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Liturgical year
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The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches which determines when Feasts, Memorials, Commemorations, and Solemnities are to be observed and which portions of Scripture are to be read. Distinct liturgical colours may appear in connection with different seasons of the liturgical year. The dates of the festivals vary somewhat between the Western (Roman Catholic and Protestant) churches and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, though the sequence and logic is the same.
In both the East and the West, the dates of many feasts vary from year to year, though in almost all cases this is due to the variation in the date of Easter since most other dates follow from that event.
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The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches which determines when Feasts, Memorials, Commemorations, and Solemnities are to be observed and which portions of Scripture are to be read. Distinct liturgical colours may appear in connection with different seasons of the liturgical year. The dates of the festivals vary somewhat between the Western (Roman Catholic and Protestant) churches and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, though the sequence and logic is the same.
In both the East and the West, the dates of many feasts vary from year to year, though in almost all cases this is due to the variation in the date of Easter since most other dates follow from that event. The extent to which the feasts and festivals are celebrated also varies between churches; in general Protestant churches observe far fewer of them than Catholic and Orthodox churches, and in particular are less likely to celebrate feasts of the Virgin Mary and the Saints. See moveable feasts.
Liturgical cycle
The liturgical cycle divides the year into a series of seasons, each with their own mood, theological emphases, and modes of prayer, which can be signified by different ways of decorating churches, colors of Paraments and Vestments for clergy, scriptural readings, themes for preaching and even different traditions and practices often observed personally or in the home. In churches that follow the liturgical year, the scripture passages for each Sunday (and even each day of the year in some traditions) are specified by a list called a lectionary.
Among non-Catholic Western Christians, Anglicans and Lutherans have traditionally followed the lectionary since the days of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Roman Catholic liturgical reform of the Roman Rite instituted by Pope Paul VI in 1970, the adoption and use of lectionaries in other Protestant churches (Methodist, Reformed, United, etc.) increased. In particular, the growing influence of the Revised Common Lectionary led to a greater awareness of the Christian year among Protestants in the later decades of the 20th century, especially among mainline denominations.
Biblical calendar
Biblical calendars are based on the cycle of the new moon. The year is from the first new moon on or after the spring equinox to the next new moon on or after the spring equinox, which means it has no set starting point like the modern calendar. The basic formula for the calendar is found early in the Bible: "And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years" (Gen. 1:14). "This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you" (Exo. 12:1-2). "This day came ye out in the month Abib" (Exo. 13:4). A month is one new moon to the next new moon. "And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another (month), and from one Sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, said the LORD" (Isa. 66:23). "In the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar" (Est. 3:7).
The Biblical Calendar is laid out as follows, Nisan or Nissan (1st month) March-April, Iyar (2nd month) April-May, Sivan (3rd month) May-June, Tammuz (4th month) June-July, Av (5 month) July-August, Elul (6 month) August-September, Tishrei (7th month) September-October, Heshvan or Cheshvan (8th month) October-November, Kislev (9th month) November-December, Tevet (10th month) December-January, Shevat (11th month) January-February, Adar (12th month) February-March.
Western liturgical calendar
Western Christian liturgical calendars are based on the cycle of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, including Lutheran, Anglican, and other Protestant calendars since this cycle pre-dates the Reformation. Generally, the liturgical seasons in western Christianity are Advent, Christmas, Ordinary Time (Time after Epiphany), Lent, Easter, and Ordinary Time (Time after Pentecost).
Roman Catholic Church liturgical year
The Catholic Church sets aside certain days and seasons of each year to recall and celebrate various events in the life of Christ. The liturgical year begins with Advent, the time of preparation for both the celebration of Jesus' birth, and his expected second coming at the end of time. Christmastide follows, beginning on the night of 24 December (Christmas Eve), and ending with the feast of the Baptism of Jesus or later on Candlemas Day. Lent is the period of purification and penance which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Thursday. The Holy Thursday evening Mass of the Lord's Supper marks the beginning of the Easter Triduum which includes Good Friday, Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday. These days recall Jesus' last supper with his disciples, death on the cross, burial and resurrection. The seven-week liturgical season of Easter immediately follows the Triduum climaxing at Pentecost. This recalls the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus' disciples after the Ascension of Jesus. The rest of the liturgical year is commonly known as Ordinary Time.
