This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- indoleacetic acids

--- etodolac

Etodolac

Etodolac: Etodolac belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . Other members of this class include aspirin, ibuprofen , naproxen , indomethacin , nabumetone and numerous others. These drugs are used for the management of mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation...

 --- hydroxyindoleacetic acid

--- isonicotinic acids

Isonicotinic acids

Isonicotinic acid is an organic compound with a carboxyl group on a pyridine ring. It is an isomer of nicotinic acid — the carboxyl group for isonicotinic acid is on the 4-position instead of the 3-position for nicotinic acid.-Derivatives:...

--- ethionamide

Ethionamide

Ethionamide is an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis.It is a prodrug.It has been proposed for use in combination with gatifloxacin.The action may be through disruption of mycolic acid.-Synthesis:...

 --- iproniazid

Iproniazid

Iproniazid is a hydrazine drug used as an antidepressant. It acts as an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor . Though it has been widely discontinued in most of the world, it is still used in France.- History :Iproniazid was the first antidepressant ever marketed...

 --- isoniazid

Isoniazid

Isoniazid , also known as isonicotinylhydrazine , is an organic compound that is the first-line antituberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. It was first discovered in 1912, and later in 1951 it was found to be effective against tuberculosis by inhibiting its mycolic acid...

 --- nialamide

Nialamide

Nialamide is an irreversible and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor of the hydrazine chemical class used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic...

 --- prothionamide --- pyridoxic acid

--- isonipecotic acids

--- diphenoxylate

Diphenoxylate

Diphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions and peristalsis allowing the body to consolidate intestinal contents and prolong transit time, thus allowing the intestines to draw moisture out of them at a normal or higher rate and...

 --- meperidine --- promedol --- phenoperidine

Phenoperidine

Phenoperidine was discovered by Janssen Pharmacutica 1960. Marketed as its hydrochloride as Operidine or Lealgin, is an opioid used as a general anesthetic. It is a derivative of isonipecotic acid, like pethidine, and is metabolized in part to norpethidine. It is 20-200 times as potent as pethidine...

 --- pirinitramide

--- nicotinic acids

Nicotinic acids

Nicotinic acids are derivatives of pyridine which have a carboxy group.Although the term niacin is sometimes used interchangeably with "nicotinic acid", it is more precise to only apply it to the 1-3 substituted form.Examples include:* arecoline...

--- arecoline

Arecoline

Arecoline is an alkaloid natural product found in the areca nut, the fruit of the areca palm . It is an odourless oily liquid volatile in steam, miscible with most organic solvents and water, but extractable from the latter by ether in presence of dissolved salts. The salts are crystalline, but...

 --- clonixin

Clonixin

Clonixin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It also has analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. It is used primarily in the treatment of chronic arthritic conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and inflammation....

 --- etazolate

Etazolate

Etazolate is an anxiolytic drug which is a pyrazolopyridine derivative and has unique pharmacological properties. It acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor at the barbiturate binding site, as an adenosine antagonist of the A1 and A2 subtypes, and as a phosphodiesterase...

 --- niacin

Niacin

"Niacin" redirects here. For the neo-fusion band, see Niacin .Niacin is an organic compound with the formula and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.Niacin is one of five vitamins associated with a pandemic deficiency disease: niacin deficiency...

 --- niacinamide --- 6-aminonicotinamide --- nicorandil

Nicorandil

Nicorandil is a vasodilatory drug used to treat angina. It is marketed under the trade names Ikorel , Dancor , Nikoran , Aprior , Nitorubin and Sigmart...

 --- nikethamide

Nikethamide

Nikethamide is a stimulant which mainly affects the respiratory cycle. Widely known by its former trade name of Coramine, it was used in the mid-1900s as a medical countermeasure against tranquilizer overdoses, before the advent of endotracheal intubation and positive-pressure lung expansion...

 --- niceritrol

Niceritrol

Niceritrol is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent....

 --- niflumic acid

Niflumic acid

Niflumic acid is a drug used for joint and muscular pain. It is categorized as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. In experimental biology, it has been employed to inhibit chloride channels. It has also been reported to act on GABA-A and NMDA channels ....

 --- pipemidic acid

Pipemidic acid

Pipemidic acid is a member of the pyridopyrimidine class of antibacterials, which display some overlap in mechanism of action with analogous pyridone-containing quinolones....

 --- piromidic acid

Piromidic acid

Piromidic acid is a quinolone....

 --- xanthinol niacinate

--- picolinic acids

--- fusaric acid

Fusaric acid

Fusaric acid is a picolinic acid derivative. It is typically isolated from various Fusarium species, and has been proposed for a various therapeutic applications. However, it is primarily used as a research tool....

 --- picloram

Picloram

Picloram is a systemic herbicide used for general woody plant control, sold under the trade names Tordon and Grazon. It also controls a wide range of broad-leaved weeds, but most grasses are resistant...

 --- streptonigrin

--- amaryllidaceae alkaloids

--- galantamine

Galantamine

Galantamine is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and various other memory impairments, in particular those of vascular origin...

--- cinchona alkaloids

--- quinidine

Quinidine

Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent in the heart. It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.-Mechanism:...

 --- quinine

Quinine

Quinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic , antimalarial, analgesic , anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an anti-arrhythmic...

--- colchicine

Colchicine

Colchicine is a medication used for gout. It is a toxic natural product and secondary metabolite, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum...

--- demecolcine

Demecolcine

Demecolcine, also known as colcemid, is a drug used in chemotherapy.It is closely related to the natural alkaloid colchicine with the replacement of the acetyl group on the amino moiety with methyl, but it is less toxic...

 --- lumicolchicines

--- ergot alkaloids

--- ergolines --- ergonovine

Ergonovine

Ergometrine , is an ergoline derivative, and one of the primary ergot and morning glory alkaloids...

 --- methylergonovine

Methylergonovine

Methylergometrine is a synthetic analogue of ergonovine, a psychedelic alkaloid found in ergot, and many species of morning glory. It is a member of the ergoline family and chemically similar to LSD, ergine, ergometrine, and lysergic acid...

 --- lisuride

Lisuride

Lisuride is an antiparkinson agent of the iso-ergoline class, chemically related to the dopaminergic ergoline Parkinson's drugs. Lisuride is described as free base and as hydrogen maleate salt.Lisuride is used to lower prolactin and, in low doses, to prevent migraine attacks...

 --- lysergic acid

Lysergic acid

Lysergic acid, also known as D-lysergic acid and -lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and some plants. Amides of lysergic acid, lysergamides, are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs...

 --- lysergic acid diethylamide --- metergoline

Metergoline

Metergoline is a psychoactive drug of the ergoline chemical class which acts as a ligand for various serotonin and dopamine receptors....

 --- methysergide

Methysergide

Methysergide is a prescription drug used for prophylaxis of migraine headaches and is sold under the brand names Sansert and Deseril in 2 mg dosages.-Pharmacology:Methysergide interacts with serotonin receptors...

 --- nicergoline

Nicergoline

Nicergoline is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins. It has been found to increase mental agility and enhance clarity and perception. It decreases vascular resistance and increases arterial blood flow in the brain, improving the utilization of...

 --- pergolide

Pergolide

Pergolide is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used in some countries for the treatment of Parkinson's disease....

 --- ergotamines --- bromocriptine

Bromocriptine

Bromocriptine , an ergoline derivative, is a dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease , hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.- Indications :Amenorrhea, female infertility, galactorrhea, hypogonadism, and acromegaly...

 --- dihydroergocornine

Dihydroergocornine

Dihydroergocornine is an ergot alkaloid. Alongside dihydroergocristine and dihydroergocryptine, it is one of the three components of ergoloid....

 --- dihydroergocristine

Dihydroergocristine

Dihydroergocristine is an ergot alkaloid. Alongside dihydroergocornine and dihydroergocryptine, it is one of the components of ergoloid....

 --- dihydroergocryptine

Dihydroergocryptine

Dihydroergocryptine is a dopamine agonist of the ergoline chemical class used as an antiparkinson agent....

 --- dihydroergotamine

Dihydroergotamine

Dihydroergotamine is an ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines. It is a derivative of ergotamine. It is administered as a nasal spray or injection and has an efficacy similar to that of sumatriptan...

 --- dihydroergotoxine --- ergoloid mesylates

Ergoloid mesylates

Ergoloid mesylates or codergocrine mesilate , trade name Hydergine, is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of three dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids ....

 --- ergotamine

--- indole alkaloids

Indole alkaloids

Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups. Containing more than 4100 known different compounds, it is one of the largest classes of alkaloids. Many of them possess significant physiological activity and...

--- curare

Curare

Curare is a common name for various arrow poisons originating from South America. The three main types of curare are:* tubocurare...

 --- toxiferine

Toxiferine

Toxiferine is a curare toxin. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist....

 --- alcuronium

Alcuronium

Alcuronium is a peripherally acting muscle relaxant in the curare alkaloid family. It is a semi-synthetic substance derived from toxiferine.- Effects :...

 --- tubocurarine

Tubocurarine

Tubocurarine is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation...

 --- harmaline

Harmaline

Harmaline is a fluorescent psychoactive indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the reduced hydrogenated form of harmine.-Occurrence in nature:...

 --- harmine

Harmine

Harmine is a fluorescent harmala alkaloid belonging to the beta-carboline family of compounds. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Middle Eastern plant harmal or Syrian rue and the South American vine Banisteriopsis caapi...

 --- physostigmine

Physostigmine

Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean....

 --- psilocybine --- secologanin tryptamine alkaloids --- ajmaline

Ajmaline

Ajmaline is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent. It is often used to bring out typical findings of ST elevations in patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome....

