Citrus

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Citrus

Citrus is a common term and genus

Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
of flowering plant

Flowering plant

The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of Embryophytes. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of Spermatophyte....
s in the family Rutaceae

Rutaceae

Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family, is a family of plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents....
, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of the world. The Latin word citrus was borrowed from ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
kedros "cedar, juniper" probably through Etruscan

Etruscan language

The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna , in Italy....
. The Romans applied the word to several different trees with fragrant foliage or wood (compare the completely unrelated cedar

Cedar

Cedar is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae. They are most closely related to the Firs , sharing a very similar cone structure....
s). The taxonomy

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word comes from the Greek language ', taxis and ', nomos .Taxonomies, or taxonomic schemes, are composed of taxonomic units known as taxa , or kinds of things that are arranged frequently in a hierarchical structure....
and systematics

Systematics

Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time....
of the genus are complex and the precise number of natural species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
is unclear, as many of the named species are clonal

Clonal

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Encyclopedia

Citrus is a common term and genus

Genus

Flowering plant

Rutaceae

Ancient Greek

Etruscan language

Cedar

Cedar is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae. They are most closely related to the Firs , sharing a very similar cone structure....
s). The taxonomy

Taxonomy

Systematics

Species

Clonal

Clonal may refer toin immunology:*clonal deletion, a process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated before act significantly upon specific antigens...
ly propagated hybrids, and there is genetic evidence that even some wild, true-breeding species are of hybrid origin. Cultivated Citrus may be derived from as few as four ancestral species. Natural and cultivated origin hybrids include commercially important fruit

Fruit

Orange (fruit)

An orange?specifically, the sweet orange?is the citrus Citrus sinensis and its fruit. The orange is a Hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo and tangerine ....
s, grapefruit

Grapefruit

The grapefruit is a subtropics citrus tree grown for its bitter fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m ....
, lemon

Lemon

Lime (fruit)

Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits , both species and Hybrid , which are typically round, green to yellow in color, 3?6 cm in diameter, generally containing sour pulp, and frequently associated with the lemon....
, and some tangerine

Tangerine

The tangerine is an orange - or red -coloured citrus fruit. It is a variety of the Mandarin orange . Tangerines are smaller than most orange , and the skin of some varieties will peel off more easily....
s.

Research suggests that the closely related genus Fortunella (kumquats), and perhaps also Poncirus and the Australian Microcitrus and Eremocitrus, should be included in Citrus; most botanists now classify Microcitrus and Eremocitrus as part of the genus Citrus.

Description

These plants are large shrub

Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s or small trees, reaching 5–15 m tall, with spiny

Spine (botany)

Spines are leaves that have been modified into cylindrical, hard structures with sharp ends. They are occasionally called thorn , which is incorrect ....
shoots and alternately arranged evergreen

Evergreen

In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant having leaf all year round. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage for part of the year....
leaves

Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
with an entire margin. The flower

Flower

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproduction structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds....
s are solitary or in small corymbs, each flower 2–4 cm diameter, with five (rarely four) white petals and numerous stamens; they are often very strongly scented. The fruit

Fruit

The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in food preparation and biology. In botany, which is the scientific study of plants, fruits are the ripened Ovary of flowering plants....
is a hesperidium
Hesperidium

A hesperidium is a modified berry with a tough, leathery rind. The peel contains volatile oil glands in pits. The fleshy interior is composed of separate sections, called carpels, filled with fluid-filled vesicles that are actually specialized hair cells....
, a specialised berry, globose to elongated, 4–30 cm long and 4–20 cm diameter, with a leathery rind surrounding segments or "liths" filled with pulp vesicle

Vesicle

Vesicle may refer to:* Synaptic vesicle* Auditory vesicle* Optic vesicles* Seminal vesicle* Subsporangial vesicle* Vesical arteries* Vesicle , a relatively small and enclosed compartment within a cell...
s. The genus is commercially important as many species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh, pressed for juice

Juice

Juice is a liquid naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue. Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or Maceration fresh fruits or vegetables without the application of heat or solvents....
, or preserved in marmalade

Marmalade

Terpene

Terpenes are a large and varied class of hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants, particularly conifers, though also by some insects such as termites or swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeterium....
s) contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden. The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid

Citric acid

Citric acid is a weak organic chemistry acid, and it is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks....
giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. They are also good sources of vitamin C

Vitamin C

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient for humans, a large number of simian species, a small number of other mammalian species , a few species of birds, and some fish....
and flavonoid

Flavonoid

The term flavonoid refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites. According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into:*flavonoids, derived from 2-phenylchromone structure...
s.

Cultivation

Citrus trees hybridise very readily – depending on the pollen

Pollen

Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of Gametophyte , which produce the male gametes of spermatophyta. A hard coat covering the pollen grain protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens of the flower to the pistil of the next flower....
source, plants grown from a Persian Lime

Persian lime

Persian Lime , also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime, is a citrus fruit grown commercially in the U.S. and sold simply as a "lime "....
's seeds can produce fruit similar to grapefruit. Thus all commercial citrus cultivation uses trees produced by grafting

Grafting

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another....
the desired fruiting cultivar

Cultivar

A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics; it is usually distinct from similar plants and when Plant propagation it retains those characteristics....
s onto rootstocks selected for disease resistance and hardiness.

