Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Population Transfer in the Soviet Union

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Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population, often classified as "enemies of workers", deportations of nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed

Ethnic cleansing

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Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is a euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment, expulsion, or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity in majority-controlled territory....
territories. In most cases their destinations were underpopulated remote areas, see Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union

Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union

Forced settlements in the Soviet Union took several forms. Though the most notorious was the Gulag labor camp system of penal labor, resettling of entire categories of population was another method of political repression in the Soviet Union....
. This includes deportations to the Soviet Union of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR.

Deportations of social categories

Kulak

Kulaks were a category of relatively affluent and well-endowed peasants in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and early Soviet Union. The word kulak originally referred to independent farmers in the Russian Empire who emerged as a result of the Stolypin reform which began in 1906....
s (peasant

Peasant

A peasant is an agriculture worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground. The word is derived from 15th century French language pa?sant meaning one from the pays, or rural, ultimately from the Latin pagus, or outlying administrative district ....
s classified as rich by Soviet administration) were the most numerous social category of deported by the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
and Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
. According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931. Books say that 1,317,022 reached the destination. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who had died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521.

Ethnic cleansing

The partial removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
during his career: Poles

Poles

Romanians

], 26 Nov 2004. Reprinted at , retrieved 18 Dec 2005.External links *...
(1941 and 1944-1953) Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians

Estonians

Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric languages language, known as Estonian....
(1941 and 1945-1949), Volga German

Volga German

The Volga Germans were ethnic Germans living along the River Volga in the region of southern European Russia around Saratov and to the south. They maintained German culture, German language, traditions and churches: Evangelical Church in Germany, Reformed Church, Roman Catholicism, and Russian Mennonite....
s (1941), Chechens

Chechen people

Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Nokhchii , which comes from the name of a large Chechen teip, the Nokhchmekhkakhoi, and their homeland....
, Ingushs

Ingush people

The Ingush are an ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai ....
(1944), Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
, Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. By some estimates up to 43% of the resettled population died of diseases and malnutrition

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or inadequate diet and nutrition.According to the World Health Organization, hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases....
.

The deportations started with Poles from Belarus

Belarus

Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the north....
, Ukraine

Ukraine

Koryo-saram

Koryo-saram is the name which Korean people in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia....
in the Russian Far East

Russian Far East

Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Siberia and the Pacific Ocean....
were deported in 1937 (see Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union

Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union

From September to October 1937, the Soviet Union authorities deported tens of thousands of persons of Korean origins from the Russian Far East to Soviet Central Asia....
).

After the Soviet invasion of Poland

Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)

The 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939, during the early stages of World War II, sixteen days after the beginning of the Nazi Germany invasion of Poland ....
following the corresponding German invasion

Invasion of Poland (1939)

The Invasion of Poland in 1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak invasion of Poland contingent....
that marked the start of World War II

World War II

Soviet Union

Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II....
. During 1939-1941 1.45 million people inhabiting the region were deported by the Soviet regime, of whom 63.1% were Poles

Poles

The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....
, and 7.4% were Jews. Previously it was believed that about 1.0 million Polish citizens died at the hands of the Soviets, however recently Polish historians, based mostly on queries in Soviet archives, estimate the number of deaths at about 350,000 people deported in 1939-1945. From the newly conquered Eastern Poland 1.5 million people were deported.

The same followed in the Baltic Republics of Latvia

Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
, Lithuania

Lithuania

Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest....
and Estonia

Estonia

Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russia ....
. More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been deported from the Baltic in 1940-1953. In addition, at least 75,000 were sent to Gulag

Gulag

The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Gulag is the Russian acronym for The Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies of the NKVD....
. 10% of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to labor camps. (see Order ? 001223

Order ? 001223

Order ? 001223, "On the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia", signed January 21, 1941, contained detailed instructions for procedures and protocols to observe in the deportation of Baltic states nationals....
, Operation Priboi

Operation Priboi

Operation Priboi was the code name for the Soviet mass deportations from the Baltic States in March 1949. It was one of the most complex deportation operations engineered by the Soviets in the post war era....
, Soviet deportations from Estonia

Soviet deportations from Estonia

As the Soviet Union had occupied Estonia in 1940 and retaken it from Nazi Germany again in 1944, tens of thousands of Estonia's citizens suffered Population transfer in the Soviet Union in the 1940s....
)