 --- prajmaline

Prajmaline

Prajmaline is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent which has been available since the 1970’s. Class Ia drugs increase the time one action potential lasts in the heart. Prajmaline is a semi-synthetic propyl derivative of ajmaline, with a higher bioavailability than its predecessor...

 --- ellipticines --- ibogaine

Ibogaine

Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...

 --- strychnine

Strychnine

Strychnine is a highly toxic , colorless crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine causes muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia or sheer exhaustion...

 --- vinca alkaloids

Vinca alkaloids

Vinca alkaloids are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule agents which were originally derived from the Periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus.Vinca alkaloids are used in the treatment of cancer...

 --- vinblastine

Vinblastine

Vinblastine is an antimicrotubule drug used to treat certain kinds of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and testicular cancer. It is also used to treat Langerhan cell histiocytosis....

 --- vincamine

Vincamine

Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain . Generic drugs containing vincamine exist in specific regions. Most common drug preparations are in the sustained release forms...

 --- vincristine

Vincristine

Vincristine , formally known as leurocristine, sometimes abbreviated "VCR", is a vinca alkaloid from the Catharanthus roseus , formerly Vinca rosea and hence its name. It is a mitotic inhibitor, and is used in cancer chemotherapy.-Mechanism:Tubulin is a structural protein that polymerizes to...

 --- vindesine

Vindesine

Vindesine is an anti-mitotic vinca alkaloid used in chemotherapy. It is used to treat many different types of cancer, including leukaemia, lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer....

 --- yohimbine

Yohimbine

Yohimbine is an alkaloid with stimulant and aphrodisiac effects found naturally in Pausinystalia yohimbe . It is also found naturally in Rauwolfia serpentina , Alchornea floribunda , along with several other active alkaloids...

 --- reserpine

Reserpine

Reserpine is an indole alkaloid antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic symptoms, although because of the development of better drugs for these purposes and because of its numerous side-effects, it is rarely...

 --- staurosporine

Staurosporine

Staurosporine is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure...

--- opium

Opium

Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...

--- morphinans --- benzomorphans --- pentazocine

Pentazocine

Pentazocine is a synthetically prepared prototypical mixed agonist-antagonist narcotic drug of the benzomorphan class of opioids used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain...

 --- phenazocine

Phenazocine

Phenazocine is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects....

 --- buprenorphine

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is used...

 --- butorphanol

Butorphanol

Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic opioid analgesic developed by Bristol-Myers. Brand name Stadol was recently discontinued by the manufacturer. It is now only available in its generic formulations, manufactured by Novex, Mylan, Apotex and Ben Venue Laboratories. Butorphanol is most...

 --- dextrorphan

Dextrorphan

Dextrorphan is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. It is the dextro-stereoisomer of racemorphan, the levo-half being levorphanol. Dextrorphan is produced by O-demethylation of dextromethorphan by CYP2D6...

 --- diprenorphine

Diprenorphine

Diprenorphine is an opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of the super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals in veterinary medicine....

 --- etorphine

Etorphine

Etorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 200 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather in "poppy straw" and in related plants, Papaver orientale and Papaver...

 --- levallorphan

Levallorphan

Levallorphan is a drug of the morphinan family which is used as an opioid antidote or antagonist. It acts as an antagonist on μ-opioid receptor and agonist on kappa receptors [hence called [partial agonist]], Levallorphan (Lorfan, Naloxiphan) is a drug of the morphinan family which is used as an...

 --- levorphanol

Levorphanol

Levorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the synthetic morphinan and a pure opioid agonist, first described in Germany in 1948 as an orally active morphine-like analgesic...

 --- dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan is an antitussive drug. It is one of the active ingredients in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines, such as Robitussin, NyQuil, Dimetapp, Vicks, Coricidin, Delsym, and others, including generic labels. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging...

 --- morphine

Morphine

Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...

 --- morphine derivatives --- codeine

Codeine

Codeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...

 --- hydrocodone

Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from either of two naturally occurring opiates: codeine and thebaine. It is an orally active narcotic analgesic and antitussive...

 --- oxycodone

Oxycodone

Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...

 --- dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in 1900. In structure, it is very similar to morphine, the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond...

 --- ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...

 --- heroin --- hydromorphone

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...

 --- oxymorphone

Oxymorphone

Oxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...

 --- thebaine

Thebaine

Thebaine , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai, an ancient city in Upper Egypt, is an opiate alkaloid. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing convulsions similar to strychnine...

 --- nalbuphine

Nalbuphine

Nalbuphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used commercially as an analgesic under a variety of trade names, including Nubain. It is noteworthy in part for the fact that at low dosages, it is found much more effective by women than by men, and may even increase pain in men, leading to its...

 --- nalorphine

Nalorphine

Nalorphine trade names Lethidrone and Nalline. Nalorphine acts at two opioid receptors, at the mu receptor it has antagonistic effects and at the kappa receptors it exerts agonistic characteristics. It is used to reverse opioid overdose and in a challenge test to determine opioid dependence....

 --- naloxone

Naloxone

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug developed by Sankyo in the 1960s. Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose, for example heroin or morphine overdose. Naloxone is specifically used to counteract life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory...

 --- naltrexone

Naltrexone

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is marketed in generic form as its hydrochloride salt, naltrexone hydrochloride, and marketed under the trade names Revia and Depade...

 --- noscapine

Noscapine

Noscapine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the Papaveraceae family, without significant painkilling properties. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive effects. It has also been shown to have anticancer activity...

 --- papaverine

Papaverine

Papaverine is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasm, vasospasm , and occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction...

 --- tetrahydropapaveroline

--- pyrrolizidine

Pyrrolizidine

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids based on the structure of pyrrolizidine. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against insect herbivores. More than 660 PAs and PA N-oxides have been identified in over 6,000 plants, and about...

 alkaloids

--- monocrotaline

--- solanaceous alkaloids

--- belladonna alkaloids --- atropine

Atropine

Atropine is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , Jimson weed , mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects...

 --- scopolamine

Scopolamine

Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine, and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. It is among the secondary metabolites of plants from Solanaceae family of plants, such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets , and corkwood...

 --- capsaicin

Capsaicin

Capsaicin 2CHCH=CH4CONHCH2C6H3-4--3- ) is the active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact...

 --- nicotine

Nicotine

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants that constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco, with biosynthesis taking place in the roots and accumulation occurring in the leaves...

 --- solanine

Solanine

Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family , such as the potato . It can occur naturally in any part of the plant, including the leaves, fruit, and tubers. Solanine has fungicidal and pesticidal properties, and it is one of the plant's natural defenses...

 --- tomatine

Tomatine

Tomatine is a toxic glycoalkaloid found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants, which has fungicidal properties. Chemically pure tomatine is a white crystalline solid at standard temperature and pressure...

--- tropanes

--- belladonna alkaloids --- atropine

Atropine

Atropine is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , Jimson weed , mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects...

 --- atropine derivatives --- ipratropium

Ipratropium

Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic drug used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute asthma. It blocks the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs, opening the bronchi...

 --- benztropine

Benztropine

Benzatropine , also known as benztropine , is an anticholinergic marketed under the trade name Cogentin which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, akathisia, and dystonia.- Indications :...

 --- cocaine

Cocaine

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...

 --- crack cocaine

Crack cocaine

Crack cocaine is the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked. It may also be termed rock, hard, iron, cavvy, base, or just crack; it is the most addictive form of cocaine. Crack rocks offer a short but intense high to smokers...

 --- scopolamine

Scopolamine

Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine, and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. It is among the secondary metabolites of plants from Solanaceae family of plants, such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets , and corkwood...

 --- scopolamine derivatives --- butylscopolammonium bromide --- n-methylscopolamine

--- veratrum alkaloids

--- cevanes --- germine acetates --- protoveratrines --- veratrine --- veratridine

Veratridine

Veratridine is a steroid-derived alkaloid from the family of Liliaceae that functions as a neurotoxin by activating sodium ion channels. It is a derivative of veracevine. It is primarily obtained from the herb Veratrum and sabadilla seeds. It binds to intramembrane receptor site 2 and increases...

--- azepines

Azepines

Azepines are unsaturated heterocycles of seven atoms, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon at one position....

--- caprolactam

Caprolactam

Caprolactam is an organic compound with the formula 5CNH. This colourless solid is a lactam or a cyclic amide of caproic acid. Approximately 2 billion kilograms are produced annually...

 --- dilazep

Dilazep

Dilazep is a vasodilator that acts as an adenosine reuptake inhibitor....

 --- meptazinol

Meptazinol

Meptazinol is an opioid analgesic for use with moderate to severe pain, most commonly used to treat pain in obstetrics . A partial µ-opioid receptor agonist, its mixed agonist/antagonist activity affords it a lower risk of dependence and abuse than full µ agonists like morphine...

 --- oxazepines --- pentylenetetrazole --- thiazepines

Thiazepines

1,4-Thiazepine is a thiazepine.Diltiazem is based upon this structure....

 --- zolazepam

Zolazepam

Zolazepam was discoverd by a team at Parke-Davis in the 1960s. is a pyrazolodiazepinone derivative structurally related to the benzodiazepine drugs, which is used as an anaesthetic for a wide range of animals in veterinary medicine...

--- azetines

--- azetidines --- azetidinecarboxylic acid

--- azirines

Azirines

Azirines are three membered heterocyclic unsaturated compounds containing a nitrogen atom and related to the saturated analogue aziridine. They are highly reactive yet are found in a number of natural products such as the antibiotic azirinomycin, isolated from Streptomyces auras...

--- aziridines --- carbazilquinone --- triaziquone

Triaziquone

Triaziquone is a drug used in chemotherapy.It is an alkylating agent. It can react with DNA to form intrastrand crosslinks....

