Leningrad Oblast

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Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast (Leningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject

Federal subjects of Russia

Russia is a federation which consists of 83 subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation?two delegates each?in the Federation Council of Russia ....
of Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
(an oblast

Oblast

Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic peoples countries and in some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"....
). It was established on August 1, 1927, although it was not until 1945 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad

Leningrad

Leningrad is the former name of Saint Petersburg, Russia.Leningrad may also refer to:* Leningrad Oblast, a federal subject of Russia* Soviet helicopter carrier Leningrad, of the Soviet Navy...
. Known after 1991 as Saint Petersburg, it is the administrative center of the oblast, although it constitutes a separate federal subject (a federal city

Federal cities of Russia

The Russian Federation is divided into 83 federal subjects of Russia, two of which are federal city.References ...
) and has been administratively separate from the oblast since 1931.

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Encyclopedia

Leningrad Oblast (Leningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject

Federal subjects of Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
(an oblast

Oblast

Leningrad

Federal cities of Russia

The Russian Federation is divided into 83 federal subjects of Russia, two of which are federal city.References ...
) and has been administratively separate from the oblast since 1931. The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov (in 1996-1998). Since 1999 he has been succeeded by Valery Serdyukov.

Leningrad Oblast is bordered by Finland

Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
in the northwest, Estonia

Estonia

Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russia ....
in the west, as well as five federal subjects of Russia: Republic of Karelia

Republic of Karelia

The Republic of Karelia is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia ....
in the northeast, Vologda Oblast

Vologda Oblast

Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod....
in the south, Pskov Oblast

Pskov Oblast

Pskov Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Pskov Oblast borders the European Union countries of Estonia and Latvia, as well as Belarus....
in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
on the west.

The oblast has an area of 84,500 km² and a population 1,669,205 (as of the 2002 Census

Russian Census (2002)

Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Goskomstat ....
); up from 1,661,173 recorded in the 1989 Census

Soviet Census (1989)

The 1989 Soviet Census was the final and most comprehensive Soviet Census taken within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics....
. The most populous town of the oblast is Gatchina

Gatchina

Gatchina is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located 45 km south of Saint Petersburg by the road leading to Pskov....
, with 88,659 inhabitants (as of the 2002 Census).

History

pre-Leningrad Oblast

The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast was populated shortly after the end of the Weichsel glaciation and hosts numerous archaeological remnants. The Volga trade route

Volga trade route

In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River. The Rus' used this route to trade with Muslim history#Early Caliphate on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, sometimes penetrating as far as Baghdad....
and trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks

Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks was a trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine....
crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga

Staraya Ladoga

Staraya Ladoga , Vanha Laatokka in finnish or the Aldeigjuborg of Norse sagas, is a Types of inhabited localities in Russia in the Volkhovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Volkhov River near Lake Ladoga....
, the first capital of legendary Rurik

Rurik

Rurik or Riurik was a Varangian chieftain who gained control of Staraya Ladoga in 862, built the Holmgard settlement near Novgorod, and founded the Rurik Dynasty which ruled Kievan Rus and then Galicia-Volhynia 14th and Muscovy until the 16th century....
, founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the River Volkhov.

In the 12th-15th century the territory was divided between the Kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod Republic

Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic was a large medi?val Russian state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th centuries, centred on the city of Novgorod....
(see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars

Swedish-Novgorodian Wars

In the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars, the Republic of Novgorod and medieval Sweden were engaged in conflicts for control of the Gulf of Finland, an area vital to the Hanseatic league and part of the Varangian-Byzantine trade route....
) and mostly populated by Karelians

Karelians

The Karelians are a Baltic Finns ethnic group living mostly in the Republic of Karelia and in other north-western parts of the Russian Federation....
(northwest), Izhorians

Izhorians

The Izhorians , along with the Votes are an Indigenous peoples of Ingria. They can still be found in the Western part of Ingria, between the Narva River and Neva rivers....
and Votes

Votes

'Votes' are people of Votia in Ingria . Their own ethnic name is Vadjalain . The Finno-Ugric languages Votic language spoken by Votes is close to extinction ....
(west), Veps (east) and Novgorodian East Slavs

East Slavs

The East Slavs are a Slavs, the speakers of East Slavic languages. Formerly the main population of the medieval state of Kievan Rus, by the seventeenth century they evolved into the Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Rusyns peoples....
(south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries the border moved back and forth over the land.