Likewise, Moldovans

Moldovans

Moldovans or Moldavians are the native population of the medieval Principality of Moldavia, which nowadays corresponds to 8 north-eastern counties of Romania , the Republic of Moldova, and small parts of Ukraine ....
from Chernivtsi Oblast

Chernivtsi Oblast

Chernivtsi Oblast , is an administrative divisions of Ukraine in western Ukraine, bordering on Romania and Moldova. It has a large variety of landforms: the Carpathian Mountains and picturesque hills at the foot of the mountains gradually change to a broad partly forested plain situated between the Dniester and Prut rivers....
and Moldova

Moldova

Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south....
had been deported in great numbers which range from 200,000 to 400,000. (see Soviet deportations from Bessarabia)

During World War II, particularly in 1943-44, the Soviet government conducted a series of deportation

Deportation

Deportation generally means the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. The expulsion of natives is also called banishment, exile, or penal transportation....
s. Some 1.9 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Treasonous collaboration with the invading Germans

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
and anti-Soviet rebellion

List of revolutions and rebellions

This is a list of revolutions and rebellions. A list of coups d'?tat and coup attempts can be found here: List of coups d'?tat and coup attempts....
were the official reasons for these deportations. Out of approximately 183,000 Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic peoples ethnic group originally residing in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language. They are not to be confused with the Volga Tatars....
, 20,000 or 10% of the entire population served in German battalions.

Volga German

Volga German

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
or non-Slavic

Slavic peoples

The Slavic Peoples are a linguistic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in eastern Europe. From the early 6th century they spread from their original homeland to inhabit most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans....
) nationalities of the Crimea

Crimea

Crimea or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is an autonomous republic of Ukraine located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name....
and the northern Caucasus

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
were deported: the Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars

Kalmykia

The Republic of Kalmykia is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russian Federation . The direct romanization of Russian of the republic's Russian name is Respublika Kalmykiya, and that of the Kalmyk name is Xal'mg Tanghch....
, Chechens, Ingush

Ingushetia

The Republic of Ingushetia is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. The republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg....
, Balkars

Balkars

The Balkars are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, the titular population of Kabardino-Balkaria. Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern group of Turkic languages....
, Karachay

Karachay-Cherkessia

Karachay-Cherkess Republic , or Karachay-Cherkessia is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . The direct romanization of Russian of the republic's Russian name is Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika or Karachayevo-Cherkessiya....
s, and Meskhetian Turks. All Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic peoples ethnic group originally residing in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language. They are not to be confused with the Volga Tatars....
were deported en masse, in a form of collective punishment

Collective punishment

Collective punishment is the punishment of a group of people as a result of the behaviour of one or more other individuals or groups. The punished group may often have no direct association with the other individuals or groups, or direct control over their actions....
, on 18 May 1944 as special settlers to Uzbek SSR

Uzbek SSR

The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as the Uzbek SSR for short, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union since its creation in 1924....
and other distant parts of the Soviet Union. Nearly 20% died in exile during the year and a half by the NKVD

NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
datas and nearly 46% according to data from the Crimean Tatar activists. (see Deportation of Crimean Tatars

Deportation of Crimean Tatars

S?rg?n refers to the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 to Uzbek SSR. A symbol of S?rg?n is a steam engine.The deportation had begun on 17 May 1944 in all Crimean inhabited localities....
)

Other minorities evicted from the Black Sea

Black Sea

The Black Sea is an inland sea sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolia and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits....
coastal region included Bulgaria

Bulgaria

The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
ns, Greeks

Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
, and Armenia

Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea....
ns.

After World War II

World War II

Germans

The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue....
population of the Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Oblast forms the westernmost part of the Russian Federation, but it has no land connection to the rest of Russia....
, former East Prussia

East Prussia

East Prussia refers to the main part of the Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Sea from the 13th century to 1945. From 1772?1829 and 1878?1945, the Province of East Prussia was a province of the Germany state of Prussia....
was replaced by the Soviet one, mainly by Russians

Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
. The Red Army

Red Army

The Red Army was the armed force first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and, in 1922, became the army of the Soviet Union....
occupation led to the deportation to Siberia of more than 200,000 ethnic Germans of Romania (around 75,000 Transylvanian Saxons

Transylvanian Saxons

The Transylvanian Saxons are a people of ethnic German who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards.The colonization of Transylvania by Germans was begun by King G?za II of Hungary ....
), Hungary