 --- triethylenemelamine

Triethylenemelamine

Triethylenemelamine is a drug used in chemotherapy.It can cause chromatid aberrations....

 --- triethylenephosphoramide --- thiotepa

ThioTEPA

N,N'N'-triethylenethiophosphoramide is an alkylating agent used to treat cancer.ThioTEPA is an organophosphorus compound with the formula SP3. It is an analogue of N,N',N- triethylenephosphoramide . This molecule features tetrahedral phosphorus and is structurally akin to phosphate...

 --- mitomycins --- mitomycin

Mitomycin

The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. One of these compounds, mitomycin C, finds use as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour antibiotic activity. It is given intravenously to treat...

 --- porfiromycin

--- azocines

--- cyclazocine

Cyclazocine

Cyclazocine is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist related to dezocine, pentazocine and phenazocine. This family of opioid drugs is called the benzomorphans or benzazocines.- Use :...

 --- ethylketocyclazocine --- oxazocines --- nefopam

Nefopam

Nefopam is a centrally-acting but non-opioid analgesic drug of the benzoxazocine chemical class which was developed by Riker Laboratories in the 1960s. It is widely used, mainly in European countries, for the relief of moderate to severe pain as an alternative to opioid analgesic drugs...

--- azoles

--- imidazoles --- aminoimidazole carboxamide --- antazoline

Antazoline

Antazoline is a 1st generation antihistamine that also anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops, usually in combination with naphazoline, to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis....

 --- biotin

Biotin

Biotin, also known as Vitamin H or Coenzyme R, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin discovered by Bateman in 1916. It is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring...

 --- bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide --- 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone --- carbimazole

Carbimazole

Carbimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism. Carbimazole is a pro-drug as after absorption it is converted to the active form, methimazole. Methimazole prevents the thyroid peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the...

 --- cimetidine

Cimetidine

Cimetidine INN is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in the stomach. It is largely used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Tagamet...

 --- clotrimazole

Clotrimazole

Clotrimazole is an antifungal medication commonly used in the treatment of fungal infections such as vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush, and ringworm...

 --- creatinine

Creatinine

Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body...

 --- dacarbazine

Dacarbazine

Dacarbazine is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various cancers, among them malignant melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, sarcoma, and islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas.Dacarbazine is a member of the class of alkylating agents, which destroy cancer cells by adding an alkyl...

 --- dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine is a sedative medication used by intensive care units and anesthetists. It is relatively unique in its ability to provide sedation without causing respiratory depression...

 --- econazole

Econazole

Econazole nitrate is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class. It is used as a cream under the brand names Spectazole , Ecostatin , Pevaryl and Pevisone to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, tinea, pityriasis versicolor, ringworm, and jock itch...

 --- enoximone

Enoximone

Enoximone is an imidazole phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Selective for phosphodiesterase 3...

 --- etimizol --- etomidate

Etomidate

Etomidate is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia and for sedation for short procedures such as reduction of dislocated joints, tracheal intubation and cardioversion...

 --- fadrozole

Fadrozole

Fadrozole is an aromatase inhibitor that has been introduced in Japan for the treatment of breast cancer.It is selective....

 --- fluspirilene

Fluspirilene

Fluspirilene is a diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic drug, used for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is administered intramuscularly. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1963.-Chemistry:...

 --- histamine

Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by...

 --- methylhistamines --- histidinol --- hydantoins --- allantoin

Allantoin

Allantoin is a chemical compound with formula C4H6N4O3. It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin or glyoxyldiureide. It is a diureide of glyoxylic acid....

 --- dantrolene

Dantrolene

Dantrolene sodium is a muscle relaxant that acts by abolishing excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells, probably by action on the ryanodine receptor. It is the only specific and effective treatment for malignant hyperthermia, a rare, life-threatening disorder triggered by general anesthesia...

 --- mephenytoin

Mephenytoin

Mephenytoin is a hydantoin, used as an anticonvulsant. It was introduced approximately 10 years after phenytoin, in the late 1940s. The significant metabolite of mephenytoin is nirvanol , which was the first hydantoin...

 --- phenytoin

Phenytoin

Phenytoin sodium is a commonly used antiepileptic. Phenytoin acts to suppress the abnormal brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells by stabilizing the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels...

 --- thiohydantoins --- phenylthiohydantoin --- idazoxan

Idazoxan

Idazoxan is a drug which is used in scientific research. It acts as both a selective α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an antagonist for the imidazoline receptor. Idazoxan has been under investigation as an antidepressant, but it did not reach the market as such. More recently, it is under...

 --- imidazolidines --- ethylenethiourea --- imidazolines --- clonidine

Clonidine

Clonidine is a sympatholytic medication used to treat medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, some pain conditions, ADHD and anxiety/panic disorder...

 --- tolazoline

Tolazoline

Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels...

 --- impromidine

Impromidine

Impromidine is a highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist.It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.See Histamine agonists....

 --- levamisole

Levamisole

Levamisole is an anthelminthic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966...

 --- losartan

Losartan

Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug used mainly to treat high blood pressure . Losartan was the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist to be marketed. Losartan potassium is marketed by Merck & Co. Inc. under the trade name Cozaar...

 --- medetomidine

Medetomidine

Medetomidine is a synthetic drug used as both a surgical anesthetic and analgesic often used as the hydrochloride salt medetomidine hydrochloride. It is a crystalline white alpha-two adrenergic agonist that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water...

 --- methimazole

Methimazole

Methimazole is an antithyroid drug, and part of the thioamide group.-Indications:...

 --- miconazole

Miconazole

Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, commonly applied topically to the skin or to mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes...

 --- naphazoline

Naphazoline

Naphazoline is the common name for 2--2-imidazoline hydrochloride. It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity. It is a vasoconstrictor with a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membrane...

 --- niridazole

Niridazole

Niridazole is a schistosomicide. It is used to treat schistosomiasis, the helmintic disease caused by certain flatworms from the genus Schistosoma . It is also known by its trade name Ambilgar. It is usually is given as tablets. Niridazole has central nervous system toxicity and can cause...

 --- nitroimidazoles --- dimetridazole

Dimetridazole

Dimetridazole is a drug that combats protozoan infections. It is a nitroimidazole class drug. It has been banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive.-External links:*...

 --- etanidazole

Etanidazole

Etanidazole is a nitroimidazole drug used for its radiosensitizing properties. Administration of etanidazole results in a decrease of glutathione concentration and inhibits glutathione S-transferase. The result is that tissues become more sensitive to the ionizing radiation used in cancer treatment....

 --- ipronidazole --- metronidazole

Metronidazole

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal....

 --- misonidazole

Misonidazole

Misonidazole is a radiosensitizer used in radiation therapy to cause normally resistant hypoxic tumor cells to become sensitive to the treatment....

 --- nimorazole

Nimorazole

Nimorazole is a nitroimidazole anti-infective....

 --- ornidazole

Ornidazole

Ornidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. It is used by the poultry industry.It has been investigated for use in Crohn's disease after bowel resection.-References:...

 --- ronidazole

Ronidazole

Ronidazole is an antiprotozoal agent used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery. It may also have use for the treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats....

 --- tinidazole

Tinidazole

Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections. It is widely known throughout Europe and the developing world as treatment for a variety of amoebic and parasitic infections...

 --- ondansetron

Ondansetron

Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as an antiemetic , often following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves...

 --- oxymetazoline

Oxymetazoline

Oxymetazoline is a selective alpha-1 agonist and partial alpha-2 agonist topical decongestant, used in the form of Oxymetazoline hydrochloride, in products such as Afrin, Dristan, Nasivin, Logicin, Vicks Sinex, Visine L.R., Sudafed OM, and Zicam. It was developed from Xylometazoline at E.Merck...

 --- phentolamine

Phentolamine

Phentolamine is a reversible nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. -Mechanism:Its primary action is vasodilation due to α1 blockade....

 --- tetramisole --- trimethaphan

Trimethaphan

Trimetaphan camsilate or trimethaphan camsylate , trade name Arfonad, is a drug that counteracts cholinergic transmission at the ganglion type of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system...

 --- urocanic acid

Urocanic acid

Urocanic acid is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine.-Metabolism:It is formed from L-histidine through the action of histidine ammonialyase by elimination of ammonium....

 --- isoxazoles --- alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid --- cycloserine

Cycloserine

Cycloserine is an antibiotic effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For the treatment of tuberculosis, it is classified as a second line drug, i.e...

 --- ibotenic acid

Ibotenic acid

Ibotenic acid is a chemical compound that is naturally occurring in the mushrooms Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina, among others...

 --- isocarboxazid

Isocarboxazid

Isocarboxazid is an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor of the hydrazine chemical class used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic...

 --- oxazoles --- aminorex

Aminorex

Aminorex is an anorectic stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryl oxazoline class developed by a team at McNeil in 1962. It is closely related to 4-methylaminorex. Aminorex has been shown to have locomotor stimulant effects, lying midway between dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine...

 --- dimethadione --- fura-2

Fura-2

Fura-2, a polyamino carboxylic acid, is a ratiometric fluorescent dye which binds to free intracellular calcium. It was the first widely-used dye for calcium imaging, and remains very popular. Fura-2 is excited at 340 nm and 380 nm of light, and the ratio of the emissions at those...

 --- muscimol

Muscimol

Muscimol is the major psychoactive alkaloid present in many mushrooms of the Amanita genus. Unlike psilocin , which is a serotonergic psychedelic and agonist for the 5-HT2A receptor set, muscimol is a potent, selective agonist for the GABAA receptor set and is a deliriant as a opposed...

 --- oxadiazoles --- 5-amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole --- 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan --- quisqualic acid

Quisqualic acid

Quisqualic acid is an agonist for both AMPA receptors and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. It causes excitotoxicity and is used in neuroscience to selectively destroy neurons in the brain or spinal cord...