The liturgy in the Catholic Church can use one of two forms. The Ordinary Form follows the changes of the Second Vatican Council, while the Extraordinary Form retains older practices. This difference includes some changes in the liturgical calendar. Specifically, the Christmas season is longer according to the Extraordinary Form, so the following time before Lent begins is correspondingly shorter. All other seasons of the liturgical year are the same for both forms, but the placement of specific feast days varies.
Advent
From the Latin adventus, "arrival" or "coming", the first season of the liturgical year begins four Sundays before Christmas and ends on Christmas Eve. Traditionally observed as a "fast", its purpose focuses on preparation for the coming of Christ. Although often conceived as awaiting the coming of the Christ-child at Christmas, the modern Lectionary points the season more toward eschatological themes—awaiting the final coming of Christ, when "the wolf shall live with the lamb" (Isaiah 11:6) and when God will have "brought down the powerful from their thrones, and lifted up the lowly" (The Magnificat, Luke 1:52)—particularly in the earlier half of the season. This period of waiting is often marked by the Advent Wreath, a garland of evergreens with four candles. Although the main symbolism of the advent wreath is simply marking the progression of time, many churches attach themes to each candle, most often 'hope', 'faith', 'joy', and 'love'.
Color: Violet, but on the third Sunday of Advent, Gaudete Sunday, Rose may be used instead.
During this season, the Roman Catholic Church typically omits the "Gloria in Excelsis" during Mass when using the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite, but retains it for the Mass celebrating a feast. In this newer form, the "Alleluia" remains in all celebrations of the Mass, but the older Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite has only the Gradual without an "Alleluia", except on Sunday.
Christmas
The Christmas season immediately follows Advent. The traditional Twelve Days of Christmas begin with Christmas Eve on the evening of December 24 and continue until the feast of Epiphany. With the newer calendar for the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite, the actual Christmas season does not end until the Feast of the Baptism of Christ, usually on the following Sunday. The older usage retained with the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite continues this season until Candlemas in early February, which is also the definition followed in the Anglican Church.
Color: White or Gold.
Ordinary Time ("Time after Epiphany" and "Septuagesima")
"Ordinary" comes from the same root as our word "ordinal", and in this sense means "the counted weeks". In the Roman Catholic Church and in some Protestant traditions, these are the common weeks which do not belong to a proper season. This period includes a total of either 33 or 34 Sundays, depending on the year, and is divided into two sections. Since the Second Vatican Council, the first portion of Ordinary Time extends from the day following the Feast of the Baptism of Christ until the day before Ash Wednesday (the beginning of Lent). This first segment contains anywhere from three to eight Sundays, depending on how early or late Easter falls. Under the earlier definition of this period (used with the Extraordinary form of the Roman Rite), the equivalent to the first portion of “Ordinary Time” extends from the day following Candlemas Day until the day before Ash Wednesday. This older definition includes the two periods known as the "Time After Epiphany" and "Septuagesima" (pre-Lenten season), and is also used by some Protestant rites.
In the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, the Time after Epiphany can have anywhere from one to six Sundays. It precedes the 17-day season which starts with Septuagesima nine Sundays before Easter and ends on the day before Ash Wednesday. Any omitted Sundays after Epiphany are transferred to the Time after Pentecost and celebrated between the Twenty-Third Sunday and the Last Sunday. If, however, there are not enough Sundays in the year to accommodate all such Sundays, then the one which would otherwise occur on Septuagesima Sunday is celebrated on the previous day (Saturday); in the case of Easter falling so late that there are only 23 Sundays After Pentecost, the Mass for the 23rd Sunday was celebrated on the day before the Last Sunday after Pentecost, until Pope John XXIII decreed in 1960 that the displaced Sunday Mass should be dropped for that year. During Septuagesima, certain customs of Lent are adopted, including the suppression of the "Alleluia" and, on Sundays, the Gloria, and the vestments are violet.
