esophagus is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach...
  
  
• Stomach
  Stomach
  The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
  
  
  • Pylorus
    Pylorus
    The pylorus is the region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum . It is divided into two parts:* the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach.* the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum....
    
    
• Small intestine
  Small intestine
  The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to...
  
  
  • Duodenum
    Duodenum
    The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum...
    
    
  • Jejunum
    Jejunum
    The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may be used instead of jejunum.The jejunum lies between the duodenum...
    
    
  • Ileum
    Ileum
    The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum.The ileum follows the duodenum...
    
    
• Large intestine
  Large intestine
  The large intestine is the third-to-last part of the digestive system — — in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body...
  
  
  • Cecum
    Cecum
    The cecum or caecum is a pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve or Bauhin's valve, and is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic...
    
    
    • Appendix
      Vermiform appendix
      The appendix is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum , from which it develops embryologically. The cecum is a pouchlike structure of the colon...
      
      
  • Colon
    Colon (anatomy)
    The colon is the last part of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body, and is the site in which flora-aided fermentation of unabsorbed material occurs. Unlike the small intestine, the colon does not play a...
    
    
    • Ascending colon
      Ascending colon
      The ascending colon is smaller in caliber than the cecum.It passes upward, from its commencement at the cecum, opposite the colic valve, to the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, on the right of the gall-bladder, where it is lodged in a shallow depression, the colic impression; here it...
      
      
    • Transverse colon
      Transverse colon
      The transverse colon, the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath...
      
      
    • Descending colon
      Descending colon
      The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney....
      
      
    • Sigmoid colon
      Sigmoid colon
      The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm...
      
      
  • Rectum
    Rectum
    The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. The human rectum is about 12 cm long...
    
    
  • Anal canal
    Anal canal
    The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine.It is situated between the rectum and anus, below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It lies in the anal triangle of perineum in between the right and left ischioanal fossa....
    
    
    • Pectinate line
• Liver
  Liver
  The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
  
  
  • Common hepatic duct
    Common hepatic duct
    The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct and the left hepatic duct . The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct...
    
    
• Gall bladder
  • Cystic duct
    Cystic duct
    The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length...
    
    
  • Bile duct
    Bile duct
    A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile.Bile, required for the digestion of food, is excreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.The...
    
    
• Pancreas
  Pancreas
  The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist...
  
  
  • Pancreatic islets

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Respiratory system

• Nose
  Nose
  Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the...
  
  
  • Nasal cavity
    Nasal cavity
    The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.- Function :The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract...
    
    
    • Nasal septum
      Nasal septum
      The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils.It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle.-Composition:The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella....
      
      
    • Spheno-ethmoidal recess
    • Superior nasal meatus
    • Middle nasal meatus
    • Inferior nasal meatus
  • Paranasal sinuses
    • Maxillary sinus
      Maxillary sinus
      The pyramid shaped maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the nose. It is present at birth as rudimentary air cells, and develops throughout childhood.-General characteristics:...
      
      
• Larynx
  Larynx
  The larynx , commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles and mammals involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It manipulates pitch and volume...
  
  
  • Laryngeal cartilages and joints
    • Thyroid cartilage
      Thyroid cartilage
      The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx....
      
      
    • Cricoid cartilage
    • Cricothyroid joint
    • Arytenoid cartilage
      Arytenoid cartilage
      The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds are attached...
      
      
    • Crico-arytenoid joint
    • Corniculate cartilage
    • Cuneiform cartilage
    • Epiglottis
      Epiglottis
      The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. The term, like tonsils, is often incorrectly used to refer to the uvula...
      
      
    • Laryngeal muscles
      • Cricothyroid
        Cricothyroid muscle
        The cricothyroid muscle is the only tensor muscle of the larynx, aiding with phonation. It attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and its action tilts the thyroid forward to help tense the vocal cords...
        
        
    • Laryngeal cavity
      Laryngeal cavity
      The laryngeal cavity extends from the laryngeal entrance downwards to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it is continuous with that of the trachea....
      
      
      • Glottis
        Glottis
        The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds .-Function:...
        
        
• Trachea
  Vertebrate trachea
  In tetrapod anatomy the trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with goblet cells that produce mucus...
  
  
  • Carina of trachea
    Carina of trachea
    In anatomy, the carina is a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs anteroposteriorly between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation at the lower end of the trachea .The mucous membrane of the carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx...
    
    
• Bronchi
• Lungs
  • Bronchopulmonary segments
    • Bronchiole
      Bronchiole
      The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa. They are branches of the bronchi.The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.- Structure :...
      
      s

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Urinary system

• Kidney
  Kidney
  The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
  
  
  • Renal segments
  • Intrarenal arteries
  • Intrarenal veins
  • Renal pelvis
    Renal pelvis
    The renal pelvis or pyelum is the funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney.In humans, the renal pelvis is the point of convergence of two or three major calyces...
    
    
• Ureter
  Ureter
  In human anatomy, the ureters are muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the adult, the ureters are usually long and ~3-4 mm in diameter....
  
  
• Urinary bladder
  Urinary bladder
  The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor...
  
  
• Female urethra - see genital systems
• Male urethra - see genital systems

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Genital systems

• Female reproductive system
  Female reproductive system (human)
  The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male person's sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female person's egg cells...
  
  
  • Female internal genitalia
    • Ovary
      Ovary
      The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in anatomically female individuals are analogous to testes in anatomically male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.-Human anatomy:Ovaries...
      
      
      • Ligament of ovary
      • Suspensory ligament of ovary
    • Uterine tube
    • Uterus
      Uterus
      The uterus or womb is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species...
      
      
      • Cervix of uterus
      • Round ligament of uterus
        Round ligament of uterus
        The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. The round ligament leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons...
        
        
      • Pubocervical ligament
        Pubocervical ligament
        The pubocervical ligament is a ligament connecting the side of the cervix to the pubic symphysis.The collagen in the pubocervical ligament may be reduced in women with vaginal prolapse.-External links:...
        
        
      • Cardinal ligament
        Cardinal ligament
        The cardinal ligament is a major ligament of the uterus. It is located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus. Importantly, it contains the uterine artery and uterine vein...
        
        
      • Uterosacral ligament
    • Vagina
      Vagina
      The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...
      
      
      • Hymen
        Hymen
        The hymen is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia. The size of the hymenal opening increases with age. Although an often practiced method, it is not possible to confirm with certainty that a girl or woman is a...
        
        
      • Epoophoron
        Epoophoron
        The epoophoron or epoöphoron is a remnant of the Mesonephric duct that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube.-Anatomy:...
        
        
      • Paroophoron
        Paroöphoron
        The paroöphoron consists of a few scattered rudimentary tubules, best seen in the child, situated in the broad ligament between the epoöphoron and the uterus. Named for the Welsh anatomist David Johnson who originally described the structure at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.It is a remnant...
        
        
  • Female external genitalia
    • Pudendum (vulva)
      • Mons pubis
        Mons pubis
        In human anatomy or in mammals in general, the mons pubis , also known as the mons veneris or simply the mons, is the adipose tissue lying above the pubic bone of adult females, anterior to the pubic symphysis...
        
        
      • Labium majus
        • Pudendal cleft
      • Labium minus
      • Vestibule of vagina
      • Bulb of vestibule
      • Greater vestibular gland
      • Clitoris
        Clitoris
        The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not...
        
        
      • Female urethra
• Male reproductive system
  Male reproductive system (human)
  The human male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that are a part of the human reproductive process...
  
  
  • Male internal genitalia
    • Testis
      • Tunica vaginalis
        Tunica vaginalis
        The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis.It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the processus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum....
        
        
      • Tunica albuginea
        Tunica albuginea (testicles)
        The Tunica Albuginea is the fibrous covering of the testis.It is a dense blue-white membrane, composed of bundles of white fibrous tissue which interlace in every direction....
        
        
      • Seminiferous tubules
        Seminiferous tubules
        Seminiferous tubules are located in the testes, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa....
        
        
      • Straight tubules
      • Rete testis
        Rete testis
        Rete testis is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia....
        
        
    • Epididymis
      Epididymis
      The epididymis is part of the male reproductive system and is present in all male amniotes. It is a narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous...
      
      
    • Paradidymis
      Paradidymis
      The term paradidymis is applied to a small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the spermatic cord, above the head of the epididymis....
      
      
    • Spermatic cord
      Spermatic cord
      The spermatic cord is the name given to the cord-like structure in males formed by the ductus deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the abdomen down to each testicle.-Contents of spermatic cord:...
      
      
      • Cremaster
        Cremaster muscle
        -Contraction:Its function is to raise and lower the testes in order to regulate the temperature of the testes and promote spermatogenesis. Contraction may also occur during arousal which can prevent injury to the testicles during sex....
        
        
    • Ductus deferens
    • Seminal gland
      • Ejaculatory duct
        Ejaculatory duct
        -Anatomy:The ejaculatory ducts are paired structures in male anatomy. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and open into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis...
        
        
    • Prostate
      Prostate
      The prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals....
      
      
    • Bulbo-urethral gland
  • Male external genitalia
    • Penis
      Penis
      The penis is a biological feature of male animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates...
      
      
      • Glans penis
        Glans penis
        The glans penis is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female...
        
        
      • Prepuce
        Foreskin
        In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a generally retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect...
        
        
      • Corpus cavernosum penis
        Corpus cavernosum penis
        The corpus cavernosum penis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection...
        
        
      • Corpus spongiosum penis
      • Helicine arteries
        Helicine arteries of penis
        The helicine arteries of penis are arteries in the penis. They are found in the corpora cavernosa penis.They are involved in the process of erection.-Anatomy:...
        
        
      • Fascia of penis
        • Suspensory ligament of penis
    • Male urethra
      • Spongy urethra
        • Navicular fossa
          Navicular fossa of male urethra
          The cavernous portion of the urethra is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethræ....
          
          
    • Scrotum
      Scrotum
      In some male mammals the scrotum is a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles and divided by a septum. It is an extension of the perineum, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with curly...
      
      
      • Dartos fascia
        • Dartos muscle
  • Perineum
    Perineum
    In human anatomy, the perineum is a region of the body including the perineal body and surrounding structures...
    
    
    • Perineal body
      Perineal body
      The perineal body is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females...
      
      
    • Subcutaneous perineal pouch
    • Superficial perineal pouch
      Superficial perineal pouch
      The superficial perineal pouch is a compartment of the perineum.-Structure:The superficial perineal pouch is a fully enclosed compartment:* its inferior border is the perineal fascia...
      
      
    • Deep perineal pouch
      Deep perineal pouch
      The deep perineal pouch is a human anatomical term that refers to the space enclosed in part by the perineum, and located superior to the perineal membrane.-Structure:...
      
      
    • Ischio-anal fossa

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Abdominopelvic cavity

• Extraperitoneal space
  Extraperitoneal space
  The extraperitoneal space is the portion of the abdomen and pelvis which does not lie within peritoneum.It includes:* Retroperitoneal space, situated posteriorly to the peritoneum* Preperitoneal space, situated anteriorly to the peritoneum...
  
  
• Peritoneum
  Peritoneum
  The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs — in amniotes and some invertebrates...
  
  
  • Mesentery
    Mesentery
    In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.-Mesentery :The...
    
    
  • Mesocolon
    Mesocolon
    Mesocolon can refer to:* Transverse mesocolon* Sigmoid mesocolon...
    
    
    • Transverse mesocolon
      Transverse mesocolon
      The transverse mesocolon is a broad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.It is continuous with the two posterior layers of the greater omentum, which, after separating to surround the transverse colon, join behind it, and are continued...
      
      
    • Sigmoid mesocolon
      Sigmoid mesocolon
      The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall.Its line of attachment forms a V-shaped curve, the apex of the curve being placed about the point of division of the left common iliac artery....
      
      
    • Meso-appendix
  • Lesser omentum
    Lesser omentum
    The lesser omentum is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.- Structure :...
    
    
    • Hepatophrenic ligament
      Hepatophrenic ligament
      The Hepatophrenic ligament is a ligament connecting the liver to the diaphragm.It is sometimes considered part of the lesser omentum. It is also sometimes considered part of the coronary ligament. However, it is not a term used by most anatomy resources....
      
      
    • Hepato-esophageal ligament
    • Hepatogastric ligament
      Hepatogastric ligament
      The cranial part of the lesser omentum is formed by the hepatogastric ligament , extending between the liver and stomach. The ligament itself consists of a dense cranial portion and the caudal portion...
      
      
    • Hepatoduodenal ligament
      Hepatoduodenal ligament
      The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum.Running inside it are the following:* hepatic artery proper* hepatic portal vein* common bile duct...
      
      
  • Greater omentum
    Greater omentum
    The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
    
    
    • Gastrophrenic ligament
      Gastrophrenic ligament
      The postero-inferior surface of the stomach is covered by peritoneum, except over a small area close to the cardiac orifice; this area is limited by the lines of attachment of the gastrophrenic ligament, and lies in apposition with the diaphragm, and frequently with the upper portion of the left...
      
      
    • Gastrosplenic ligament
      Gastrosplenic ligament
      The gastrosplenic ligament is part of the greater omentum.Embryonically the gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium....
      
      
    • Phrenicosplenic ligament
    • Splenorenal ligament
      Splenorenal ligament
      The splenorenal ligament , is derived from the peritoneum, where the wall of the general peritoneal cavity comes into contact with the omental bursa between the left kidney and the spleen; the lienal vessels pass between its two layers...
      