 --- sydnones --- molsidomine

Molsidomine

Molsidomine is an orally active, long acting vasodilating drug. Molsidomine is metabolized in the liver to the active metabolite SIN-1. SIN-1 is an unstable compound that releases nitric oxide upon decay as the actual vasodilating compound.- Chemistry :...

 --- oxazolidinones --- cycloserine

Cycloserine

Cycloserine is an antibiotic effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For the treatment of tuberculosis, it is classified as a second line drug, i.e...

 --- furazolidone

Furazolidone

Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial. It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M.-Uses:It is used to treat diarrhoea and enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections....

 --- nifuratel

Nifuratel

Nifuratel is a drug used in gynecology. It is a local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.Nifuratel appears to have a broad antibacterial spectrum of action and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp. as well as fungal infections from Candida...

 --- oxazolone

Oxazolone

Oxazolone is a chemical allergen used for immunological experiments, particularly for experiments on delayed type hypersensitivity. Its long chemical name is 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazol-5-one and it is commercially available.-References:...

 --- pemoline

Pemoline

Pemoline was first synthesized in 1913 but it's activity was not discovered until the 1930s. Under the names it was used as a medication used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, it is a Schedule IV drug...

 --- trimethadione

Trimethadione

Trimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant. It is most commonly used to treat epileptic conditions that are resistant to other treatments.-Fetal trimethadione syndrome:...

 --- pyrazoles --- betazole

Betazole

Betazole is a histamine H2 receptor agonist. Also known as Ametazole. Betazole hydrochloride is known as gastramine and histalog.It has been used as a gastric stimulant to test for maximal production of gastric secretion activity The test can be used in diagnosis of diseases such as...

 --- 4,5-dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1h-pyrazol-3-amine --- epirizole

Epirizole

Epirizole is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug....

 --- indazoles --- benzydamine --- granisetron

Granisetron

Granisetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its main effect is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. It does not have much effect...

 --- muzolimine

Muzolimine

Muzolimine is a diuretic....

 --- oxypurinol

Oxypurinol

Oxypurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases of renal disease, this metabolite will accumulate to toxic levels....

 --- pyrazolones --- aminopyrine --- ampyrone

Ampyrone

Ampyrone is a metabolite of aminopyrine with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Due to the risk of agranulocytosis its use as a drug is discouraged. Instead it is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates liver microsomes...

 --- dipyrone

Metamizole

Metamizole sodium or dipyrone is a powerful analgesic and antipyretic. It is marketed under various trade names, including Algozone, Algocalmin, Analgin, Dipirona, Novalgin, Neo-Melubrina and Optalgin. Metamizole was first synthesized by the German company Hoechst AG in 1920, and its mass...

 (metamizole) --- antipyrine --- phenylbutazone

Phenylbutazone

Phenylbutazone, often referred to as bute, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the short-term treatment of pain and fever in animals. In the United States, it is no longer approved for human use.-In humans:...

 --- oxyphenbutazone

Oxyphenbutazone

Oxyphenbutazone is a metabolite of phenylbutazone.-Scrabble:The word oxyphenbutazone holds the title for the highest possible score for a single play under American tournament Scrabble rules, scoring 1,780 points across three triple-word-score squares, joining seven tiles to eight already played...

 --- prenazone --- sulfinpyrazone

Sulfinpyrazone

Sulfinpyrazone is a uricosuric medication used to treat gout. It also sometimes is used to reduce platelet aggregation by inhibiting degranulation of platelets which reduces the release of ADP and thromboxane....

 --- pyrroles --- cromakalim

Cromakalim

Cromakalim is a potassium channel-opening vasodilator. The active isomer is levcromakalim. It acts on ATP-sensitive potassium channels and so causes membrane hyperpolarization. It can be used to treat hypertension as it will relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure...

 --- maleimides --- ethylmaleimide --- porphobilinogen

Porphobilinogen

Porphobilinogen is a pyrrole involved in porphyrin metabolism.It is generated by aminolevulinate and the enzyme ALA dehydratase. PBG is then converted into hydroxymethyl bilane by the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase, also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase.Acute intermittent porphyria causes...

 --- prodigiosin

Prodigiosin

Prodigiosin is the red pigment produced by many strains of the bacterium Serratia marcescens, other Gram negative gamma proteobacteria such as Vibrio psychroerythrus and Hahella chejuensis It is in a family of compounds termed prodiginines which are produced in some Gram negative gamma...

 --- pyrrolnitrin

Pyrrolnitrin

Pyrrolnitrin is an antifungal antibiotic.Several Pseudomonads produce pyrrolnitrins as secondary metabolite, which are derived from tryptophan and possess strong antifungal activity....

 --- tetrapyrroles --- bile pigments --- bilirubin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...

 --- biliverdine --- urobilin

Urobilin

Urobilin is a yellow linear tetrapyrrole, resulting from the breakdown of heme, a cyclic tetrapyrrole.Urobilin is produced when Urobilinogen is oxidized by intestinal bacteria; it can also be...

 --- urobilinogen

Urobilinogen

Urobilinogen is a colourless product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, taken up into the circulation and excreted by the kidney. This constitutes the normal "enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle".Increased amounts of bilirubin...

 --- chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...

 --- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- pheophytins --- protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide, or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow red if irradiated with blue light...

 --- corrinoids

Corrinoids

Corrinoids are a group of compounds based on the skeleton of corrin, a cyclic system containing four pyrrole rings similar to porphyrins. These include compounds based on octadehydrocorrin, which has the trivial name corrole....

 --- vitamin b 12 --- cobamides --- hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin is a natural form, or vitamer, of vitamin B12, a basic member of the cobalamin family of compounds. Hydroxocobalamin is the form of vitamin B12 produced by many bacteria which are used to produce the vitamin commercially. Like other forms of vitamin B12, hydroxocobalamin has an...

 --- porphyrins --- coproporphyrins --- deuteroporphyrins --- etioporphyrins --- hematoporphyrins --- hematoporphyrin derivative --- dihematoporphyrin ether --- mesoporphyrins --- metalloporphyrins --- chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...

 --- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide, or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow red if irradiated with blue light...

 --- heme

Heme

A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are...

 --- hemin

Hemin

Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. More specifically, it is Protoporphyrin IX containing a ferric iron ion with a chloride ligand....

 --- porphyrinogens --- coproporphyrinogens

Coproporphyrinogens

Coproporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and an equal number of substituted methyls.Coproporphyrinogen III is the most common variance...

 --- uroporphyrinogens

Uroporphyrinogens

Uroporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and four acetic acid groups .There are four forms, which vary based upon the arrangements of the "P" and "A" groups :...

 --- protoporphyrins

Protoporphyrins

Protoporphyrins are tetrapyrroles containing the following side chains:* methyl * propionic acid * vinyl Protoporphyrin IX is a biochemically widely used carrier molecule for divalent cations. Together with iron the body of the heme- group of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many other heme-containing...

 --- uroporphyrins --- tolmetin

Tolmetin

Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the arylalkanoic acids. It is used primarily to reduce hormones that cause pain, swelling, tenderness, and stiffness in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis...

 --- tetrazoles --- cefotetan

Cefotetan

Cefotetan is an injectable antibiotic of the cephamycin type for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections. It is often grouped together with second-generation cephalosporins and has a similar antibacterial spectrum, but with additional anti-anaerobe coverage.Cefotetan was developed by...

 --- losartan

Losartan

Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug used mainly to treat high blood pressure . Losartan was the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist to be marketed. Losartan potassium is marketed by Merck & Co. Inc. under the trade name Cozaar...

 --- tetrazolium salts --- nitroblue tetrazolium --- thiazoles --- benzothiazoles --- dithiazanine --- ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic...

 --- riluzole

Riluzole

Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in selected patients and may increase survival by approximately 3–5 months....

 --- saccharin

Saccharin

Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations...

 --- thiabendazole

Thiabendazole

Tiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide.-Fungicide:...

 --- chlormethiazole --- famotidine

Famotidine

Famotidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and it is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease . It is commonly marketed by Johnson & Johnson/Merck under the trade names Pepcidine and Pepcid and by...

 --- fanft --- firefly luciferin

Firefly luciferin

Firefly luciferin is the luciferin, or light-emitting compound, found in many firefly species. It is the substrate of luciferase , which is responsible for the characteristic yellow light emission from many firefly species...

 --- levamisole

Levamisole

Levamisole is an anthelminthic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966...

 --- niridazole

Niridazole

Niridazole is a schistosomicide. It is used to treat schistosomiasis, the helmintic disease caused by certain flatworms from the genus Schistosoma . It is also known by its trade name Ambilgar. It is usually is given as tablets. Niridazole has central nervous system toxicity and can cause...

 --- nizatidine

Nizatidine

Nizatidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease...

 --- oxythiamine --- rhodanine

Rhodanine

Rhodanine is an organic compound derived from thiazolidine. Rhodanine can be prepared by the reaction of carbon disulfide, ammonia, and chloroacetic acid....

 --- ritonavir

Ritonavir

Ritonavir, with trade name Norvir , is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS....

 --- sulfathiazoles --- tetramisole --- thiadiazoles --- acetazolamide

Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia...

 --- benzolamide --- methazolamide

Methazolamide

Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor....

 --- timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

 --- thiamine

Thiamine

Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 , named as the "thio-vitamine" is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are...

 --- fursultiamin --- thiamine monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate is a thiamine derivative....

 --- thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate , or thiamine diphosphate , is a thiamine derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphatase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme that is present in all living systems, in which it catalyzes several biochemical reactions...

 --- thiamine triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate is found in most organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.-Function:It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism...

