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Golden calf
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The golden calf (??? ???? Egel haZahav) was an idol (a cult image) made for the Israelites during Moses' absence, as he went up to Mount Sinai. According to the Hebrew Bible, the calf was made by Aaron to satisfy the Israelites, whereas the Quran indicates the maker to be Samiri.
In Hebrew, the incident is known as "Chet ha'Egel" (??? ????) or "The Sin of the Calf".
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The golden calf (??? ???? Egel haZahav) was an idol (a cult image) made for the Israelites during Moses' absence, as he went up to Mount Sinai. According to the Hebrew Bible, the calf was made by Aaron to satisfy the Israelites, whereas the Quran indicates the maker to be Samiri.
In Hebrew, the incident is known as "Chet ha'Egel" (??? ????) or "The Sin of the Calf". It is first mentioned in Exodus (Taha in the Quran). In Egypt, whence the Hebrews had recently come, the Apis Bull was the comparable object of worship, which the Hebrews were reviving in the wilderness. Among the Egyptians' and Hebrews' neighbors in the Ancient Near East and in the Aegean, the Aurochs, the wild bull, was widely worshipped, often as the Lunar Bull and as the creature of El. Its Minoan manifestation survived as the Cretan Bull of Greek myth.
Summary of the Biblical narrative
When Moses went up onto Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments (), he left the Israelites for forty days and forty nights (). The Israelites feared that he would not return and asked Aaron to make gods for them (). Aaron complied and gathered up the Israelites' golden earrings. He melted them and constructed the golden calf. Aaron also built an altar before the calf. and the next day, the Israelites made offerings and celebrated.
The Lord told Moses that his people had corrupted themselves, and that he planned to eliminate them, but Moses argued and pleaded that they should be spared (); the Lord relented. Moses went down from the mountain, but upon seeing the calf, he too became angry. He threw down the tablets upon which God's law had been written, and broke them. Moses then burnt the golden calf in the fire, ground it to powder, scattered it on water, and forced the Israelites to drink it. He questioned Aaron about the event, who admitted to collecting the gold, throwing it into the fire, and out came a calf. Then Moses gathered the sons of Levi and set them to slaying a large number of adult males (3000). A plague then struck the Israelites. Nevertheless, the Lord stated that he would one day visit the Israelites' sin upon them.
Since Moses had broken the tablets, the Lord instructed him to return to Mount Sinai yet again () to receive a replacement.
Interpretation
The Sin of Idolatry
Within the context of the narrative, God has just finished delivering the Ten Commandments to the Israelites, which included the Second Commandment regarding the prohibition against idolatry, that is, the making of images (similitudes) to be used in the worship of Yahweh. Further interpretation also suggests that the prohibition of the Second Commandment also included any adoption of the rites and traditions of the pagan nations, not merely the making of images.
Many scholars have suggested that the Israelites were worshipping the Egyptian god Apis, falling back into what they had known for centuries while in captivity. It is suggested that the "idolatry" on display here was the worship of another god though the account describes the calf as an image in the worship of Yahweh. In Exodus 32 it states: "When Aaron saw this, he built an altar in front of the calf and announced, 'Tomorrow there will be a festival to the LORD.'" Within the context of the Exodus story, it would be highly unlikely that the Israelites, after witnessing the miracles of the Exodus first hand, would have fallen into the worship of another god immediately after Yahweh had just spoken the Decalogue in their midst.
Complicating the matter still further, there are indications in the story that the Israelites intended a replacement Moses rather than a replacement or even icon for God Himself. For instance, the rationale they gave Aaron for making the thing in the first place (Ex. 32:1) was "because this the man Moses, who took us out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him."
Aaron's statement
When Aaron has made the golden calf, he says the rather confusing statement "These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt." It is confusing because there is a single calf, so why refer to it as gods (plural). It is also not clear why it might be involved with bringing the people up from Egypt.
However, later on in 1 Kings , Jeroboam tries to stop the Northern Israelites from visiting Jerusalem. He has two high places erected at Dan and Bethel as new offering places. At each of these he has constructed a golden calf and says "It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Here are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt." A similar phrase.
The creation of the golden calves may have been an attempt to identify the Lord with Baal. Among the Phoenicians, Baal was sometimes called the "calf" whereas the supreme god El (God) was called the "bull". Bovine whole-burnt offerings were an important part of Baal worship. The golden calf may have been a zoomorphic ark for Baal, just as winged lions (cherubim) were for the Lord. By making a calf pedestal, instead of a lion, would have been an attempt to identify the Lord with the Canaanite son of Dagon, Baal.
The construction of the two golden calves would have been seen as a gross blasphemy by the Kings author, on a par with the original Golden Calf episode. The Levite priests in the North would have found those golden calves an irritation as they were looked after by non-Levite priests, and were probably seen as idolatrous. A reference to the original golden calf episode may have been seen fitting. There may even have been some cross over of the language.
As adoration of wealth
A metaphoric interpretation emphasizes the "gold" part of "golden calf" to criticize the pursuit of wealth.
This usage can be found in Spanish where Mammon, the Gospel personification of idolatry of wealth, is not so current.
Quranic Version
The Quranic Version of the episode is similar in most respects, except that the golden calf is constructed by a man named Samiri, rather than Aaron. Samiri claims that Moses has disappeared, and the Israelites have to find a new god. To this end, Samiri makes a golden calf from the gold jewelry brought out of Egypt.
Aaron, who is acting as leader in Moses' absence, attempts to prevent them from worshipping the statue, but is unsuccessful. When Moses does return, he is initially infuriated at the pagan ritual and Samiri's inability to stop it. Moses then exiles Samiri and orders the golden calf burnt and its ashes cast into the sea.
In Popular Culture
- The golden calf is also the award given at the Netherlands Film Festival, regarded as the Dutch counterpart to the Academy Awards.
- Mooby the Golden Calf is a recurring fictional character in View Askewniverse that alludes to the golden calf. In the motion picture Dogma, the angel Loki (Matt Damon) punishes the entire board of a company for personal sins; the company's trademark was the golden calf, named Mooby.
- Magog is represented as a false idol in DC Comics series Kingdom Come.
- In Arcade Fire's second album, Neon Bible, the title track features lyrics referring to the golden calf.
- The golden calf is mentioned in Bob Dylan's song Gates of Eden.
- The golden calf is mentioned in The Hooters' song All You Zombies.
- The golden calf is mentioned in Robert Greene's book The 48 Laws of Power.
- In 2008, Damien Hirst put his sculpture The Golden Calf up for auction at Sotheby's. The dead calf in formaldehyde, complete with gold-plated horns and hooves, sold for 10.3 million pounds.
- Prefab Sprout has a song on From Langley Park to Memphis called "The Golden Calf".
- In the novel Anthem by Ayn Rand, the main character Equality loves Liberty and nicknames her The Golden One. This is a possible allusion to the Golden Calf that the Hebrews worshipped at Mount Sinai. It is an indication that Equality viewed Liberty as the idol of his worship and love.
See also
External links
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