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Ten CommandmentsThe Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to religious tradition, were written by God and given to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of two stone tablets. They feature prominently in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
The phrase "Ten Commandments" generally refers to the broadly identical passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy . Some maintain that there is an additional set of Ten Commandments which they suggest predated the Ten Commandments now known as such.
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2001 Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore has a 2½ ton monument of the Ten Commandments surreptitiously installed in the Rotunda of the Judiciary Building. He is later sued to have it removed, and eventually removed from offi
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The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to religious tradition, were written by God and given to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of two stone tablets. They feature prominently in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The phrase "Ten Commandments" generally refers to the broadly identical passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy . Some maintain that there is an additional set of Ten Commandments which they suggest predated the Ten Commandments now known as such. Text of the commandmentsThe following is the text of the commandments from , New Revised Standard Version. Because the commandments are divided in different ways, they are presented as verses below, without itemization. HistoryIn Biblical Hebrew language, the commandments are termed ???? ?????? and in Rabbinical Hebrew ???? ?????? , both translatable as "the ten statements." The name "Decalogue" is derived from the Greek name de??????? or "dekalogos" found in the Septuagint , which is the Greek translation of the Hebrew name. According to Biblical text, the commandments represent the utterances of God on Mount Sinai. God inscribed them into " tables of stone", also referred to as "tables of testimony" or "tables of the covenant", which he gave to Moses. Moses then gave them to the people of Israel in the third month after their Exodus from Egypt. Israel's receipt of the commandments occurred on the third day of preparations at the foot of the mount. The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, "but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other". Because the commandments establish a covenant, it is likely that they were duplicated on both tablets. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of Ancient Egypt, in which a copy was made for each party. The tablets "were written on both their sides," with the carving going through the full thickness of the tablets. The stones in the center part of letters were not connected to the rest of the tablet, but they did not fall out. The writing was also legible from both sides; it was not a mirror image on the back. These two miracles are explained in the Talmud. After receiving the commandments and returning from the mountain, Moses saw that the Israelites had "defiled themselves", and that his brother, Aaron, had made a Golden Calf and an altar in front of it. Moses, in terrible anger, broke the tablets. God later had Moses carve two other tablets, to replace the ones he smashed. God himself appears as the writer. This second set, brought down from Mount Sinai by Moses, was placed in the Ark of the Covenant, hence designated as the "Ark of the Testimony." The Bible also makes other references to the commandments. References to them and the consequences for not following them are found throughout the book of Deuteronomy. Jesus refers to the commandments in several verses, and condenses them into two general commands: "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind." This is the greatest and first commandment. And a second is like unto it: "You shall love your neighbor as yourself." Variations between Exodus and DeuteronomyAnother list of commandments, similar but not identical to the one found in Exodus, is found in . One difference is the commandment of Sabbath. In Exodus it says to "Remember the Sabbath day", and in Deuteronomy it says to "Safeguard the Sabbath day". Other differences include the last word in the third commandment, and the ninth commandments. The Talmud observes that the words zachor and shamor were spoken simultaneously; the fact that both could be heard was a miracle. The Maharal of Prague observes that the Talmud is silent on all other textual differences, and concludes that the added words in Deuteronomy are elaborations and explanations, in keeping with the character of Deuteronomy . Division of the commandmentsThe commandments passage in Exodus contains more than ten imperative statements, totaling 14 or 15 in all. However, the Bible itself assigns the count of "10", using the Hebrew phrase ?aseret had'varim - translated as the 10 words, statements or things. Religious groups have divided these statements in different ways. The table below highlights those differences. | Commandment | Jewish / Protestant | Catholic / Lutheran / New Church |
|---|
| You shall have no other gods before me. | 1 | 1 | | You shall not make for yourself an idol... | 2 | | You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God... | 3 | 2 | | Remember the Sabbath, and keep it holy... | 4 | 3 | | Honor your father and your mother... | 5 | 4 | | You shall not murder. | 6 | 5 | | You shall not commit adultery. | 7 | 6 | | You shall not steal. | 8 | 7 | | You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. | 9 | 8 | | You shall not covet your neighbor's wife. | 10 | 9 | | You shall not covet your neighbor's house... | 10 |
Jewish understandingSignificance of the Decalogue The Torah includes 613 commandments, including the ten from the Decalogue. Therefore, when compared to the whole canon of Jewish law, the Ten Commandments are not given any greater significance in observance or special status. When undue emphasis was being placed on them, their daily communal recitation was discontinued. Jewish tradition does, however, recognize them as the ideological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments. Traditional Jewish belief is that these commandments, among the 613, apply solely to the Jewish people, and that the laws incumbent on the rest of humanity are outlined in the seven Noahide Laws . In the era of the Sanhedrin, transgressing any one of these theoretically carried the death penalty; though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law. Traditional division and interpretationAccording to the Medieval Sefer ha-Chinuch, the first four statements concern the relationship between God and humans, while the next six statements concern the relationships between people. Rabbinic literature holds that the Ten Statements in fact contain 14 or 15 distinct instructions. - "I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of slavery. Thou shalt have no other gods before Me..."