 --- thiazolidinediones --- triazoles --- amitrole --- fluconazole

Fluconazole

Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections. In a bulk powder form, it appears as a white crystalline powder, and it is very slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. It is commonly marketed under the trade...

 --- guanazole --- itraconazole

Itraconazole

Itraconazole , invented in 1984, is a triazole antifungal agent that is prescribed to patients with fungal infections. The drug may be given orally or intravenously.-Medical uses:...

 --- trapidil

Trapidil

Trapidil is a vasodilator....

--- dioxins

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are by-products of various industrial processes, and are commonly regarded as highly toxic compounds that are environmental pollutants and persistent organic pollutants . They include:...

--- dioxanes --- idazoxan

Idazoxan

Idazoxan is a drug which is used in scientific research. It acts as both a selective α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an antagonist for the imidazoline receptor. Idazoxan has been under investigation as an antidepressant, but it did not reach the market as such. More recently, it is under...

 --- tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

--- dioxoles

--- benzodioxoles --- piperonyl butoxide

Piperonyl butoxide

Piperonyl butoxide is an organic compound used as pesticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. It does not by itself have pesticidal properties. However, when added to insecticide mixtures, typically pyrethrin, pyrethroid, and carbamate insecticides, their potency is increased...

 --- safrole

Safrole

Safrole, also known as shikimol, is a phenylpropene. It is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is typically extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of sassafras plants in the form of sassafras oil , or synthesized from other related methylenedioxy...

 --- dioxolanes

--- furans

--- 4-butyrolactone --- citraconic anhydrides --- furaldehyde --- lasalocid

Lasalocid

Lasalocid is an antibacterial agent and a coccidiostat, which is produced by strains of Streptomyces lasaliensis. It is the drug in the feed additive called Bovatec....

 --- maleic anhydrides --- monensin

Monensin

Monensin is a polyether antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It is widely used in animal feeds.The structure of monensin was first described by Agtarap et al. in 1967, and was the first polyether antibiotic to have its structure elucidated in this way...

 --- nafronyl --- nigericin

Nigericin

Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Its isolation was described in the 1950s, and in 1968 the structure could be elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The structure and properties of nigericin are similar to the antibiotic monensin. Commercially it is obtained as a...

 --- nitrofurans --- 5-amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole --- fanft --- furagin --- furazolidone

Furazolidone

Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial. It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M.-Uses:It is used to treat diarrhoea and enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections....

 --- furylfuramide

Furylfuramide

Furylfuramide is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative which was widely used as a food preservative in Japan since at least 1965, but withdrawn from the market in 1974 when it was observed to be mutagenic to bacteria in vitro and thus suspected of carcinogenicity...

 --- nifuratel

Nifuratel

Nifuratel is a drug used in gynecology. It is a local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.Nifuratel appears to have a broad antibacterial spectrum of action and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp. as well as fungal infections from Candida...

 --- nifurtimox

Nifurtimox

Nifurtimox is a 5-nitrofuran and is used to treat diseases caused by trypanosomes including Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. It is given by mouth and not by injection.-Indications:...

 --- nitrofurantoin

Nitrofurantoin

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic which is marketed under the following brand names; Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitrofur Mac, Nitro Macro, Nifty-SR, Martifur-MR, Martifur-100 , Urantoin, and Uvamin . It is usually used in treating urinary tract infection...

 --- nitrofurazone

Nitrofurazone

Nitrofurazone, 2-hydrazinecarboxamide, chemical formula C6H6N4O4, is a pale yellow crystalline compound.This bactericidal compound is used as an antibiotic most commonly in the form of ointments...

 --- nitrovin --- psoralens --- ficusin --- khellin

Khellin

Khellin is a furanochromone, an organic compound which is derivative of chromone and furan. It has lipophilic properties and causes vasodilation . It is found in the plant Ammi visnaga which has been used in Egyptian folk medicine.In Egypt, the plant "Khella" was used for renal colic...

 --- methoxsalen

Methoxsalen

Methoxsalen is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen is extracted from Ammi majus, a plant of the family Apiaceae...

 --- trioxsalen

Trioxsalen

Trioxsalen is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin...

 --- ranitidine

Ranitidine

Ranitidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease . Ranitidine is also used alongside fexofenadine and other antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions...

--- lactams

--- caprolactam

Caprolactam

Caprolactam is an organic compound with the formula 5CNH. This colourless solid is a lactam or a cyclic amide of caproic acid. Approximately 2 billion kilograms are produced annually...

 --- monobactams

Monobactams

Monobactams are β-lactam compounds wherein the β-lactam ring is alone and not fused to another ring...

 --- aztreonam

Aztreonam

Aztreonam is a synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic , with the nucleus based on a simpler monobactam isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1986...

 --- moxalactam

--- oxazines

Oxazines

Oxazines are heterocyclic compounds containing one oxygen and one nitrogen.Many isomers exist depending on the relative position of the heteroatoms and relative position of the double bonds...

--- benzoxazines --- ifosfamide

Ifosfamide

Ifosfamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer.It is sometimes abbreviated "IFO".-Uses:It is given as a treatment for a variety of cancers, including:...

 --- morpholines --- dextromoramide

Dextromoramide

Dextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties, and by the criminal law of individual states...

 --- molsidomine

Molsidomine

Molsidomine is an orally active, long acting vasodilating drug. Molsidomine is metabolized in the liver to the active metabolite SIN-1. SIN-1 is an unstable compound that releases nitric oxide upon decay as the actual vasodilating compound.- Chemistry :...

 --- moricizine

Moricizine

Moricizine is a phenothiazine derivative with Vaughan Williams class Ic antiarrhythmic properties. It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, has a bioavailability of 34-38 percent, and is 95 percent bound to plasma proteins. Moricizine is extensively metabolized and may have pharmacologically...

 --- phenmetrazine

Phenmetrazine

Phenmetrazine is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class that was previously used as an appetite suppressant, but has since been withdrawn from the market...

 --- timolol

Timolol

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker.-Uses:In its oral form , it is used:* to treat high blood pressure* to prevent heart attacks* to prevent migraine headaches...

 --- viloxazine

Viloxazine

Viloxazine is a bicyclic antidepressant morpholine derivative that acts as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor...

 --- xamoterol

Xamoterol

Xamoterol is a cardiac stimulant. It works by binding to the β1 adrenergic receptor. it is a 3rd generation andrenergics beta receptor partial agonist. it provides cardiac stimulation when patient is at rest but it acts as a blocker during exercise....

--- piperazines

--- almitrine

Almitrine

Almitrine is a diphenylmethylpiperazine derivative classified as a respiratory stimulant by the ATC. It enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies...

 --- cinnarizine

Cinnarizine

Cinnarizine is an antihistamine which is mainly used for the control of nausea and vomiting due to motion sickness. Cinnarizine was first synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1955...

 --- cyclizine

Cyclizine

Cyclizine is an antihistamine drug used to treat nausea, vomiting and dizziness associated with motion sickness, vertigo and post-operatively following administration of general anaesthesia and opioids.-Indications:...

 --- delavirdine

Delavirdine

Delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor marketed by ViiV Healthcare. It is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. It is presented as the mesylate...

 --- diethylcarbamazine

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethylcarbamazine is an anthelmintic drug that does not resemble other antiparasitic compounds. It is a synthetic organic compound which is highly specific for several parasites and does not contain any toxic metallic elements.-Uses:...

 --- dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide --- flunarizine

Flunarizine

Flunarizine is a drug classified as a calcium channel blocker. Flunarizine is a non-selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and...

 --- flupenthixol --- hepes

HEPES

HEPES is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of the twelve Good's buffers...

 --- hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine is a first-generation antihistamine of the diphenylmethane and piperazine classes. It was first synthesized by Union Chimique Belge in 1956 and was marketed by Pfizer in the United States later the same year, and is still in widespread use today....

 --- cetirizine

Cetirizine

Cetirizine , a second-generation antihistamine, is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and a racemic selective H1 receptor inverse agonist used in the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria.-Availability:...

 --- 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine --- itraconazole

Itraconazole

Itraconazole , invented in 1984, is a triazole antifungal agent that is prescribed to patients with fungal infections. The drug may be given orally or intravenously.-Medical uses:...

 --- ketoconazole

Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole is a synthetic antifungal drug used to prevent and treat fungal skin infections, especially in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS or those on chemotherapy. Ketoconazole is sold commercially as an anti-dandruff shampoo, topical cream, and oral tablet.Ketoconazole is...

 --- lidoflazine

Lidoflazine

Lidoflazine is a piperazine calcium channel blocker. It is a coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action. Lidoflazine was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1964.-Solubility at room temperature:Extracted from -References:...

 --- meclizine --- pipecuronium --- pipemidic acid

Pipemidic acid

Pipemidic acid is a member of the pyridopyrimidine class of antibacterials, which display some overlap in mechanism of action with analogous pyridone-containing quinolones....

 --- pipobroman

Pipobroman

Pipobroman is an alkylating agent....

 --- piribedil

Piribedil

Piribedil is an antiparkinsonian agent and piperazine derivative which acts as a D2 and D3 receptor agonist...

 --- prospidium --- quipazine

Quipazine

Quipazine is a piperazine drug used in scientific research. It is a moderately selective serotonin receptor antagonist, binding to a range of different serotonin receptors, but particularly to the 5-HT2A and 5-HT3....

 --- razoxane --- thiethylperazine

Thiethylperazine

Thiethylperazine is an antiemetic of the phenothiazine class. Though it was never licensed or used as an antipsychotic, it may have such effects....

 --- trazodone

Trazodone

Trazodone is an antidepressant of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor class. It is a phenylpiperazine compound...