The colour of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a (diurnal

Diurnal

Diurnal may refer to:* Diurnality, the behavior of an animal that is active in the daytime* Diurnal motion, the apparent motion of stars around the Earth...
) cool winter. In tropical regions with no winter, citrus fruits remain green until maturity, hence the tropical "green oranges". The Persian Lime

Persian lime

Persian Lime , also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime, is a citrus fruit grown commercially in the U.S. and sold simply as a "lime "....
in particular is extremely sensitive to cool conditions, thus it is not usually exposed to cool enough conditions to develop a mature colour. If they are left in a cool place over winter, the fruits will change colour to yellow.

It's important to note that the terms "ripe" and "mature" are usually used synonymously, but they actually mean different things. A mature fruit is one that has completed its growth phase. This will also ensure that it completes its ripening phase and reaches optimal quality for consumption, because a fruit cannot ripen until it reaches maturity. Ripening

Ripening

Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more edible. In general, a fruit becomes sweetness, less green, and softer as it ripens....
is the term used to describe the changes that occur within the fruit from the time it reaches maturity to the beginning of decay. These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids and a softening and change in the fruit's colour.

Citrus fruits do not go through a ripening process in the sense that they become "tree ripe." Some fruits, for example cherries, physically mature and then continue to ripen on the tree. Other fruits, like pears, are picked when mature but before they ripen, then continue to ripen off the tree. Citrus fruits pass from immaturity to maturity to over-maturity while still on the tree. Once they are separated from the tree, they will not increase in sweetness or continue to ripen. The only way change that may happen after being picked is that they will eventually start to decay.

With oranges, colour cannot be used as an indicator of ripeness because sometimes the rinds turn orange long before the oranges are ready to eat. Tasting them is the only way to know whether or not they are ready to eating.

Citrus trees are not generally frost hardy. Mandarin Orange

Mandarin orange

The Mandarin orange or mandarin is a small citrus tree with fruit resembling the Orange . The fruit is Spheroid, rather than Sphere. Mandarin oranges are usually eaten plain, or in fruit salads....
s (C. reticulata) tend to be the hardiest of the common Citrus species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as -10 °C, but realistically temperatures not falling below -2 °C are required for successful cultivation. Tangerines, tangors and yuzu

Yuzu

The yuzu is a citrus fruit originating in East Asia. It is believed to be a hybrid of sour Citrus reticulata and Ichang Lemon. The fruit looks a bit like a very small grapefruit with an uneven skin, and can be either yellow or green depending on the degree of ripeness....
can be grown outside even in regions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although this may affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit. Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate-winter coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. The related Trifoliate Orange

Trifoliate orange

Trifoliate Orange is a member of the family Rutaceae, closely related to Citrus, and sometimes included in that genus, being sufficiently closely related to allow it to be used as a rootstock for Citrus....
(Poncirus trifoliata) can survive below -20 °C; its fruit are astringent and inedible unless cooked but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed (see citrange

Citrange

The citrange is a Hybrid of the orange and the trifoliate orange. The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold-hardy citrus tree with delicious fruit....
s). The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer, yet survive, the dry summer of Central California's Inner Coast Ranges. At any age citrus grows well enough with infrequent irrigation in partial shade, but the fruit crop is smaller. Though broadleaved, they are evergreen and do not drop leaves except when stressed. The stems

Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaf, inflorescence , conifer cones or other stems etc....
of many varieties have large sharp thorns

Spine (botany)

Spines are leaves that have been modified into cylindrical, hard structures with sharp ends. They are occasionally called thorn , which is incorrect ....
. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter months, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to eighteen months to ripen.

Major commercial citrus growing areas include southern China, the Mediterranean Basin

Mediterranean Basin

The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub...
(including southern Spain), South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
, Australia

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
, the southernmost United States

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
and parts of South America

South America

South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
. In the United States, Florida

Florida

Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
, California

California

California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California....
, Arizona

Arizona

The State of Arizona is a U.S. state located in the Southwestern United States of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona....
, and Texas

Texas

Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents....
are major producers, while smaller plantings are present in other Sun Belt

Sun Belt

The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across Southern United States and Southwest United States . Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 37th or 38th parallels, north latitude....
states.

As ornamental plants

Citrus trees grown in tubs and wintered under cover were a feature of Renaissance gardens, once glass-making technology enabled sufficient expanses of clear glass to be produced. An orangery

Orangery

An orangery was a building frequently found in the grounds of fashionable residences from the 17th to the 19th century and given a classicising architectural form....
was a feature of royal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries. The Orangerie at the Palace of the Louvre

Louvre

The Louvre Museum , located in Paris, is a historic monument, and a national museum of France. It is a central landmark, located on the Rive Droite of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement of Paris ....
, 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s. In the United States the earliest surviving orangery is at the Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia

Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia

Mount Airy, near Warsaw, Virginia in Richmond County, Virginia, built in 1758-62, is a mid-Georgian farmhouse, the first built in the manner of a neo-Palladian villa....
. George Washington had an orangery at Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon was the Virginia estate of George Washington, the first President of the United States. The name may also refer to several other places around the world:...
.

