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Karachay-Cherkess Republic (; Karachay-Balkar
Karachay-Balkar language

The Karachay-Balkar language is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay which pronounces two phonemes as and , and Balkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as and ....
: ????????-?????? ??????????; Kabardian
Kabardian language

The Kabardian language is closely related to the Adyghe language , both members of the Northwest Caucasian languages family. It is spoken mainly in the Russian republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia and in Turkey and the Middle East ....
: ????????-??????? ??????????), or Karachay-Cherkessia is a federal subject
Federal subjects of Russia

Russia is a federation which consists of 83 subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation?two delegates each?in the Federation Council of Russia ....
 of Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 (a republic
Republics of Russia

The Russia is divided into 83 federal subjects of Russia , 21 of which are republics. The republics represent areas of non-Russian ethnicity....
). The direct romanization
Romanization of Russian

Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliteration the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the alphabet of one's own language....
 of the republic's Russian name is Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika or Karachayevo-Cherkessiya.

Rivers There are 172 rivers on the territory of the republic.






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Encyclopedia


Karachay-Cherkess Republic (; Karachay-Balkar
Karachay-Balkar language

The Karachay-Balkar language is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay which pronounces two phonemes as and , and Balkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as and ....
: ????????-?????? ??????????; Kabardian
Kabardian language

The Kabardian language is closely related to the Adyghe language , both members of the Northwest Caucasian languages family. It is spoken mainly in the Russian republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia and in Turkey and the Middle East ....
: ????????-??????? ??????????), or Karachay-Cherkessia is a federal subject
Federal subjects of Russia

Russia is a federation which consists of 83 subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation?two delegates each?in the Federation Council of Russia ....
 of Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 (a republic
Republics of Russia

The Russia is divided into 83 federal subjects of Russia , 21 of which are republics. The republics represent areas of non-Russian ethnicity....
). The direct romanization
Romanization of Russian

Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliteration the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the alphabet of one's own language....
 of the republic's Russian name is Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika or Karachayevo-Cherkessiya.

Geography

  • Area:
  • Borders:
    • internal: Krasnodar Krai
      Krasnodar Krai

      Krasnodar Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the Southern Federal District....
       (N/NE/E), Kabardino-Balkar Republic
      Kabardino-Balkaria

      The Kabardino-Balkar Republic , or Kabardino-Balkaria , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located in the North Caucasus. The direct Romanization of Russian of the republic's name in the Russian language is Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika, or Kabardino-Balkariya....
       (E/SE), Stavropol Krai
      Stavropol Krai

      Stavropol Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Stavropol....
       (W/NW).
    • international: Georgia
      Georgia (country)

      Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
       (S/SW) (including Abkhazia
      Abkhazia

      Abkhazia is a disputed region on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Since its declaration of independence from Georgia in 1991 during the Georgian?Abkhaz conflict, it is governed by the International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia Republic of Abkhazia....
      ).
  • Highest point: Mount Elbrus
    Mount Elbrus

    Mount Elbrus is a volcano located in the western Caucasus mountain range, in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia , in the northern Iranian plateau....
     (5,642 m)
  • Maximum N->S distance: no data
  • Maximum E->W distance: no data

Time zone


Karachay-Cherkessia is located in the Moscow Time Zone
Moscow Time

Moscow Time is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. It is the second westernmost of the 11 Time in Russia....
 (MSK/MSD). UTC
Coordinated Universal Time

Coordinated Universal Time is a time standard based on International Atomic Time with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation....
 offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD).

Rivers

There are 172 rivers on the territory of the republic. Major rivers include:
  • Aksaut River
  • Bolshaya Laba River
  • Bolshoy Zelenchuk River
  • Daut River
  • Kuban River
    Kuban River

    Kuban River is a river in Russia, in the North Caucasus region. It flows through the Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai, Krasnodar Krai, and the Adygeya....
  • Kuma River
    Kuma River (Russia)

    The Kuma is an 802 km long river in southern Russia. Its drainage basin is 33 500 square km. Its source is in the northern Caucasus, in the republic Karachay-Cherkessia, west of Kislovodsk....
  • Kyafar River
  • Bolshaya Laba River
  • Maly Zelenchuk River
  • Marukha River
  • Podkumok River
    Podkumok River

    Podkumok River is a river in Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Krai, Russia, right tributary of the Kuma River . The length of the river is 160 km ....
  • Teberda River
  • Urup River


Lakes

There are approximately 130 lakes in the republic.