 --- trimetazidine

Trimetazidine

Trimetazidine is a drug for angina pectoris, sometimes referred to by the brand name Vastarel MR. Each tablet contains 35 mg of trimetazidine....

--- piperidines

--- alphaprodine --- anabasine

Anabasine

Anabasine is a pyridine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant . Chemically, it is similar to nicotine...

 --- betalain

Betalain

Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments. Betalains also occur in some higher order fungi. They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers, but may color the fruits, leaves, stems, and...

s --- betacyanins --- betaxanthins --- biperiden

Biperiden

Biperiden is an antiparkinsonian agent of the anticholinergic type. The original brand name, which still exists and is manufactured by BASF/Knoll Pharma, is Akineton. Generics are available worldwide.- Pharmacokinetics :...

 --- cisapride

Cisapride

Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent, a drug which increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It acts directly as a serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist and indirectly as a parasympathomimetic. Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous...

 --- clopamide

Clopamide

Clopamide is a piperidine diuretic.Mechanism of Action of Clopamide: Clopamide is categorised as a thiazide like drug and works in similar way as the thiazide diuretics do. It acts at the Proximal Convoluted tubule site of the nephron where it inhibits the sodium-chloride cotransporter...

 --- cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine , sold under the brand name Periactin, is a first-generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local anesthetic properties.- Indications :...

 --- loratadine

Loratadine

Loratadine is a second-generation H1 histamine antagonist drug used to treat allergies. Structurally, it is closely related to tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, and distantly related to the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine. It is marketed by Schering-Plough under several trade names...

 --- 1-deoxynojirimycin --- domperidone

Domperidone

Domperidone is an antidopaminergic drug, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, and used orally, rectally or intravenously, generally to suppress nausea and vomiting, or as a prokinetic agent...

 --- fentanyl --- alfentanil

Alfentanil

Alfentanil is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, used for anaesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around 1/4 the potency of fentanyl and around 1/3 of the duration of action, but with an onset of effects 4x faster than fentanyl...

 --- sufentanil

Sufentanil

Sufentanil is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic drug, approximately 5 to 10 times more potent than its analog, fentanyl. Sufentanil is marketed for use by specialist centres under different trade names, such as Sufenta and Sufentil...

 --- flecainide

Flecainide

Flecainide acetate is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmias . It is used to treat a variety of cardiac arrhythmias including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation , paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Flecainide acetate is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent used to...

 --- fluspirilene

Fluspirilene

Fluspirilene is a diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic drug, used for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is administered intramuscularly. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1963.-Chemistry:...

 --- imino pyranoses --- indoramin

Indoramin

Indoramin is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.It is an alpha-1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist. with direct myocardial depression action,therefore,it results in no reflex tachycardiaIt is commonly synthesized from tryptophol...

 --- isonipecotic acids --- diphenoxylate

Diphenoxylate

Diphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions and peristalsis allowing the body to consolidate intestinal contents and prolong transit time, thus allowing the intestines to draw moisture out of them at a normal or higher rate and...

 --- meperidine --- promedol --- phenoperidine

Phenoperidine

Phenoperidine was discovered by Janssen Pharmacutica 1960. Marketed as its hydrochloride as Operidine or Lealgin, is an opioid used as a general anesthetic. It is a derivative of isonipecotic acid, like pethidine, and is metabolized in part to norpethidine. It is 20-200 times as potent as pethidine...

 --- pirinitramide --- ketanserin

Ketanserin

Ketanserin is a drug with affinity for multiple G protein-coupled receptors . Initially it was believed to be a highly selective antagonist for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, however this is not true. Ketanserin only has moderate selectivity for 5-HT2A receptors over 5-HT2C receptors...

 --- ketotifen

Ketotifen

Ketotifen is a second-generation H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold in as a salt of Fumaric Acid, Ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis, or the itchy red eyes caused by allergies. In...

 --- lobeline

Lobeline

Lobeline is a natural alkaloid found in "Indian tobacco" , "Devil's tobacco" , "cardinal flower" , "great lobelia" , and Hippobroma longiflora...

 --- loperamide

Loperamide

Loperamide , a synthetic piperidine derivative, is an opioid drug used against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically and under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor, Fortasec, and Pepto Diarrhea Control...

 --- mepivacaine

Mepivacaine

Mepivacaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type. Mepivacaine has a reasonably rapid onset and medium duration of action and is marketed under various trade names including Carbocaine and Polocaine.Mepivacaine became available in the United States in the 1960s.Mepivacaine is used in any...

 --- methylphenidate

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...

 --- minoxidil

Minoxidil

Minoxidil is an antihypertensive vasodilator medication which also slows or stops hair loss and promotes hair regrowth. Now off-patent, it is available over-the-counter for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and...

 --- nipecotic acids --- paroxetine

Paroxetine

Paroxetine is an SSRI antidepressant. Marketing of the drug began in 1992 by the pharmaceutical company SmithKline Beecham, now GlaxoSmithKline...

 --- pempidine

Pempidine

Pempidine is a ganglionic blocker....

 --- penfluridol

Penfluridol

Penfluridol is a highly potent, first generation diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1968. Related to other diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotics, pimozide and fluspirilene, penfluridol has an extremely long elimination half-life and its effects...

 --- perhexiline

Perhexiline

Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal agent used primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Perhexiline is thought to act by inhibiting mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. This shifts myocardial metabolism from fatty acid to glucose utilisation which results in increased ATP production...

 --- phencyclidine

Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine , commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, is a recreational dissociative drug...

 --- pipecolic acids --- bupivacaine

Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. AstraZeneca commonly markets it under various trade names, including Marcain, Marcaine, Sensorcaine and Vivacaine.-Indications:...

 --- piperidones --- cycloheximide

Cycloheximide

Cycloheximide is an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic organisms, produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Cycloheximide exerts its effect by interfering with the translocation step in protein synthesis thus blocking translational elongation...

 --- dexetimide

Dexetimide

Dexetimide is a piperidine anticholinergic. It is a muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism. Dexetimide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1968....

 --- glutethimide

Glutethimide

Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused similarly severe withdrawal symptoms...

 --- aminoglutethimide

Aminoglutethimide

Aminoglutethimide is an anti-steroid drug marketed under the tradename Cytadren by Novartis around the world. It blocks the production of steroids derived from cholesterol and is clinically used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome and metastatic breast cancer...

 --- thalidomide

Thalidomide

Thalidomide was introduced as a sedative drug in the late 1950s that was typically used to cure morning sickness. In 1961, it was withdrawn due to teratogenicity and neuropathy. There is now a growing clinical interest in thalidomide, and it is introduced as an immunomodulatory agent used...

 --- triacetoneamine-n-oxyl --- piperoxan

Piperoxan

Piperoxan, also known as benodaine or benzodioxane, is a drug which was the very first antihistamine ever to be discovered. It was prepared in the early 1930s by Daniel Bovet and Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute in France...

 --- ritanserin

Ritanserin

Ritanserin is a serotonin antagonist with possibilities for the treatment of many neurological disorders.When used together with typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia is able to decrease negative symptoms and adds some "atypicality" as parkinsonism is slightly decreased.-...

 --- terfenadine

Terfenadine

Terfenadine is an antihistamine formerly used for the treatment of allergic conditions. It was brought to market by Hoechst Marion Roussel and marketed under various brand names including Seldane in the United States, Triludan in the United Kingdom, and Teldane in Australia...

 --- trihexyphenidyl

Trihexyphenidyl

Trihexyphenidyl , also known as benzhexol, is an antiparkinsonian agent of the antimuscarinic class. It has been in clinical usage for decades...

--- pyrans

--- aurovertins --- iridoids --- nigericin

Nigericin

Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Its isolation was described in the 1950s, and in 1968 the structure could be elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The structure and properties of nigericin are similar to the antibiotic monensin. Commercially it is obtained as a...

 --- pyran copolymer --- pyrones

--- pyridazines

--- cilazapril

Cilazapril

Cilazapril is a pyridazine angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. It is branded as Inhibace in Canada, Zapril in New Zealand, Vascace and Dynorm in Europe...

 --- luminol

Luminol

Luminol is a versatile chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a striking blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent...

 --- maleic hydrazide --- phthalazines

Phthalazines

Phthalazine, also called benzo-orthodiazine or benzopyridazine, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the molecular formula C8H6N2. It is isomeric with quinoxaline, cinnoline and quinazoline.-Synthesis:...

 --- hydralazine

Hydralazine

Hydralazine is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to treat hypertension by acting as a vasodilator primarily in arteries and arterioles...

 --- dihydralazine

Dihydralazine

Dihydralazine is an antihypertensive of the hydrazine chemical class....

 --- todralazine

--- pyridines

--- aminopyridines --- 4-aminopyridine

4-Aminopyridine

4-Aminopyridine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C5H4N–NH2. The molecule is one of the three isomeric amines of pyridine...

 --- amrinone

Amrinone

Amrinone or inamrinone , trade name Inocor, is a pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor. It is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. Amrinone has been shown to increase the contractions initiated in the heart by high gain calcium induced calcium release...

 --- milrinone

Milrinone

Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor. It potentiates the effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate .Milrinone also enhances contraction of the left ventricle by increasing Ca2+-ATPase activity on the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum...

 --- methapyrilene

Methapyrilene

Methapyrilene is a antihistamine and anticholinergic of the pyridine chemical class which was developed in the early 1950s. It was sold under the trade names Co-Pyronil and Histadyl EC. It has relatively strong sedative effects, to the extent that its primary use was as a medication for insomnia...

 --- phenazopyridine

Phenazopyridine

Phenazopyridine is a chemical which, when excreted into the urine, has a local analgesic effect. It is often used to alleviate the pain, irritation, discomfort, or urgency caused by urinary tract infections, surgery, or injury to the urinary tract...