      
    • Pancreaticosplenic ligament
    • Pancreaticocolic ligament
    • Splenocolic ligament
    • Phrenicocolic ligament
      Phrenicocolic ligament
      A fold of peritoneum, the phrenicocolic ligament, is continued from the left colic flexure to the thoracic diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh ribs; it passes below and serves to support the spleen, and therefore has received the name of sustentaculum lienis....
      
      
  • Peritoneal attachments of liver
    • Coronary ligament
      Coronary ligament
      The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.-Structure:...
      
      
      • Falciform ligament
        Falciform ligament
        The falciform ligament is a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall.It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward...
        
        
      • Right triangular ligament
        Right triangular ligament
        The right triangular ligament is situated at the right extremity of the bare area, and is a small fold which passes to the diaphragm, being formed by the apposition of the upper and lower layers of the coronary ligament....
        
        
      • Left triangular ligament
        Left triangular ligament
        The left triangular ligament is a fold of some considerable size, which connects the posterior part of the upper surface of the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm; its anterior layer is continuous with the left layer of the falciform ligament....
        
        
  • Recesses, fossae, and folds
    • Omental bursa
    • Paracolic gutters
      Paracolic gutters
      The paracolic gutters are spaces between the colon and the abdominal wall.There are two paracolic gutters:* The right lateral paracolic gutter.* The left lateral paracolic gutter....
      
      
    • Median umbilical fold
    • Medial umbilical fold
    • Inguinal triangle
      Inguinal triangle
      In human anatomy, the inguinal triangle is a region of the abdominal wall. It is also known by the eponym Hesselbach's triangle, after Franz Kaspar Hesselbach.-Boundaries:It is defined by the following structures:...
      
      
    • Lateral umbilical fold
  • Urogenital peritoneum
    • Vesico-uterine pouch
    • Broad ligament of uterus
      • Mesometrium
        Mesometrium
        The mesometrium is the mesentery of the uterus. It constitutes the majority of the broad ligament of the uterus, excluding only the portions adjacent to the uterine tube and ovary.It is adjacent to the mesosalpinx....
        
        
      • Mesosalpinx
        Mesosalpinx
        The mesosalpinx is part of the lining of the abdominal cavity in higher vertebrates, specifically the portion of the broad ligament that stretches from the ovary to the level of the uterine tube....
        
        
      • Mesovarium
        Mesovarium
        The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries.At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first...
        
        
      • Suspensory ligament of ovary - see genital systems

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Endocrine glands

• Pituitary gland
  Pituitary gland
  In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...
  
  
• Pineal gland
  Pineal gland
  The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions...
  
  
• Thyroid gland
• Suprarenal gland
• Pancreatic islets - see alimentary system

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Cardiovascular system

• General terms
  • Artery
    Artery
    Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, exceptions made for the pulmonary and umbilical arteries....
    
    
• Heart
  Heart
  The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions...
  
  
  • Chordae tendinae
  • Right atrium
    Right atrium
    The right atrium is one of four chambers in the hearts of mammals and archosaurs...
    
    
  • Right ventricle
    Right ventricle
    The right ventricle is one of four chambers in the human heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk....
    
    
    • Tricuspid valve
      Tricuspid valve
      The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary muscles. They are connected to the papillary muscles by the chordae...
      
      
  • Left atrium
    Left atrium
    The left atrium is one of the four chambers in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, and pumps it into the left ventricle, via the mitral valve.-Foramen ovale:...
    
    
  • Left ventricle
    Left ventricle
    The left ventricle is one of four chambers in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve, and pumps it into the aorta via the aortic valve.-Shape:...
    
    
    • Mitral valve
      Mitral valve
      The mitral valve is a dual-flap valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle...
      
      
  • Endocardium
    Endocardium
    The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells are embryologically and biologically similar to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels....
    
    
  • Myocardium
  • Pericardial cavity
    Pericardial cavity
    The pericardial cavity is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as the pericardial fluid....
    
    
    • Transverse pericardial sinus
  • Pericardium
    Pericardium
    The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels.-Layers:...
    
    
• Arteries
  • Pulmonary trunk
    • Right pulmonary artery
      Right pulmonary artery
      The right pulmonary artery or right branch of the pulmonary artery, longer and larger than the left, runs horizontally to the right, behind the ascending aorta and superior vena cava and in front of the right bronchus, to the root of the right lung, where it divides into two branches...
      
      
    • Left pulmonary artery
      Left pulmonary artery
      The left pulmonary artery or left branch of the pulmonary artery, shorter and somewhat smaller than the right, passes horizontally in front of the descending aorta and left bronchus to the root of the left lung, where it divides into two branches, one for each lobe of the lung.Above, it is...
      
      
  • Aorta
    Aorta
    The aorta is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it branches off into two smaller arteries...
    
    
    • Ascending aorta
      Ascending aorta
      The ascending aorta is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s...
      
      
      • Right coronary artery
        Right coronary artery
        The right coronary artery originates above the right cusp of the aortic valve. It travels down the right atrioventricular groove, towards the crux of the heart.At the origin of the RCA is the conus artery....
        
        
      • Left coronary artery
        Left coronary artery
        The left coronary artery, abbreviated LCA and also known as the left main coronary artery , arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve.-Branching:...
        
        
    • Arch of aorta
    • Brachiocephalic trunk
      • Thyroid ima artery
        Thyroid ima artery
        The thyroidea ima ascends in front of the trachea to the lower part of the thyroid gland, which it supplies.It varies greatly in size, and appears to compensate for deficiency or absence of one of the other thyroid vessels...
        
        
    • Common carotid artery
      Common carotid artery
      In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. - Structure :...
      
      
      • Carotid sinus
        Carotid sinus
        In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, the common carotid artery.-Functions:...
        
        
    • External carotid artery
      External carotid artery
      In human anatomy, the external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it bifurcates into the external and internal carotid artery.-Course:...
      
      
      • Superior thyroid artery
        Superior thyroid artery
        The superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and ends in the thyroid gland.-Relations:...
        
        
      • Ascending pharyngeal artery
        Ascending pharyngeal artery
        The ascending pharyngeal artery, the smallest branch of the external carotid, is a long, slender vessel, deeply seated in the neck, beneath the other branches of the external carotid and under the Stylopharyngeus...
        
        
      • Lingual artery
        Lingual artery
        The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery. It can be located easily in the tongue.-Path:It first runs obliquely upward and medialward to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone....
        
        
      • Facial artery
        Facial artery
        The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the superficial face.-Structure:...
        
        
        • Ascending palatine artery
          Ascending palatine artery
          The ascending palatine artery is an artery in the head that branches off the facial artery and runs up the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.-Structure:...
          
          
        • Submental artery
          Submental artery
          The submental artery is a branch of the facial artery that runs on the underside of the chin.-Course:The submental artery is the largest of the cervical branches of the facial artery, given off just as that vessel leaves the submandibular gland: it runs forward upon the mylohyoid, just below the...
          
          
        • Angular artery
          Angular artery
          The angular artery is the terminal part of the facial artery; it ascends to the medial angle of the eye's orbit, imbedded in the fibers of the angular head of the Quadratus labii superioris, and accompanied by the angular vein....
          
          
      • Occipital artery
        Occipital artery
        The occipital artery arises from the external carotid artery opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles...
        
        
      • Posterior auricular artery
        Posterior auricular artery
        The posterior auricular artery is a small artery and arises from the external carotid artery, above the Digastric muscle and Stylohyoid muscle, opposite the apex of the styloid process....
        
        
      • Superficial temporal artery
        Superficial temporal artery
        In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery....
        
        
        • Transverse facial artery
          Transverse facial artery
          The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face.-Course:The transverse facial artery is given off from the superficial temporal artery before that vessel leaves the parotid gland; running forward through the substance of the...
          
          
        • Zygomatico-orbital artery
          Zygomatico-orbital artery
          The middle temporal artery occasionally gives off a zygomaticoörbital branch, which runs along the upper border of the zygomatic arch, between the two layers of the temporal fascia, to the lateral angle of the orbit....
          
          
        • Middle temporal artery
          Middle temporal artery
          The middle temporal artery arises immediately above the zygomatic arch, and, perforating the temporal fascia, gives branches to the Temporalis, anastomosing with the deep temporal branches of the internal maxillary....
          
          
      • Maxillary artery
        • Deep auricular artery
          Deep auricular artery
          The deep auricular artery often arises in common with the anterior tympanic artery.It ascends in the substance of the parotid gland, behind the temporomandibular articulation, pierces the cartilaginous or bony wall of the external acoustic meatus, and supplies its cuticular lining and the outer...
          
          
        • Anterior tympanic artery
          Anterior tympanic artery
          The anterior tympanic artery usually arises as a branch of the mandibular part of the maxillary artery. It passes upward behind the temporomandibular articulation, enters the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic fissure, and ramifies upon the tympanic membrane, forming a vascular circle...
          
          
        • Inferior alveolar artery
          Inferior alveolar artery
          - Course :It descends with the inferior alveolar nerve to the mandibular foramen on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible.It runs along the mandibular canal in the substance of the bone, accompanied by the nerve, and opposite the first premolar tooth divides into two branches, incisor and...
          
          
        • Middle meningeal artery
          Middle meningeal artery
          The middle meningeal artery is typically the third branch of the first part of the maxillary artery, one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery...
          
          
          • Superior tympanic artery
            Superior tympanic artery
            The superior tympanic artery, a branch of the middle meningeal on entering the cranium, runs in the canal for the Tensor tympani, and supplies this muscle and the lining membrane of the canal....
            
            
        • Pterygomandibular artery
        • Masseteric artery
          Masseteric artery
          The masseteric artery is small and passes laterally through the mandibular notch to the deep surface of the masseter muscle, which it supplies.It anastomoses with the masseteric branches of the external maxillary artery and with the transverse facial artery....
          
          
        • Anterior deep temporal artery
        • Posterior deep temporal artery
        • Buccal artery
        • Posterior superior alveolar artery
          Posterior superior alveolar artery
          The posterior superior alveolar artery is given off from the maxillary, frequently in conjunction with the infraorbital artery just as the trunk of the vessel is passing into the pterygopalatine fossa.-Branches:...
          
          
        • Infra-orbital artery
          • Anterior superior alveolar arteries
            Anterior superior alveolar arteries
            The anterior superior alveolar arteries originate from the infraorbital artery; they supply the upper incisors and canines; they also supply the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus.-See also:* Posterior superior alveolar artery...
            
            
        • Artery of pterygoid canal
        • Descending palatine artery
          Descending palatine artery
          -Course:It descends through the pterygopalatine canal with the anterior palatine branch of the sphenopalatine ganglion, and, emerging from the greater palatine foramen, runs forward in a groove on the medial side of the alveolar border of the hard palate to the incisive canal; the terminal branch...
          
          
          • Greater palatine artery
            Greater palatine artery
            The greater palatine artery is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery supplying blood to the hard palate and nasal septum.-Course:The descending palatine artery branches off of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa and descends through the greater palatine canal along with the...
            
            
          • Lesser palatine arteries
            Lesser palatine arteries
            The lesser palatine arteries go through the lesser palatine foramina, and supply the soft palate.It gives off tonsillary branches to the palatine tonsils....
            
            
        • Sphenopalatine artery
          Sphenopalatine artery
          The sphenopalatine artery is an artery of the head, commonly known as the artery of epistaxis.-Course:The sphenopalatine artery is a branch of the maxillary artery which passes through the sphenopalatine foramen into the cavity of the nose, at the back part of the superior meatus...
          
          
    • Internal carotid artery
      Internal carotid artery
      In human anatomy, the internal carotid arteries are two major arteries, one on each side of the head and neck. They arise from the common carotid arteries where these bifurcate into the internal and external carotid artery, and they supply the brain....
      
      
      • Ophthalmic artery
        Ophthalmic artery
        The ophthalmic artery is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the cavernous sinus. Branches of the OA supply all the structures in the orbit as well as some structures in the nose, face and meninges...
        
        
        • Central retinal artery
          Central retinal artery
          The central retinal artery branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball.- Course :...
          
          
        • Lacrimal artery
          Lacrimal artery
          The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit....
          
          
        • Short posterior ciliary arteries
          Short posterior ciliary arteries
          The short posterior ciliary arteries from six to twelve in number, arise from the ophthalmic as it crosses the optic nerve.-Course and target:...
          
          
        • Long posterior ciliary arteries
          Long posterior ciliary arteries
          The long posterior ciliary arteries are arteries of the head arising, together with the other ciliary arteries, from the ophtalmic artery. There are two in each eye.-Course:...
          
          
        • Supra-orbital artery
          Supra-orbital artery
          -Course:It springs from the ophthalmic artery as that vessel is crossing over to the medial side of the optic nerve.It passes upward on the medial borders of the superior rectus muscle and levator palpebrae superioris, meeting the supraorbital nerve accompanies it between the roof of the orbit and...
          
          
        • Anterior ethmoidal artery
          Anterior ethmoidal artery
          The anterior ethmoidal artery, also anterior ethmoid artery is an artery of the head.-Course:Once branching from the ophthalmic artery, it accompanies the nasociliary nerve through the anterior ethmoidal canal to supply the anterior and middle ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, and anterosuperior...
          
          
        • Posterior ethmoidal artery
          Posterior ethmoidal artery
          The posterior ethmoidal artery is an artery of the head which supplies the nasal septum. It is smaller than the anterior ethmoidal artery.-Course:...
          