Color: Green (or Violet for the pre-Lenten season, in the older form of the Roman Rite).
Lent and Passiontide
Lent is a major fast taken to prepare for Easter. It begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday, at the end of Holy Week. There are forty days of Lent, as the six Sundays in Lent are not counted. In both Forms of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the Gloria and Te Deum are not used in the Mass and Divine Office, except on Feasts, and the word Alleluia is never said, either being omitted or replaced with another Gospel Acclamation. Lutheran churches make these same omissions.
Traditionally, the last two weeks of Lent in the Catholic Church are known as Passiontide. During this season, the Gloria Patri is suppressed except after the Psalms in the Divine Office, the readings begin to focus even more on the Passion of Christ, and, most noticeably, the crucifixes and images of the saints are covered with violet cloth. On the Friday before Good Friday is the Feast of the Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary. If the Feasts of St. Joseph or the Annunciation occur during Holy Week or the week after Easter in a particular year, they are transferred to different dates.
Color: Violet. In some traditions, Rose may be used on the 4th Sunday of Lent, called Laetare Sunday.
The Easter Triduum consists of:
- At the evening worship service or Mass of the Lord's Supper, some churches traditionally engage in the ritual of ceremonial footwashing.
- It is customary on this night for a vigil involving private prayer to take place, beginning after the evening service and continuing until midnight. This vigil is occasionally renewed at dawn of Good Friday, continuing until the morning liturgy.
- Color: White.
- Good Friday
- The celebration of Christ's passion.
- In the Roman Catholic Church, Mass is forbidden on this day, although prayer services are encouraged.
- Color: Varies: No color, Red, or Black are used in different traditions. (Where colored hangings are removed for this day, liturgical color applies to vestments only.) Similarly, Lutheran chuches often either remove colorful adornments and icons, or veil them with drab cloth. The service is usually plain with somber music, ending with the congregation leaving in silence.
- In the Roman Catholic, some Lutheran, and High Anglican rites, a crucifix (not necessarily the one which stands on or near the altar on other days of the year) is ceremoniously unveiled. (Traditionally, other crucifixes are to be unveiled, without ceremony, after the Good Friday service.)
- Holy Saturday
- Commemoration of the day Christ lay in the Tomb.
- In the Roman Catholic Church, Mass is never offered on this day.
- Color: None
- Easter Vigil
- Held after sunset of Holy Saturday in anticipation of the celebration of the resurrection.
See also Paschal candle - Color: White, often together with Gold.
- Traditionally, in both of the Roman Catholic Forms of the Rite, during the "Gloria", the organ and bells are used in the liturgy for the first time in 2 days, and the statues, which have been veiled during Passion time, are unveiled.
- In Lutheran churches, colors and icons are re-displayed as well.
Easter
Easter is the celebration of Jesus' resurrection. The date of Easter varies from year to year, according to a lunar-calendar dating system (see computus for details). In the ordinary Roman Rite calendar, the Easter season extends from the Easter Vigil through Pentecost Sunday. In the extraordinary calendar, this season includes the Octave of Pentecost, so Eastertide lasts until None of the following Ember Saturday.
In the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, the Easter octave allows no other feasts to be celebrated or commemorated during it; but if Easter falls on 25 April (its latest possible date), the Greater Litanies, are said on the following Tuesday.
Ascension Thursday, which celebrates the return of Jesus to heaven following his resurrection, is the fortieth day of Easter, but, in places where it is not observed as a Holy Day of Obligation, it is transferred to the following Sunday.
Pentecost is the fiftieth and last day of the Easter season. It celebrates the sending of the Holy Ghost to the Apostles, which traditionally marks the birth of the Church.
