Kazakh SSR

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Kazakh SSR

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (; ), also known as the Kazakh SSR for short, was one of republics

Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Soviet Union were, according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other Soviet Republics to become the Soviet Union....
that made up the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
. At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,063,200 square miles) in area, it was the second largest constituent republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR. Its capital was Alma-Ata (today known as Almaty). Today it is the independent state of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
in Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
.

The country is named after the Kazakh

Kazakhs

The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
people, Turkic

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to Siberia and Western China, and are sometimes considered to be part of the proposed Altaic languages....
-speaking former nomad

Nomad

Nomadic people, , also known as nomads, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than Settler in one location....
s who sustained a powerful khanate

Khanate

Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic language-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan . In modern Turkish the word used is hanlik, and in Azeri, xanliq....
in the region before Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
n and then Soviet domination.

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Encyclopedia

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (; ), also known as the Kazakh SSR for short, was one of republics

Republics of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

Kazakhstan

Central Asia

Kazakhs

The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
people, Turkic

Turkic languages

Nomad

Nomadic people, , also known as nomads, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than Settler in one location....
s who sustained a powerful khanate

Khanate

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
n and then Soviet domination. The Soviet Union's spaceport

Spaceport

A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching spacecraft, by analogy with seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. In rocketry, major spaceports often include more than one launch complex, each of which may have more than one launch pad....
, now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome

Baikonur Cosmodrome

The Baikonur Cosmodrome , also called Tjuratam, is the world's first and largest operational Spaceport. It is located in the desert steppes of Kazakhstan, about east of the Aral Sea, north of the Syr Darya river, near Tyuratam railway station....
was located in this republic at Tyuratam

Tyuratam

Tyuratam is a station on the main Moscow to Tashkent railway, located in Kazakhstan. The name is a word in the Kazakh language and means "T?re's grave"; T?re, or more formally, T?re-Baba, was a noble, a descendant of Genghis Khan....
, and the secret town of Leninsk

Leninsk

Leninsk may refer to:*Leninsk, Volgograd Oblast, a town in Volgograd Oblast, Russia*Leninsk, a former urban-type settlement in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia; since 2005—part of the city of Miass...
was constructed to accommodate its personnel.

History

Established on August 26, 1920, it was initially called Kirghiz ASSR (Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) and was a part of the Russian SFSR

Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
. On April 15-19, 1925, it was renamed Kazakh ASSR and on December 5, 1936 it became a Union Republic of the USSR called Kazakh SSR in the culminating act of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. In the 1930s, Kazakh SSR did not escape the damage of the Stalinist repressions and forced collectivization

Collectivisation in the USSR

Collectivization in the Soviet Union was a policy pursued under Joseph Stalin, between 1928 and 1940, to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms ....
that killed large numbers of peasants by famine. The Russian policymakers had an intent to weaken the sense of Kazakh national identity and solidify the Soviet doctrine, and routinely targeted prominent members of Kazakh culture. Thousands of members of Kazakh elite ("intelligentscia") have been deemed "unacceptably nationalistic or un-soviet" and were massacred, incarcerated or sent to prison mines in Siberia. The total number of Kazakh SSR victims of Stalinist Repressions during this period is estimated at least 100 000, with 25 000 of them classified as "executed". During the 1950s and 1960s Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the "Virgin Lands" of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants (mostly Russians

Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
, but also some forcibly resettled ethnic minorities

Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population, often classified as "enemies of workers", deportations of nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnic cleansing territories....
) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. As a result, the use of Kazakh language has declined but has started to pick up again after the independence, both as a result of its resurging popularity in law and business and growing proportion of Kazakhs since the Independence

Independence

Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty....
. The other nationalities included Ukrainians

Ukrainians

Ukrainians are an East Slavs ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly?citizens of Ukraine . Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Rusyny ....
, Germans

Germans

The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue....
, Jews, Belarusians

Belarusians

Belarusians or Belorussians are an East Slavs ethnic group who populate the majority of the Belarus and form minorities in neighboring Poland , Russia, Lithuania and Ukraine....
, Koreans and others; Germans at the time of independence formed about 8% of the population, the largest concentration of Germans in the entire Soviet Union. Independence

Independence

Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty....
has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. On December 10, 1991 Kazakh SSR was renamed into Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
and six days later became independent.

Population

According to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in the region, Kazakhs constituted 81.7% of the total population (3,392,751 people)within the territory of contemporary Kazakhstan. The Russian population in Kazakhstan was 454,402, or 10.95% of total population; there were 79,573 Ukrainians (1.91%); 55,984 Tatars (1.34%); 55,815 Uyghurs (1.34%); 29,564 Uzbeks (0.7%); 46,934 Greeks (0.29%) est 1989; 11,911 Mordovans (0.28%); 4,888 Dungan (0.11%); 2,883 Turkmen; 2,613 Germans; 2,528 Bashkir; 1,651 Jews; and 1,254 Poles.
Table: Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan (census data)

Nationality	1959 %	1970 %	1979 %	1989 %	1999 %
Kazakh	30.0	32.6	36.0	40.1	53.4
Russian	42.7	42.4	40.8	37.4	29.9
Ukrainian	8.2	7.2	6.1	5.4	3.7
Belarusian	1.2	1.5	1.2	1.1	0.8
German	7.1	6.6	6.1	5.8	2.4
Tatar	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.0	1.7
Uzbek	1.5	1.7	1.8	2.0	2.5
Uyghur	0.6	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.4
Korean	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7

External links

by Dinmukhamed Konayev, a 1958 Soviet propaganda booklet