Some modern hobbyists still grow dwarf citrus in containers or greenhouses in areas where it is too cold to grow it outdoors. Consistent climate, sufficient sunlight, and proper watering are crucial if the trees are to thrive and produce fruit. Compared to many of the usual "green shrubs", citrus trees better tolerate poor container care. For cooler winter areas, lime

Lime (fruit)

Lemon

The lemon is the common name for Citrus limon. The reproductive tissue surrounds the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The lemon is used for culinary and nonculinary purposes throughout the world....
s should not be grown, since they are more sensitive to winter cold than other citrus fruits. Hybrids with kumquat

Kumquat

The kumquats or cumquats are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, in the genus Fortunella which may better be included in Citrus as it is often done....
s (× Citrofortunella
Citrofortunella

? Citrofortunella is the term for a group of plants that are a hybrid between plants of the genus Citrus with kumquats .The plants are hardier and more compact than most citrus plants....
) have good cold resistance.

Pests and diseases

Citrus plants are very liable to infestation by aphid

Aphid

Aphids, also known as plant lice , are small plant-eating insects, and members of the Taxonomic rank Aphidoidea. Aphids are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions....
s, whitefly

Whitefly

The whiteflies, comprising only the family Aleyrodidae, are small hemipterans. More than 1550 species have been described. Whiteflies typically feed on the underside of plant leaves....
and scale insect

Scale insect

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects....
s (e.g. California red scale). Also rather important are the viral infections to which some of these ectoparasites serve as vectors

Vector (biology)

In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one Host to another, serving as a transmission ....
such as the aphid-transmitted Citrus tristeza virus
Citrus tristeza virus

Citrus tristeza virus is a viral species of the Closterovirus genus that causes the most economically damaging disease to its namesake plant genus, Citrus....
which when unchecked by proper methods of control is devastating to citrine plantations.

European brown snails (Helix aspersa
Helix aspersa

Helix aspersa, common name the garden snail; has two recent synonyms: Cornu aspersum and Cantareus aspersus. This pulmonate gastropod is one of the most well-known of all terrestrial Mollusca....
) can be a problem in California, though laying female Khaki Campbell

Khaki Campbell

A Khaki Campbell is a breed of domesticated duck kept for its high level of egg production. The breed was developed by Adele Campbell of England at the end of the 19th century....
and other Mallard

Mallard

The Mallard , probably the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks, is a dabbling duck which breeds throughout the temperate and sub-tropical areas of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand , and Australia....
-based duck

Duck

Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. The ducks are divided between several subfamilies listed in full in the Anatidae article; they do not represent a clade but a form taxon, being the Anatidae not considered swans and goose....
s can be used for control.

The foliage is also used as a food plant by the larva

Larva

A larva is a young form of animal with indirect developmental biology, going through or undergoing metamorphosis .The larva can look completely different from the adult form, for example, a caterpillar differs from a butterfly....
e of Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterfly. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterfly, skipper , and Hedylidae....
(butterfly

Butterfly

A butterfly is an insect of the Order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual Biological life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form....
and moth

Moth

A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly, both being of the Order Lepidoptera. The differences between butterflies and moths are more than just taxonomy....
) species such as the Geometridae Hemithea aestivaria (Common Emerald

Common Emerald

The Common Emerald is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species is found throughout the Nearctic and Palearctic regions and the Near East....
) and Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Double-striped Pug

Double-striped Pug

The Double-striped Pug is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a widespread and common species, being found throughout the Palearctic region, the Near East and North Africa....
), or the Arctiidae

Arctiidae

Arctiidae is a large and diverse family of moths with around 11,000 species found all over the world, with 6,000 Neotropical species . This family includes the groups commonly known as tiger moths , which usually have bright colours, footmen , lichen moths and wasp moths....
Hypercompe scribonia (Giant Leopard Moth

Giant Leopard Moth

The Giant Leopard Moth or Eyed Tiger Moth is a moth of the family Arctiidae. It is distributed throughout the Southern and Eastern United States from New England to Mexico....
), H. eridanus, H. icasia and H. indecisa.

Production

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
, the People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the List of countries by population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately a fifth of the world's population....
, the United States

United States

Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
, Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
and India

India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
are the world's largest citrus-producing countries. Of these, Brazil, the US, and Mexico are the world's largest producers of oranges, whilst PR China produces most of the world's mandarins, and India is the world's largest producer of lemons and limes.