Color: Gold or white, except on Pentecost, on which the color is Red.
Ordinal or Ordinary Time ("Time after Pentecost" and "Kingdomtide")
Ordinary Time resumes after the Easter Season, on Pentecost Monday, and ends on the Saturday before the First Sunday of Advent. In the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, the Sundays in this part of the year are listed as "Sundays after Pentecost" by Roman Catholics; the Eastern Orthodox and some Protestants still adhere to this terminology. The first Sunday after Pentecost is Trinity Sunday and in many traditions the last Sunday of Ordinary Time is the Feast of Christ the King.
Variations during this season include:
- In the older Extraordinary Form of the Catholic liturgical calendar, Christ the King is the last Sunday in October rather than the final Sunday before Advent.
- In the Catholic and some Anglican traditions the feast of Corpus Christi occurs eleven days after Pentecost, but is sometimes transferred to the following Sunday.
- Also in the Catholic tradition, Friday in the third week after Pentecost is the feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
- Most Western traditions celebrate All Saints' Day on November 1 or the Sunday following. The liturgical color is White.
- Some traditions celebrate St. Michael's Day (Michaelmas) on September 29.
- Some traditions celebrate St. Martin's Day (Martinmas) on November 11.
- In some Protestant traditions, especially those with closer ties to the Lutheran tradition, Reformation Sunday is celebrated on the Sunday preceding October 31, commemorating the purported day Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The liturgical color is Red, celebrating the Holy Spirit's continuing work in renewing the Church.
- Many traditions treat the final few weeks of Ordinary Time as having a distinctive focus on the coming of the Kingdom of God (so that the liturgical year turns full circle by anticipating one of the predominant themes of Advent). In the Ordinary (modern) Form of the Roman Rite, the final three Sundays have such an eschatological theme, though without any change in designation for those Sundays. Some other denominations, however, change the designation and sometimes also the liturgical colour. For example, the Church of England uses the term "Sundays before Advent" for the final four Sundays and permits red vestments as an alternative. The term "Kingdomtide" is used by a number of denominations, among them the United Methodist Church and the Christian Church - Synod of Saint Timothy. In the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (LCMS), this is known as the "Period of End Times," and red vestments are worn on the first and second Sundays.
Color: Green
Assumption of Mary
Observed by Roman Catholics and some Anglicans on August 15. On this date, which is the same as the Eastern tradition of the Dormition, the bodily Assumption of Mary into heaven is celebrated. This feast day is perhaps the oldest feast day in the Christian Church, being celebrated in both the East and the West. The Roman Catholic teaching on this feast was defined as dogma on November 1 1950 by Pope Pius XII in the Papal Bull, Munificentissimus Deus.
In the Anglican and Lutheran traditions, as well as a few others, August 15th is celebrated as St. Mary, Mother of the Lord.
Color: white
Anglican Church
The Church of England uses a liturgical year that is in most respects identical to that of the Roman Church. While this is less true of the calendars contained within the Book of Common Prayer and the Alternative Service Book (1980), it is particularly true since the Anglican Church adopted its new pattern of services and liturgies contained within Common Worship, in 2000. Certainly, the broad division of the year into the Christmas and Easter seasons, interspersed with periods of Ordinary Time, is identical, and the majority of the Festivals and Commemorations are also celebrated, with some obvious exceptions, chiefly that of the Assumption.
In some Anglican traditions (including the Church of England) the Christmas season is followed by an Epiphany season, which begins on the Eve of the Epiphany (on 6 January or the nearest Sunday) and ends on the Feast of the Presentation (on 2 February or the nearest Sunday). Ordinary Time then begins after this period.
The Book of Common Prayer contains within it the traditional Western Eucharistic lectionary which traces its roots to the Comes of St. Jerome in the 5th century. Its similarity to the ancient lectionary is particularly obvious during Trinity season (Sundays after the Sunday after Pentecost), reflecting that understanding of sanctification.