The central part of the territory is known as the historical region of Ingria

Ingria

Ingria is a historical region within Russia, comprising the southern bank of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipus in the west, and Lake Ladoga and the western bank of the Volkhov river in the east....
and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was once again gained by Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo

Treaty of Stolbovo

The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War, fought between Swedish Empire and Tsardom of Russia.After nearly two months of negotiations, representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the village of Stolbovo, south of Lake Ladoga, on February 27, 1617....
of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia

Finnish Karelia

Karelia is a historical provinces of Finland. It refers to the Western Karelia that during the 2nd millennium AD have been under Western World dominance, religiously and politically....
(which included Karelian Isthmus

Karelian Isthmus

The Karelian Isthmus is the approximately 45?110 km wide stretch of land that connects Russia to Finland, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva ....
, the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia

Savonia

Savonia may refer to:* Savonia , a historical province of Finland when it was part of the Kingdom of Sweden* Northern Savonia, a present-day region of Finland...
. Ingrian Finns

Ingrian Finns

The Ingrian Finns are the Finnish people population of Ingria descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants to the area in the 17th century....
soon became the dominant ethnic group.

During the Great Northern War

Great Northern War

The Great Northern War was a war in which the so-called Northern Alliance composed of Russia, Denmark-Norway, Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony engaged Sweden to challenge them for the supremacy in the Baltic Sea....
(1700-1721) the territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured from Sweden by Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
under Peter I

Peter I of Russia

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
, who founded Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
amidst the land in 1703, which soon became the capital of the Russian Empire

Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
. In 1708 most of the territory was organized into the Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov. It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (Borders of the governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast). In 1721 the territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad

Treaty of Nystad

The Treaty of Nystad was signed in 1721 in the then Swedish town of Uusikaupunki . It ended the Great Northern War, in which Russian Empire received the territories of Duchy of Estonia , Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Ingria, as well as much of Finnish Karelia and number of islands in Baltic sea from Swedish Empire and Tsar Peter I of Russia...
.

The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719-1810, Ladoga Canal

Ladoga Canal

Ladoga Canal is a historical water transport route, now situated in Leningrad Oblast, linking the Neva River and the Svir River so as to bypass the stormy waters of Lake Ladoga which lies immediately to the north....
was dug between the River Svir and the River Neva as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga

Lake Ladoga

Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, not far from Saint Petersburg. It is the largest lake in Europe, and the list of lakes by area in the world....
. Since the advent of the rail transport in the late 19th century, the vicinity of Saint Petersburg has been a popular summer resort (dacha

Dacha

Dacha is a Russian word for seasonal or year-round second homes located in the exurbs of Soviet and Russian cities. In some cases it is occupied part of the year by its owner or rented out to urban residents as a summer retreat....
) place for its residents. However, while Saint Petersburg itself from the very beginning was populated mostly by Russians, it wasn't until the 20th century that its surroundings were russified.

In 1914 with the beginning of World War I

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
the governorate was renamed Petrograd Governorate after its namesake city. After the Russian Revolution, in 1918 the capital was transferred from Petrograd (how Saint Petersburg came to be named in 1914) to Moscow

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
, farther from the borders of the country. In 1919 during the Russian Civil War

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
the Northwestern White Army advancing from Estonia and led by Nikolai Yudenich tried to capture Petrograd and even managed to reach its southern outskirts, but the attack against the Red Army under Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronstein , was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxism theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin....
ultimately failed, and Yudenich retreated back. The border with Estonia was established in the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu

Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)

Tartu Peace Treaty or Treaty of Tartu was a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian SFSR signed in February 2, 1920 ending the Estonian War of Independence....
of 1920. Ingrian Finns of North Ingria

North Ingria

The Republic of North Ingria or Republic of Kirjasalo was a short-lived state of Ingrian Finns in the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus, which seceded from Bolshevist Russia after the October Revolution....
attempted to secede in 1918-1920, but were incorporated back with the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu

Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)

The Treaty of Tartu between Finland and Soviet Russia was signed on 14 October 1920 after negotiations that lasted for four months. The treaty confirmed the border between Finland and Soviet Russia after the Finnish civil war and Heimosodat in Russian East Karelia....
, which settled the border between Finland and Soviet Russia. In 1924 Petrograd Governorate was renamed to Leningrad Governorate, again after its namesake city.

Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast was created in 1927 as a discontinuous merger of the Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Cherepovets and Murmansk Governorates, corresponding to the territories of present-day Leningrad Oblast (except most of the Karelian Isthmus

Karelian Isthmus

The Karelian Isthmus is the approximately 45?110 km wide stretch of land that connects Russia to Finland, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva ....
and territories along the border with Estonia), Saint Petersburg, Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod....
, Pskov Oblast

Pskov Oblast

Pskov Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Pskov Oblast borders the European Union countries of Estonia and Latvia, as well as Belarus....
, parts of Vologda Oblast

Vologda Oblast

Murmansk Oblast

Murmansk Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the north-western part of Russia. Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Murmansk....
forming an exclave in the north (total area of 360.4 thousand km², more than four times larger than the present-day oblast). In 1929 Velikoluksky District was transferred to newly formed Western Oblast

Western Oblast

Western Oblast was an early oblast of Russian SFSR. It was established by VTsIK on October 1, 1929..By the 1937 All-Union Census, its population was 4,693,495 persons....
. Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in December 1931. In 1935 five southernmost districts were made part of Kalinin Oblast. In 1936 some parts of the territory of Leningrad Suburban District of Leningrad was returned back to Leningrad Oblast and divided into Vsevolozhsky District

Vsevolozhsky District

Vsevolozhsky District is a district of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located in the southeastern part of Karelian Isthmus. The area of the district is 2,925 km?....
, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). Vologda Oblast

Vologda Oblast

Vologda Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Area: 145,700 km?; population: 1,269,568 . Its largest city is Cherepovets, but the administrative center is Vologda....
, which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast (former Cherepovets Governorate), was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast

Murmansk Oblast

Murmansk Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the north-western part of Russia. Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Murmansk....
was excluded from Leningrad Oblast in 1938.

In the fall of 1934 the Forbidden Border Zone

Border Security Zone of Russia

The Border Security Zone in Russia is the designation of a strip of land where economic activity and access are restricted without permission of the FSB ....
along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by NKVD

NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
. It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be free of Finnic and some other peoples, who were considered politically unreliable. Starting from the 1935, the Soviet authorities caried out mass forced transfer

Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population, often classified as "enemies of workers", deportations of nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnic cleansing territories....
of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the centurty, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union.

On November 30, 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War

Winter War

The Winter War or the Soviet-Finnish War began when the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the invasion of Poland by Germany that started World War II....
against neighboring Finland and with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including Karelian Isthmus

Karelian Isthmus

Evacuation of Finnish Karelia

Evacuation of Finnish Karelia was the resettlement of the population of Finnish Karelia and other territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union into the remaining parts of Finland....
to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the districts of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto

Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast

Primorsk is a coastal types of inhabited localities in Russia in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, and the largest Russian ports of the Baltic Sea....
and Rautu) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish SSR

Karelo-Finnish SSR

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic was a short-lived Republic of the Soviet Union that was a part of the former Soviet Union. The republic existed from 1940 until it was merged back into the Russian SFSR in 1956 ....
.

In 1941 Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
invaded the Soviet Union in the Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that commenced on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 kilometer front ....
, and shortly thereafter the territory became place of the Battle of Leningrad. Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast and reached Tikhvin

Tikhvin

Tikhvin is a types of settlements in Russia located on both banks of the Tikhvinka river in the east of Leningrad Oblast of Russia, 200 km east of Saint Petersburg....
in the east, while Finnish troops quickly recaptured the ceded territories

Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)

The Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus refers to a military campaign carried out by Finland in 1941. It was part of what is commonly referred to as the Continuation War....
in the Continuation War

Continuation War

The Continuation War }} was the second of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II.At the time the name was used to make clear its perceived relationship to the preceding Winter War of 30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940, the first of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II....
, encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 Soviet offensives managed to expel Wehrmacht and put military pressure

Fourth strategic offensive

During World War II, in the Continuation War, the Vyborg?Petrozavodsk Offensive was a strategic offensive by the Leningrad Front and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts....
on Finland, which ceded Karelian Isthmus