- This commandment is to believe in the existence of God and His influence on events in the world, and that the goal of the redemption from Egypt was to become His servants . It prohibits belief in or worship of any additional deities.
- "Do not make a sculpted image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above..."
- This prohibits the construction or fashioning of "idols" in the likeness of created things and worshipping them.
- "Thou shalt not swear falsely by the name of the LORD..."
- This commandment is to never take the name of God in a vain, pointless or insincere oath.
- "Remember [zachor] the Sabbath day and keep it holy"
- The seventh day of the week is termed Shabbat and is holy, just as God ceased creative activity during Creation. The aspect of zachor is performed by declaring the greatness of the day , by having three festive meals, and by engaging in Torah study and pleasurable activities. The aspect of shamor is performed by abstaining from productive activity on the Shabbat.
- "Thou shalt honor your father and your mother..."
- The obligation to honor one's parents is an obligation that one owes to God and fulfills this obligation through one's actions towards one's parents.
- "Thou shalt not murder"
- Killing an innocent human being is a capital sin.
- "Thou shalt not commit adultery."
- Adultery is defined as sexual intercourse between a man and a married woman who is not his wife.ou shalt not steal."
- This is not understood as stealing in the conventional sense, since theft of property is forbidden elsewhere and is not a capital offense. In this context it is to be taken as "do not kidnap."ou shalt not bear false witness against your neighbor"
- One must not bear false witness in a court of law or other proceeding.
- "Thou shalt not covet your neighbor's house..."
- One is forbidden to desire and plan how one may obtain that which God has given to another. Maimonides makes a distinction in codifying the laws between the instruction given here in Exodus and that given in Deuteronomy , according to which one does not violate the Exodus commandment unless there is a physical action associated with the desire, even if this is legally purchasing an envied object.
Samaritan understandingThe Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the ten commandments passages, both in that their Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in the division of the commandments differing such that a tenth commandment on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim may be included. The Samaritan tenth commandment is even present in the Septuagint, though Origenes notes that it is not part of the Jewish text. The text of the commandment follows: - And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it, thou shalt erect unto thee large stones, and thou shalt cover them with lime, and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law, and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan, ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim, and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God, an altar of stones, and thou shalt not lift upon them iron, of perfect stones shalt thou build tine altar, and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God, and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings, and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God. That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem.ristian understanding
Lutheran and Roman Catholic ChristianityThe Lutheran and Roman Catholic division of the commandments both follow the one established by St. Augustine. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through seventh govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. For additional information on the Catholic understanding of the Ten Commandments, see the Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings o...
, sections . References to the Catechism are provided below for each commandment as well as the interpretation used by Lutherans and Catholics. The following text is from NRSV:
- "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; you shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the LORD your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and fourth generation of those who reject me, but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments."
- Catholic teaching distinguishes between dulia—paying honor to God through contemplation of objects such as paintings and statues—and latria—adoration directed to God alone.
- "You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not acquit anyone who misuses his name."
- This commandment prohibits not just swearing but the misappropriation of religious language in order to commit a crime, participating in occult practices, and blaspheming against places or people that are holy to God.
- "Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy, as the LORD your God commanded you. Six days you shall labor and do all your work. But the seventh day is a sabbath to the LORD your God; you shall not do any work—you, or your son or your daughter, or your male or female slave, or your ox or your donkey, or any of your livestock, or the resident alien in your towns, so that your male and female slave may rest as well as you. Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the sabbath day."