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Liturgical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church is characterized by alternating fasts and feasts, and is in many ways similar to the Roman Catholic year described above. However, Church New Year (Indiction) traditionally begins on September 1, rather than the first Sunday of Advent. It includes both feasts on the Fixed Cycle and the Paschal Cycle (or Moveable Cycle). The most important feast day by far is the Feast of Pascha (Easter)—the Feast of Feasts. Then the Twelve Great Feasts, which commemorate various significant events in the lives of Jesus Christ and of the Theotokos (Virgin Mary).
The majority of Orthodox Christians follow the Julian Calendar in calculating their ecclesiastical feasts, though many have adopted a Revised Julian Calendar, preserving the Julian calculation for feasts on the Paschal Cycle, but using the modern Gregorian Calendar to calculate those feasts which are fixed according to the calendar date. Between 1900 and 2100, there is a thirteen-day difference in the Julian and the Gregorian calendars. In some Eastern Orthodox countries certain civil holidays are calculated according to the Julian Calendar. Thus, for example, Christmas is celebrated on January 7 in these countries. The computation of the day of Pascha (Easter) is, however, computed according to the Julian Calendar, even by those churches which observe the Revised Julian Calendar.
There are four fasting seasons during the year: The most important fast is Great Lent which is an intense time of fasting, almsgiving and prayer, extending for forty days prior to Palm Sunday and Holy Week, as a preparation for Pascha. The Nativity Fast (Winter Lent) is a time of preparation for the Feast of the Nativity of Christ (Christmas), but whereas Advent in the West lasts only four weeks, Nativity Fast lasts a full forty days. The Apostles' Fast is variable in length, lasting anywhere from eight days to six weeks, in preparation for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29). The Dormition Fast lasts for two weeks from August 1 to August 14 in preparation for the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (August 15). The liturgical year is so constructed that during each of these fasting seasons, one of the Great Feasts occurs, so that fasting may be tempered with joy.
In addition to these fasting seasons, Orthodox Christians fast on Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year (and some Orthodox monasteries also observe Monday as a fast day). Certain fixed days are always fast days, even if they fall on a Saturday or Sunday (in which case the fast is lessened somewhat, but not abrogated altogether); these are: The Decollation of St. John the Baptist, the Exaltation of the Cross and the day before the Epiphany (January 5th). There are several fast-free periods, when it is forbidden to fast, even on Wednesday and Friday. These are: the week following Pascha, the week following Pentecost, the period from the Nativity of Christ until January the 5th and the first week of the Triodion (the week following the 33rd Sunday after the Pentecost).
Pascha
The greatest feast is Pascha, which for the Orthodox is calculated differently than in the West. Easter for both East and West is calculated as the first Sunday after the full moon that falls on or after March 21 (nominally the day of the vernal equinox). However, whereas Western Christians follow the Gregorian Calendar in their calculations, the Orthodox calculate the fixed date of 21 March according to the Julian Calendar, and observe the additional rule that Easter may not precede or coincide with the first day of the Jewish Passover (see computus for further details).
The date of Pascha is central to the entire ecclesiastical year, determining not only the date for the beginning of Great Lent and Pentecost, but affecting the cycle of moveable feasts, of scriptural readings and the Octoechos (texts chanted according to the eight ecclesiastical modes) throughout the year. There are also a number of lesser feasts throughout the year that are based upon the date of Pascha. The moveable cycle begins on the Zacchaeus Sunday (the first Sunday in preparation for Great Lent or the 33rd Sunday after Pentecost as it is known), though the cycle of the Octoechos continues until Palm Sunday.
The date of Pascha affects the following liturgical seasons:
- The period of the Triodion (the Sundays before Great Lent, Cheesefare Week, Great Lent, Palm Sunday, and Holy Week)
- The period of the Pentecostarion (Sunday of Pascha through the Sunday After Pentecost which is also called the Sunday of all saints)
The twelve Great Feasts
Some of these feasts follow the Fixed Cycle, and some follow the Moveable (Paschal) Cycle. Most of those on the Fixed Cycle have a period of preparation called a Forefeast, and a period of celebration afterward, similar to the Western Octave, called an Afterfeast. Great Feasts on the Paschal Cycle do not have Forefeasts. The lengths of Forefeasts and Afterfeasts vary, according to the feast.