 --- pyrilamine --- tripelennamine

Tripelennamine

Tripelennamine is psychoactive drug and member of the pyridine and ethylenediamine classes that is used as an antipruritic and first-generation antihistamine...

 --- betahistine

Betahistine

Betahistine hydrochloride is an antivertigo drug. It was first registered in Europe in 1970 for the treatment of Ménière's disease...

 --- carbolines --- clopidol

Clopidol

Clopidol is a coccidiostat with the chemical formula C7H7Cl2NO....

 --- dihydropyridines

Dihydropyridines

Dihydropyridine is a molecule based upon pyridine, and the parent of a class of molecules that have been semi-saturated with two substituents replacing one double bond. They are particularly well known in pharmacology as L-type calcium channel blockers....

 --- amlodipine

Amlodipine

Amlodipine is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina...

 --- dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine --- felodipine

Felodipine

Felodipine is a calcium channel blocker , a drug used to control hypertension . It is marketed under the brand name Plendil by AstraZeneca and Renedil by Sanofi-Aventis...

 --- isradipine

Isradipine

Isradipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is usually prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure in order to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack...

 --- nicardipine

Nicardipine

Nicardipine hydrochloride is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and angina. It belongs to the class of calcium channel blockers....

 --- nifedipine

Nifedipine

Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker...

 --- nimodipine

Nimodipine

Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker originally developed for the treatment of high blood pressure...

 --- nisoldipine

Nisoldipine

Nisoldipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It sold in the United States under the proprietary name Sular. Nisoldipine has tropism for cardiac blood vessels....

 --- nitrendipine

Nitrendipine

Nitrendipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is used in the treatment of primary hypertension to decrease blood pressure....

 --- 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, methyl ester --- dimethindene --- 2,2'-dipyridyl --- disopyramide

Disopyramide

Disopyramide is an antiarrhythmic medication. It is a Class Ia antiarrhythmic used in the treatment of ventricular tachycardias...

 --- doxylamine

Doxylamine

Doxylamine is one of the many sedating antihistamines used by itself as a short-term sedative, and in combination with other drugs as a night-time cold and allergy relief drug...

 --- indinavir

Indinavir

Indinavir is a protease inhibitor used as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV infection and AIDS.-History:...

 --- isonicotinic acids

Isonicotinic acids

Isonicotinic acid is an organic compound with a carboxyl group on a pyridine ring. It is an isomer of nicotinic acid — the carboxyl group for isonicotinic acid is on the 4-position instead of the 3-position for nicotinic acid.-Derivatives:...

 --- ethionamide

Ethionamide

Ethionamide is an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis.It is a prodrug.It has been proposed for use in combination with gatifloxacin.The action may be through disruption of mycolic acid.-Synthesis:...

 --- iproniazid

Iproniazid

Iproniazid is a hydrazine drug used as an antidepressant. It acts as an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor . Though it has been widely discontinued in most of the world, it is still used in France.- History :Iproniazid was the first antidepressant ever marketed...

 --- isoniazid

Isoniazid

Isoniazid , also known as isonicotinylhydrazine , is an organic compound that is the first-line antituberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. It was first discovered in 1912, and later in 1951 it was found to be effective against tuberculosis by inhibiting its mycolic acid...

 --- nialamide

Nialamide

Nialamide is an irreversible and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor of the hydrazine chemical class used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic...

 --- prothionamide --- pyridoxic acid --- 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine --- metyrapone

Metyrapone

Metyrapone is a drug used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and occasionally in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome .-Mechanism:...

 --- naphthylvinylpyridine

Naphthylvinylpyridine

Naphthylvinylpyridine is a naphthalene derivative that possesses anticholinergic activity similar to that of atropine. However, NVP's method of acetylcholine antagonism involves inhibiting the enzyme choline acetyltransferase....

 --- nevirapine --- nicotine

Nicotine

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants that constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco, with biosynthesis taking place in the roots and accumulation occurring in the leaves...

 --- nicotinic acids

Nicotinic acids

Nicotinic acids are derivatives of pyridine which have a carboxy group.Although the term niacin is sometimes used interchangeably with "nicotinic acid", it is more precise to only apply it to the 1-3 substituted form.Examples include:* arecoline...

 --- arecoline

Arecoline

Arecoline is an alkaloid natural product found in the areca nut, the fruit of the areca palm . It is an odourless oily liquid volatile in steam, miscible with most organic solvents and water, but extractable from the latter by ether in presence of dissolved salts. The salts are crystalline, but...

 --- clonixin

Clonixin

Clonixin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It also has analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. It is used primarily in the treatment of chronic arthritic conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and inflammation....

 --- etazolate

Etazolate

Etazolate is an anxiolytic drug which is a pyrazolopyridine derivative and has unique pharmacological properties. It acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor at the barbiturate binding site, as an adenosine antagonist of the A1 and A2 subtypes, and as a phosphodiesterase...

 --- niacin

Niacin

"Niacin" redirects here. For the neo-fusion band, see Niacin .Niacin is an organic compound with the formula and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.Niacin is one of five vitamins associated with a pandemic deficiency disease: niacin deficiency...

 --- niacinamide --- 6-aminonicotinamide --- nicorandil

Nicorandil

Nicorandil is a vasodilatory drug used to treat angina. It is marketed under the trade names Ikorel , Dancor , Nikoran , Aprior , Nitorubin and Sigmart...

 --- nikethamide

Nikethamide

Nikethamide is a stimulant which mainly affects the respiratory cycle. Widely known by its former trade name of Coramine, it was used in the mid-1900s as a medical countermeasure against tranquilizer overdoses, before the advent of endotracheal intubation and positive-pressure lung expansion...

 --- niceritrol

Niceritrol

Niceritrol is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent....

 --- niflumic acid

Niflumic acid

Niflumic acid is a drug used for joint and muscular pain. It is categorized as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. In experimental biology, it has been employed to inhibit chloride channels. It has also been reported to act on GABA-A and NMDA channels ....

 --- nimodipine

Nimodipine

Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker originally developed for the treatment of high blood pressure...

 --- pipemidic acid

Pipemidic acid

Pipemidic acid is a member of the pyridopyrimidine class of antibacterials, which display some overlap in mechanism of action with analogous pyridone-containing quinolones....

 --- piromidic acid

Piromidic acid

Piromidic acid is a quinolone....

 --- 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, methyl ester --- xanthinol niacinate --- nicotinyl alcohol

Nicotinyl alcohol

Nicotinyl alcohol is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent and as a vasodilator....

 --- omeprazole

Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease , laryngopharyngeal reflux and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome...

 --- pheniramine

Pheniramine

Pheniramine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It has relatively strong sedative effects, and may sometimes be used off-label as an over-the-counter sleeping pill in a similar manner to other sedating antihistamines...

 --- brompheniramine

Brompheniramine

Brompheniramine , commonly marketed as its salt brompheniramine maleate is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine class...

 --- zimeldine --- chlorpheniramine --- picolines

Picolines

Picolines are pyridines which have an additional single methyl group .The most well known picoline is vitamin B6 and its derivatives.-External links:*...

 --- amprolium

Amprolium

Amprolium is a coccidiostat used in poultry.-Synthesis:The drug is a thiamine analogue and blocks the thiamine transporter of Eimeria species...

 --- vitamin b 6 --- pyridoxal

Pyridoxal

Pyridoxal is one of the three natural forms of vitamin B6, along with pyridoxamine and pyridoxine . All of these forms are converted in the human body into a single biologically active form, pyridoxal 5-phosphate. All three forms of vitamin B6 are heterocyclic organic compounds...

 --- pyridoxal phosphate --- pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine is a vitamer in the vitamin B6 family, which includes pyridoxal and pyridoxine. Pyridoxamine is converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, via the vitamin B6 salvage pathway. Vitamin B6 acts as an enzyme cofactor in a variety of metabolic processes...

 --- pyridoxine

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the '4' position. It is often used as 'pyridoxine hydrochloride'.-Chemistry:...

 --- picolinic acids --- fusaric acid

Fusaric acid

Fusaric acid is a picolinic acid derivative. It is typically isolated from various Fusarium species, and has been proposed for a various therapeutic applications. However, it is primarily used as a research tool....

 --- picloram

Picloram

Picloram is a systemic herbicide used for general woody plant control, sold under the trade names Tordon and Grazon. It also controls a wide range of broad-leaved weeds, but most grasses are resistant...

 --- pyridoxic acid --- streptonigrin --- polyvinylpyridine n-oxide --- pyridinium compounds --- cetylpyridinium --- desmosine

Desmosine

A desmosine cross-link is formed from three allysyl side chains plus one unaltered lysyl side chain from the same or neighbouring polypeptides.It is found in elastin. Desmosine causes a yellow color....

 --- diquat

Diquat

Diquat is a contact herbicide that produces desiccation and defoliation most often available as the dibromide, diquat dibromide. Brand names for this formulation include Aquacide, Dextrone, Preeglone, Deiquat, Detrone, Reglone, Reglon, Reglox, Ortho-Diquat and Weedtrine-D.Diquat is a non-selective...

 --- isodesmosine

Isodesmosine

Isodesmosine is a lysine derivative found in elastin....

 --- 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium --- obidoxime chloride --- paraquat

Paraquat

Paraquat is the trade name for N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat, a viologen, is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic to human beings and animals...

 --- pyridostigmine bromide --- pyrithiamine --- trimedoxime --- viologens --- benzyl viologen --- pyridones --- bemegride

Bemegride

Bemegride is a central Nervous System stimulant and antidote for barbiturate poisoning.- John Bodkin Adams case :...