Mountains


The landscape of the republic is mostly mountainous (~80% of the territory). Mount Elbrus
Mount Elbrus

Mount Elbrus is a volcano located in the western Caucasus mountain range, in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia , in the northern Iranian plateau....
, the highest mountain in Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
, is situated on the border with the Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Kabardino-Balkaria

The Kabardino-Balkar Republic , or Kabardino-Balkaria , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located in the North Caucasus. The direct Romanization of Russian of the republic's name in the Russian language is Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika, or Kabardino-Balkariya....
.

Natural resources

Karachay-Cherkessia's natural resources include gold
Gold

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal, having been used as money, as a store of value, in jewelry, in sculpture, and for ornamentation since the beginning of recorded history....
, coal
Coal

Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure....
, clay
Clay

Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired....
s, and more.

Climate

  • Average January temperature:
  • Average July temperature:
  • Average annual precipitation
    Precipitation (meteorology)

    File:MeanMonthlyP.gifIn meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of Atmosphere water vapor that is deposited on the earth's surface....
    : (plains) to (mountains)


Administrative divisions


Demographics

  • Population: 439,470 (2002)
    • Urban: 193,531 (44.0%)
    • Rural: 245,939 (56.0%)
    • Male: 205,481 (46.8%)
    • Female: 233,989 (53.2%)
  • Females per 1000 males: 1,139
  • Average age: 33.2 years
    • Urban: 33.4 years
    • Rural: 33.1 years
    • Male: 31.0 years
    • Female: 35.2 years
  • Number of households: 127,488 (with 437,338 people)
    • Urban: 62,858 (with 192,642people)
    • Rural: 65,130 (with 244,696 people)
  • Vital statistics (2005)
    • Births: 5,194 (birth rate 12.0)
    • Deaths: 5,131 (death rate 11.9)


  • Ethnic groups
According to the 2002 Census
Russian Census (2002)

Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Goskomstat ....
, Karachays
Karachays

The Karachays are a Turkic peoples of the North Caucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkessia....
 make up 38.5% of the republic's population, followed by Russians
Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
 (33.6%) and Cherkes
Cherkes

Cherkes are an ethnic group of the northwestern Caucasus region and are a part of the Adyghe people nation. Principally inhabiting northern Karachay-Cherkessia as well as four villages of Adygeya: Khodz, Blechepsin, Koshekhabl, and Ulyap....
 (11.3%). Other groups include Abazins
Abazins

The Abazins are a people who live mostly in Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygeya of Russia. An Abazin diaspora exists in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Egypt and various other Arab countries, most of which are descendants of refugees from the Caucasian War with the Imperial Russia....
 (7.4%), Nogais
Nogais

The Nogai people are a Turkic peoples ethnic group in northern Dagestan and neighbouring areas of Chechnya and Stavropol Krai, who speak the Turkic languages Nogai language....
 (3.4%), Ossetians
Ossetians

The Ossetians are an Iranian peoples ethnic group indigenous peoples to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains. The Ossetians mostly populate North Ossetia-Alania in Russia, and South Ossetia a large part of which is now de facto independent....
 (3,333, or 0.8%), Ukrainians
Ukrainians

Ukrainians are an East Slavs ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly?citizens of Ukraine . Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Rusyny ....
 (3,331, or 0.8%), Armenians
Armenians

The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....
 (3,197, or 0.7%), Tatars
Tatars

Tatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, refers to a Turkic people ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland....
 (2,021, or 0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
census 1926 census 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002
Karachays
Karachays

The Karachays are a Turkic peoples of the North Caucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkessia....
 52,875 (52.0%) 70,932 (29.2%) 67,830 (24.4%) 97,104 (28.2%) 109,196 (29.7%) 129,449 (31.2%) 169,198 (38.5%)
Cherkess
Cherkess

