Tanakh
Tanakh [????] , is an acronym that identifies the
Hebrew Bible. The acronym is based on the initial Hebrew letters of each of the text's three parts:
#
Torah [????] meaning "Instruction". Also called the
Chumash [????] meaning: "The five"; "The five books of Moses". Also called the "Pentateuch".
#Nevi'im [??????] meaning "Prophets"
#Ketuvim [??????] meaning "Writings" or "Hagiographa".
The Tanakh is also called [????], Mikra or Miqra.
Encyclopedia
Tanakh [????] , is an acronym that identifies the
Hebrew Bible. The acronym is based on the initial Hebrew letters of each of the text's three parts:
- Torah [????] meaning "Instruction". Also called the Chumash [????] meaning: "The five"; "The five books of Moses". Also called the "Pentateuch".
- Nevi'im [??????] meaning "Prophets"
- Ketuvim [??????] meaning "Writings" or "Hagiographa".
The Tanakh is also called [????],
Mikra or
Miqra.
Terminology
The division reflected in the acronym Tanakh is well attested to in documents from the
Second Temple period and in Rabbinic literature. During that period, however, the acronym Tanakh was not used; rather, the proper term was
Mikra . The term
Mikra continues to be used to this day alongside
Tanakh to refer to the Hebrew scriptures.
Because the books included in the Tanakh were predominantly written in Hebrew, it may also be called the
Hebrew Bible. Parts of Daniyel and Ezra, as well as a sentence in Yir'm'yahu and a two-word toponym in
B'reshit , are in
Aramaic — but even these are written in the same Hebrew script.
The canon
- Main Article: Jewish canon.
According to the Jewish tradition, the Tanakh consists of twenty-four books . The Torah has five books, Nevi'im contains eight books, and Ketuvim has eleven.
These twenty-four books are the same books found in the Protestant Old Testament, but the order of the books is different. The enumeration differs as well: Christians count these books as thirty-nine, not twenty-four. This is because Jews often count as a single book what Christians count as several. However, the term
Old Testament, while common, is often considered pejorative by Jews as it implies the validity of a
New Testament.
As such, one may draw a technical distinction between the Jewish Tanakh and the similar, but not identical, corpus which Protestant Christians call the Old Testament. Thus, some scholars prefer
Hebrew Bible as a term that covers the commonality of Tanakh and the Old Testament while avoiding sectarian bias.
The
Catholic and
Orthodox Old Testaments contain six books not included in the Tanakh. They are called deuterocanonical books .
In Christian Bibles, Daniel and the Book of Esther sometimes include extra deuterocanonical material that is not included in either the Jewish or most Protestant canons.
Books of the Tanakh
The Hebrew text originally consisted only of consonants, together with some inconsistently applied letters used as
vowels . During the early middle ages, the Masoretes codified the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh by adding two special kinds of symbols to the text:
niqud and
cantillation signs. The latter indicate syntax, stress , and the melody for reading.
The books of the Torah have generally-used names which are based on the first prominent word in each book. The
English names are not translations of the Hebrew; they are based on the Greek names created for the
Septuagint which in turn were based on Rabbinic names describing the thematic content of each of the Books.
The
Torah is a Hebrew [i] word meaning "teaching [i]," "instruction [i]," or "law [i]". ...
[also known as the Pentateuch] consists of:
- Genesis [?????? / B'reshit]
- Exodus [???? / Sh'mot]
- Leviticus [????? / Vayiqra]
- Numbers [????? / B'midbar]
- Deuteronomy [????? / D'varim]
The books of
Nevi'im are:
- 6. Joshua [????? / Y'hoshua]
- 7. Judges [?????? / Shophtim]
- 8. Samuel [????? / Sh'muel]
- 9. Kings [????? / M'lakhim]
- 10. Isaiah [????? / Y'shayahu]
- 11. Jeremiah [????? / Yir'm'yahu]
- 12. Ezekiel [?????? / Y'chezqel]
- 13. The Twelve Minor Prophets [??? ???]
I. Hosea [???? / Hoshea]
II. Joel [???? / Yoel]
III. Amos [???? / Amos]
IV. Obadiah [?????? / Ovadyah]
V.