Karelian Isthmus

Moscow Armistice

Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Moscow Armistice on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War. The Moscow Armistice should not be confused with the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, which ended the earlier Winter War between the two states....
of September 19, 1944. This time the gained territories of the isthmus was incorporated within Leningrad Oblast (Vyborgsky

Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast

Vyborgsky District is a district of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, on Karelian Isthmus, established in 1940 when the territory had been ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union by Moscow Peace Treaty as a result of the Winter War....
and Priozersky District

Priozersky District

Priozersky District is a district of Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is 3,597.57 km?. Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Priozersk....
s). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty. Novgorod

Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod....
and Pskov Oblast

Pskov Oblast

Pskov Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Pskov Oblast borders the European Union countries of Estonia and Latvia, as well as Belarus....
s were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast in 1944. In January 1945 a small part of the Estonian SSR

Estonian SSR

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic , often abbreviated as Estonian SSR or ESSR, was puppet state backed by Soviet Union on the territory of Republic of Estonia....
to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR

Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast hasn't changed much, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. In October 1946 Leningrad gained from the oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland

Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland and Estonia all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it....
divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District

Kurortny District

Kurortny District is a administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg of Saint Petersburg, Russia, located on Karelian Isthmus along the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland....
, including the town of Terijoki.

In 1953 Pavlovsky District

Pavlovsky District

Pavlovsky District may refer to:Modern districts*Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai, a district in Altai Krai, Russia*Pavlovsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a district in Krasnodar Krai, Russia...
of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo

Levashovo

Levashovo, ru. ???????? is a dacha complex, a municipal settlement under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg in Vyborgsky District, Saint Petersburg, and a station of the Saint Petersburg-Vyborg railroad....
, Pargolovo and Pesochny

Pesochny

Pesochny is a administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg in Kurortny District of the federal cities of Russia of Saint Petersburg, Russia, located on Karelian Isthmus, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland....
were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained a small territory of Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod....
. Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo

Krasnoye Selo

Krasnoye Selo is a municipal types of inhabited localities in Russia in Krasnoselsky District, Saint Petersburg of the federal cities of Russia of Saint Petersburg, Russia....
and several settlements nearby -- in 1973, Lomonosov

Lomonosov, Russia

Lomonosov is a types of settlements in Russia under the jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg, Russia, situated on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, 40 km west of St. Petersburg itself....
-- in 1978.

Geography

Time zone

Leningrad Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone

Moscow Time

Moscow Time is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. It is the second westernmost of the 11 Time in Russia....
(MSK/MSD). UTC

Coordinated Universal Time

Coordinated Universal Time is a time standard based on International Atomic Time with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation....
offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD).

Nature

Flora

The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are Asteraceae

Asteraceae

The family Asteraceae or Compositae is the largest family of flowering plants, in terms of number of species.The name 'Asteraceae' is derived from the type genus Aster , while 'Compositae', an older but still valid name, means composite and refers to the characteristic inflorescence, a special type of pseudanthium found in o...
, Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

The family Cyperaceae, or the sedges, is a taxon of monocotyledon flowering plants that superficially resemble Poaceae or Juncaceae. The family is large, with some 4,000 species described in about 70 genera....
, Poaceae

Poaceae

Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the Magnoliophyta. Plants of this family are usually called grasses; the shrub- or tree-like plants in this family are called bamboo ....
and Rosaceae

Rosaceae

The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-160 genera. Traditionally it has been divided into four subfamilies: Rosoideae, Spiraeoideae, Maloideae, and Amygdaloideae....
. By far the most diverse genus is Carex
Carex

Carex is a genus of plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as Cyperaceaes . It is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology....
(68 species). The diversity in genera Hieracium
Hieracium

Hieracium known by its common name Hawkweed and long ago by its classical name hierakion which comes from the ancient Greek hierax, "hawk"...
(with Pilosella), Ranunculus
Ranunculus

Ranunculus is a large genus of about 400 species of plants in the Ranunculaceae. It includes the buttercups, spearworts, water crowfoots and the lesser celandine ....
(with Batrachium), Alchemilla
Alchemilla

Alchemilla is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants in the Rosaceae, and a popular garden herb with the common name Lady's mantle. There are about 300 species, the majority native to cool temperate and subarctic regions of Europe and Asia, with a few species native to the mountains of Africa, North America and South America....
, Galium
Galium