- Most Christians refrain from work on Sunday instead of the actual sabbath, Saturday. This is because Jesus rose from the dead "on the first day of the week" , making Sunday the Lord's day. Some necessary work is permitted on this day of rest.
- "Honor your father and your mother, as the LORD your God commanded you, so that your days may be long and that it may go well with you in the land that the LORD your God is giving you."
- This commandment emphasizes the family as part of God's design, as well as an extended metaphor that God uses for his relationship with his creation.
- "You shall not murder."
- The right of states to execute criminals is recognized when necessary to preserve the safety of citizens. However, other methods of protecting society are increasingly available. Catholics also consider abortion sinful and a violation of this commandment. War, if rigorous conditions of moral legitimacy are met , is not a violation because "governments cannot be denied the right of lawful self-defense, once all peace efforts have failed."
- "Neither shall you commit adultery."
- Adultery is the breaking of the holy bond between husband and wife, and is thus a sacrilege. This commandment includes not just the act of adultery, but lust as well.
- "Neither shall you steal."
- "Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbor."
- This commandment forbids misrepresenting the truth in relations with others. This also forbids lying.
- "Neither shall you covet your neighbor's wife."
- "Neither shall you desire your neighbor's house, or field, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor."
The Commandments are seen as general "subject headings" for moral theology, in addition to being specific commandments in themselves. Thus, the commandment to honor father and mother is seen as a heading for a general rule to respect legitimate authority, including the authority of the state. The commandment not to commit adultery is traditionally taken to be a heading for a general rule to be sexually pure, the specific content of the purity depending, of course, on whether one is married or not. In this way, the Ten Commandments can be seen as dividing up all of morality.
Protestant ChristianityThere are many different denominations of Protestantism, and it is impossible to generalize in a way that covers them all. However, this diversity arose historically from fewer sources, the various teachings of which can be summarized, in general terms.
Lutherans, Reformed and Anglicans, and Anabaptists all taught, and their descendants still predominantly teach that, the Ten Commandments have both an explicitly negative content, and an implied positive content. Besides those things that ought not to be done, there are things which ought not to be left undone. So that, besides not transgressing the prohibitions, a faithful abiding by the commands of God includes keeping the obligations of love. The ethic contained in the Ten Commandments and indeed in all of Scripture is, "Love the Lord your God with all of your heart, and mind, and soul, and strength, and love your neighbor as yourself", and, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
Lutherans theorize that there is an antithesis between these two sides of the word of God, the positive and the negative. Love and gratitude is a guide to those under the Gospel, and the prohibitions are for unbelievers and profane people. This antithesis between Law and Gospel runs through every ethical command, according to Lutheran understanding.
The Anabaptists have held that the commandments of God are the content of the covenant established through Christ: faith is faithfulness, and thus, belief is essentially the same thing as obedience.
Reformed and Anglicans have taught the abiding validity of the commandments, and call it a summation of the "moral law", binding on all people. However, they emphasize the union of the believer with Christ - so that the will and power to perform the commandments does not arise from the commandment itself, but from the gift of the Holy Spirit. Apart from this grace, the commandment is only productive of condemnation, according to this family of doctrine.
Modern Evangelicalism, under the influence of dispensationalism, commonly denies that the commandments have any abiding validity as a requirement binding upon Christians; however, they contain principles which are beneficial to the believer. Dispensationalism is particularly emphatic about the dangers of legalism, and thus, in a distinctive way de-emphasizes the teaching of the law . Somewhat analogously, Pentecostalism and the Charismatic movement typically emphasizes the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and the freedom of the Christian from outward commandments, sometimes in antithesis to the letter of the Law. Quakers and Pietists have historically set themselves against the Law as a form of commandment binding on Christians, and have emphasized the inner guidance and liberty of the believer, so that the law is fulfilled not merely by avoiding what the Law prohibits, but by carrying out what the Spirit of God urges upon their conscience.
The non-denominational evangelical ministry of The Way of the Master, headed up by evangelist Ray Comfort and actor Kirk Cameron also deny that the commandments are to be kept in any legalist sense, but further state that their primary purpose is to serve as a "mirror" for a person to see his or her sin.