          
        • Supratrochlear artery
          Supratrochlear artery
          The supratrochlear artery , one of the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, branches off where the ophthalmic travels posterior to the trochlea.-Course:...
          
          
        • Dorsal nasal artery
          Dorsal nasal artery
          The dorsal nasal artery is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery.-Course:...
          
          
    • Arteries of brain
      • Anterior choroidal artery
        Anterior choroidal artery
        The anterior choroidal artery originates from the internal carotid artery, though it also rarely arises from the middle cerebral artery.-Structures supplied:The anterior choroidal artery serves many structures in the cerebrum:...
        
        
      • Anterior cerebral artery
        • Anterior communicating artery
          Anterior communicating artery
          In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries....
          
          
      • Middle cerebral artery
        Middle cerebral artery
        -External links:*...
        
        
      • Posterior communicating artery
        Posterior communicating artery
        In human anatomy, the posterior communicating artery is one of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis. It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side. Anteriorly, it connects to the internal carotid artery prior the terminal bifurcation of the ICA...
        
        
      • Cerebral arterial circle (Willis)
      • Posterior cerebral artery
        Posterior cerebral artery
        -External links: - Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke* at strokecenter.org* at State University of New York Upstate Medical University* at psyweb.com* at neuropat.dote.hu...
        
        
    • Subclavian artery
      Subclavian artery
      In human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are two major arteries of the upper thorax , below the clavicle . They receive blood from the top of the aorta...
      
      
      • Vertebral artery
        Vertebral artery
        The vertebral arteries are major arteries of the neck. They branch from the subclavian arteries and merge to form the single midline basilar artery in a complex called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of the circle of Willis and thus significant portions of the...
        
        
        • Basilar artery
          Basilar artery
          In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood.The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with...
          
          
      • Internal thoracic artery
        Internal thoracic artery
        In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery , previously known as the internal mammary artery , is an artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts...
        
        
        • Pericardiophrenic artery
        • Musculophrenic artery
          Musculophrenic artery
          The musculophrenic artery arises from the internal thoracic artery, directed obliquely downward and laterally, behind the cartilages of the false ribs; it perforates the diaphragm at the eighth or ninth costal cartilage, and ends, considerably reduced in size, opposite the last intercostal space.It...
          
          
        • Superior epigastric artery
          Superior epigastric artery
          In human anatomy, superior epigastric artery refers to a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood and arises from the internal thoracic artery...
          
          
      • Thyrocervical trunk
        Thyrocervical trunk
        The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery arising from the first portion of this vessel, i.e. between the origin of the subclavian artery and the inner border of the scalenus anterior muscle...
        
        
        • Inferior thyroid artery
          Inferior thyroid artery
          The inferior thyroid artery arrises from the thyrocervical trunk and passes upward, in front of the vertebral artery and Longus colli, then turns medially behind the carotid sheath and its contents, and also behind the sympathetic trunk, the middle cervical ganglion resting upon the...
          
          
        • Ascending cervical artery
          Ascending cervical artery
          The ascending cervical artery is a small branch which arises from the inferior thyroid artery as that vessel is passing behind the carotid sheath; it runs up on the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebræ in the interval between the Scalenus anterior and Longus...
          
          
        • Suprascapular artery
          Suprascapular artery
          The suprascapular artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk.-Course:At first, it passes downward and laterally across the scalenus anterior and phrenic nerve, being covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle; it then crosses the subclavian artery and the brachial plexus, running behind and...
          
          
        • Transverse cervical artery
          Transverse cervical artery
          The transverse cervical artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery.-Path:...
          
          
      • Dorsal scapular artery
        Dorsal scapular artery
        The dorsal scapular artery is a blood vessel which supplies thelevator scapulae, rhomboids, and trapezius.-Origin:...
        
        
      • Costocervical trunk
        Costocervical trunk
        The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side....
        
        
        • Deep cervical artery
          Deep cervical artery
          -Course:It arises, in most cases, from the costocervical trunk, and is analogous to the posterior branch of an aortic intercostal artery: occasionally it is a separate branch from the subclavian artery....
          
          
        • Supreme intercostal artery
    • Arteries of upper limb
      • Axillary artery
        Axillary artery
        In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla and the upper limb...
        
        
        • Superior thoracic artery
          Superior thoracic artery
          The superior thoracic artery is a small vessel normally arising from the first division of the axillary artery, but may arise from the thoracoacromial artery, itself a branch of the second division of the axillary artery....
          
          
        • Thoraco-acromial artery
        • Lateral thoracic artery
          Lateral thoracic artery
          In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast....
          
          
        • Subscapular artery
          Subscapular artery
          The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis muscle, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse...
          
          
          • Thoracodorsal artery
            Thoracodorsal artery
            The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi....
            
            
          • Circumflex scapular artery
            Circumflex scapular artery
            The circumflex scapular artery is a branch of the subscapular artery and part of the scapular anastomoses....
            
            
        • Anterior circumflex humeral artery
        • Posterior circumflex humeral artery
      • Brachial artery
        Brachial artery
        The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm.It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries...
        
        
        • Profunda brachii artery
      • Radial artery
        Radial artery
        In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm.-Course:The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm...
        
        
        • Princeps pollicis artery
          Princeps pollicis artery
          The princeps pollicis arises from the radial artery just as it turns medially towards the deep part of the hand; it descends between the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the oblique head of the adductor pollicis, along the medial side of the first metacarpal bone to the base of the proximal...
          
          
        • Radialis indicis artery
        • Deep palmar arch
          Deep palmar arch
          The deep palmar arch is an arterial network found in the palm. It is usually formed mainly from the terminal part of the radial artery, with the ulnar artery contributing via its deep palmar branch...
          
          
      • Ulnar artery
        Ulnar artery
        The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery...
        
        
        • Superficial palmar arch
          Superficial palmar arch
          The superficial palmar arch is formed predominantly by the ulnar artery, with a contribution from the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery...
          
          
    • Thoracic aorta
      • Posterior intercostal arteries
        Posterior intercostal arteries
        The posterior intercostal arteries are arteries that supply blood to the intercostal spaces.There are eleven posterior intercostal arteries on each side....
        
        
      • Subcostal artery
    • Abdominal aorta
      • Inferior phrenic artery
      • Lumbar arteries
        Lumbar arteries
        The lumbar arteries are in parallel with the intercostals.They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebræ....
        
        
      • Median sacral artery
        Median sacral artery
        The median sacral artery is a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation....
        
        
      • Celiac trunk
        • Left gastric artery
          Left gastric artery
          In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus...
          
          
        • Common hepatic artery
          Common hepatic artery
          In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus , duodenum and pancreas....
          
          
          • Gastroduodenal artery
            Gastroduodenal artery
            In anatomy, the gastroduodenal artery is a small blood vessel in the abdomen.It supplies blood directly to the pylorus and proximal part of the duodenum, and indirectly to the pancreatic head .It most commonly arises from the common hepatic artery of the celiac trunk, but there are...
            
            
            • Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
            • Right gastro-omental artery
              Right gastro-omental artery
              The right gastro-omental artery is one of the two terminal branches of the gastroduodenal artery. It runs from right to left along the greater curvature of the stomach, between the layers of the greater omentum, anastomosing with the left gastroepiploic branch of the splenic artery.Except at the...
              
              
            • Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
        • Right gastric artery
          Right gastric artery
          The right gastric artery arises from the common hepatic artery, above the pylorus, descends to the pyloric end of the stomach, and passes from right to left along its lesser curvature, supplying it with branches, and anastomosing with the left gastric artery.-Additional images:-External links: -...
          
          
        • Hepatic artery proper
          Hepatic artery proper
          The hepatic artery proper , arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb...
          
          
          • Right branch
            • Cystic artery
              Cystic artery
              -Most common arrangement:In the classic arrangement, occurring with a frequency of approximately 70%, a singular cystic artery originates from the geniculate flexure of the right hepatic artery in the upper portion of the hepatobiliary triangle...
              
              
        • Splenic artery
          Splenic artery
          In anatomy, the splenic artery is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas.-Branches:...
          
          
        • Left gastro-omental artery
          Left gastro-omental artery
          The left gastro-omental artery , the largest branch of the splenic artery, runs from left to right about a finger’s breadth or more from the greater curvature of the stomach, between the layers of the greater omentum, and anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic.In its course it distributes:*...
          
          
        • Short gastric arteries
          Short gastric arteries
          The short gastric arteries consist of from five to seven small branches, which arise from the end of the splenic artery, and from its terminal divisions....
          
          
      • Superior mesenteric artery
        Superior mesenteric artery
        In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas.-Location...
        
        
        • Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
          Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
          The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum....
          
          
        • Ileocolic artery
          Ileocolic artery
          The ileocolic artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery.It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the...
          
          
        • Right colic artery
          Right colic artery
          The Right Colic Artery arises from about the middle of the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery, or from a stem common to it and the ileocolic....
          
          
        • Middle colic artery
          Middle colic artery
          The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left.* The right branch...
          
          
      • Inferior mesenteric artery
        Inferior mesenteric artery
        In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum...
        
        
        • Left colic artery
          Left colic artery
          The left colic artery is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery that runs to the left behind the peritoneum and in front of the psoas major muscle, and after a short, but variable, course divides into an ascending and a descending branch; the stem of the artery or its branches cross the left...
          
          
        • Sigmoid arteries
          Sigmoid arteries
          The sigmoid arteries, two or three in number, run obliquely downward and to the left behind the peritoneum and in front of the Psoas major, ureter, and internal spermatic vessels....
          
          
        • Superior rectal artery
          Superior rectal artery
          The superior rectal artery is an artery that descends into the pelvis to supply blood to the rectum.-Structure:The superior rectal artery is the continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery...
          
          
      • Middle suprarenal artery
      • Renal artery
        Renal artery
        The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta....
        
        
      • Ovarian artery
        Ovarian artery
        In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary, anterior to the ovarian vein and...
        
        
      • Testicular artery
        Testicular artery
        The testicular artery is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes....
        
        
    • Common iliac artery
      Common iliac artery
      The common iliac arteries are two large arteries that originate from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. They bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery ....
      
      
    • Internal iliac artery
      Internal iliac artery
      The internal iliac artery is the main artery of the pelvis.-Structure:The internal iliac artery supplies the walls and viscera of the pelvis, the buttock, the reproductive organs, and the medial compartment of the thigh...
      
      
      • Iliolumbar artery
        Iliolumbar artery
        The iliolumbar artery is the first branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery.-Course:The iliolumbar artery turns upward behind the obturator nerve and the external iliac artery and vein, to the medial border of the psoas major, behind which it divides into:* Lumbar branch of...
        
        
      • Lateral sacral arteries
      • Obturator artery
        Obturator artery
        The obturator artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery that passes antero-inferiorly on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior...
        
        
      • Superior gluteal artery
        Superior gluteal artery
        The superior gluteal artery is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel....
        
        
      • Inferior gluteal artery
        Inferior gluteal artery
        The inferior gluteal artery , the larger of the two terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery, is distributed chiefly to the buttock and back of the thigh....
        
        
      • Umbilical artery
        Umbilical artery
        The umbilical artery is a paired artery that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord.-Umbilical arteries in the fetus:...
        
        
        • Superior vesical arteries
      • Inferior vesical artery
        Inferior vesical artery
        The inferior vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder.-Structure:The inferior vesical artery is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It frequently arises in common with the middle rectal artery, and is distributed to the...
        
        
      • Uterine artery
        Uterine artery
        -Structure:The uterine artery usually arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It travels to the uterus, crossing the ureter anteriorly, reaching the uterus by traveling in the cardinal ligament....
        
        
      • Vaginal artery
        Vaginal artery
        -Terminology:The vaginal artery is usually defined as a branch of the internal iliac artery.Some sources say that the vaginal artery can arise from the internal iliac artery or the uterine artery...
        
        
      • Middle rectal artery
        Middle rectal artery
        The middle rectal artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies blood to the rectum.-Structure:The middle rectal artery usually arises with the inferior vesical artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery...
        
        
      • Internal pudendal artery
        Internal pudendal artery
        The internal pudendal artery is an artery that branches off the internal iliac artery, providing blood to the external genitalia.The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery...
        
        
        • Inferior rectal artery
          Inferior rectal artery
          The inferior rectal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal.-Structure:The inferior rectal artery arises from the internal pudendal artery as it passes above the ischial tuberosity....
          
          
        • Perineal artery
          Perineal artery
          The perineal artery arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and...
          
          
    • Arteries of lower limb
      • External iliac artery
        External iliac artery
        The external iliac arteries are two major arteries which bifurcate off the common iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis. They proceed anterior and inferior along the medial border of the psoas major muscles...
        
        
        • Inferior epigastric artery
          Inferior epigastric artery
          In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery...
          
          
          • Cremasteric artery
            Cremasteric artery
            The cremasteric artery is a branch of the Inferior epigastric artery which accompanies the spermatic cord, and supplies the Cremaster and other coverings of the cord, anastomosing with the testicular artery ....
            
            
          • Artery of round ligament of uterus
            Artery of round ligament of uterus
            -See also:* Sampson artery...
            
            
      • Femoral artery
        Femoral artery
        The femoral artery is a general term comprising a few large arteries in the thigh. They begin at the inguinal ligament and end just above the knee at adductor canal or Hunter's canal traversing the extent of the femur bone....
        