Hungary

Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
and Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia

File:LocationYugoslavia2.pngYugoslavia is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century....
. Most of them died in prison camps. Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union

Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union

Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations for the damage inflicted by Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union during World War II....
was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations. The reported death rate was 39% among “arrested internees” from Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Lower Silesia is to the northwest. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of Greater Moravia, Kingdom of Bohemia, Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Kingdom of Prussia, and later of unified German Reich....
and East Prussia

East Prussia

Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
and Soviet Ukraine conducted population exchanges - Poles

Poles

The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....
that resided east of the established Poland-Soviet border were deported to Poland (c.a. 2,100,000 persons) and Ukrainians

Ukrainians

Ukrainians are an East Slavs ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly?citizens of Ukraine . Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Rusyny ....
that resided west of the established Poland-Soviet Union border were deported to Soviet Ukraine. Population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred from September 1944 to April 1946 (ca. 450,000 persons). Some Ukrainians (ca. 200,000 persons) left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily (between 1944 and 1945).

In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964....
in his speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences
On the Personality Cult and its Consequences

The Personality Cult and its Consequences , commonly known as the Secret Speech or the Khrushchev Report, was a report to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 24-25 1956 by Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev....
condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninist

Leninism

Leninism refers to various related Political science and economics theories elaborated by the Bolshevik Communism leader Vladimir Lenin. Leninism builds upon and elaborates the ideas of Marxism, and serves as a philosophical basis for the ideology of Soviet communism....
principles, asserting that the Ukrainians

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
avoided such a fate "only because there were too many of them and there was no place to which to deport them." His government reversed most of Stalin's deportations, although it was not until as late as 1991 that the Crimean Tatars, Meskhs and Volga Germans were allowed to return en masse to their homelands. The deportations had a profound effect on the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union and they are still a major political issue - the memory of the deportations played a major part in the separatist movements in Chechnya

Chechnya

The Chechen Republic , or, informally, Chechnya , sometimes referred to as Ichkeria , Chechnia, Chechenia or Nox?iyn, is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia....
and the Baltic republics.

Some peoples were deported after Stalin's death: in 1959, Chechen returnees were supplanted from the mountains to the Chechen plain. The mountaineers of Tajikistan

Tajikistan

Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east....
, such as Yaghnobi people

Yaghnobi people

Yaghnobi people is the name of an isolated people who live in the Sughd province of Tajikistan in the valleys of the Yagnob, Kul and Varzob rivers....
were forcibly settled to the plain deserts in 1970s.

Labor force transfer

Punitive transfers of population transfers handled by Gulag

Gulag

The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Gulag is the Russian acronym for The Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies of the NKVD....
and the system of involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union

Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union

Forced settlements in the Soviet Union took several forms. Though the most notorious was the Gulag labor camp system of penal labor, resettling of entire categories of population was another method of political repression in the Soviet Union....
were planned in accordance with the needs of the colonization of the remote and underpopulated territories of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
. (Their large scale has led to a controversial opinion in the West that the economic growth of the Soviet Union was largely based on the slave labor of Gulag prisoners.) At the same time, on a number of occasions the workforce was transferred by non-violent means, usually by means of "recruitment" (????????). This kind of recruitment was regularly performed at forced settlements, where people were naturally more willing to resettle. For example, the workforce of the Donbass and Kuzbass mining basins is known to have been replenished in this way. (As a note of historical comparison, in Imperial Russia the mining workers at state mines (bergals, "???????", from German Bergauer) were often recruited in lieu of military service which, for a certain period, had a term of 25 years ).

There were several notable campaigns of targeted workforce transfer.

Twenty-five-thousander
Twenty-five-thousander

Twenty-five-thousanders was a collective name for the frontline workers from big industrial cities of the Soviet Union, who voluntarily left their homes for rural areas at the call of the CPSU in order to improve the performance of kolkhozes during the agricultural collectivisation in the USSR in the early 1930s....
s
Russian Germans
Labor army

The notion of the Labor army was introduced in Bolshevist Russia in 1920. Initially the term was applied to regiments of Red Army transferred from military activity to labor activity, such as logging, coal mining, Wood fuel stocking, etc....
Virgin Lands Campaign
Virgin Lands Campaign

The Virgin Lands Campaign was an initiative by Nikita Khrushchev to open up vast tracts of unseeded steppe in the northern Kazakh SSR and the Altay Mountains region of the Russian SFSR, started in 1954....
Baku
Baku