Uses

Culinary

Many citrus fruits, such as oranges

Orange (fruit)

Tangerine

Grapefruit

Clementine

A clementine is the hesperidium of a variety of mandarin orange , named in 1902. A clementine is an oblate, small citrus fruit. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance....
s, are generally eaten fresh. They are typically peeled and can be easily split into segments. Grapefruit is more commonly halved and eaten out of the skin with a spoon. There are special spoons (grapefruit spoons) with serrated tips designed for this purpose. Orange and grapefruit juices are also very popular breakfast

Breakfast

Breakfast is a meal eaten after a long period of sleep, most often eaten in the morning. The word came about because it means breaking the fast after one has not eaten since the night before....
beverages. More astringent citrus, such as lemons and limes

Lime (fruit)

Meyer lemon

The Meyer lemon is a citrus fruit, native to China, thought to be a cross between a true lemon and a mandarin orange or orange . The Meyer lemon was introduced to the United States in 1908 as S.P.I....
s can be eaten 'out of hand' with the fragant skin; they are both sweet and sour. Lemonade

Lemonade

File:Homemade Lemonade.jpgLemonade is a lemon-flavored soft drink. As the name suggests, lemonade is made from lemons. It is an ade. When combined with sugar, it gives a pleasant mixture of sour and sweet to produce a flavor very agreeable to the taste buds....
or limeade

Limeade

Limeade is a beverage similar to lemonade, but is made with lime juice or lime flavor instead of those of the lemon. A.G. Barr plc, of Glasgow produce a limeade which is somewhat popular in Scotland, and Newman's Own introduced its own brand of limeade in 2004....
are popular beverages prepared by diluting the juices of these fruits and adding sugar. Lemons and limes are also used as garnishes or in cooked dishes. Their juice is used as an ingredient in a variety of dishes; it can commonly be found in salad dressings and squeezed over cooked meat or vegetables. A variety of flavours can be derived from different parts and treatments of citrus fruits. The rind

Peel (fruit)

Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a fruit or vegetable which could be peeled off. The rind is usually the Botany exocarp, but the term exocarp does also include the hard cases of nut , which are not named peels since they are not peeled off by hand or peeler, but rather shells because of their har...
and oil

Essential oil

An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove....
of the fruit is generally very bitter, especially when cooked, and so is often combined with sugar. The fruit pulp can vary from sweet and tart to extremely sour. Marmalade

Marmalade

Marmalade is a fruit fruit preserves usually made of citrus fruits. British-style marmalade is sweet marmalade with a bitter tang made from fruit, sugar, water, zest and a gelling agent....
, a condiment derived from cooked orange and lemon, can be especially bitter, but is usually sweetened to cut the bitterness and produce a jam-like result. Lemon or lime is commonly used as a garnish for water, soft drinks, or cocktails. Citrus juices, rinds, or slices are used in a variety of mixed drinks. The colourful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as zest

Zest (ingredient)

Zest is the outer, colorful skin of citrus, known botanically as the exocarp. It is often used to add flavor to foods....
, is used as a flavouring in cooking; the white inner portion of the peel, the pith, is usually avoided due to its bitterness. The zest of a citrus fruit, typically lemon or an orange, can also be soaked in water in a coffee filter

Coffee filter

A coffee filter is a coffee-brewing cooking utensil, usually made of disposable paper. A stainless steel filter is used to prepare indian filter coffee, the form of coffee common in India....
, and drunk.

Medical

Citrus juice also has medical uses; lemon juice is used to relieve the pain of bee sting

Bee sting

A bee sting strictly means a Sting from a bee . In the vernacular it can mean a sting of a bee, wasp, hornet, or yellowjacket. Some people may even call the bite of a horsefly a bee sting....
s. Oranges were historically used for their high content of vitamin C

Vitamin C

Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. The chemical name for vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin name of scurvy, scorbutus....
. Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency, and can be prevented by having 10 milligrams of vitamin C a day. An early sign of scurvy is fatigue. If ignored, later symptoms are bleeding and bruising easily. After consumption, the peel is sometimes used as a facial cleanser. Before the development of fermentation

Fermentation

Fermentation may refer to:* Fermentation , the process of energy production in a cell under anaerobic conditions * Ethanol fermentation, a form of anaerobic respiration used primarily by yeasts when oxygen is not present in sufficient quantity for normal cellular respiration...
-based processes, lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid

Citric acid

Citric acid is a weak organic chemistry acid, and it is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks....
.

List of citrus fruits

The genus Citrus has been suggested to originate in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia....
. Prior to human cultivation, it consisted of just a few species, namely:

Citrus aurantifolia – Key Lime
Key lime

The Key lime is a citrus species with a globose fruit, 2.5-5 cm in diameter , that is yellow when ripe but usually picked green commercially. It is smaller, seedier, has a higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind than that of the Persian lime ....
, Omani Lime, from India
Citrus maxima – Pomelo
Pomelo

The pomelo, , is a citrus fruit native to South East Asia. It is usually pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white flesh and very thick spongy rind....
(pummelo, shaddock), from the Malay Archipelago
Malay Archipelago

The Malay Archipelago and Maritime Southeast Asia are names given to the archipelago located between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia....
Citrus medica – Citron
Citron

The citron is a fragrant fruit with the botanical name Citrus medica Carolus Linnaeus, which applies to both the Walter Tennyson Swingle and Nobuyuki Tanaka systems....
, from India
Citrus reticulata – Mandarin orange
Mandarin orange

The Mandarin orange or mandarin is a small citrus tree with fruit resembling the Orange . The fruit is Spheroid, rather than Sphere. Mandarin oranges are usually eaten plain, or in fruit salads....
s, from China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
Citrus trifoliata – Trifoliate Orange
Trifoliate orange