        
      • Deep artery of thigh
      • Popliteal artery
        Popliteal artery
        In human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the "superficial" femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee...
        
        
      • Anterior tibial artery
        Anterior tibial artery
        The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery.It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course....
        
        
      • Dorsalis pedis artery
        Dorsalis pedis artery
        In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery , is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood from the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery...
        
        
      • Posterior tibial artery
        Posterior tibial artery
        The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery...
        
        
      • Medial plantar artery
        Medial plantar artery
        The medial plantar artery , much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot.It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies.At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much...
        
        
      • Lateral plantar artery
        Lateral plantar artery
        The lateral plantar artery , much larger than the medial, passes obliquely lateralward and forward to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone....
        
        
      • Fibular artery
        Fibular artery
        In anatomy, the fibular artery supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery.-Structure:...
        
        
• Veins
  • Veins of heart
    • Coronary sinus
      Coronary sinus
      The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in all mammals, including humans...
      
      
      • Great cardiac vein
        Great cardiac vein
        The Great Cardiac Vein begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the base of the ventricles....
        
        
      • Oblique vein of left atrium
      • Middle cardiac vein
        Middle cardiac vein
        The middle cardiac vein commences at the apex of the heart, ascends in the posterior longitudinal sulcus, and ends in the coronary sinus near its right extremity.-External links: - "Posterior view of the heart."...
        
        
      • Small cardiac vein
        Small cardiac vein
        The small cardiac vein runs in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle, and opens into the right extremity of the coronary sinus.It receives blood from the back of the right atrium and ventricle....
        
        
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Superior vena cava
    Superior vena cava
    The superior vena cava is truly superior, a large diameter, yet short, vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium...
    
    
    • Brachiocephalic vein
      Brachiocephalic vein
      The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein...
      
      
      • Inferior thyroid vein
      • Inferior laryngeal vein
        Inferior laryngeal vein
        The inferior laryngeal vein is a vein which drains the larynx....
        
        
      • Pericardial veins
      • Pericardiophrenic veins
      • Bronchial veins
        Bronchial veins
        The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein.The bronchial veins are...
        
        
      • Vertebral vein
        Vertebral vein
        The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas....
        
        
        • Occipital vein
          Occipital vein
          The occipital vein begins as a plexus at the posterior aspect of the scalp from the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line to the back part of the vertex of the skull....
          
          
        • Anterior vertebral vein
      • Deep cervical vein
        Deep cervical vein
        The deep cervical vein accompanies its artery between the Semispinales capitis and colli....
        
        
      • Internal thoracic veins
        • Superior epigastric veins
        • Musculophrenic veins
        • Anterior intercostal veins
          Anterior intercostal veins
          The anterior intercostal veins are the veins which drain the anterior intercostal space.-External links:* http://www.informatics.jax.org/cookbook/figures/figure96.shtml...
          
          
      • Supreme intercostal vein
        Supreme intercostal vein
        The supreme intercostal vein is a paired vein that drains the first intercostal space on its corresponding side.It usually drains into the brachiocephalic vein...
        
        
    • Internal jugular vein
      Internal jugular vein
      The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck.-Path:On both sides and at the base of the brain, the inferior petrosal sinus and the sigmoid sinus join to form the internal jugular vein...
      
      
      • Lingual vein
        • Dorsal lingual veins
          Dorsal lingual veins
          The dorsal lingual veins are veins which drain the tongue....
          
          
        • Sublingual vein
          Sublingual vein
          The sublingual vein is a vein which drains the tongue....
          
          
        • Deep lingual vein
          Deep lingual vein
          The deep lingual vein is a vein which drains the tongue....
          
          
      • Superior thyroid vein
        Superior thyroid vein
        The superior thyroid vein begins in the substance and on the surface of the thyroid gland, by tributaries corresponding with the branches of the superior thyroid artery, and ends in the upper part of the internal jugular vein....
        
        
      • Middle thyroid veins
      • Sternocleidomastoid vein
      • Superior laryngeal vein
        Superior laryngeal vein
        The superior laryngeal vein is a vein which drains the larynx into the superior thyroid vein....
        
        
      • Facial vein
        • Angular vein
          Angular vein
          The angular vein formed by the junction of the frontal vein and supraorbital vein, runs obliquely downward, on the side of the root of the nose, to the level of the lower margin of the orbit, where it becomes the anterior facial vein....
          
          
        • Supratrochlear veins
        • Supra-orbital vein
        • External nasal veins
        • Deep facial vein
          Deep facial vein
          The anterior facial vein receives a branch of considerable size, the deep facial vein, from the pterygoid venous plexus.-External links:* http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_47/47-5.HTM...
          
          
        • External palatine vein
        • Submental vein
      • Retromandibular vein
        • Superficial temporal veins
        • Middle temporal vein
        • Transverse facial vein
        • Maxillary veins
        • Pterygoid plexus
          Pterygoid plexus
          The pterygoid plexus is a venous plexus of considerable size, and is situated between the temporalis muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle, and partly between the two pterygoid muscles.-Tributaries received:...
          
          
      • External jugular vein
        External jugular vein
        The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein.-Path:...
        
        
        • Posterior auricular vein
          Posterior auricular vein
          The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins....
          
          
        • Anterior jugular vein
          Anterior jugular vein
          The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region.It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the...
          
          
        • Suprascapular vein
          Suprascapular vein
          -External links:* http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/nervous_system/postneck_ans.html...
          
          
        • Transverse cervical veins
          Transverse cervical veins
          The transverse cervical veins are veins that cross the neck....
          
          
      • Dural venous sinuses
        Dural venous sinuses
        The dural venous sinuses are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain...
        
        
        • Transverse sinus
        • Confluence of sinuses
          Confluence of sinuses
          The confluence of sinuses or torcular herophili is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus. It is found deep to the occipital protuberance of the skull. Blood arriving at this point then proceeds to drain into the left and right transverse sinuses...
          
          
        • Marginal sinus
        • Occipital sinus
          Occipital sinus
          The occipital sinus is the smallest of the cranial sinuses.It is situated in the attached margin of the falx cerebelli, and is generally single, but occasionally there are two....
          
          
        • Petrosquamous sinus
          Petrosquamous sinus
          The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus....
          
          
        • Sigmoid sinus
          Sigmoid sinus
          The sigmoid sinuses , within the human head, are two areas beneath the brain which allow blood to drain inferiorly from the posterior center of the head. They drain from the transverse sinuses and converge with the inferior petrosal sinuses to form the internal jugular vein...
          
          
        • Superior sagittal sinus
          Superior sagittal sinus
          The superior sagittal sinus , within the human head, is an unpaired area along the attached margin of falx cerebri. It allows blood to drain from the lateral aspects of anterior cerebral hemispheres to the confluence of sinuses...
          
          
        • Inferior sagittal sinus
          Inferior sagittal sinus
          The inferior sagittal sinus , within the human head, is an area beneath the brain which allows blood to drain outwards posteriorly from the center of the head. It drains to the straight sinus , which connects to the transverse sinuses...
          
          
        • Straight sinus
          Straight sinus
          The straight sinus , within the human head, is an unpaired area beneath the brain which allows blood to drain from the inferior center of the head outwards posteriorly...
          
          
        • Inferior petrosal sinus
          Inferior petrosal sinus
          The inferior petrosal sinuses, within the human head, are beneath the brain and allow blood to drain from the center of the head.They drain on either side inferiorly from the cavernous sinus and join with the sigmoid sinus to form the internal jugular vein, which continues inferiorly to drain...
          
          
        • Superior petrosal sinus
          Superior petrosal sinus
          The superior petrosal sinus is a venous structure located beneath the brain. It receives blood from the cavernous sinus and passes backward and laterally to drain into the transverse sinus....
          
          
        • Cavernous sinus
          Cavernous sinus
          The cavernous sinus , within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.-Contents:...
          
          
        • Sphenoparietal sinus
          Sphenoparietal sinus
          The cavernous sinus receives the superior ophthalmic vein through the superior orbital fissure, some of the cerebral veins, and also the small sphenoparietal sinus, which courses along the under surface of the small wing of the sphenoid....
          
          
      • Diploic veins
        Diploic veins
        The diploic veins are found in the skull, and drain the diploic space. This is found in the bones of the vault of the skull, and is the marrow-containing area of cancellous bone between the inner and outer layers of compact bone....
        
        
      • Emissary veins
        Emissary veins
        The emissary veins are valveless veins which normally drain external veins of the skull into the dural venous sinuses. However, because they are valveless, pus can flow into the skull through them as well, making them a possible route for transmission of extracranial infection to get into the...
        
        
    • Cerebral veins
      Cerebral veins
      The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into....
      
      
      • Superficial cerebral veins
      • Deep cerebral veins
        • Basal vein
          Basal vein
          The basal vein is formed at the anterior perforated substance by the union of* a small anterior cerebral vein which accompanies the anterior cerebral artery and supplies the medial surface of the frontal lobe by the fronto-basal vein....
          
          
        • Great cerebral vein
      • Veins of brainstem
      • Cerebellar veins
    • Orbital veins
      • Superior ophthalmic vein
        Superior ophthalmic vein
        The superior ophthalmic vein begins at the inner angle of the orbit in a vein named the nasofrontal which communicates anteriorly with the angular vein; it pursues the same course as the ophthalmic artery, and receives tributaries corresponding to the branches of that vessel.Forming a short single...
        
        
        • Nasofrontal vein
        • Ethmoidal veins
          Ethmoidal veins
          The ethmoidal veins are the venae comitantes of the ethmoidal arteries....
          
          
        • Lacrimal vein
        • Vorticose veins
          Vorticose veins
          The vorticose veins, referred to clinically as the vortex veins, drain the ocular choroid. The number of vortex veins is known to vary from 4 to 8 with about 65% of the normal population having 4 or 5. In most cases, there is at least one vortex vein in each quadrant...
          
          
        • Ciliary veins
        • Central retinal vein
          Central retinal vein
          The central retinal vein is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye...
          
          
        • Episcleral vein
      • Inferior ophthalmic vein
        Inferior ophthalmic vein
        The inferior opthalmic vein begins in a venous net-work at the forepart of the floor and medial wall of the orbit; it receives some vorticose veins and other veins from the Rectus inferior, Obliquus inferior, lacrimal sac and eyelids, runs backward in the lower part of the orbit and divides into...
        
        
    • Azygos vein
      Azygos vein
      The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column. It can also provide an alternate path for blood to the right atrium by allowing the blood to flow between the venae cavae when one vena cava is blocked.-Structure:...
      
      
      • Posterior intercostal veins
        Posterior intercostal veins
        The posterior intercostal veins are veins that drain the intercostal spaces posteriorly. They run with their corresponding posterior intercostal artery on the underside of the rib, the vein superior to the artery. Each vein also gives off a dorsal branch that drains blood from the muscles of the...
        
        
        • Intervertebral vein
      • Veins of vertebral column
        • Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
          • Basivertebral veins
            Basivertebral veins
            The basivertebral veins emerge from the foramina on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies.They are contained in large, tortuous channels in the substance of the bones, similar in every respect to those found in the diploë of the cranial bones....
            
            
          • Anterior spinal veins
            Anterior spinal veins
            -External links:* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?indexed=google&rid=spinalcord.section.216* at nih.gov...
            
            
          • Posterior spinal veins
            Posterior spinal veins
            -External links:* http://sci.rutgers.edu/index.php?page=viewarticle&afile=10_January_2002@SCIschemia.html...
            
            
    • Veins of upper limb
      • Subclavian vein
        Subclavian vein
        The subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Their diameter is approximately that of the smallest finger.-Path:Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer border of the first rib to the medial border of anterior scalene muscle...
        
        
      • Axillary vein
        Axillary vein
        In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla and upper limb toward the heart...
        
        
        • Subscapular vein
        • Circumflex scapular vein
          • Thoracodorsal vein
          • Posterior circumflex humeral vein
          • Anterior circumflex humeral vein
        • Lateral thoracic vein
          Lateral thoracic vein
          The lateral thoracic vein is a tributary of the axillary vein. It runs with the lateral thoracic artery and drains the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle....
          
          
      • Superficial veins of upper limb
        • Cephalic vein
          Cephalic vein
          In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb.It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle.Superiorly the cephalic vein passes...
          
          
        • Basilic vein
          Basilic vein
          In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on the medial side of the dorsal venous network of the hand, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm...
          
          
        • Median cubital vein
          Median cubital vein
          In human anatomy, the median cubital vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture . It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis.There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein...
          
          
        • Dorsal venous network of hand
          Dorsal venous network of hand
          The dorsal venous network of the hand is a network of veins formed by the dorsal metacarpal veins.It is found on the back of the hand and gives rise to veins such as the cephalic vein and the basilic vein....
          
          
      • Deep veins of upper limb
        • Brachial veins
          Brachial veins
          In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery : they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join...
          
          
        • Ulnar veins
          Ulnar veins
          In anatomy, the ulnar veins are venae comitantes for the ulnar artery. They mostly drain the medial aspect of the forearm. They arise in the hand and terminate when they join the radial veins to form the brachial veins....
          
          
        • Radial veins
          Radial veins
          In anatomy, the radial veins are venae comitantes that accompany the radial artery through the back of the hand and the lateral aspect of the forearm. They join the ulnar veins to form the brachial veins.They follow the same course as the radial artery....
          
          
  • Inferior vena cava
    Inferior vena cava
    The inferior vena cava , also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart....
    