Typical Protestant view
For those Christians who believe that the Ten Commandments continue to be binding for Christians , their negative and positive content can be summarized as follows.
- Preface: vs 1-2
Implies the obligation to keep all of the commandments of God, in gratitude because of the abundance of his mercy.
Forbids ingratitude to God and denial that he is our God.
- vs 3
Enjoins that God must be known and acknowledged to be the only true God, and our God; and, to worship him and to make him known as he has been made known to us.
Forbids not worshiping and glorifying the true God as God, and as our God; and forbids giving worship and glory to any other, which is due to him alone. - vs 4-6
Requires receiving, observing, and keeping pure and entire, all such religious worship and ordinances as God has appointed; and zeal in resisting those who would corrupt worship; because of God's ownership of us, and interest in our salvation.
Prohibits the worshiping of God by images, or by confusion of any creature with God, or any other way not appointed in his Word. - vs 7
Enjoins a holy and a reverent use of God’s names, titles, attributes, ordinances, Word, and works.
Forbids all abuse of anything by which God makes Himself known. Some Protestants, especially in the tradition of pacifism, read this Commandment as forbidding any and all oaths, including judicial oaths and oaths of allegiance to a government, noting that human weakness cannot foretell whether such oaths will in fact be vain. - vs 8-11
Requires setting apart to God such set times as are appointed in his Word. Many Protestants are increasingly concerned that the values of the marketplace do not dominate entirely, and deprive people of leisure and energy needed for worship, for the creation of civilized culture. The setting of time apart from and free from the demands of commerce is one of the foundations of a decent human society. See Sabbath.
Forbids the omission, or careless performance, of the religious duties, using the day for idleness, or for doing that which is in itself sinful; and prohibits requiring of others any such omission, or transgression, on the designated day. - vs 12
The only commandment with explicitly positive content, rather than a prohibition; it connects all of the temporal blessings of God, with reverence for and obedience to authority, and especially for father and mother.
Forbids doing anything against, or failing to give, the honor and duty which belongs to anyone, whether because they possess authority or because they are subject to authority. - vs 13
Requires all lawful endeavors to preserve our own life, and the life of others.
'Forbids taking away of our own life, or the life of our neighbor, unjustly; and, anything that tends toward depriving life. - vs 14
Enjoins protection of our own and our neighbor’s chastity, in heart, speech, and behavior.
Forbids all unchaste thoughts, words, and actions. - vs 15
Requires a defense of all lawful things that further the wealth and outward estate of ourselves and others.
Prohibits whatever deprives our neighbor, or ourselves, of lawfully gained wealth or outward estate. - vs 16
Requires the maintaining and promoting of truth between people, and of our neighbor’s good name and our own, especially in witness-bearing.
Forbids whatsoever is prejudicial to truth, or injurious to our own, or our neighbor’s, good name. - vs 17
'Enjoins contentment with our own condition, and a charitable attitude toward our neighbor and all that is his, being thankful for his sake that he has whatever is beneficial to him, as we are for those things that benefit us.
Forbids discontent or envy, prohibits any grief over the betterment of our neighbor's estate, and all inordinate desires to obtain for ourselves, or scheming to wrest for our benefit, anything that is his.
Latter-day Saints view
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches the continued practice of keeping the Ten Commandments as listed in KJV Exodus 20:2-17, including the following connotations:
- All mankind are the children of God and rightful beneficiaries of God's blessings through freely chosen obedience to the commandments.
- God should come first in our lives as the center of our worship, trust and gratitude.
- Work is a blessing. The commandment to keep the Sabbath day holy brings many attendant blessings of the fruitfulness of the earth. A whole nation or community can be blessed with fruitfulness as its people choose to keep these commandments, as promised in many passages in Deuteronomy. Work allows for growth, joy and progress through trials of faith. Closely related blessings are available to communities that practice the law of the fast through using donated monies or commodities to help the poor and needy.
- Parents have a primary, divinely given obligation to teach their children the Ten Commandments in a loving, non-controlling way . Children should continue to honor their aging family members through attentive care, where possible.
- The mainstream LDS Church teaches that communities and governments that foster or allow the general practice of abortion are violating the spirit of the sixth commandment, and thus diminish personal peace and prosperity. The same effect applies to violation of the seventh commandment, including minimizing or ignoring the modern plagues of pornography and of pre-marital sexual relations.