Trifoliate Orange is a member of the family Rutaceae, closely related to Citrus, and sometimes included in that genus, being sufficiently closely related to allow it to be used as a rootstock for Citrus....
, from Korea and adjacent China (often separated as Poncirus)
Australian lime
Australian lime

Australian lime refers to six small citrus species known as lime native to the continent of Australia.Five are found only in the rainforests of the north....
s

Citrus australasica – Finger Lime
Finger Lime

The Finger Lime plant, Citrus australasica is a thorny understorey shrub of the lowland subtropical rainforests of Eastern Australia.Although there is no documentation that finger lime was traditionally eaten by Indigenous Australians people, it's possible that indigenous use was not observed or recorded by European settlers....
(sometimes separated in Microcitrus)
Citrus australis
Citrus australis

Round lime , also known as Australian lime or Australian round lime, is a large shrub or small tree of a height of up to 12m. It grows in the Beenleigh, Queensland area, Queensland, Australia....
– Australian Round Lime (sometimes separated in Microcitrus)
Citrus glauca – Desert Lime
Desert Lime

Citrus glauca is also known as Desert Lime. It is a thorny shrub or small tree endemic to semi-arid regions of Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia Australia....
(sometimes separated in Eremocitrus)

and 3 other Microcitrus

Kumquat
Kumquat

The kumquats or cumquats are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, in the genus Fortunella which may better be included in Citrus as it is often done....
s, 4-5 species from East Asia ranging into Southeast Asia (often separated as Fortunella)
Papedas, including

Citrus halimii – limau kadangsa, limau kedut kera, from Thailand
Thailand

The Kingdom of Thailand is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Laos and Myanmar, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and Myanmar....
and Malaya
Malay Peninsula

The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula is a major peninsula located in Southeast Asia. It is also known as the Kra Peninsula and runs approximately north-south through the Kra Isthmus....
Citrus indica – Indian Wild Orange, from India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....

Hybrids and cultivars

is an important ritual during the Jewish

Judaism

Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts....
Sukkot

Sukkot

Sukkot , is a Hebrew Bible pilgrimage Jewish holiday that occurs in autumn on the 15th day of the month of Tishrei . The holiday lasts seven days, including Chol Hamoed....
festival, many varieties are used for this purpose (including the Yemenite

Yemenite citron

The Yemenite citron is a distinct Variety , usually containing no juice vesicles in its fruit's Fruit_anatomy#Endocarp. The bearing tree is fairly bigger than nonbearing trees., and the fruit's Fruit_anatomy#Mesocarp is much juicier....
pictured).]]

Sorted by parentage. As each is the product of (at least) two parent species, they are listed multiple times.

Citrus maxima-based Amanatsu
Amanatsu

is a yellowish orange citrus fruit, a group of cultivars of natsumikan , which were discovered in 1740 in the Yamaguchi prefecture of Japan. Natsumikan is about the size of grapefruit and Spheroid in shape....
, natsumikan – Citrus × natsudaidai (C. maxima × unknown)
Cam sành
Cam sành

The cam s?nh is a variety of citrus fruit similar to an orange , originating from Vietnam. Because of this it is frequently referred to as a "green." The fruit may be easily recognized by its thick skin, which is typically bright green in color , while its flesh is orange....
(C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)
Grapefruit
Grapefruit

The grapefruit is a subtropics citrus tree grown for its bitter fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m ....
– Citrus × paradisi (C. maxima × C. × sinensis)
Imperial Lemon
Imperial lemon

The Imperial lemon is thought to be a lemon X grapefruit hybrid. Its fruit is slightly larger than a lemon and has a more rounded shape....
(C. × limon × C. × paradisi)
Kinnow
Kinnow

Kinnow is a citrus fruit variety majorly grown in Punjab Pakistan and to a lesser extent in north Indian states, mainly Punjab and Rajasthan. Kinnow was developed by H.B....
, Wilking (C. × nobilis × C. × deliciosa)
Kiyomi
Kiyomi

is a Japanese citrus fruit that is a hybrid of a Miyagawa-wase mikan and a Trovita orange. This was the first tangor created in Japan in 1949. Kiyomis are sweet and have no seeds....
(C. sinensis × C. × unshiu)
Minneola Tangelo (C. reticulata × C. × paradisi)
Orangelo
Orangelo

An orangelo is a Hybrid citrus fruit believed to have originated in Puerto Rico. The fruit, a cross between a grapefruit and an orange , had spontaneously appeared in the shade-providing trees grown on Coffea plantations in the Puerto Rican highlands....
, Chironja (C. × paradisi × C. × sinensis)
Oroblanco
Oroblanco

An oroblanco or sweetie is a cross between an acidless pomelo and a white grapefruit. It is slightly larger in size than a grapefruit but has fewer seeds and is sweeter....
, Sweetie (C. maxima × C. × paradisi)
Sweet Orange – Citrus × sinensis (probably C. maxima × C. × reticulata)
Tangelo
Tangelo

The tangelo is a citrus fruit that is a Hybrid of a tangerine and either a pomelo or a grapefruit. It may have originated in Southeast Asia over 3,500 years ago ....
– Citrus × tangelo (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. × paradisi)
Tangor
Tangor

