Encyclopedia
Lutheranism is a movement within
Christianity that began with the
theological insights of
Martin Luther in the 16th century, which launched the
Protestant Reformation of the Western church. The "confessions" or "symbolical writings" of the Lutheran Church are contained in the
Book of Concord, published in German in 1580, and in Latin in 1584.
Today nearly seventy million Christians belong to Lutheran churches worldwide, with some four hundred million Protestant Christians tracing their history back to Luther's reforming work.
History
Lutheranism as a movement traces its origin to the work of
Martin Luther, a German priest and theologian who sought to reform the practices of the
Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. The symbolic beginning of the
Reformation occurred on October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther posted his
95 theses. Luther's ideas are generally held to have been a major foundation of the Protestant movement.
Luther and his followers began a large exodus from the Roman Catholic Church known as the
Protestant Reformation. In the years and decades following Luther's posting of the 95 theses, large numbers of Europeans left the Roman Church, including the majority of
German speakers.
Today, approximately 82.6 million people call themselves Lutheran, while there are an estimated 2.1 billion Christians. Thus, Lutherans make up about 4% of Christians.
Doctrine
The Holy Scripture and the Lutheran Confessions
The formal principle of Lutheranism and one of the signature teachings of the
Lutheran Reformation is the teaching named
Sola scriptura—"Scripture alone." Lutherans believe that the
Bible is
divinely inspired and is the final authority for all matters of faith and doctrine. Lutherans also hold that the Holy Scripture is explained and interpreted by the
Book of Concord, a series of Confessions of faith composed by Lutherans in the 16th Century. Traditionally, Lutheran pastors, congregations and church bodies agree to teach in harmony with the
Book of Concord because it teaches and faithfully explains the Word of God. For this reason, Lutherans who follow the
Book of Concord closely, especially conservative Lutherans, often refer to themselves as
Confessional Lutherans. Other Lutherans, who agree with the main teachings of the
Lutheran Confessions, but may take exception to some of its doctrine, subscribe to the
Book of Concord "in so far as" they are in harmony with Holy Scripture.
Some Lutherans, particular those in conservative and traditional churches, regard the Bible to be free from error [inerrant] while other Lutherans in the mainline Lutheran denominations regard the Bible to be essentially a human document and therefore capable of error, particular in historical and scientific matters.
Central doctrines
The material principle of Lutheranism is the Lutheran doctrine of Justification; that is, salvation by God's grace alone , through faith alone for the sake of Christ's merit alone . Lutherans believe God made the world, humanity included, perfect, holy and sinless. However,
Adam and Eve chose to disobey God, trusting in their own strength, knowledge and wisdom. Because of this
Original Sin—the sin from which all other sins come—all descendents of Adam and Eve are born in sin and are sinners. For Lutherans, original sin could be characterized as the "chief sin, a root and fountainhead of all actual sins" .
Lutherans teach that sinners cannot do anything to satisfy God's justice. Every human thought and deed is colored by sin and sinful motives. God has intervened in this world because He loves sinners and does not want them to be eternally damned and, by His
grace alone—His free gift of mercy—a person is forgiven, adopted as a child of God, and given eternal salvation.
For this reason, Lutherans teach that salvation is possible only because of the eternal sacrifice made manifest in the birth, perfect life of obedience, sufferings, death, and resurrection of
Jesus Christ. In the person of Jesus Christ, Lutherans believe God and Man meet. Because He is God, He is sinless and so a worthy sacrifice, without spot or blemish. Because He is a man, He could die. In His death, death is destroyed , our debt paid, and our sins forgiven.
Lutherans believe that individuals receive this gift of salvation by
faith alone—a full and complete trust in God's promises to forgive and to save. Even faith itself is seen as a gift of God, created in the hearts of Christians by the work of the Holy Spirit through the means of God's grace, the Word and the Sacraments.
Lutherans generally speak of two sacraments: Holy Baptism and the Sacrament of the Altar, the Lord's Supper. The Lutheran catechism teaches that Holy Baptism is a work of God, founded on the word and promise of Christ; thus it is administered to both infants and adults. Lutherans believe that the bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are the true body and blood of Christ given to Christians to eat and drink, instituted by Christ Himself.
Lutherans believe that all who trust in Jesus alone can be sure of their salvation, for it is in Christ's work and his promises in which their surety lies. They teach that, at death, Christians are immediately taken into the presence of God in Heaven, where they await the resurrection of the body at the second coming of Christ. Lutherans do not believe in any sort of millennial kingdom of Christ either before, or after, his second coming on the last day.
Although Lutherans believe good works do not satisfy God's justice, this is not to say that good works play no role in the Christian life. Good works always and in every instance spring spontaneously from true faith, and have their true origin in God, not in the fallen human heart or in human striving; their complete absence would demonstrate that faith, too, is absent.
A substantial milestone was reached in ecumenical relations in 1999, when the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church were able to issue a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , essentially adopting the
Old-Catholic position of
Justification by Grace through Faith working by Love:
"Together we confess: By grace alone, in faith in Christ's saving work and not because of any merit on our part, we are accepted by God and receive the Holy Spirit, who renews our hearts while equipping and calling us to good works."
A large number of Lutheran theologians in Germany rejected the Joint Declaration, and a number of Lutheran churches worldwide did not accept it.
With the majority of the Christian community, Lutherans believe that there is one God, existing in three persons—see
Trinity.
Religious practices
Many Lutherans place great emphasis on a liturgical approach to worship services; although there have always been substantial non-liturgical minorities
Many Lutherans also preserve a liturgical approach to the
Eucharist.