    
    • Inferior phrenic veins
    • Lumbar veins
      Lumbar veins
      The lumbar veins are veins running along the inside of the posterior abdominal wall. They are the lumbar equivalent of the posterior intercostal veins.-See also:* Posterior intercostal veins* Subcostal vein* Ascending lumbar vein...
      
      
    • Ascending lumbar vein
      Ascending lumbar vein
      The ascending lumbar vein is a vein that runs up through the lumbar region on the side of the vertebral column.-Structure:The ascending lumbar vein is a paired structure...
      
      
    • Hepatic veins
    • Renal veins
      • Left suprarenal vein
      • Left ovarian vein
      • Left testicular vein
    • Right suprarenal vein
    • Right ovarian vein
    • Right testicular vein
      • Pampiniform plexus
        Pampiniform plexus
        The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis....
        
        
    • Common iliac vein
      Common iliac vein
      In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs....
      
      
      • Median sacral vein
        Median sacral vein
        The median sacral vein accompanies the corresponding artery along the front of the sacrum, and joins to form a single vein, which ends in the left common iliac vein; sometimes in the angle of junction of the two iliac veins....
        
        
      • Iliolumbar vein
        Iliolumbar vein
        The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery.The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it.A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein.It drains vertebral segments four and five....
        
        
    • Internal iliac vein
      Internal iliac vein
      The internal iliac vein begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the Internal iliac artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.-Tributaries:With the exception of the fetal...
      
      
      • Superior gluteal veins
        Superior gluteal veins
        The Superior Gluteal Veins are venæ comitantes of the superior gluteal artery; they receive tributaries from the buttock corresponding with the branches of the artery, and enter the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, above the Piriformis, and frequently unite before ending in the...
        
        
      • Inferior gluteal veins
        Inferior gluteal veins
        The Inferior Gluteal Veins , or venæ comitantes of the inferior gluteal artery, begin on the upper part of the back of the thigh, where they anastomose with the medial femoral circumflex and first perforating veins....
        
        
      • Obturator veins
        Obturator veins
        The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal....
        
        
      • Lateral sacral veins
        Lateral sacral veins
        The lateral sacral veins accompany the lateral sacral arteries on the anterior surface of the sacrum and end in the hypogastric vein....
        
        
      • Vesical veins
      • Middle rectal veins
        Middle rectal veins
        The middle rectal veins take origin in the hemorrhoidal plexus and receive tributaries from the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicle....
        
        
      • Internal pudendal vein
        • Deep veins of clitoris
        • Deep veins of penis
        • Inferior rectal veins
          Inferior rectal veins
          The lower part of the external hemorrhoidal plexus is drained by the inferior rectal veins into the internal pudendal vein....
          
          
      • Posterior labial veins
        Posterior labial veins
        -External links:* http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/anatomytables/veins_pelvis_perineum.html...
        
        
      • Posterior scrotal veins
        Posterior scrotal veins
        -External links:* http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/anatomytables/veins_pelvis_perineum.html...
        
        
    • External iliac vein
      External iliac vein
      The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins ....
      
      
      • Inferior epigastric vein
        Inferior epigastric vein
        In human anatomy, inferior epigastric vein refers to the vein that drains into the external iliac vein and arises from the superior epigastric vein...
        
        
      • Deep circumflex iliac vein
        Deep circumflex iliac vein
        The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein...
        
        
    • Veins of lower limb
      • Superficial veins of lower limb
        • Great saphenous vein
          Great saphenous vein
          The great saphenous vein , also long saphenous vein, is the large superficial vein of the leg and thigh.The terms "safaina" and "el safin" have both been claimed as the origin for the word "saphenous."-Path:The GSV originates from where the dorsal vein of the first digit...
          
          
          • External pudendal veins
        • Small saphenous vein
          Small saphenous vein
          The small saphenous vein , is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg.-Path:Its origin is where the dorsal vein from the fifth digit merges with the dorsal venous arch of the foot, which attaches to the great saphenous vein...
          
          
      • Deep veins of lower limb
        • Femoral vein
          Femoral vein
          In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal and is a continuation of the popliteal vein...
          
          
        • Profunda femoris vein
          Profunda femoris vein
          Profunda femoris vein is a large deep vein in the thigh. It receives blood from the inner thigh and proceeds superiorly and medially running alongside the profunda femoris artery to join with the femoral vein approximately at the level of the inferior-most portion of the ischial tuberosity....
          
          
        • Popliteal vein
          Popliteal vein
          The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart.Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein....
          
          
          • Sural veins
          • Anterior tibial veins
          • Posterior tibial veins
            • Fibular veins
  • Hepatic portal vein
    Hepatic portal vein
    The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein, because it does not conduct blood directly to the heart. It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver...
    
    
    • Cystic vein
      Cystic vein
      The cystic vein drains the blood from the gall-bladder, and, accompanying the cystic duct, usually ends in the right branch of the portal vein....
      
      
    • Para-umbilical veins
    • Left gastric vein
      Left gastric vein
      The left gastric vein carries blood low in oxygen, tributaries derived from both surfaces of the stomach; it runs from right to left along the lesser curvature of the stomach, between the two layers of the lesser omentum, to the esophageal opening of the stomach, where it receives some esophageal...
      
      
    • Right gastric vein
      Right gastric vein
      The right gastric vein, also known as the pyloric vein, drains blood from the lesser curvature of the stomach into the hepatic portal vein.It is part of the portal circulation....
      
      
    • Superior mesenteric vein
      Superior mesenteric vein
      In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine . At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein...
      
      
      • Right gastro-omental vein
      • Ileocolic vein
        Ileocolic vein
        The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum....
        
        
        • Appendicular vein
          Appendicular vein
          The appendicular vein is the vein which drains blood from the vermiform appendix....
          
          
      • Right colic vein
        Right colic vein
        The right colic vein drains the ascending colon, and is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein. It travels with its corresponding artery, the right colic artery....
        
        
      • Middle colic vein
        Middle colic vein
        The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery....
        
        
    • Splenic vein
      Splenic vein
      In anatomy, the splenic vein is the blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen.It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery.It collects branches from the...
      
      
      • Left gastro-omental vein
      • Inferior mesenteric vein
        Inferior mesenteric vein
        In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein...
        
        
        • Left colic vein
          Left colic vein
          The left colic vein drains the descending colon. It is a tributary of the inferior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the left colic artery....
          
          
        • Sigmoid veins
        • Superior rectal vein
          Superior rectal vein
          The inferior mesenteric vein begins in the rectum as the superior rectal vein , which has its origin in the hemorrhoidal plexus, and through this plexus communicates with the middle and inferior hemorrhoidal veins....
          
          
• Lymphatic trunks and ducts
  • Thoracic duct
    Thoracic duct
    In human anatomy, the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. It is also known as the left lymphatic duct, alimentary duct, chyliferous duct, and Van Hoorne's canal....
    
    
  • Cisterna chyli
    Cisterna chyli
    The cisterna chyli is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow.-Flow of lymph:...
    
    

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Lymphoid system

• Primary lymphoid organs
  • Bone marrow
    Bone marrow
    Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg , bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg...
    
    
  • Thymus
    Thymus
    The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. The thymus produces and "educates" T-lymphocytes , which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system....
    
    
• Secondary lymphoid organs
  • Spleen
    Spleen
    The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock...
    
    
  • Pharyngeal lymphoid ring
  • Lymph node
    Lymph node
    A lymph node is a small ball or an oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as...
    
    
• Regional lymph nodes
  • Lymph nodes of head and neck
  • Lymph nodes of upper limb
  • Thoracic lymph nodes
  • Abdominal lymph nodes
  • Pelvic lymph nodes
  • Lymph nodes of lower limb

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Nervous system

• General terms
• Central nervous system
  Central nervous system
  The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
  
  
  • General terms
  • Meninges
    Meninges
    The meninges is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.-Dura...
    
    
  • Spinal cord
    Spinal cord
    The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
    
    
    • Gray columns
    • White substance
  • Brain
    Brain
    The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,...
    
    
    • Brainstem
    • Cerebellum
      Cerebellum
      The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...
      
      
    • Diencephalon
      Diencephalon
      The diencephalon is the region of the vertebrate neural tube which gives rise to posterior forebrain structures. In development, the forebrain develops from the prosencephalon, the most anterior vesicle of the neural tube which later forms both the diencephalon and the...
      
      
    • Telencephalon
      Telencephalon
      The cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the forebrain. The cerebrum is the most anterior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops...
      
      
      • Cerebral hemisphere
        Cerebral hemisphere
        A cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane, . The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is...
        
        
• Peripheral nervous system
  Peripheral nervous system
  The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the bone of spine and skull, or by the blood–brain...
  
  
  • General terms
  • Cranial nerves
    Cranial nerves
    Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...
    
    
    • Olfactory nerve
      Olfactory nerve
      The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the sense of smell. Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is capable of regeneration.-Anatomy:...
      
      
    • Optic nerve
      Optic nerve
      The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...
      
      
    • Oculomotor nerve
      Oculomotor nerve
      The oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...
      
      
    • Trochlear nerve
      Trochlear nerve
      The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye....
      
      
    • Trigeminal nerve
      Trigeminal nerve
      The trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...
      
      
      • Sensory root
        • Trigeminal ganglion
          Trigeminal ganglion
          The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve that occupies a cavity in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.-Relations:It is somewhat crescentic in shape, with its convexity...
          
          
      • Ophthalmic nerve
        Ophthalmic nerve
        The ophthalmic nerve is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries only sensory fibers.-Branches:*Nasociliary nerve**sensory root of ciliary ganglion**posterior ethmoidal nerve...
        
        
        • Lacrimal nerve
          Lacrimal nerve
          The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.It sometimes receives a filament from the trochlear nerve, but this is possibly derived from the branch that goes from the ophthalmic to the trochlear nerve.It passes forward in a separate...
          
          
        • Frontal nerve
          Frontal nerve
          The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve....
          
          
          • Supra-orbital nerve
          • Supratrochlear nerve
            Supratrochlear nerve
            The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, which itself comes from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial nerve.It is smaller than the nearby supraorbital nerve...
            
            
        • Nasociliary nerve
          Nasociliary nerve
          The nasociliary nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It is intermediate in size between the two other main branches of the ophthalmic nerve, the frontal nerve and the lacrimal nerve, and is more deeply placed.-Path:...
          
          
        • Posterior ethmoidal nerve
          Posterior ethmoidal nerve
          The posterior ethmoidal nerve is a branch of the nasociliary nerve.It passes through the posterior ethmoidal foramen, with the posterior ethmoidal artery.It carries sensory information from the sphenoid sinus and posterior ethmoidal air cells....
          
          
        • Anterior ethmoidal nerve
          Anterior ethmoidal nerve
          The anterior ethmoidal nerve is a nerve which provides sensory branches to the nasal cavity. The nerve is the continuation of the Nasociliary nerve after it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen into the anterior ethmoidal air cells. The nasociliary nerve arises from the Ophthalmic division of...
          
          
          • External nasal nerve
            External nasal nerve
            The external nasal branches are terminal branches of the anterior ethmoidal nerves , and provide sensory innervation to the skin of the side of the nose and of the septum mobile nasi....
            
            
        • Infratrochlear nerve
          Infratrochlear nerve
          The infratrochlear nerve is given off from the nasociliary just before it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen.It runs forward along the upper border of the medial rectus, and is joined, near the pulley of the superior oblique, by a filament from the supratrochlear nerve.It then passes to the...
          
          
      • Maxillary nerve
        • Nasopalatine nerve
          Nasopalatine nerve
          One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches , longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve ....
          
          
        • Pharyngeal nerve
          Pharyngeal nerve
          The pharyngeal nerve is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion.It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube....
          
          
        • Greater palatine nerve
          Greater palatine nerve
          The greater palatine nerve is a branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion that carries both general sensory and parasympathetic fibers...
          
          
        • Lesser palatine nerves
        • Superior alveolar nerves
          Superior alveolar nerves
          Superior alveolar nerves can refer to:* Anterior superior alveolar nerve* Posterior superior alveolar nerve* Middle superior alveolar nerve...
          
          
        • Zygomatic nerve
          Zygomatic nerve
          The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the orbit and helps to supply the skin over the zygomatic and temporal bones. The zygomatic nerve is not to be confused with the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.-Structure:The zygomatic nerve arises in the pterygopalatine...
          
          
        • Infra-orbital nerve
      • Mandibular nerve
        Mandibular nerve
        The mandibular nerve is the largest of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.-Roots:It is made up of two roots:* a large sensory root proceeding from the inferior angle of the trigeminal ganglion....
        
        
        • Masseteric nerve
          Masseteric nerve
          The masseteric nerve passes laterally, above the Pterygoideus externus, in front of the temporomandibular articulation, and behind the tendon of the Temporalis; it crosses the mandibular notch with the masseteric artery, to the deep surface of the Masseter, in which it ramifies nearly as far as its...
          
          
        • Deep temporal nerves
          Deep temporal nerves
          The deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis.-Branches:...
          
          
        • Buccal nerve
          Buccal nerve
          The buccal nerve is a nerve in the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve and transmits sensory information from skin over the buccal membrane and from the second and third molar teeth.-Course:It courses between the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle, underneath...
          
          
        • Auriculotemporal nerve
          Auriculotemporal nerve
          The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that runs with the superficial temporal artery and vein, and provides sensory innervation to various regions on the side of the head.-Origin:...
          