Baku , sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bak?, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan....
oil industry workers transfer: During the Great Patriotic War, in October 1942, about 10,000 workers from the petroleum sites of Baku, together with their families, were transferred to several sites with potential oil production (the "Second Baku" area (Volga
Volga River

The Volga is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, Discharge , and Drainage basin. It flows through the western part of Russia, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia....
-Ural
Ural River

The Ural , known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea....
oil field), Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
and Sakhalin
Sakhalin

Sakhalin , also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45?50' and 54?24' N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast....
), in face of the potential German threat (Germany failed to seize Baku, though).

Repatriation after World War II

When the war ended in May 1945, millions of former Soviet citizens were forcefully repatriated

Operation Keelhaul

Operation Keelhaul was a programme carried out in Northern Italy by United Kingdom and United States forces to repatriate Russian captives to the Soviet Union between August 14, 1946 and May 9, 1947....
(against their will) into the USSR. On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Code name the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union?President of the United States Franklin D....
, the United States

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
and United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR.

The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets regardless of their wishes. British

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
and U.S. civilian authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

Collaboration during World War II

During World War II Nazi Germany occupied all or parts of the following countries: Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Vichy France, Yugoslavia, Greece, the Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Egypt and Italy....
), including numerous persons who had left Russia and established different citizenship many years before. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945-1947.

At the end of the World War II, there were more than 5 million "displaced persons" from the Soviet Union in the Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe refers to the countries in the western most half of Europe. This concept has had different meanings, political and cultural as well as geographical issues have influenced the area....
. About 3 million had been forced laborers

Unfree labour

Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern history or Early Modern period history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence , or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families....
(Ostarbeiters) in Germany and occupied territories.

The Soviet POWs and the Vlasov

Andrey Vlasov

General Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov or Wlassow was a Russians former Soviet Union Red Army general who collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II....
men were put under the jurisdiction of SMERSH

SMERSH

SMERSH were the counter-intelligence departments in the Soviet Army created in 1943. The name is phonetically similar to the Russian word "?????" or tornado....
(Death to Spies). Of the 5.7 million Soviet prisoners of war captured by the Germans, 3.5 million had died while in German captivity by the end of the war.

The survivors on their return to the USSR were treated as traitors (see Order No. 270).

Over 1.5 million surviving Red Army

Red Army

The Red Army was the armed force first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and, in 1922, became the army of the Soviet Union....
soldiers imprisoned by the Germans were sent to the Gulag

Gulag

Timeline

General references

Martin, Terry. 1998. "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing," Journal of Modern History 70 (December): 813-861.
Polian, Pavel
Pavel Polian

Pavel Markovich Polian is a Russian geographer, historian and sociologist, Doctor of Geographical Sciences with the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences....
(????? ?????), Deportations in the USSR: An index of operations with list of corresponding directives and legislation, Russian Academy of Science.
????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????... (Pavel Polyan, Not by Their Own Will
Not by Their Own Will

Against Their Will... The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR is a historical research book by Pavel Polyan, published by the Memorial society....
... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ??? ????????, Moscow, 2001, ISBN 5-94282-007-4
28 ??????? 1941 ?. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? "? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????".
1943 ?. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? "? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????". *????????????? ????????????? ???? ?? 12 ?????? 1949 ?. "? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ???????, ????? ???????? ? ?????????????, ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??????????, ?????????????? ????????, ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????, ? ?? ?????, ? ????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ????????"
???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? 13 ??????? 1955 ?. "? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????".
17 ????? 1956 ?. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? "? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????".
1956 ?. ????????????? ?? ???? "? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????????????, ???????????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????".
29 ??????? 1964 ?. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? "? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? 28 ??????? 1941 ?. ? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ? ??????? ????????".
1991 ?: Laws of Russian Federation: "? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????", "? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????".

Wikisource

State Defense Committee Decree No. 5859ss: On Crimean Tatars (See also )

External links

by J.Otto Pohl. Books.google.com
— Full text, English
Revelations from the Russian Archives at the Library of Congress
Library of Congress

The Library of Congress is the de facto national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and holds the largest number of books....

Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Deportations of social categories

Ethnic cleansing

Labor force transfer

Repatriation after World War II

Timeline

See also

General references

Wikisource

External links