Holy Communion is considered the central act of Christian worship. Lutherans believe that the bread and wine are equally present with the body and blood of Jesus, as opposed to being replaced by or just symbolizing His body and blood. They confess in the Apology of the Augsburg Confession:
"...we do not abolish the
Mass but religiously keep and defend it. Among us the Mass is celebrated every Lord's Day and on other festivals, when the Sacrament is made available to those who wish to partake of it, after they have been examined and absolved. We also keep traditional liturgical forms, such as the order of readings, prayers, vestments, and other similar things."
Initially, in the 1970's, many Lutheran churches held "contemporary" worship services for the purpose of evangelical outreach. These were in various different styles, depending on the preferences of the congregation. Often these were held alongside the more reverent services, to cater for those not comfortable with the more liturgical forms. As the Lutheran church enters the 21st century, more and more Lutheran congregations are holding "Contemporary Worship" as their sole form of worship, often forcibly and non-pastorally against those who were not comfortable with the less liturgical forms, not for the purpose of "outreach", but merely because it is more in keeping with the context of that individual congregation. These Contemporary Congregations see their position as reflective of their embracing of "Confessional Lutheranism" due to the fact that Luther himself contemporized the worship of his community so that it would be more in keeping with the context of said community. Principle examples of this in the ELCA include , , and Those who hold to the Traditional, more reverent, styles of worship see typical contemporary styles as astray from Luther's embracing of Christ-centered worship. Where traditional hymns frequently had
God as the subject in the lyrics and rich theological subject material, the contemporary substitutes more often have
I as the subject in the lyrics with very little theological substance. Where the cross, the Word and Sacraments once had the spotlight and focus of the congregations, the contemporary style often place entertainment leaders before the congregations with unmistakable stage presence.
Catechism, especially children's, is considered fundamental in most Lutheran churches. Almost all maintain
Sunday Schools, and many host or maintain private nursery-schools, primary schools, regional high schools and universities.
Life-long catechesis, since Martin Luther's day, was intended for all ages so that the abuses of the Church of that day would not reoccur. Reference: prefaces to Luther's Large and Small Catechisms. With the emphasis on proper life-long catechesis, the Lutheran Church has a heritage rich in theology and doctrine.
Pastors usually teach in the common language of the parish. In the U.S., some congregations and synods traditionally taught in
German,
Finnish, or
Norwegian, but this custom has been in significant decline since the early/middle 20th century.
Pastors almost always have substantial theological educations, including Greek and
Hebrew so that they can refer directly to the canonical Christian scriptures in the original language. Lutheran pastors may marry and have families.
Lutheran Churches in the United States use a number of hymnals as well as electronic projection media. The most widely uses are:
Christian Worship ,
The Lutheran Book of Worship ,
The Lutheran Hymnal and
Lutheran Worship . In 2006, The
LCMS approved a new hymnal,
Lutheran Service Book, which is now available. The
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America has also approved a new hymnal,
Evangelical Lutheran Worship, which will be available in October 2006.
Ecumenism
Lutherans believe in
ecumenism, the idea that there is a single Christian church, and a single Christian faith.
The most common perspective, held by the Lutheran World Federation aligned Lutherans, do not believe any one church to be singularly true in its teachings. This belief reflects the newer resurgence of Lutheranism as a reform movement rather than as movement into doctrinal correctness.
For that reason, a number of more doctrinally diverse Lutheran denominations, now largely separated from state control, are declaring fellowship and joint statements of agreement with other Lutheran or non-Lutheran Christian denominations.
However, a minority of Lutherans hold that orthodox confessional Lutherans are the only church completely correct in doctrine. They teach that other Christian churches, while they too contain true Christians, also contain a mixture of truth and error. The Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference and International Lutheran Council aligned Lutherans agree with this, as does the
Church of the Lutheran Confession and many independent or loosely organized churches formerly associated with any of these three international groups.
More conservative Lutherans strive to maintain historical distinctiveness while emphasizing doctrinal purity alongside ecumenical outreach. They state that the LWF Lutherans are practicing "false ecumenism" rather than true ecumenism by desiring church-fellowship outside of actual unity of teaching.
The largest organizations of Lutheran churches around the world are the
Lutheran World Federation, the International Lutheran Council, and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference which together include the great majority of Lutheran denominations around the globe.
International bodies
The three largest international Lutheran bodies are the
Lutheran World Federation , of which the
ELCA and ELCIC are members; the International Lutheran Council , of which the
LCMS and the LCC are members; and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference , of which the
WELS and ELS are members. The Lutheran World Federation supports the activities of Lutheran World Relief, a relief and development agency active in more than 50 countries.
These three communions together consist of about 200 church bodies in about 80 nations.
Examples of the LWF include Lutheran Church of Taiwan
and the Taiwan Lutheran Church .
Examples of the ILC include China Evangelical Lutheran Church and The Lutheran Church—Hong Kong Synod.
Many Lutheran churches exist throughout the world which are not affiliated with the large LWF, ILC and CELC, such as those affiliated with or which are especially active in Africa and India; and those affiliated with the , which are especially active elsewhere in Asia.
Throughout the world
Lutheranism is present on all populated continents.
Notes
See also
...
, located in Geneva, Switzerland
Print sources
- ELCA Perspective: Braaten, Carl E., Principles of Lutheran Theology Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.
- LCMS Historical Perspective: Pieper, Franz. Christian Dogmatics. 3 Volumes. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1950-1957.
External links