The tangor is a citrus fruit hybrid of the mandarin orange and the Orange . The name "tangor" is a formation from the "tang" of tangerine and the "or" of "orange"....
– Citrus × nobilis (C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)
Ugli (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. × paradisi)

Citrus medica-based

Buddha's Hand
Buddha's hand

Buddha's Hand, Buddha's Hand citron, or Fingered citron is a fragrant citron which's fruit is segmented into finger-like sections....
– Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus
Citron
Citron

The citron is a fragrant fruit with the botanical name Citrus medica Carolus Linnaeus, which applies to both the Walter Tennyson Swingle and Nobuyuki Tanaka systems....
varieties with sour pulp
Juice vesicles

The juice vesicles of a Citrus are the membranous content of the fruit?s endocarp. The vesicles contain the juice of the fruit. The pulp is usually removed from fruit juice by Sieve it out....
: Diamante citron
Diamante citron

The Diamante citron is named after the city of Diamante, Italy which is in the center of its cultivation point, province of Cosenza, region of Calabria, at the south-western coast of Italy....
, Florentine citron
Florentine citron

The citron of Florence is a very fragrant citrus fruit, which is named after its most known origin of cultivation....
, Greek citron
Greek citron

The Greece citron Variety of citrus medica was botanically classified by Adolf Engler as the "variety etrog", remarking on its major use for the Jewish ritual during Sukkot, due to its extraordinary natural beauty....
and Balady citron
Balady citron

Balady Citron is a variety of citron, or etrog, grown in Palestine for Jewish ritual purposes. Balady is Arabic for "native."Local Arab farmers began using this name in the mid-19th century to distinguish this variety from the Greek citron, which was cultivated along the Jaffa seashore....

Citron varieties with sweet pulp: Corsican citron
Corsican citron

The Corsican citron is a sweet pulp citron, which was traditionally one of the most important variety employed in Succade production. The name is from its most original cultivation center which is even today, at the France Island of Corsica or Corse....
and Moroccan citron
Moroccan citron

The Morocco Citron#Description_and_Variation was first described in detail by Professor Henri Chapot, in his article named Un curieux cedrat Marocain which he published in year 1950....
.

Yemenite citron
Yemenite citron

The Yemenite citron is a distinct Variety , usually containing no juice vesicles in its fruit's Fruit_anatomy#Endocarp. The bearing tree is fairly bigger than nonbearing trees., and the fruit's Fruit_anatomy#Mesocarp is much juicier....
– a pulpless citron.

Fernandina – Citrus × limonimedica (probably C. medica × C. × limon)
Ponderosa Lemon
Ponderosa lemon

The ponderosa lemon is thought to be a lemon X citron hybrid. It is similar to a lemon but the fruit is much larger with a thick bumpy peel and no pointed tip....
(probably C. medica × C. × limon)

Citrus reticulata-based Bergamot Orange
Bergamot orange

File:Dscf0545.jpgFile:Bergamotfruit.jpgThe bergamot is a small and roughly pear-shaped fragrant citrus fruit native to Southeast Asia. Today it is also commercially grown in Calabria, Italy....
, Seville Orange – Citrus × aurantium ssp. bergamia or Citrus × bergamia
Bitter Orange
Bitter orange

The name "bitter orange" refers to a citrus tree and its fruit. Many varieties of bitter oranges are used for their essential oil, which is used in perfume and as a flavoring....
– Citrus × aurantium
Blood Orange
Blood orange

The blood orange is a variety of orange with crimson, blood-colored flesh. The fruit is smaller than an average orange; its skin is usually pitted, but can be smooth....
– Citrus × sinensis cultivars
Cam sành
Cam sành

The cam s?nh is a variety of citrus fruit similar to an orange , originating from Vietnam. Because of this it is frequently referred to as a "green." The fruit may be easily recognized by its thick skin, which is typically bright green in color , while its flesh is orange....
(C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)
Chinotto
Chinotto

The is a small bitter citrus fruit from the Myrtle-leaved orange . The tree grows to a height of 3m and can be found in Liguria, Tuscany, Sicily and Calabria regions of Italy....
– Citrus × aurantium var. myrtifolia or Citrus × myrtifolia
ChungGyun – Citrus reticulata cultivar
Clementine
Clementine

A clementine is the hesperidium of a variety of mandarin orange , named in 1902. A clementine is an oblate, small citrus fruit. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance....
– Citrus × clementina
Cleopatra Mandarin – Citrus × reshni
Dekopon
Dekopon

is a seedless and highly sweet hybrid between ChungGyun and ponkan, developed in Japan in 1972. While "dekopon" was originally a brand name, it has become a genericized trademark and it is used to refer to all brands of the fruit; the generic name is ....
– Citrus reticulata cv. 'Siranui' (ChungGyun × Ponkan)
Daidai
Daidai

The daidai , is an Asian variety of bitter orange. The name daidai, originally meaning several generations, originates from the fruit staying on the tree for several years if not picked....
– Citrus × aurantium var. daidai or Citrus × daidai
Grapefruit
Grapefruit