- Personal, business/contractual and governmental integrity are vital to the strength of communities and nations, as implied in the eighth and ninth commandments.
- The LDS Church teaches that the blessings of freedom promised in Deuteronomy are available to whole nations as their people choose to follow the teachings of the Ten Commandments. While the separation of church and state is an important protection of the United States Constitution, "governments were instituted of God for the benefit of man; ... for the good and safety of society..., such laws...framed and held inviolate as will secure to each individual the free exercise of conscience, the right and control of property, and the protection of life."
- An important proclamation teaching God-given roles of parents and families relating to the Ten Commandments was announced publicly by LDS Church President Gordon B. Hinckley in September 1995, entitled .
Jehovah's WitnessesJehovah's Witnesses hold that the commandments were given together with the Mosaic Law and the old covenant. While they understand the Bible as saying Christians are not bound by the Ten Commandments, they recognize the importance the Bible places have on these principles for living a Christian life. They believe that the Sabbatarian law is obsolete.
The first four commandments define the correct relationship between God and man.
- First - Jehovah exacts exclusive devotion; He tolerates no rivalry with other gods.
- Second - Images are never to be used in worship - all forms of idolatry are an open affront to Jehovah.
- Third - The use of God’s name is to be dignified, never used disrespectfully.
When the Israelites became unfaithful they, as representatives of Jehovah by bearing his name, "took it up" or "carried" it "in vain"
- Fourth - The Sabbath day was reserved for reflection on spiritual things, a day of rest from work so that the Israelites could meditate on Jehovah's Laws without distraction. In modern times, Jehovah's Witnesses are still commanded to follow this principle, though not keeping any explicit weekday holy.
- Fifth- This commandment can be seen as the linking together of the first four and the final six, It is the obedience children owe their parents. This is a relationship which extends beyond childhood. To respect one’s parents is to show respect for the ultimate parent – Jehovah God.
- Sixth through Ninth - Murder, Adultery, Stealing and Lying are very pointed thus leaving no room for interpretation. These things are not to be practiced.
- Tenth – This makes it clear that not only were the Israelites not to practice the things mentioned in the previous nine commands, but that they were also to not allow a desire for these things to take root in their hearts and minds.
New Church The New Church holds that Christians are completely bound to follow the Ten Commandments. Swedenborgians believe that when Paul writes that man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law , he is referring to the ceremonial laws given only for the Jews in the law of Moses, not to the moral and spiritual law of the Ten Commandments . In addition to typical Christian interpretations of the literal meaning, Swedenborgians believe that the Ten Commandments have a spiritual meaning and a celestial meaning by means of correspondences. The interpretations of the commandments from Emanuel Swedenborg’s True Christian Religion are as follows :
- You shall have no other gods before My face.
- The literal meaning is that idols must not be worshipped; no one may be loved above God, and nothing may be loved more than the things that come from God.
- The spiritual meaning is that no other God than Jesus Christ, who is Jehovah incarnate, is to be worshipped.
- The celestial meaning is that Lord Jehovah is infinite, measureless, eternal; He is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent; He is love itself and wisdom itself, thus life itself; He is the source of everything.
- You shall not take the name of Jehovah your God in vain.
- The literal meaning forbids misuse of any of God’s names in insincere or empty conversation, although it is allowed in swearing sincere oaths and should be used reverently in all worship.
- In the spiritual meaning, the name of God means all the teachings of the Word, which are not to be used insincerely or evilly.
- Taking God’s name in vain in the celestial sense means to deny the complete Divinity of the Lord Jesus Christ and to deny the holiness of the Word.
- Remember the Sabbath day.
- As this was a Jewish religious ceremony, its literal sense does not apply to Christians as it did to Jews; but the Sabbath day remains important as a day for instruction in Divine things and rest from work, as well as love toward the neighbor.
- The Sabbath day in the spiritual sense refers to a man’s complete reformation and regeneration, since the days of creation referred to the process of reformation and regeneration and the seventh day marked its completeness.
- The celestial meaning of the Sabbath day is peace and rest coming from conjunction with the Lord.
- Honor your father and your mother.
- This literally means obeying parents and showing gratitude to them; in a wider literal sense, it means honoring political leaders and a person’s country.
