Encyclopedia
The
Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the
Mediterranean Sea. In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a
Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub vegetation.
Geography
The Mediterranean basin covers portions of three continents,
Europe,
Asia, and
Africa. Europe lies to the north, and three large peninsulas, the
Iberian Peninsula,
Italy, and the
Balkan Peninsula, extend into the Mediterranean-climate zone. A system of folded mountains, including the
Pyrenees dividing
Spain from
France, the
Alps dividing
Italy from
Central Europe, the
Dinaric Alps along the eastern
Adriatic, and the
Balkan and
Rhodope mountains of the Balkan Peninsula divide the Mediterranean from the temperate climate regions of Western and Central Europe.
The Mediterranean Basin extends into western Asia, covering the western and southern portions of the peninsula of
Anatolia, excluding the temperate-climate mountains of central Anatolia. It includes the Mediterranean-climate
Levant at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, bounded on the east and south by the Syrian and
Negev deserts.
The northern portion of the
Maghreb region of northwestern Africa has a Mediterranean climate, separated from the
Sahara Desert, which extends across North Africa, by the
Atlas Mountains. In the eastern Mediterranean the Sahara extends to the southern shore of the Mediterranean, with the exception of the northern fringe of the peninsula of
Cyrenaica in
Libya, which has a dry Mediterranean climate.
Origins
The Mediterranean Basin was shaped by the ancient collision of the northward-moving African-Arabian continent with the stable Eurasian continent. As Africa-Arabia moved north, it closed the former
Tethys Sea, which formerly separated Eurasia from the ancient supercontinent of
Gondwana, of which Africa was part. At the same time, about 170 mya in the Jurassic, a small Neotethys ocean basin formed shortly before the Tethys Sea was closed at the eastern end. The collision pushed up a vast system of mountains, extending from the
Pyrenees in Spain to the
Zagros Mountains in
Iran. This episode of mountain building, known as the Alpine orogeny, occurred mostly during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. The Neotethys became larger during these collisions and associated folding and subduction. About 6 mya during the late Miocene, the Mediterranean was closed at its western end as well, which caused the entire sea to evaporate; this episode is known as the Messinian Salinity Crisis, which ended when the Atlantic reflooded the basin at the end of the Miocene.
The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the Mediterranean Basin's climate. Fossil evidence shows that the Mediterranean Basin had a relatively humid subtropical climate with summer rainfall during the Miocene, which supported laurel forests. The shift to a Mediterranean climate occurred within the last 3.2 - 2.8 million years, during the
Pliocene epoch, as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated, although they persisted on the islands of
Macaronesia off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, and the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region.
Flora and Fauna
The Mediterranean Basin is the largest of the world's five
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub regions. It is home to a number of plant communities, which vary with rainfall, elevation, latitude, and soils.
- Scrublands occur in the driest areas, especially areas near the seacoast where wind and salt spray are frequent. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean are known as garrigue in France, phrygana in Greece
Greece lies at the juncture of Europe [i], Asia [i], and Africa [i]. ...
,
tomillares in Spain, and
batha in
Israel.
- Shrublands are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll shrubs and small trees, and are the commonest plant community around the Mediterranean. Mediterranean shrublands are known as matorral in Spain, macchia in Italy, and maquis in France and elsewhere around the Mediterranean. In some places shrublands are the mature vegetation type, and in other places the result of degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or overgrazing, or disturbance by major fires.
- Savannas and grasslands occur around the Mediterranean, usually dominated by annual grasses.
- Woodlands are usually dominated by oak and pine, mixed with other sclerophyll and coniferous trees.
- Forests are distinct from woodlands in having a closed canopy, and occur in the areas of highest rainfall and in riparian zones along rivers and streams where they receive summer water. Mediterranean forests are generally composed of evergreen trees, predominantly oak and pine. At higher elevations Mediterranean forests transition to mixed broadleaf and tall conifer forests similar to temperate zone forests.
The Mediterranean Basin is home to considerable
biodiversity, including 22,500 endemic vascular plant species. Conservation International designates the region as a biodiversity hotspot, because of its rich biodiversity and its threatened status. The Mediterranean Basin has an area of 2,085,292 km², of which only 98,009 km² remains undisturbed.
Endangered mammals of the Mediterranean Basin include the Mediterranean Monk Seal, the
Barbary Macaque, and the
Iberian Lynx.
Ecoregions
- Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
- Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
- Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
- Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
- Crete Mediterranean forests
- Cyprus Mediterranean forests
- Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
- Iberian conifer forests
- Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
- Illyrian deciduous forests
- Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
- Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
- Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
- Mediterranean woodlands and forests
- Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
- Northwest Iberian montane forests
- Pindus Mountains mixed forests
- South Appenine mixed montane forests
- Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
- Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
- Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
- Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
History
Neanderthals inhabited western Asia and the non-glaciated portions of Europe starting about 230,000 years ago. Modern humans moved into western Asia from Africa less than 100,000 years ago. Modern humans, known as Cro-Magnons, moved into Europe approximately 50-40,000 years ago.
The most recent glacial period, the
Wisconsin glaciation, reached its
maximum extent approximately 21,000 years ago, and ended approximately 12,000 years ago. A warm period, known as the
Holocene climatic optimum, followed the ice age.
Food crops, including
wheat,
chickpeas, and
olives, along with
sheep and
goats, were
domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean in the
9th millennium BCE, which allowed for the establishment of agricultural settlements. Near Eastern crops spread to southeastern Europe in the 7th millennium BCE.
Poppy and
oats were domesticated in Europe from the 6th to the 3rd millennium BCE. Agricultural settlements spread around the Mediterranean Basin.
Megaliths were constructed in Europe from 4500 - 1500 BCE.
A strengthening of the summer
monsoon 9000-7000 years ago increased rainfall across the
Sahara, which became a
grassland, with lakes, rivers, and wetlands. After a period of climatic instability, the Sahara settled into a desert state by the 4th millennium BCE.
see also History of the Mediterranean regionAgriculture
Wheat is the dominant grain grown around the Mediterranean Basin.
Pulses and
vegetables are also grown. The characteristic tree crop is the
olive.
Figs are another important fruit tree, and
citrus, especially
lemons, are grown where irrigation is present.
Grapes are an important
vine crop, grown for fruit and to make
wine.
Rice and summer vegetables are grown in irrigated areas.
References
- Attenborough, David 1987. The First Eden: the Mediterranean World and Man. Little Brown and Company, Boston.
- Dallman, Peter F. 1998. Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates. California Native Plant Society, University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
- Suc J-P. 1984. "Origin and evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe". Nature 307: 429-428.
External link