The grapefruit is a subtropics citrus tree grown for its bitter fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m ....
– Citrus × paradisi (C. maxima × C. × sinensis)
Hermandina – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Hermandina'
Imperial Lemon
Imperial lemon

The Imperial lemon is thought to be a lemon X grapefruit hybrid. Its fruit is slightly larger than a lemon and has a more rounded shape....
(C. × limon × C. × paradisi)
Kinnow
Kinnow

Kinnow is a citrus fruit variety majorly grown in Punjab Pakistan and to a lesser extent in north Indian states, mainly Punjab and Rajasthan. Kinnow was developed by H.B....
, Wilking (C. × nobilis × C. × deliciosa)
Kiyomi
Kiyomi

is a Japanese citrus fruit that is a hybrid of a Miyagawa-wase mikan and a Trovita orange. This was the first tangor created in Japan in 1949. Kiyomis are sweet and have no seeds....
(C. sinensis × C. × unshiu)
Mediterranean Mandarin, Willow Leaf – Citrus × deliciosa
Meyer Lemon
Meyer lemon

The Meyer lemon is a citrus fruit, native to China, thought to be a cross between a true lemon and a mandarin orange or orange . The Meyer lemon was introduced to the United States in 1908 as S.P.I....
, Valley Lemon – Citrus × meyeri (C. × limon × C. × paradisi or C. × sinensis)
Michal Mandarin – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Michal'
Mikan
Mikan

Citrus unshiu is a seedless and easy-peeling citrus mutant of Chinese origin, but introduced to the West via Japan. In Japan, it is known as unshu mikan ....
, Satsuma – Citrus × unshiu
Minneola Tangelo (C. reticulata × C. × paradisi)
Nova Mandarin, Clemenvilla
Orangelo
Orangelo

An orangelo is a Hybrid citrus fruit believed to have originated in Puerto Rico. The fruit, a cross between a grapefruit and an orange , had spontaneously appeared in the shade-providing trees grown on Coffea plantations in the Puerto Rican highlands....
, Chironja (C. × paradisi × C. × sinensis)
Oroblanco
Oroblanco

An oroblanco or sweetie is a cross between an acidless pomelo and a white grapefruit. It is slightly larger in size than a grapefruit but has fewer seeds and is sweeter....
, Sweetie (C. maxima × C. × paradisi)
Ponkan
Ponkan

Ponkan ? is a member of the tangerine family, but its fruits are the size of Orange . The fruit is round and around 7-8 cm wide in size. It was originally introduced to the United States by Reverend Barrington of Melrose, Florida, about 1880....
– Citrus reticulata cv. 'Ponkan'
Rangpur
Rangpur (fruit)

Rangpurs, also known as lemandarins, are a hybrid between the mandarin orange and the lemon. It is a citrus fruit with a very acid taste and an orange peel and flesh....
, Lemanderin, Mandarin Lime – Citrus × limonia (C. reticulata × C. × limon)
Sweet Orange – Citrus × sinensis (probably C. maxima × C. × reticulata)
Tangelo
Tangelo

The tangelo is a citrus fruit that is a Hybrid of a tangerine and either a pomelo or a grapefruit. It may have originated in Southeast Asia over 3,500 years ago ....
– Citrus × tangelo (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. × paradisi)
Tangerine
Tangerine

The tangerine is an orange - or red -coloured citrus fruit. It is a variety of the Mandarin orange . Tangerines are smaller than most orange , and the skin of some varieties will peel off more easily....
– Citrus × tangerina
Tangor
Tangor

The tangor is a citrus fruit hybrid of the mandarin orange and the Orange . The name "tangor" is a formation from the "tang" of tangerine and the "or" of "orange"....
– Citrus × nobilis (C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)
Ugli (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. × paradisi)
Yuzu
Yuzu

The yuzu is a citrus fruit originating in East Asia. It is believed to be a hybrid of sour Citrus reticulata and Ichang Lemon. The fruit looks a bit like a very small grapefruit with an uneven skin, and can be either yellow or green depending on the degree of ripeness....
– Citrus × junos (C. reticulata × C. × ichangensis)

Unresolved

Alemow, Colo – Citrus × macrophylla
Djeruk limau – Citrus × amblycarpa
Gajanimma, Carabao Lime – Citrus × pennivesiculata
Ichang Lemon
Ichang Lemon

The Ichang Lemon is a slow-growing species of the genus Citrus, which has characteristic lemon-scented foliage and flowers. It is native to East Asia and is likely named for the city of Yichang , in China's Hubei province....
, Ichang Papeda – Citrus × ichangensis
Imperial Lemon
Imperial lemon

The Imperial lemon is thought to be a lemon X grapefruit hybrid. Its fruit is slightly larger than a lemon and has a more rounded shape....
(C. × limon × C. × paradisi)
Iyokan
Iyokan

The iyokan , also known as anadomikan , is a Japanese citrus fruit. It is the second most widely produced citrus fruit in Japan after the mikan....
, anadomikan – Citrus × iyo
Kabosu
Kabosu

is a juicy green citrus fruit closely related to the yuzu with the sharpness of lemon, used instead of vinegar in some Japanese dishes. It grows on a flowering plant with sharp thorns, and the fruit is harvested when still green but ripens to yellow....
– Citrus × sphaerocarpa
Kaffir Lime
Kaffir lime