          
        • Lingual nerve
          Lingual nerve
          The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve , itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue...
          
          
          • Chorda tympani
            Chorda tympani
            The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the Stylomastoid foramen...
            
            
          • Sublingual nerve
          • Inferior alveolar nerve
            Inferior alveolar nerve
            The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve .-Path:...
            
            
            • Nerve to mylohyoid
          • Mental nerve
            Mental nerve
            Mental nerve is a general somatic afferent nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars...
            
            
    • Abducent nerve
      Abducent nerve
      The abducens nerve or abducent nerve is a somatic efferent nerve that controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, in humans. In most other mammals it also innervates the musculus retractor bulbi, which can retract the eye for protection...
      
      
    • Facial nerve
      Facial nerve
      The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
      
      
      • Posterior auricular nerve
        Posterior auricular nerve
        The posterior auricular nerve arises from the facial nerve close to the stylomastoid foramen and runs upward in front of the mastoid process; here it is joined by a filament from the auricular branch of the vagus and communicates with the posterior branch of the great auricular as well as with the...
        
        
      • Intermediate nerve
        • Greater petrosal nerve
        • Chorda tympani
          Chorda tympani
          The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the Stylomastoid foramen...
          
           (also in trigeminal? redundancy?)
    • Vestibulocochlear nerve
      Vestibulocochlear nerve
      The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium information from the inner ear to the brain...
      
      
      • Vestibular nerve
        Vestibular nerve
        The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...
        
        
      • Cochlear nerve
        Cochlear nerve
        The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain...
        
        
    • Glossopharyngeal nerve
      Glossopharyngeal nerve
      The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...
      
      
      • Tympanic nerve
        Tympanic nerve
        The tympanic nerve is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear.-Path:It arises from the petrous ganglion, and ascends to the tympanic cavity through a small canal, the fossula petrosa/tympanic canaliculus, on the under surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone on the...
        
        
        • Tympanic plexus
          Tympanic plexus
          In the tympanic cavity, the tympanic nerve divides into branches which form the tympanic plexus. This plexus is located on the surface of the promontory.This tympanic plexus gives off:* the lesser petrosal nerve...
          
          
      • Lesser petrosal nerve
        Lesser petrosal nerve
        The lesser petrosal nerve consists of parasympathetic fibres. It leaves the tympanic plexus to synapse in the otic ganglion, and eventually provide parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland....
        
        
    • Vagus nerve
      Vagus nerve
      The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...
      
      
      • Superior laryngeal nerve
        Superior laryngeal nerve
        The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic....
        
        
      • Recurrent laryngeal nerve
        Recurrent laryngeal nerve
        The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...
        
        
    • Accessory nerve
      Accessory nerve
      In anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...
      
      
    • Hypoglossal nerve
      Hypoglossal nerve
      The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , leading to the tongue. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla oblongata in the preolivary sulcus separating the olive and the pyramid. It then passes through the hypoglossal canal...
      
      
  • Spinal nerves
    • Cervical nerves
      • Suboccipital nerve
        Suboccipital nerve
        The first cervical nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.It supplies muscles around the suboccipital triangle including the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior. The...
        
        
      • Greater occipital nerve
        Greater occipital nerve
        The greater occipital nerve is a spinal nerve, specifically the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve 2. This nerve arises from between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the lesser occipital nerve. It ascends after emerging from the suboccipital...
        
        
      • Third occipital nerve
        Third occipital nerve
        While under the Trapezius, the medial branch of the posterior division of the third cervical nerve gives off a branch called the third occipital nerve , which pierces the Trapezius and ends in the skin of the lower part of the back of the head.It lies medial to the greater occipital and...
        
        
      • Cervical plexus
        Cervical plexus
        The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side...
        
        
        • Ansa cervicalis
          Ansa cervicalis
          The ansa cervicalis is a loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath....
          
          
        • Lesser occipital nerve
          Lesser occipital nerve
          The lesser occipital nerve or small occipital nerve is a cutaneous spinal nerve arising between the second and third cervical vertebrae, along with the greater occipital nerve...
          
          
        • Great auricular nerve
        • Transverse cervical nerve
          Transverse cervical nerve
          The transverse cervical nerve arises from the second and third cervical nerves, turns around the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus about its middle, and, passing obliquely forward beneath the external jugular vein to the anterior border of the muscle, it perforates the deep cervical...
          
          
        • Supraclavicular nerves
          Supraclavicular nerves
          The supraclavicular nerves arise from the third and fourth cervical nerves; they emerge beneath the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and descend in the posterior triangle of the neck beneath the platysma and deep cervical fascia.-Branches:Near the clavicle they perforate the fascia...
          
          
        • Phrenic nerve
          Phrenic nerve
          The phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves in humans....
          
          
      • Brachial plexus
        Brachial plexus
        The brachial plexus is a network of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical and first thoracic nerve roots...
        
        
        • Supraclavicular part
          • Dorsal scapular nerve
            Dorsal scapular nerve
            The dorsal scapular nerve arises from the brachial plexus, usually from the plexus root of C5.It provides motor innervation to the rhomboid muscles, which pull the scapula towards the spine and levator scapulae muscle, which elevates the scapula....
            
            
          • Long thoracic nerve
            Long thoracic nerve
            The long thoracic nerve supplies the Serratus anterior. This nerve characteristically arises by three roots from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical nerves but the root from C7 may be absent...
            
            
          • Subclavian nerve
          • Suprascapular nerve
            Suprascapular nerve
            The suprascapular nerve arises from the upper trunk . It innervates the supraspinatus muscles and infraspinatus muscles....
            
            
          • Subscapular nerves
            Subscapular nerves
            Subscapular nerves can refer to:* Upper subscapular nerve* Lower subscapular nerve...
            
            
          • Thoracodorsal nerve
            Thoracodorsal nerve
            The thoracodorsal nerve is a nerve present in humans and other animals. It is also known as the middle subscapular nerve or the long subscapular nerve. It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle....
            
            
          • Medial pectoral nerve
            Medial pectoral nerve
            The medial pectoral nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and through it from the eighth cervical and first thoracic....
            
            
          • Lateral pectoral nerve
            Lateral pectoral nerve
            The lateral pectoral nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and through it from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical nerves....
            
            
        • Infraclavicular part
          • Musculocutaneous nerve
            Musculocutaneous nerve
            The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis major, its fibers being derived from C5, C6 and C7.-Path:...
            
            
          • Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
            Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
            The medial brachial cutaneous nerve is distributed to the skin on the medial brachial side of the arm.-Anatomy:...
            
            
          • Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
            Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
            The Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus....
            
            
          • Median nerve
            Median nerve
            The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....
            
            
          • Ulnar nerve
            Ulnar nerve
            In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body , so injury is common...
            
            
          • Radial nerve
            Radial nerve
            The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...
            
            
          • Axillary nerve
            Axillary nerve
            The axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6...
            
            
    • Thoracic nerves
    • Lumbar nerves
      • Medial clunial nerves
    • Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve
      • Lumbar plexus
        • Iliohypogastric nerve
          Iliohypogastric nerve
          The iliohypogastric nerve is the superior branch of the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1 after this nerve receives fibers from T12 . The inferior branch is the ilioinguinal nerve....
          
          
        • Ilio-inguinal nerve
          • Anterior labial nerves
            Anterior labial nerves
            The anterior labial nerves are branches of the ilioinguinal nerve. The equivalent nerves in the male are the anterior scrotal nerves....
            
            
          • Anterior scrotal nerves
            Anterior scrotal nerves
            The anterior scrotal nerves are branches of the ilioinguinal nerve. The equivalent nerves in the female are the anterior labial nerves....
            
            
        • Genitofemoral nerve
          Genitofemoral nerve
          In human anatomy, the genitofemoral nerve originates from the upper part of the lumbar plexus of spinal nerves. Its roots are L1 and L2 .The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the efferent and afferent limbs of the cremasteric reflex...
          
          
        • Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
          Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
          The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is a cutaneous nerve that innervates the skin on the lateral part of the thigh.-Structure:...
          
          
        • Obturator nerve
          Obturator nerve
          The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...
          
          
        • Accessory obturator nerve
          Accessory obturator nerve
          In human anatomy, the accessory obturator nerve is an accessory nerve in the lumbar region present in about 29% of cases.It is of small size, and arises from the ventral divisions of the third and fourth lumbar nerves...
          
          
        • Femoral nerve
          Femoral nerve
          The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves...
          
          
          • Saphenous nerve
            Saphenous nerve
            The saphenous nerve is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve.-Path:It approaches the femoral artery where this vessel passes beneath the sartorius, and lies in front of the artery, behind the aponeurotic covering of the adductor canal, as far as the opening in the lower part of the...
            
            
            • Medial cutaneous nerve of leg
        • Lumbosacral trunk
          Lumbosacral trunk
          The lumbosacral trunk is nervous tissue that connects the lumbar plexus with the sacral plexus.-Structure:The lumbosacral trunk comprises the whole of the anterior division of the fifth and a part of that of the fourth lumbar nerve; it appears at the medial margin of the psoas major and runs...
          
          
      • Sacral plexus
        Sacral plexus
        -External links:*...
        
        
        • Nerve to obturator internus
          Nerve to obturator internus
          The nerve to obturator internus is a nerve that innervates the obturator internus and gemellus superior muscles.-Course:The nerve to obturator internus originates in the sacral plexus...
          
          
        • Nerve to piriformis
        • Nerve to quadratus femoris
          Nerve to quadratus femoris
          The nerve to quadratus femoris is a nerve that provides innervation to the quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior muscles.-Course:The nerve to quadratus femoris is a sacral plexus nerve...
          
          
        • Superior gluteal nerve
        • Inferior gluteal nerve
          Inferior gluteal nerve
          The inferior gluteal nerve is a nerve in the pelvis that innervates the gluteus maximus muscle.-Structure:The inferior gluteal nerve originates in the sacral plexus...
          
          
        • Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
          Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
          The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh provides innervation to the skin of the posterior surface of the thigh and leg, as well as to the skin of the perineum.-Structure:...
          
          
          • Inferior clunial nerves
        • Perforating cutaneous nerve
          Perforating cutaneous nerve
          The perforating cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous nerve that supplies skin over the gluteus maximus muscle.-Structure:The perforating cutaneous nerve arises from the sacral plexus. It pierces the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament, and winds around the inferior border of the gluteus maximus...
          
          
        • Pudendal nerve
          Pudendal nerve
          The pudendal nerve is a sensory and somatic nerve in the pelvic region which is a large branch of the sacral plexus that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum...
          
          
          • Inferior anal nerves
            Inferior anal nerves
            The Inferior rectal nerves usually branch from the pudendal nerve but occasionally arises directly from the sacral plexus; they cross the ischiorectal fossa along with the inferior hemorrhoidal vessels, toward the anal canal and the lower end of the rectum, and is distributed to the Sphincter ani...
            
            
          • Perineal nerves
            • Posterior labial nerves
              Posterior labial nerves
              The posterior labial nerves are branches of the pudendal nerve.The counterparts in males are the posterior scrotal nerves.-External links: - "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch" - "Inferior view of female perineum, branches of the internal pudendal artery."...
              
              
            • Posterior scrotal nerves
              Posterior scrotal nerves
              The posterior scrotal branches or ""posterior labial branches"" are two in number, medial and lateral. They are branches of the perineal nerve, which is itself is a branch of the pudendal nerve...
              
              
            • Dorsal nerve of clitoris
              Dorsal nerve of clitoris
              The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is a nerve in females that branches off the pudendal nerve to innervate the clitoris.-Structure:The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is analogous to the dorsal nerve of the penis in males...
              
              
            • Dorsal nerve of penis
        • Coccygeal nerve
          Coccygeal nerve
          -Structure:The coccygeal nerve is the 31st spinal nerve. It arises from the sacral plexus, and its ventral ramus helps form the coccygeal plexus. It does not divide into a medial and lateral branch...
          
          
          • Anococcygeal nerve
            Anococcygeal nerve
            The anococcygeal nerve is a nerve in the pelvis which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the coccyx.-Structure:The anococcygeal nerve arises from a small plexus known as the coccygeal plexus...
            
            
      • Sciatic nerve
        Sciatic nerve
        The sciatic nerve is a large nerve fiber in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb...
        
        
        • Common fibular nerve
          Common fibular nerve
          The common fibular nerve , about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves.It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula,...
          
          
          • Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
            Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
            The lateral sural cutaneous nerve supplies the skin on the posterior and lateral surfaces of the leg. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve originates from the Common fibular nerve.One branch, the peroneal anastomotic The lateral sural cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous branch) supplies the skin on...
            
            
          • Superficial fibular nerve
            Superficial fibular nerve
            The superficial fibular nerve innervates the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles and the skin over the greater part of the dorsum of the foot .It passes forward between the fibularis muscles and the extensor digitorum longus, pierces the deep...
            
            
          • Deep fibular nerve
            Deep fibular nerve
            The deep fibular nerve begins at the bifurcation of the common fibular nerve, between the fibula and upper part of the fibularis longus, passes infero-medially, deep to extensor digitorum longus, to the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane, and comes into relation with the anterior...
            
            
        • Tibial nerve
          Tibial nerve
          The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...
          
          
          • Interosseous nerve of leg
          • Medial sural cutaneous nerve
            Medial sural cutaneous nerve
            The medial sural cutaneous nerve originates from the tibial nerve of the sciatic, descends between the two heads of the Gastrocnemius, and, about the middle of the back of the leg, pierces the deep fascia, and unites with the anastomotic ramus of the common peroneal to form the sural nerve....
            