Jonah [???? / Yonah]
VI. Micah [???? / Mikhah]
VII. Nahum [????]
VIII. Habakkuk [????? /Chavaquq]
IX. Zephaniah [????? / Ts'phanyah]
X. Haggai [???]
XI. Zechariah [?????/ Z'kharyah]
XII. Malachi [?????/ Malakhi]
The
Kh'tuvim are:
- 14. Psalms [????? / T'hilim]
- 15. Proverbs [???? / Mishlei]
- 16. Job [???? / Iyov]
- 17. Song of Songs [??? ?????? / Shir Hashirim]
- 18. Ruth [???]
- 19. Lamentations [???? / Eichah]
- 20. Ecclesiastes [???? / Qohelet]
- 21. Esther
...
[????]
- 22. Daniyel [?????]
- 23. Ezra-Nehemiah [N'chemyah /???? ??????]
- 24. Chronicles [???? ????? / Divrey Hayamim]
Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions
The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions of the Tanakh so that verses may be located and cited. The division of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles into parts I and II is also indicated on each page of those books in order to prevent confusion about whether a chapter number is from part I or II, since the chapter numbering for these books follows their partition in the Christian textual tradition.
The adoption of the Christian chapter divisions by Jews began in the late middle ages in
Spain, partially in the context of forced clerical debates which took place against a background of harsh persecution and of the
Spanish Inquisition . From the standpoint of the Jewish textual tradition, the chapter divisions are not only a foreign feature with no basis in the
mesorah, but also open to severe criticism of two kinds:
- The chapter divisions often reflect Christian exegesis of the Bible.
- Even when they do not imply Christian exegesis, the chapters often divide the biblical text at numerous points that may be deemed inappropriate for literary or other reasons.
Nevertheless, because they proved useful — and eventually indispensable — for citations, they continued to be included by Jews in most Hebrew editions of the biblical books. For more information on the origin of these divisions, see chapters and verses of the Bible.
The chapter and verse numbers were often indicated very prominently in older editions, to the extent that they overshadowed the traditional Jewish
masoretic divisions. However, in many Jewish editions of the Tanakh published over the past forty years, there has been a major historical trend towards minimizing the impact and prominence of the chapter and verse numbers on the printed page. Most editions accomplish this by removing them from the text itself and relegating them to the margins of the page. The main text in these editions is unbroken and uninterrupted at the beginning of chapters . The lack of chapter breaks within the text in these editions also serves to reinforce the visual impact created by the spaces and "paragraph" breaks on the page, which indicate the traditional Jewish parashah divisions.
These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts . The text of Samuel II, for instance, follows Samuel I on the very same page with no special break at all in the flow of the text, and may even continue on the very same line of text.
Oral Torah
- See: Oral law in Judaism.
Rabbinical Judaism believes that the Torah was transmitted side by side with an oral tradition. Other groups, such as
Karaite Judaism and the majority of Christians, exceptions being certain Hebraic Roots and Messianic groups, do not accept this claim. Many terms and definitions used in the written law are undefined within the Torah itself, and the reader is assumed to be familiar with the context and details. This fact is presented as evidence to the antiquity of the oral tradition. An opposing argument is that only a small portion of the vast rabbinic works on the oral tradition can be described as mere clarifications and context. These rabbinic works, collectively known as "the oral law" [???? ???? ??], include the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the two
Talmuds , and the early Midrash compilations.
Available texts
- Tanakh, English translation, Jewish Publication Society, 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9
- Jewish Study Bible, using NJPS translation, Oxford U Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-529754-7
- Tanach: The Stone Edition, Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5
See also
- Jewish English Bible translations
- Bible
- Biblical canon
- Mikraot Gedolot
- Rabbinic literature
- Septuagint
- Samaritan Pentateuch
- Books of the Bible for a side-by-side comparison of Jewish, Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant canons.
- 613 mitzvot, the formal list of all 613 commandments that Jewish sages traditionally identify in the Torah
- Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture
- Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
External links
Online texts
- Mikraot Gedolot at in and
-
- - A transcription of the electronic source maintained by the Westminster Hebrew Institute.
- - The Hebrew text of the Tanakh based on the Aleppo codex, edited according to the system of Rabbi Mordechai Breuer. Hebrew text comes in four convenient versions and may be downloaded. The JPS 1917 English translation is included as well .
- - Custom PDF versions of any section of the Bible in Hebrew.
Reading guides
- - Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical books based on the natural flow of the text . The outlines include a daily study-cycle, and the explanatory material is in English.
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