Galium is a large genus of Annual plant and perennial plant herbaceous splants in the family Rubiaceae, with about 400 species occurring in the temperate zones of both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemispheres....
, Potamogeton
Potamogeton

Potamogeton, common name called pondweed , is a genus of aquatic plants, mostly freshwater, plants of the family Potamogetonaceae.Plants are mostly perennial and typically produce rhizomes which are the common over-wintering form....
, Salix, Veronica
Veronica (plant)

Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species; it was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae....
, Viola, Juncus
Juncus

Juncus is a genus in the plant family Juncaceae. It consists of 225 to 300 species of grassy plants commonly called rushes. They occur in all wet regions of the world, but rarely in the tropics....
, Artemisia
Artemisia

Artemisia can mean:Botany*Artemisia , a genus of plants including the sagebrush and wormwoodGeography*Artemisia Geyser in Yellowstone National Park...
, Potentilla
Potentilla

Potentilla is the genus of typical cinquefoils, containing about 500 species of Annual plant, Biennial plant and Perennial plant herbaceouss in the rose family Rosaceae....
, Rumex
Rumex

The docks and sorrels, genus Rumex Carolus Linnaeus, are a genus of about 200 species of Annual plant, Biennial plant and perennial plant herbs in the buckwheat family Polygonaceae....
, Festuca, Epilobium
Epilobium

Epilobium is a genus in the family Onagraceae, containing about 160-200 species of flowering plants with a world-wide distribution. They are generally abundant in the subarctic, temperate and subantarctic regions, whereas in the subtropics and tropics they are trestricted to the cool montane biomes, such as the New Guinea Highlands where...
, Poa
POA

POA may refer to:* Price On Application or Price On Asking. When seller wants confidentiality.* Public Order Act 1936 , UK law concerning public disorder and violence....
, Trifolium, Campanula
Campanula

Campanula is one of several genus of in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. It takes its name from their bell-shaped flowers?campanula is Latin for "little bell"....
, Vicia
Vicia

The vetches are a large genus of about 140 species of flowering plants in the legume family . They are native to Europe, Asia and Africa. Some other genera of their subfamily Faboideae also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings or the milk-vetches ....
, Lathyrus
Lathyrus

The genus Lathyrus consists of the sweet peas and vetchlings, flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae. There are approximately 160 species of Lathyrus; they are native to temperate areas, with a breakdown of 52 species in Europe, 30 species in North America, 78 in Asia, 24 in tropical East Africa, and 24 in temperat...
, Geranium is also considerable. The territory has no endemic plant taxa. Vascular plant species of Leningrad Oblast listed in the red data book of Russia are Botrychium simplex, Cephalanthera rubra, Cypripedium calceolus
Cypripedium calceolus

Cypripedium calceolus is a Lady's Slipper orchid.It is a widespread plant worldwide, found from Europe east through Asia to the Pacific Ocean....
, Epipogium aphyllum
Epipogium aphyllum

The Ghost Orchid - not to be confused with the American Ghost Orchid - is a Myco-heterotrophy orchid lacking chlorophyll. It is famous for unpredictable appearance, in many localities it has been seen just once....
, Lobelia dortmanna
Lobelia dortmanna

Lobelia dortmanna is a species of Lobelia native to cool temperate regions of northern Europe and northern North America .It is a stoloniferous herbaceous perennial plant aquatic plant growing to 70?200 cm tall in acidic pools and lakes up to 2 m deep....
, Myrica gale
Myrica gale

Myrica gale is a species of flowering plant in the genus Myrica, native to northern and western Europe and parts of northern North America....
, Ophrys insectifera, Orchis militaris, Pulsatilla pratensis, Pulsatilla vernalis
Pulsatilla vernalis

Pulsatilla vernalis belongs to the Buttercup family , native to Europe.It grows to 5-15 cm high. The finely-dissected leaf appear in early spring....
.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population: (2002) 1,669,205. For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 8.1 per 1000

Ethnic groups: According to the (2002 Census

Russian Census (2002)

Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Goskomstat ....
) there were thirteen recognised ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each; the 'national composition' was • Russian

Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
89.58% • Ukrainian

Ukrainians

Ukrainians are an East Slavs ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly?citizens of Ukraine . Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Rusyny ....
2.51% • Belarusians