            
          • Sural nerve
            Sural nerve
            The sural nerve , formed by the junction of the medial sural cutaneous with the peroneal anastomotic branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, passes downward near the lateral margin of the tendo calcaneus, lying close to the small saphenous vein, to the interval between the lateral malleolus...
            
            
          • Medial plantar nerve
            Medial plantar nerve
            The medial plantar nerve , the larger of the two terminal divisions of the tibial nerve, accompanies the medial plantar artery....
            
            
          • Lateral plantar nerve
            Lateral plantar nerve
            The lateral plantar nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve, in turn a branch of the sciatic nerve and supplies the skin of the fifth toe and lateral half of the fourth, as well as most of the deep muscles, its distribution being similar to that of the ulnar nerve in the hand.It passes obliquely...
            
            
  • Autonomic division (Autonomic nervous system)
    • Sympathetic part
      • Sympathetic trunk
        Sympathetic trunk
        The sympathetic trunks are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.-Structure:...
        
        
        • Rami communicantes
      • Superior cervical ganglion
        Superior cervical ganglion
        The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....
        
        
      • Middle cervical ganglion
        Middle cervical ganglion
        The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent.It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery....
        
        
      • Cervicothoracic ganglion (Stellate - should prob. include inferior cerv. ganglion)
      • Thoracic ganglia
        • Greater splanchnic nerve
        • Lesser splanchnic nerve
        • Least splanchnic nerve
      • Lumbar ganglia
        • Lumbar splanchnic nerves
          Lumbar splanchnic nerves
          The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta...
          
          
      • Sacral ganglia
        • Sacral splanchnic nerves
          Sacral splanchnic nerves
          Sacral splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that connect the inferior hypogastric plexus to the sympathetic trunk in the pelvis.-Structure:...
          
          
        • Ganglion impar
          Ganglion impar
          The pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia, connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion...
          
          
    • Parasympathetic part
      • Cranial part
        • Ciliary ganglion
          Ciliary ganglion
          The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus travel along the oculomotor nerve and form synapses with these cells...
          
          
          • Short ciliary nerves
            Short ciliary nerves
            The branches of the ciliary ganglion are the short ciliary nerves.These are delicate filaments, from six to ten in number, which arise from the forepart of the ganglion in two bundles connected with its superior and inferior angles; the lower bundle is the larger.They run forward with the ciliary...
            
            
        • Pterygopalatine ganglion
          Pterygopalatine ganglion
          The pterygopalatine ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck....
          
          
          • Nerve of pterygoid canal
            Nerve of pterygoid canal
            The nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve within the pterygoid canal containing the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum.-Course:...
            
            
        • Submandibular ganglion
          Submandibular ganglion
          The submandibular ganglion is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck...
          
          
        • Sublingual ganglion
        • Otic ganglion
          Otic ganglion
          The otic ganglion is a small, oval shaped, flattened parasympathetic ganglion of a reddish-gray color, located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa. It gives innervation to the parotid gland for salivation....
          
          
      • Pelvic part
        • Pelvic ganglia
          • Parasympathetic root of pelvic ganglia = Pelvic splanchnic nerves
            Pelvic splanchnic nerves
            Pelvic splanchnic nerves or nervi erigentes are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut.-Structure:...
            
            
    • Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia
      • Craniocervical part
        • Internal carotid plexus
          Internal carotid plexus
          The internal carotid plexus is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery....
          
          
      • Thoracic part
        • Cardiac plexus
          Cardiac plexus
          The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...
          
          
        • Esophageal plexus
          Esophageal plexus
          The esophageal plexus is formed by fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk. The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus.-Parasympathetic Fibers:1. The...
          
          
        • Pulmonary plexus
          Pulmonary plexus
          The pulmonary plexus is an autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk.It supplies the Bronchial tree and the visceral pleura....
          
          
      • Abdominal part
        • Celiac plexus
          Celiac plexus
          The celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...
          
          
        • Aorticorenal ganglia
        • Superior mesenteric plexus
          Superior mesenteric plexus
          The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus....
          
          
        • Inferior mesenteric plexus
          Inferior mesenteric plexus
          The inferior mesenteric plexus is derived chiefly from the aortic plexus.It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz., the left colic and sigmoid plexuses, which supply the...
          
          
      • Pelvic part
        • Superior hypogastric plexus
          Superior hypogastric plexus
          The superior hypogastric plexus is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies below the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta.-Structure:...
          
          
        • Inferior hypogastric plexus
          Inferior hypogastric plexus
          The inferior hypogastric plexus is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity.The inferior hypogastric plexus is a paired structure, with each situated on the side of the rectum in the male, and at the sides of the rectum and vagina in the female.-Sources:Contributions to...
          
          

----

Sense organs

• Olfactory organ
• Eye and related structures
  • Eyeball
    • Fibrous layer of eyeball
      • Sclera
        Sclera
        The sclera , also known as the white or white of the eye, is the opaque , fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest...
        
        
      • Cornea
        Cornea
        The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
        
        
    • Vascular layer of eyeball
      • Choroid
        Choroid
        The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye , while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm...
        
        
      • Ciliary body
        Ciliary body
        The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. It is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer, the ciliary epithelium. This epithelium produces the aqueous humor. The inner layer is transparent and covers...
        
        
        • Ciliary processes
          Ciliary processes
          The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e., the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.-Anatomy:...
          
          
        • Ciliary muscle
          Ciliary muscle
          The ciliary muscle is a ring of striated smooth muscle in the eye's middle layer that controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour into Schlemm's canal. It changes the shape of the lens within the eye not the size of the pupil which is...
          
          
      • Iris
        Iris (anatomy)
        The iris is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. "Eye color" is the color of the iris, which can be green, blue, or brown. In some cases it can be hazel , grey, violet, or even pink...
        
        
        • Pupil
          Pupil
          The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In...
          
          
    • Inner layer of eyeball
      • Retina
        Retina
        The vertebrate retina is a light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera. Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical...
        
        
        • Ora serrata
          Ora serrata
          The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body. This junction marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area of the retina to the complex, multi-layered photosensitive region. In animals in which the region does not have a serrated appearance, it is...
          
          
        • Optic disc
          Optic disc
          The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called "the blind spot" or the "physiological blind spot"...
          
          
        • Macula
          Macula
          The macula or macula lutea is an oval-shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells...
          
          
          • Fovea centralis
      • Optic nerve (see nervous system)
      • Retinal blood vessels (see cardiovascular system)
    • Lens
      Lens (anatomy)
      The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a...
      
      
    • Chambers of eyeball
      • Aqueous humor
      • Vitreous humor
  • Accessory visual structures
    • Extra-ocular muscles
      • Orbitalis
      • Superior rectus
      • Inferior rectus
      • Medial rectus
      • Lateral rectus
      • Common tendinous ring
      • Superior oblique
      • Inferior oblique
      • Levator palpebrae superioris
    • Eyebrow
      Eyebrow
      The eyebrow is an area of thick, delicate hairs above the eye that follows the shape of the lower margin of the brow ridges of some mammals. Their main function is to prevent sweat, water, and other debris from falling down into the eye socket, but they are also important to human communication and...
      
      
    • Eyelids
      • Palpebral fissure
        Palpebral fissure
        Palpebral fissure is the anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower eyelids. In adults, this measures about 10mm vertically and 30mm horizontally.It can be reduced in horizontal size by fetal alcohol syndrome and in Williams Syndrome...
        
        
      • Eyelash
        Eyelash
        An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near...
        
        
      • Superior tarsus
      • Inferior tarsus
      • Tarsal glands
      • Ciliary glands
    • Conjunctiva
      Conjunctiva
      The conjunctiva covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is composed of rare stratified columnar epithelium.-Function:...
      
      
      • Lacrimal caruncle
    • Lacrimal apparatus
      Lacrimal apparatus
      The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage.It consists of:* the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye;...
      
      
      • Lacrimal gland
        Lacrimal gland
        The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called...
        
        
      • Lacus lacrimalis
      • Lacrimal papilla
        Lacrimal papilla
        At the basal angles of the lacus lacrimalis, on the margin of each eyelid, is a small conical elevation, the lacrimal papilla, the apex of which is pierced by a small orifice, the punctum lacrimale, the commencement of the lacrimal duct.-External links:*...
        
        
      • Lacrimal punctum
        Lacrimal punctum
        The lacrimal canaliculi, one in each eyelid, commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia , on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis...
        
        
      • Lacrimal canaliculus
      • Lacrimal sac
        Lacrimal sac
        The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla...
        
        
      • Nasolacrimal duct
        Nasolacrimal duct
        The nasolacrimal duct carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior nasal meatus...
        
        
• Ear
  Ear
  The ear is the organ that detects sound. It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position. The ear is part of the auditory system....
  
  
  • External ear
    • Auricle
      • Antitragus
      • Tragus
    • Ligaments of auricle
    • Auricular muscles
      • Helicis major
        Helicis major
        The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward....
        
        
      • Helicis minor
        Helicis minor
        The Helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis.Helicis minor muscle is a band of oblique fibers covering the crus of the helix of the auricle.Syn: Musculus helicis minor [NA] and smaller muscle of helix....
        
        
      • Tragicus
        Tragicus
        The Tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus....
        
        
      • Pyramidal muscle of auricle
      • Antitragicus
        Antitragicus
        The Antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix....
        
        
      • Transverse muscle of auricle
        Transverse muscle of auricle
        The transverse muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna.It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha....
        
        
      • Oblique muscle of auricle
        Oblique muscle of auricle
        For the abdominal oblique muscle, see Abdominal external oblique muscle.The oblique muscle of auricle, on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it....
        
        
    • External acoustic meatus
    • Tympanic membrane
      • Umbo of tympanic membrane
        Umbo of tympanic membrane
        The umbo is the most depressed part of the tympanic membrane.-Depression:The manubrium of the malleus is firmly attached to the medial surface of the membrane as far as its center, which it draws toward the tympanic cavity; the lateral surface of the membrane is thus concave, and the most depressed...
        
        
  • Middle ear
    Middle ear
    The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the cochlea. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which couple vibration of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear has...
    
    
    • Tympanic cavity
      Tympanic cavity
      The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear.It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch....
      
      
      • Labyrinthine wall (medial wall)
        • Oval window
          Oval window
          The oval window is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear...
          
          
        • Sinus tympani
        • Round window
          Round window
          The round window is one of the two openings into the inner ear. It is closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window...
          
          
      • Mastoid wall (posterior wall)
        • Aditus to mastoid antrum
        • Pyramidal eminence
          Pyramidal eminence
          The pyramidal eminence is situated immediately behind the fenestra vestibuli, and in front of the vertical portion of the facial canal; it is hollow, and contains the Stapedius muscle; its summit projects forward toward the fenestra vestibuli, and is pierced by a small aperture which transmits the...
          
          
      • Mastoid antrum
        Mastoid antrum
        The mastoid antrum is a cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aditus to mastoid antrum .-External links: - "Illustration of the continuity of the...
        
        
    • Auditory ossicles
      • Stapes
      • Incus
        Incus
        The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in themiddle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillini of Bologna.The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes....
        
        
      • Malleus
        Malleus
        The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum...
        
        
    • Articulations of auditory ossicles
      • Ligaments of auditory ossicles
    • Muscles of auditory ossicles
      • Tensor tympani
        Tensor tympani
        The tensor tympani, the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube...
        
        
      • Stapedius
        Stapedius
        The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes....
        
        
    • Pharyngotympanic tube
  • Internal ear
    • Bony labyrinth
      Bony labyrinth
      The Bony labyrinth or osseous labyrinth consists of three parts: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. These are cavities hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum; they contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated....
      
      
      • Semicircular canals
      • Cochlea
        Cochlea
        The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, making 2.5 turns around its axis, the modiolus....
        
        
        • Modiolus
        • Scala vestibuli
          Scala vestibuli
          Scala vestibuli is a perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the scala media.It is separated from the scala media by Reissner's membrane and extends from the vestibule of the ear to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani.-External links:* ...
          
          
        • Helicotrema
          Helicotrema
          The helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds.-External links:* at Allegheny University of the Health Sciences* at IUPUI...
          
          
        • Scala tympani
          Scala tympani
          Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth of the human ear. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli....
          
          
      • Internal acoustic meatus - see bones
      • Perilymphatic space
        Perilymphatic space
        -External links:* http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_44.html...
        
        
    • Membranous labyrinth
      Membranous labyrinth
      The receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing are housed within a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers known as the membranous labyrinth...
      
      
      • Endolymphatic space
    • Vestibular labyrinth
      • Utricle
      • Saccule
        Saccule
        The saccule is a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down...
        
        
      • Semicircular ducts
      • Utriculosaccular duct
      • Endolymphatic duct
        Endolymphatic duct
        From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the endolymphatic duct, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in...
        
        
    • Cochlear labyrinth
      • Cochlear duct
        • Spiral organ
        • Spiral ganglion
          Spiral ganglion
          The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain...
          
          
    • Vessels of internal ear
• Gustatory organ
  Taste
  Taste is one of the traditional five senses. It refers to the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc....
  
  
  • Taste bud
    Taste bud
    Taste buds contain the receptors for taste. They are located around the small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis, which are called papillae. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour,...
    