- The Nativity of the Theotokos (September 8)
- The Elevation of the Cross (September 14)
- the rediscovery of the original Cross on which Christ was crucified
- Entrance of the Theotokos into the Temple (November 21)
- the entry of the Theotokos into the Temple around the age of 3
- Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (December 25)
- Theophany (January 6)
- the baptism of Jesus Christ, Christ's blessing of the water, and the revealing of Christ as God
- Presentation of Our Lord in the Temple (February 2)
- Christ's presentation as an infant in the Temple by the Theotokos and Joseph.
- Annunciation of the Theotokos (March 25)
- Gabriel's announcement to the Theotokos that she will conceive the Christ, and her "Yes"
NOTE: In Eastern practice, should this feast fall during Holy Week or on Pascha itself, the feast of the Annunciation is not transferred to another day. In fact, the conjunction of the feasts of the Annunciation and Pascha, known as "Kyriou-Pascha," is considered an extremely wondrous event.
Other Feasts
Some additional feasts are observed with as though they were Great Fests:
- The The Protection of the Mother of God (October 1), especially among the Russian Orthodox
- The Feast of Saint James (October 23)
- The Feast of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki (October 26)
- The Feast of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (November 8)
- The Feast of Saint Nicolae Bishop of Myra (December 6)
- The Feast of Conception of Mary by Anna and Joachim (December 9)
- The Feast of Saint Spiridon (December 12)
- The Feast of Saint Stephen the Deacon (December 27)
- The Feast of Saint Basil the Great and the Circumcision of Christ (January 1)
- The Feast of the Three Holy Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom (January 30)
- The Feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (March 9)
- The Feast of Saint George the Martyr (April 23)
- The Feast of the Holy Emperors Constantine and his mother Helena (May 21)
- The Nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24)
- The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29)
- The Feast of Saint Elias (July 20)
- The Beheading of St. John the Baptist (August 29)
- Beginning of the Indiction-Ecclesiastical Year (September 1)
- The Patronal Feast of a church or monastery
Every day throughout the year commemorates some saint or some event in the lives of Christ or the Theotokos. When a feast on the moveable cycle occurs, the feast on the fixed cycle that was set for that calendar day is transferred, with the propers of the feast often being chanted at Compline on the nearest convenient day.
Cycles
In addition to the Fixed and Moveable Cycles, there are a number of other liturgical cycles in the ecclesiastical year that affect the celebration of the divine services. These include, the Daily Cycle, the Weekly Cycle, the Cycle of Matins Gospels, and the Octoechos.
Secular observance
Because of the dominance of Christianity in Europe throughout the Middle Ages, many features of the Christian year became incorporated into the secular calendar. Many of its feasts (i.e., Mardi Gras, Saint Patrick's Day) remain holidays, and are now celebrated by people of all faiths and none — in some cases worldwide. The secular celebrations bear varying degrees of likeness to the religious feasts from which they derived, often also including elements of ritual from pagan festivals of similar date.
Resources
- Stookey, L.H. Calendar: Christ's Time for the Church, 1996. ISBN 0-687-01136-1
- Hickman, Hoyt L., et al. Handbook of the Christian Year, 1986. ISBN 0-687-16575-X
- Webber, Robert E. Ancient-Future Time: Forming Spirituality through the Christian Year, 2004. ISBN 0-8010-9175-6
- Schmemann, Fr. Alexander. The Church Year (Celebration of Faith Series, Sermons Vol. 2), 1994. ISBN 0-88141-138-8
See also
External links
- — A liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church including the liturgy of the hours and the mass readings.
- - Greek Orthodox Calendar & Online Chapel
- at HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
- - For the study and use of the traditional Western Eucharistic lectionary.
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