- In the spiritual sense, honoring father and mother means reverencing and loving God and the Church.
- In the celestial sense, father means the Lord Jesus Christ, and mother means all those who follow him in the world.
- You shall not murder.
- In the literal sense, this means killing or inflicting mortal injury on a human being; in a wider sense, it means destroying a person’s reputation; and in an even wider sense, it refers to feelings of enmity, hatred, and revenge.
- In the spiritual sense, to murder means to try to kill or destroy a person’s soul, for example by turning them away from God.
- In the celestial sense, murdering means being unjustifiably angry with the Lord, hating Him, and wanting to blot out His name.
- You shall not commit adultery.
- In the literal sense, this commandment forbids adultery, as well has having obscene desires and indulging in lascivious thoughts and talk.
- In the spiritual sense committing adultery means adulterating the good things in the Word and falsifying its truths.
- In the celestial sense committing adultery means denying the holiness of the Word and profaning it.
- You shall not steal.
- In the literal sense this commandment forbids taking anything that does not belong to you and extends to any fraud or deceit that brings in unlawful gain.
- In the spiritual sense this commandment means depriving others of the truths they get from their faith, which is the effect of falsities and heretical beliefs.
- In the celestial sense thieves are those who strip the Lord of His Divine power and claim His merit and righteousness for themselves.
- You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
- In the literal sense this means not committing perjury in court, and in a wider sense any sort of lying or hypocrisy with evil intent, as well as slandering one’s neighbors to undermine their reputation; in an even wider sense, it forbids using any sort of trickery or guile.
- In the spiritual sense bearing false witness means persuading others that false ideas are true and that true ideas are false, and that evil ways of life are good and good ways of life evil.
- In the celestial sense bearing false witness means speaking blasphemy against the Lord and the Word, thus chasing truth from the church.
- and 10. You shall not covet.
- In the literal sense, this means that a person should not desire to take things that are not his; in a wider sense, that a person should not desire to break any of the previous commandments.
- In the spiritual sense, this commandment forbids lusts which are against the spirit.
- No celestial sense is given.
Members of the New Church believe that following the Ten Commandments and worshipping the Lord God Jesus Christ are the two essentials of salvation, since anyone who follows the commandments in his heart loves his neighbor and loves God, which is salvation.
Muslim understanding
Muslims regard Moses as one of their greatest prophets, but they reject the Biblical versions of the Ten Commandments. Islam teaches that the Biblical text used in Judaism and Christianity has been corrupted over the years, by carelessness or malice, from its divine original. Muslims believe that the Qur'an is a revelation from God continuing the revelations on which they believe the Torah and Gospels to be based, intended to restore the original Adamic and Abrahamic faith.
Despite the Ten Commandments not being explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an they are implied by the following translation of verses in the Quran :
- "There is no other god beside God."
- "My Lord, make this a peaceful land, and protect me and my children from worshiping idols."
- "Do not subject God's name to your casual swearing, that you may appear righteous, pious, or to attain credibility among the people."
- "O you who believe, when the Congregational Prayer is announced on Friday, you shall hasten to the commemoration of GOD, and drop all business."
The Sabbath was relinquished with the revelation of the Quran. Muslims are told in the Quran that the Sabbath was only decreed for the Jews. God, however, ordered Muslims to make every effort and drop all businesses to attend the congregational prayer. The Submitters may tend to their business during the rest of the day. - "....and your parents shall be honored. As long as one or both of them live, you shall never say to them, "Uff" , nor shall you shout at them; you shall treat them amicably."
- "....anyone who murders any person who had not committed murder or horrendous crimes, it shall be as if he murdered all the people."
- "You shall not commit adultery; it is a gross sin, and an evil behavior."
- "The thief, male or female, you shall mark their hands as a punishment for their crime, and to serve as an example from God. God is Almighty, Most Wise."
- "Do not withhold any testimony by concealing what you had witnessed. Anyone who withholds a testimony is sinful at heart."
- "And do not covet what we bestowed upon any other people. Such are temporary ornaments of this life, whereby we put them to the test. What your Lord provides for you is far better, and everlasting."
Views of other faiths
While other faiths do not generally recognize the Ten Commandments in their unity, many of them have comparable laws or principles .