    

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The integument

• Skin
  Skin
  -Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat...
  
  
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
    Dermis
    The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis...
    
    
    • Hairs
    • Downy hair (Lanugo)
    • Skin glands
      • Sweat gland
        Sweat gland
        Sweat glands, or sudoriferous glands, are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. There are two kinds of sweat glands:...
        
        
      • Sebaceous gland
        Sebaceous gland
        The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals...
        
        
  • Nail
    Nail (anatomy)
    A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws, which are found on numerous other animals....
    
    
    • Lunule
  • Breast
    Breast
    The breast is the upper ventral region of the torso of a primate, in left and right sides, which in a female contains the mammary gland that secretes milk used to feed infants.Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues...
    
    
    • Nipple
      Nipple
      In its most general form, a nipple is a structure from which a fluid emanates. More specifically, it is the projection on the breasts or udder of a mammal by which breast milk is delivered to a mother's young. In this sense, it is often called a teat, especially when referring to non-humans, and...
      
      
    • Mammary gland
      Mammary gland
      A mammary gland is an organ in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Mammals get their name from the word "mammary". In ruminants such as cows, goats, and deer, the mammary glands are contained in their udders...
      
      
      • Lactiferous duct
        Lactiferous duct
        Lactiferous ducts lead from the lobules of the mammary gland to the tip of the nipple. They are also referred to as galactophores, galactophorous ducts, mammary ducts, mamillary ducts and milk ducts...
        
        
      • Lactiferous sinus
      • Areola
        Areola
        This article is about the breast tissue. For the entomology term, see the glossary of Lepidopteran terms. For an artistic cloud motif, see aureola. For the cactus feature, see Areole....
        
        
    • Suspensory ligaments of breast
• Subcutaneous tissue
  Subcutaneous tissue
  The hypodermis, also called the hypoderm, subcutaneous tissue, or superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages...
  
  

History of human anatomy

Main article: History of anatomy

History of anatomy

The development of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. It has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures...

• Edwin Smith Papyrus
  Edwin Smith papyrus
  The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an Ancient Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise on trauma. It dates to Dynasties 16-17 of the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt, ca. 1500 BCE. The Edwin Smith papyrus is unique among the four principal medical papyri in existencethat...
  
   - earliest known treatise on anatomy, from ancient Egypt circa 1600 BCE.

Organizations

• American Association of Anatomists
  American Association of Anatomists
  The American Association of Anatomists, based in Bethesda, MD, was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1888 for the "advancement of anatomical science." AAA is the professional home for an international community of biomedical researchers and educators focusing on anatomical form and function.In...
  
  
• American Association of Clinical Anatomists
  American Association of Clinical Anatomists
  The American Association of Clinical Anatomists aims to advance the science and art of clinical anatomy. It encourages research and publication in the field and maintains high standards in the teaching of anatomy...
  
  
• British Association of Clinical Anatomists
  British Association of Clinical Anatomists
  The British Association of Clinical Anatomists is an organization, in the United Kingdom, dedicated to advancing the study of and research into clinical anatomy for the public benefit.-Function:...
  
  
• International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
  International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
  The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists is an umbrella scientific organization of national and multinational Anatomy Associations, dedicated to anatomy and biomorphological sciences.-Origins and objectives:In 1903, Prof...
  
  

Anatomists

• Patricia Bergquist
  Patricia Bergquist
  Dame Patricia Rose Bergquist, DBE, MSc , PhD, DSc, FRSNZ was a New Zealand scientist who specialized in anatomy and taxonomy...
  
  
• Vincent Bochdalek
• James Dixon Boyd
  James Dixon Boyd
  James Dixon Boyd was an Irish-American Professor of Anatomy, Cambridge University from 1951 until his death and a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge.In 1933 he married Amélie Loewenthal; Sir Robert Boyd is their son....
  
  
• Philipp Bozzini
  Philipp Bozzini
  Philipp Bozzini was born in Mainz, Germany. On June 12, 1797 he was awarded the degree of doctor of medicine. From 1804 onwards, Bozzini devoted himself virtually completely to develop his instrument, Lichtleiter or "Light Conductor", a primitive endoscope to allow for inspecting the ear, urethra,...
  
  
• Geoffrey Bourne
• John Browne
  John Browne (anatomist)
  John Browne was a British anatomist, surgeon and author. He published the first description of cirrhosis of the liver in 1685 and the first description of necrotising pancreatitis in 1684. He was also known for publishing the work of others under his name.-See also:* Plagiarism* Scientific...
  
  
• Charaka
  Charaka
  Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, born c. 300 BC was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in Ancient India...
  
  
• Johann Conrad Brunner
  Johann Conrad Brunner
  Johann Conrad Brunner was a Swiss anatomist from Diessenhofen. He studied medicine in Schaffhausen, Strasbourg and Paris. At Schaffhausen he studied under Johann Jakob Wepfer , who was also his father-in-law...
  
  
• William Cheselden
  William Cheselden
  William Cheselden was an English surgeon and teacher of anatomy and surgery, who was influential in establishing surgery as a scientific medical profession.-Life:...
  
  
• William Cowper
  William Cowper (anatomist)
  William Cowper FRS was an English surgeon and anatomist, famous for his early description of what is now known as the Cowper's gland....
  
  
• Max Fürbringer
  Max Fürbringer
  Max Carl Anton Fürbringer was a German anatomist. He studied with Karl Gegenbaur and published his studies in comparative anatomy in Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, 1888.-Notes:...
  
  
• Antoni de Gimbernat
• Friedrich Goll
  Friedrich Goll
  Friedrich Goll was a Swiss neuroanatomist who was a native of Zofingen, located in the canton of Aargau.In 1851 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Zurich, and furthered his education in Paris, where he studied under Claude Bernard...
  
  
• Edwin Stephen Goodrich
  Edwin Stephen Goodrich
  Edwin Stephen Goodrich , was an English zoologist, specialising in comparative anatomy, embryology, paleontology, and evolution. He held the Linacre Chair of Zoology in the University of Oxford from 1921 to 1946...
  
  
• Gaspard Goyrand
  Gaspard Goyrand
  Jean Gaspard Blaise Goyrand was a French surgeon and academic from Aix-en-Provence.-Life and works:He passed his doctorate degree in Paris in 1828. He was a Swiss physician who was born in Geneva...
  
  
• George Gulliver
  George Gulliver
  George Gulliver , was an anatomist and physiologist.Gulliver was born at Banbury, Oxfordshire, on 4 June 1804, and after an apprenticeship with local surgeons entered at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he became prosector to Abernethy and dresser to Lawrence . Becoming M.R.C.S...
  
  
• Gunther von Hagens
  Gunther von Hagens
  Gunther von Hagens is a controversial German anatomist who invented the technique for preserving biological tissue specimens called plastination.-Early life:...
  
  
• Arthur Ham
  Arthur Ham
  Arthur Worth Ham was a prominent Canadian histologist. His textbook Histology is considered by many practitioners an indispensable reference.-Early life, education, and tennis:...
  
  
• Hippocrates
  Hippocrates
  Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine...
  
  
• Wilhelm His, Sr.
  Wilhelm His, Sr.
  Wilhelm His, Sr. was a Swiss anatomist and professor who invented the microtome...
  
  
• John Hunter
  John Hunter (surgeon)
  John Hunter FRS was a Scottish surgeon regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of careful observation and scientific method in medicine. The Hunterian Society of London was named in his honour...
  
  
• William Hunter
  William Hunter (anatomist)
  William Hunter FRS was a Scottish anatomist and physician. He was a leading teacher of anatomy, and the outstanding obstetrician of his day...
  
  
• Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard
  Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard
  Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard was an anatomist known for his work on of the anastomotic veins of the cerebral circulation. The eponymous vein of Trolard was named after him....
  
  
• Juan Valverde de Amusco
  Juan Valverde de Amusco
  Juan Valverde de Amusco was born in the Kingdom of León in what is now Spain in about the year 1525 and studied medicine in Padua and Rome under Realdo Columbo and Bartolomeo Eustachi...
  
  
• Jeffrey Laitman
  Jeffrey Laitman
  Jeffrey Todd Laitman, Ph.D. is an American anatomist and physical anthropologist whose science has combined experimental, comparative, and paleontological studies to understand the development and evolution of the human upper respiratory and vocal tract regions...
  
  
• Eber Landau
  Eber Landau
  Eber Landau was a Latvian physician from Rēzekne.In 1902 he graduated from the University of Tartu, and afterwards continued his studies of anatomy and histology at Villafrenk zoology station, at the histology laboratory in Munich, and in St. Petersburg under Peter Lesgaft...
  
  
• Joseph Lieutaud
  Joseph Lieutaud
  Joseph Lieutaud , was a French doctor.-Biography:Joseph Lieutaud started studying botany, following in the wake of his uncle, Pierre Joseph Garidel, and went on to be called upon as a doctor in the Hotel-Dieu in Aix-en-Provence...
  
  
• Amato Lusitano
  Amato Lusitano
  João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco, better known as Amato Lusitano and Amatus Lusitanus , was a notable Portuguese Jewish physician of the 16th century. Like Herophilus, Galen, Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus, Realdo Colombo and William Harvey, he is credited as making a discovery in the circulation...
  
  
• Niko Miljanić
  Niko Miljanic
  Dr. Niko Miljanić a Serbian anatomist and surgeon, was one of the founders of the Belgrade Medical School, which is today part of the University of Belgrade, and has held the first lecture on the newly formed school on December 12, 1920...
  
  
• Keith L. Moore
  Keith L. Moore
  Keith L. Moore is a professor emeritus in the division of anatomy, in the Faculty of Surgery, at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. More is associate dean for Basic Medical Sciences in the university's Faculty of Medicine, and was Chair of anatomy from 1976 to 1984...
  
  
• Lennart Olsson
  Lennart Olsson
  Lennart Olsson, born 1961, is a Swedish zoologist and embryologist, professor of comparative zoology at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany.Olsson focuses his research primarily on the embryological development of the vertebrate head...
  
  
• Bronislaw Onuf-Onufrowicz
  Bronislaw Onuf-Onufrowicz
  Bronislaw Onuf-Onufrowicz was a Russian-born American neurologist of Polish descent....
  
  
• William Charles Osman Hill
  William Charles Osman Hill
  William Charles Osman Hill was a British anatomist, primatologist, and a leading authority on primate anatomy during the 20th century...
  
  
• Johann Conrad Peyer
  Johann Conrad Peyer
  Johann Conrad Peyer was a Swiss anatomist who was a native of Schaffhausen. He studied medicine in Paris under Guichard Joseph Duverney , in Montpellier under Raymond Vieussens and received his medical degree in 1681 at Basel. Later he returned to Schaffhausen to practice medicine...
  
  
• Prosector
  Prosector
  A prosector is a person with the special task of preparing a dissection for demonstration, usually in medical schools or hospitals. Many important anatomists began their careers as prosectors working for lecturers and demonstrators in anatomy and pathology....
  
  
• Santiago Ramón y Cajal
  Santiago Ramón y Cajal
  Santiago Ramón y Cajal ForMemRS was a Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist, and Nobel laureate. His pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience...
  
  
• Anders Retzius
  Anders Retzius
  Anders Retzius , was a Swedish professor of anatomy and a supervisor at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm....
  
  
• Luigi Rolando
  Luigi Rolando
  Luigi Rolando was an Italian anatomist.As a University of Turin professor, he devoted his life in studying brain anatomy.The Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando and the fissure of Rolando are named for him.-External links:*...
  
  
• Olaus Rudbeck
  Olaus Rudbeck
  Olaus Rudbeck was a Swedish scientist and writer, professor of medicine at Uppsala University and for several periods rector magnificus of the same university...
  
  
• William Shippen
• Adriaan van den Spiegel
  Adriaan van den Spiegel
  Adriaan van den Spiegel, name sometimes written as Adrianus Spigelius was a Flemish anatomist who was born in Brussels. For much of his career he practiced medicine in Padua, and is considered one of the great physicians associated with that city...
  
  
• Edward Charles Spitzka
• Andreas Vesalius
• Johann Gottlieb Walter
  Johann Gottlieb Walter
  Johann Gottlieb Walter was a German physician, specialising in human anatomy.Walter was born in Königsberg. He studied in Königsberg and Berlin under Johann Friedrich Meckel von Hemsbach and Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn. He was awarded a medical degree at Frankfurt in 1757...
  
  
• Thomas Wharton
  Thomas Wharton (anatomist)
  Thomas Wharton was an English physician and anatomist best known for his descriptions of the submandibular duct and Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord.-Life:...
  
  
• Johann Winter von Andernach
  Johann Winter von Andernach
  Johann Winter von Andernach, also Johannes Winter von/aus Andernach, born Johann Winter, Latin Doctor Ioannes Guinterius Andernacus was a physician, university professor, humanist, translator of ancient, mostly medical works, and writer own medical, philological and humanities works.- Name...
  
  

See also

• Glossary of anatomical terminology, definitions and abbreviations
• Outline of biology
  • Outline of medicine
    Outline of medicine
    The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to medicine:Medicine – science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.- Core :*The practice of...
    
    
• Outline of health
• Outline of health science
  Outline of health science
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health science:-Conventional Western disciplines:*Athletic training*Dentistry*Dietetics*Epidemiology*Exercise physiology*Genetic counseling*Medical physics*Medicine...
  
  
• Physiology
  Physiology
  Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...
  
  

External links

• "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public domain.
• Human anatomy in photo
• Terminologia Anatomica on FIPAT site