Cherkess may refer to:*The term Circassians*The Cherkes people...
 16,186 (15.9%) 17,667 (7.3%) 24,145 (8.7%) 31,190 (9.0%) 34,430 (9.4%) 40,241 (9.7%) 49,591 (11.3%)
Abazins
Abazins

The Abazins are a people who live mostly in Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygeya of Russia. An Abazin diaspora exists in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Egypt and various other Arab countries, most of which are descendants of refugees from the Caucasian War with the Imperial Russia....
 13,731 (13.5%) 14,138 (5.8%) 18,159 (6.5%) 22,896 (6.6%) 24,245 (6.6%) 27,475 (6.6%) 32,346 (7.4%)
Russians
Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
 2,593 (2.6%) 118,785 (48.8%) 141,843 (51.0%) 162,442 (47.1%) 165,451 (45.1%) 175,931 (42.4%) 147,878 (33.6%)
Nogais
Nogais

The Nogai people are a Turkic peoples ethnic group in northern Dagestan and neighbouring areas of Chechnya and Stavropol Krai, who speak the Turkic languages Nogai language....
 6,263 (6.2%) 6,869 (2.8%) 8,903 (3.2%) 11,062 (3.2%) 11,872 (3.2%) 12,993 (3.1%) 14,873 (3.4%)
Others 9,961 (9.8%) 14,810 (6.1%) 17,079 (6.1%) 19,957 (5.8%) 21,917 (6.0%) 28,881 (7.0%) 25,584 (5.8%)


History

Karachay Cherkess03
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was created on January 12, 1922. It was split into Karachay Autonomous Oblast
Karachay Autonomous Oblast

Karachay Autonomous Oblast was an Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union created 1926-04-26....
 and Cherkess National District on April 26, 1926. Cherkess National District was elevated to an autonomous oblast status on April 30, 1928. In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was abolished and the Karachay population was deported to Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
 and Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked_country country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union....
 accused in collaboration with the Nazis. Most of the Karchay territory was split between Stavropol Krai
Stavropol Krai

Stavropol Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Stavropol....
 and Georgia
Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
. The remaining territory populated by the Cherkessians was known as Cherkess Autonomous Oblast
Cherkess Autonomous Oblast

Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was created in 1943....
 until January 9, 1957 when it was re-established into Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in its former borders due to the re-habilitation of the Karachay. On July 3, 1991, the autonomous oblast was elevated to the status of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia (under the jurisdiction of the Russian SFSR
Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
). With the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 in December 1991, the words "Autonomous Soviet Socialist" was dropped from the name.

Politics

The head of government in Karachay-Cherkessia is the President. As of summer 2008, the president is Boris Safarovich Ebzeyev, a former judge of the Consitutional Court of Russian Federation.

Ethnic tension is a considerable problem in the republic. In May 1999 Karachay-Cherkessia conducted its first ever free regional presidential election. When Vladimir Semyonov, a Karachay, won the election over Stanislav Derev, a Circassian, there were protests by supporters of Derev, with widespread allegations of fraud. A court ruling later upheld the election result, prompting thousands of Derev's supporters to march in protest, many advocating partition of the republic.

A car-bomb that killed two people in March 2001 was blamed on Chechen separatists. In September 2007, the FSB killed Abubakar, the chief islamic extremist of the republic.

Economy

Industry is mostly concentrated in the capital of the republic, Cherkessk
Cherkessk

Cherkessk is a types of settlements in Russia in Southern Russia, North Caucasian Region. It is the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia, as well as the political, economic and cultural center of Russians and ethnic minorities residing in Karachay-Cherkessia....
. Chemical, wood, and food industries are the most developed.

Science

The republic is the home of what was the largest telescope of the world when it was built, a very large radiotelescope (600 meters in diameter), and the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science dedicated to the study of astronomy. These facilities are located on the bank of the Zelenchuk river, between the villages of Zelenchukskaya and Arkhyz.

Sources


External links