The kaffir lime , also known as kieffer lime and limau purut is a type of lime native to Indonesia and Malaysia, commonly used in Southeast Asian cuisine, and widely grown worldwide as a backyard shrub....
, makrut – Citrus × hystrix
Khasi Papeda – Citrus × latipes
Lemon
Lemon

The lemon is the common name for Citrus limon. The reproductive tissue surrounds the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The lemon is used for culinary and nonculinary purposes throughout the world....
– Citrus × limon
Limetta, Sweet Lemon, Sweet Lime, mosambi – Citrus × limetta
Palestine Sweet Lime – Citrus × limettioides Tanaka
Persian lime
Persian lime

Persian Lime , also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime, is a citrus fruit grown commercially in the U.S. and sold simply as a "lime "....
, Tahiti Lime – Citrus × latifolia
Pompia ("Citrus mostruosa", a nomen nudum
Nomen nudum

The phrase nomen nudum is a Latin language term, meaning "naked name". In taxonomy, this is used to indicate a term or phrase which looks like a scientific name, and may well have been intended to become a scientific name, but fails to be one because it was not published with an adequate description , and thus is "bare" or "naked"....
)
Rough Lemon – Citrus × jambhiri Lush.
Shekwasha
Shekwasha

Citrus depressa , in English sometimes called Taiwan tangerine, flat lemon, hirami lemon, or thin-skinned flat lemon, is a small, green citrus fruit rich in flavonoids and native to Taiwan and Okinawa, Japan....
, Hirami Lemon, Taiwan Tangerine – Citrus × depressa
Sudachi
Sudachi

Sudachi is a small, round, green citrus fruit that is relatively unknown outside Japan, where it is used alongside another citrus fruit, the yuzu and the kabosu....
– Citrus × sudachi
Sunki, Suenkat – Citrus × sunki
Tachibana Orange – Citrus × tachibana (Mak.) Tanaka
Volkamer Lemon – Citrus × volkameriana

For hybrids with kumquat
Kumquat

The kumquats or cumquats are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, in the genus Fortunella which may better be included in Citrus as it is often done....
s, see × Citrofortunella

Citrofortunella

? Citrofortunella is the term for a group of plants that are a hybrid between plants of the genus Citrus with kumquats .The plants are hardier and more compact than most citrus plants....
. For hybrids with the Trifoliate Orange
Trifoliate orange

Trifoliate Orange is a member of the family Rutaceae, closely related to Citrus, and sometimes included in that genus, being sufficiently closely related to allow it to be used as a rootstock for Citrus....
, see citrange
Citrange

The citrange is a Hybrid of the orange and the trifoliate orange. The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold-hardy citrus tree with delicious fruit....
.

Others

Citrus macroptera
Citrus macroptera

Citrus macroptera is a semi-wild species of citrus grown primarily in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. Its fruit, which does not produce much juice, is about the size of a small grapefruit and is yellow when ripe....
- grown in the Sylhet
Sylhet

Sylhet , is a major city in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is the capital of Sylhet Division and Sylhet District. Sylhet is located on the banks of the Surma River and is surrounded by the Jaintia, Khasi and Tripura hills....
region of Bangladesh
Bangladesh

, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south....
, where it is called shatkora

See also

Japanese citrus
Japanese citrus

A number of citrus fruits are grown in or strongly associated with Japan. Many of these fruits are of China origin, but have been modified or specially bred for cultivation in Japan....
Juice vesicles
Juice vesicles

The juice vesicles of a Citrus are the membranous content of the fruit?s endocarp. The vesicles contain the juice of the fruit. The pulp is usually removed from fruit juice by Sieve it out....

Fruit anatomy
Fruit anatomy

A fruit in botany refers to a mature ovary . In fleshy fruits, the outer, often edible, layer is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds....

Footnotes

Further reading
(2002): Origin and history. In: (2002): Citrus. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-28491-0 (1985): Chapter 64. Rutaceae. In: Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks (Volume II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations). International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy. (1991): FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Citrus Germplasm. FAO, IOCV, IPGRI. (1999): Descriptors for Citrus (Citrus spp.). (2005): Purdue University
Purdue University

Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, Indiana, United States, is the flagship university of the six campuses within the Purdue University System....
Tropical Horticulture Lecture 32: (1995): RFLP analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes used for citrus taxonomy. In: Mandarines - développements scientifiques récents, résumés oraux et posters: 12-13. CIRAD-FLHOR, San Nicolao, France. (2000): Citrus, Proceedings of a regional workshop on disease management of banana and citrus through the use of disease-free planting materials held in Davao City, Philippines, 14-16 October 1998. INIBAP. (2005): Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden. (1967-1989): The Citrus Industry.

External links

on CultureSheet.org
of IFAS
IFAS

IFAS can stand for:* Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences* Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies* Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge System...
(largest citrus research center in world)
(Mark Rieger, Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia)
is an organization of citrus Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
ian producers and processors.