In atheist Soviet Union the Moral Code of the Builder of Communism had many notions much resembling the Ten Commandments.
Controversies
Sabbath daySee main articles: Shabbat, Sabbath
Most Christians believe that Sunday is a special day of worship and rest, every week commemorating the Resurrection of Jesus on the first day of the week on the Jewish calendar. Most Christian traditions teach that there is an analogy between the obligation of the Christian day of worship and the Sabbath-day ordinance, but that they are not literally identical - for a believer in Christ the Sabbath ordinance has not so much been removed as superseded, because God's very work of creation has been superseded by a "new creation" , according to this Christian view. For this reason, most teach that the obligation to keep the Sabbath is not the same for Christians as in Judaism, and for support they point to examples in the New Testament, and other writings surviving from the first few centuries. Some conservative Christians, most of them within the Reformed tradition, are "sabbatarians", believing the first day of the week or Lord's Day to be the new covenant Sabbath .
Still others believe that the Sabbath remains as a day of rest on the Saturday, reserving Sunday as a day of worship. In reference to Acts 20:7, the disciples came together on the first day of the week to break bread and to hear the preaching of the apostle Paul. This is not the first occurrence of Christians assembling on a Sunday; Jesus appeared to the Christians on the "first day of the week" while they were in hiding. One can maintain this argument in that Jesus himself maintained the Sabbath, although not within the restrictions that were mandated by Jewish traditions; the Pharisees often tried Jesus by asking him if certain tasks were acceptable according to the Law . This would seem to indicate that while the Sabbath was still of importance to the Jews, Sunday was a separate day for worship and teaching from Scriptures.
The Seventh-day Adventists disagree with the common Christian view. They argue that the custom of meeting for worship on Sunday originated in paganism, specifically Sol Invictus and Mithraism and constitutes an explicit rejection of the commandment to keep the seventh day holy. Instead, they keep Saturday as the Sabbath as a memorial to God's work of creation believing that none of the ten commandments can ever be destroyed . Seventh-day sabbatarians claim that the seventh day Sabbath was kept by the majority of Christian groups until the 2nd and 3rd century, by most until the 4th and 5th century, and a few thereafter, but because of opposition to Judaism after the Jewish-Roman wars, the original custom was gradually replaced by Sunday as the day of worship. The history of these changes is certainly not altogether lost regardless of any belief in a suppression of the facts by a conspiracy of the pagans of the Roman Empire and the clergy of the Catholic Church. See Great Apostasy.
Jews had come to be loathed in the Roman Empire after the Jewish-Roman wars, and this lead to the criminalization of the Jewish Sabbath. The sheer hatred of Jews is quite apparent in the Council of Laodicea where Canon 37-38 states: "It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them." and "It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety." In keeping with this rejection of the Jews, this Roman council also criminalized the Jewish Sabbath as can be seen in Canon 29 of the Council Laodicea: "Christians must not judaize by resting on the Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honoring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ."
You shall not steal Significant voices of academic theologians suggest that commandment "you shall not steal" was originally intended against stealing people - against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Jewish interpretation of the statement as "you shall not kidnap". With this understanding the second half of the ten commandments proceeds from protection of life, through protection of heredity, to protection of freedom, protection of law, and finally protection of property. This suggestion has not gained wider acceptance.
IdolatrySee main articles: Idolatry, Idolatry in Judaism, Idolatry in Christianity, Idolatry in Islam
Christianity holds that the essential element of the commandment not to make "any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above" is "and bow down and worship it". Thus, they hold that one may build and use "likenesses", as long as the object is not worshipped. As a result, many Christian buildings and services feature images, some feature statues, and in some Orthodox services, icons are venerated. For most Christians, this practice is understood as fulfilling the observance of this commandment, as the images are not being worshipped.
Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that the incarnation of God as a human, Jesus, makes it permissible and necessary to venerate icons.
For Jews and Muslims , veneration seems to violate this commandment. Jews and Muslims read this commandment as prohibiting the use of idols and images in any way. Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven.
Very few Christians oppose the making of any images at all, but some groups have been critical of the use others make of images in worship. In particular, the Orthodox have criticized the Roman Catholic use of decorative statues, Roman Catholics have criticized the Orthodox veneration of icons, and some Protestant groups have criticized the use of stained-glass windows by many other denominations. Jehovah's Witnesses criticize the use of all of the above, as well as the use of the cross. Amish people forbid any sort of graven image, such as photos.