Belarusians

Belarusians or Belorussians are an East Slavs ethnic group who populate the majority of the Belarus and form minorities in neighboring Poland , Russia, Lithuania and Ukraine....
1.70% • Tatar

Tatars

Tatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, refers to a Turkic people ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland....
0.57% • Finnish

Ingrian Finns

The Ingrian Finns are the Finnish people population of Ingria descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants to the area in the 17th century....
0.48% • Armenian

Armenians

The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....
0.33% • Roma

Roma people

The Romani are an ethnic group of Europe tracing their Origins of the Romani people to middle kingdoms of India.The Romani are Romani diaspora with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, with more recent diaspora populations in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, in other par...
0.27 • Azeri

Azeris in Russia

Aside from the large Azeri community native to Russia's Dagestan Republic, the majority of Azeris in Russia are fairly recent immigrants. Azeris started settling in Russia around the late 19th century, but their migration became intensive after World War II....
0.23% • Chuvash

Chuvash people

The Chuvash are a Turkic languages-speaking people. According to the Russian census of 2002, the Chuvash population in Russia numbered 1 637 200; 889 268 of these lived in Chuvashia....
0.17% • German

Ethnic German

Ethnic Germans , also collectively referred to as the German diaspora, are those who are considered, by themselves or others, to be of Germans origin ethnicity, not necessarily born or living within the present-day Germany, holding its citizenship or speaking the German language....
0.14% • Mordvin 0.13% • Karelian

Karelians

The Karelians are a Baltic Finns ethnic group living mostly in the Republic of Karelia and in other north-western parts of the Russian Federation....
0.12% • Vep 0.12% • Moldovan

Moldovans

Moldovans or Moldavians are the native population of the medieval Principality of Moldavia, which nowadays corresponds to 8 north-eastern counties of Romania , the Republic of Moldova, and small parts of Ukraine ....
0.12% • Jewish 0.10% • Polish

Poles

The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....
0.10% • Georgian 0.09% • Estonian

Estonians

Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric languages language, known as Estonian....
0.08% • Bashkir

Bashkirs

The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. Some Bashkirs also live in the republic of Tatarstan, as well as in Perm Krai and Chelyabinsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Saratov Oblasts of Russia....
0.07% • Korean

Koryo-saram

Koryo-saram is the name which Korean people in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia....
0.06% • Uzbek

Uzbeks

The Uzbeks are a Turkic peoples people of Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China....
0.06% • Mari

Mari people

The Mari are a Volga Finns people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama River rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics....
0.06% • Udmurt 0.06% • Tajik

Tajiks

Tajik is a general designation for a wide range of mostly Persian language peoples of Iranian peoples, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, north west Pakistan and western China....
0.05% • Kazakh

Kazakhs

The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
0.05% and many other ethnic groups of less than eight hundred persons each. • A further 2.34% of residents declined to state their nationality on the census questionnaire.

Twin regions

Aarhus Municipality
Aarhus Municipality

Aarhus Municipality, also commonly known by its Danish language spelling ?rhus Municipality, is a municipality on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark....
, Denmark
Denmark

Denmark is a Scandinavian country in northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries....
Chungcheongnam-do
Chungcheongnam-do

Chungcheongnam-do is a Administrative divisions of South Korea in the west of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the southwestern half of the former Chungcheong province, remained a province of Korea until the country's Division of Korea in 1945, then became part of South Korea....
, South Korea
South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea , ), often referred to as Korea and the "names of Korea#Revival of the names", is a Semi-presidential system republic in East Asia, located in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula....
Kyoto Prefecture
Kyoto Prefecture

is a Prefectures of Japan of Japan located in the Kinki region of the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Kyoto....
, Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
Lombardy
Lombardy

Lombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region....
, Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Lower Silesian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland into which Poland is currently divided. It lies in south-western Poland, corresponding roughly to the region of Lower Silesia , which passed to Poland from Germany at the end of the Second World War....
, Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
Nordland
Nordland

is a Counties of Norway in Norway, bordering Troms in the north, Nord-Tr?ndelag in the south, Norrbottens l?n in Sweden to the east, V?sterbottens l?n to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west....
, Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
from 1987

Leningrad Oblast

History

pre-Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast

Geography

Time zone

Nature

Flora

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Twin regions

See also

Further reading

Nature

History

External links