Public monuments and controversy in the USASee also: Roy Moore, Van Orden v. Perry was argued before the Supreme Court of the United States [i] on March 2, 2005. ...
, Separation of church and state in the United States
There is an ongoing dispute in the United States concerning the posting of the Ten Commandments on public property. Certain conservative religious groups, alarmed by the banning of officially-sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court, have taken this as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. As a result they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the Ten Commandments in public buildings. As seen above, any attempt to post the Decalogue on a public building necessarily takes a sectarian stance; Protestants and Roman Catholics number the commandments differently. Hundreds of these monuments – including some of those causing dispute – were originally placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments.
Secularists and some liberals oppose the posting of the Ten Commandments on public property, arguing that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. .
In contrast, many Conservative or religious groups claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present day legal codes. Also, some conservatives argue that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendments freedom of religion. "Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."
Secularist groups counter that several of the commandments are explicitly religious and that statements of monotheism like "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" are unacceptable to many religious viewpoints, such as atheists or followers of polytheistic religions. Putting aside the constitutional issue of whether the constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments, there is clearly a legitimate political and civil rights issue regarding whether the posting of what could be construed as religious doctrine alienated religious minorities and created the appearance of impropriety by making it appear that a state church had been established, creating the impression that the very intent of the establishment clause was being undermined. Even without establishing that a literal violation of the First Amendment had occurred, the appearance that it had been violated to people who do not accept the commandments, or religion itself, could be just as damaging and marginalizing.
In addition, it has been argued if the Commandments are posted, it would require that members of other religions be allowed to post the particular tenets of their religions as well. For example, an organization by the name of Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the Ten Commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination. Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their Ten Commandments.
This incident shows another practical reason why not posting religious doctrine on government property is expedient; it is unlikely that a believer in the commandments would appreciate having a shrine to another religion placed next to them, and taken to its logical outcome , it is clear that permitting religious speech through the mouthpiece of the state is impractical, given the reality of the diversity of religious belief and non-belief in the United States. Rather than enforcing any religious belief, or atheism, which itself a belief as well, mainstream liberals tend to merely feel that the state ought to be neutral on the subject of religion, and allow people to find their own faith, rather than have the state appear to endorse any particular beliefs.
Some religious Jews oppose the posting of the Ten Commandments in public schools, as they feel it is wrong for public schools to teach their children Judaism. The argument is that if a Jewish parent wishes to teach their child to be a Jew , then this education should come from practicing Jews, and not from non-Jews. This position is based on the demographic fact that the vast majority of public school teachers in the United States are not Jews; the same is true for the students. This same reasoning and position is also held by many believers in other religions. Many Christians have some concerns about this as well; for example, can Catholic parents count on Protestant or Orthodox Christian teachers to tell their children their particular understanding of the commandments? Differences in the interpretation and translation of these commandments, as noted above, can sometimes be significant.
Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the Ten Commandments in public buildings. Opponents of these displays include a number of religious groups, including some Christian denominations, both because they don't want government to be issuing religious doctrine, and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider kulturkampf between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society other legal organizations, such as Liberty Counsel have risen to defend the traditional interpretation.
The Ritual Decalogue
The term "Ten Commandments" without a modifier generally applies to the lists mentioned in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 as "written on the tablets of stone". However, there is a continuous narrative starting in Exodus 31:28 , Exodus 32:19 and Exodus 34, which lists a very different set of commandments, sometimes referred to as the "Ritual Decalogue". Later sources, starting with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and later the proponents of the documentary hypothesis, note that Exodus 34:28 seems to refer to these Ten Commandments rather than the traditional ones. These commentators have theorized that the commandments in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 represent a "later" set of Ten Commandments, and that the ten listed in Exodus 34 were the "original" Ten Commandments, now known as the Ritual Decalogue . The differences between the two "Decalogues" highlight the development of sacred texts over vast amounts of time and from differing narrative traditions by incorporating two differing sets of Ten Commandments.
Further reading
References
External links
- The Ten Commandments: Ex. 20 version , Deut. 5 version in by Jewish Publication Society, 1917 ed.
- in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- from the
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