 --- iodopyridones --- iodopyracet --- propyliodone

Propyliodone

Propyliodone is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- mimosine

Mimosine

Mimosine or leucenol is an alkaloid, β-3-hydroxy-4 pyridone amino acid. It is a toxic non-protein free amino acid otherwise chemically similar to tyrosine, and was first isolated from Mimosa pudica. It occurs in a few other Mimosa spp...

 --- trazodone

Trazodone

Trazodone is an antidepressant of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor class. It is a phenylpiperazine compound...

 --- pyrithioxin --- quinolinic acids --- quinolinic acid

Quinolinic acid

Quinolinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. It may be prepared by the oxidation of quinoline, either electrochemically, or with acidic hydrogen peroxide.Quinolinic acid is a downstream kynurenine pathway metabolite of tryptophan...

 --- tolperisone

Tolperisone

Tolperisone, a piperidine derivative, is a centrally-acting muscle relaxant. Trade names include Biocalm,Muscodol, Mydeton, Mydocalm, Myolax, Myoxan and Viveo.- Clinical use :...

 --- triprolidine

Triprolidine

Triprolidine is an over-the-counter antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used to combat the symptoms associated with allergies and is sometimes combined with other cold medications designed to provide general relief for flu-like symptoms. Like many over-the-counter antihistamines,...

 --- tropicamide

Tropicamide

Tropicamide is an anticholinergic used as a mydriatic. In Russia, it is used to some degree as an inexpensive recreational drug...

--- pyrimidines

--- buspirone

Buspirone

Buspirone is an anxiolytic psychoactive drug of the azapirone chemical class, and is primarily used to treat generalized anxiety disorder Bristol-Myers Squibb gained FDA approval of buspirone in 1986 for treatment of GAD...

 --- dipyridamole

Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole is a drug that inhibits thrombus formation when given chronically and causes vasodilation when given at high doses over a short time.-Mechanism and effects:...

 --- epirizole

Epirizole

Epirizole is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug....

 --- fursultiamin --- hexetidine

Hexetidine

Hexetidine is an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent commonly used in both veterinary and human medicine. It is a local anesthetic, astringent and deodorant and has antiplaque effects....

 --- minoxidil

Minoxidil

Minoxidil is an antihypertensive vasodilator medication which also slows or stops hair loss and promotes hair regrowth. Now off-patent, it is available over-the-counter for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and...

 --- mopidamol --- morantel --- nicarbazin

Nicarbazin

Nicarbazin is a coccidiostat....

 --- oxypurinol

Oxypurinol

Oxypurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases of renal disease, this metabolite will accumulate to toxic levels....

 --- pyrantel

Pyrantel

Pyrantel is an antinematodal thiophene. It is often prescribed by veterinarians to treat and prevent the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small animal pets.-Mechanism of Action:Pyrantel is a nicotinic receptor agonist...

 --- pyrantel pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate or Pyrantel Embonate , is used as a deworming agent in the treatment of hookworms and roundworms in domesticated animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and many other species. It is a combination of pyrantel and pamoic acid...

 --- pyrantel tartrate --- pyrimethamine

Pyrimethamine

Pyrimethamine is a medication used for protozoal infections. It is commonly used as an antimalarial drug , and is also used in the treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infections in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-positive individuals.-Mechanism of action:Pyrimethamine interferes with...

 --- pyrimidinones --- alloxan

Alloxan

Alloxan is an oxygenated pyrimidine derivative. It is present as alloxan hydrate in aqueous solution.-History:...

 --- barbiturates --- amobarbital

Amobarbital

Amobarbital is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. It was first synthesized in Germany in 1923...

 --- barbital

Barbital

Barbital , also called barbitone, was the first commercially marketed barbiturate. It was used as a sleeping aid from 1903 until the mid-1950s. The chemical names for barbital are diethylmalonyl urea or diethylbarbituric acid...

 --- hexobarbital

Hexobarbital

Hexobarbital is a barbiturate derivative having hypnotic and sedative effects. It was used in the 1940s-1950s as an agent for inducing anesthesia for surgery and has a relatively fast onset of effects and short duration of action...

 --- mephobarbital --- methohexital

Methohexital

Methohexital, also called methohexitone, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It is classified as short-acting, and has a rapid onset of action...

 --- murexide

Murexide

Murexide , also called ammonium purpurate or MX, is the ammonium salt of purpuric acid. It may be prepared by heating alloxantin in ammonia gas to 100 °C, or by boiling uramil with mercury oxide. W.N...

 --- pentobarbital

Pentobarbital

Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that was first synthesized in 1928. Pentobarbital is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol....

 --- phenobarbital

Phenobarbital

Phenobarbital or phenobarbitone is a barbiturate, first marketed as Luminal by Friedr. Bayer et comp. It is the most widely used anticonvulsant worldwide, and the oldest still commonly used. It also has sedative and hypnotic properties but, as with other barbiturates, has been superseded by the...

 --- primidone

Primidone

Primidone is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione class, the active metabolites of which, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide , are also anticonvulsants...

 --- secobarbital

Secobarbital

Secobarbital sodium is a barbiturate derivative drug that was first synthesized in 1928 in Germany. It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties...

 --- thiobarbiturates --- thiamylal

Thiamylal

Thiamylal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. It has sedative, anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects, and is used as a strong but short acting sedative. Thamylal is still in current use, primarily for induction in surgical anaesthesia or as an anticonvulsant to counteract side...

 --- thiopental --- cytosine

Cytosine

Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine . It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached . The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine...

 --- flucytosine

Flucytosine

Flucytosine, or 5-fluorocytosine, a fluorinated pyrimidine analogue, is a synthetic antimycotic drug.It is structurally related to the cytostatic fluorouracil and to floxuridine. It is available in oral and in some countries also in injectable form. A common brand name is Ancobon. Flucytosine was...

 --- 5-methylcytosine

5-Methylcytosine

5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine that may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription. When cytosine is methylated, the DNA maintains the same sequence, but the expression of methylated genes can be altered .In the figure on the right, a methyl group, is...

 --- risperidone

Risperidone

Risperidone is a second generation or atypical antipsychotic, sold under the trade name . It is used to treat schizophrenia , schizoaffective disorder, the mixed and manic states associated with bipolar disorder, and irritability in people with autism...

 --- ritanserin

Ritanserin

Ritanserin is a serotonin antagonist with possibilities for the treatment of many neurological disorders.When used together with typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia is able to decrease negative symptoms and adds some "atypicality" as parkinsonism is slightly decreased.-...

 --- sparsomycin

Sparsomycin

Sparsomycin is a compound, initially discovered as a metabolite of the fungus Streptomyces sparsogenes, which binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. It is a nucleotide analogue...

 --- uracil

Uracil

Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine, cytosine, and guanine. In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine.Uracil is a common and...

 --- bromouracil --- fluorouracil

Fluorouracil

Fluorouracil is a drug that is a pyrimidine analog which is used in the treatment of cancer. It is a suicide inhibitor and works through irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites...

 --- tegafur

Tegafur

Tegafur is a chemotherapeutic fluorouracil prodrug used in the treatment of cancers. It is a component of the combination drug tegafur-uracil. When metabolized, it becomes 5-fluorouracil....

 --- hydroxyphenylazouracil --- orotic acid --- pentoxyl --- thiouracil

Thiouracil

Thiouracil refers both to a specific molecule consisting of a sulfated uracil, and a family of molecules based upon that structure. The substance is a historically relevant antithyroid preparation; Astwood E.B. used it in 1943 as therapy of the Graves' disease for the first time....

 --- methylthiouracil

Methylthiouracil

Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid preparation. It is a thioamide, closely related to propylthiouracil.Methylthiouracil is not used clinically in the United States, it has a similar mechanism of action and side effect to that of propylthiouricil....

 --- propylthiouracil

Propylthiouracil

Propylthiouracil or 6-n-Propylthiouracil is a thioamide drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by decreasing the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland...

 --- thymine

Thymine

Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at...

 --- uracil mustard

Uracil mustard

Uramustine or uracil mustard is a chemotherapy drug which belongs to the class of alkylating agents. It is used in lymphatic malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by damaging DNA, primarily in cancer cells that preferentially take up the uracil due to their need to make nucleic...

 --- pyrithiamine --- thiamine

Thiamine

Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 , named as the "thio-vitamine" is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are...

 --- fursultiamin --- thiamine monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate

Thiamine monophosphate is a thiamine derivative....

 --- thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine pyrophosphate , or thiamine diphosphate , is a thiamine derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphatase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme that is present in all living systems, in which it catalyzes several biochemical reactions...

 --- thiamine triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate

Thiamine triphosphate is found in most organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.-Function:It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism...

 --- trapidil

Trapidil

Trapidil is a vasodilator....

 --- trimethoprim

Trimethoprim

Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections.It belongs to the class of chemotherapeutic agents known as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors...

 --- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination

--- pyrrolidines

--- anisomycin

Anisomycin

Anisomycin, also known as flagecidin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseolus which inhibits protein synthesis. Partial inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs at anisomycin concentrations that effect 95% inhibition of protein synthesis...

 --- bepridil

Bepridil

Bepridil is a calcium channel blocker once used to treat angina. It is no longer sold in the United States.It is nonselective.It has been discussed as a possible option in the treatment of atrial fibrillation....

 --- clemastine

Clemastine

Clemastine, also known as meclastin, is an antihistamine and anticholinergic. Unlike loratadine or fexofenadine, clemastine is a sedating antihistamine, however it exhibits fewer other side effects than most of the widely used antihistamines. Clemastine is also classified as an antipruritic...

 --- 3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-isomer --- glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate is a medication of the muscarinic anticholinergic group. It does not cross the blood brain barrier and consequently has no to few central effects. It is a synthetic quaternary amine...

 --- imino furanoses --- kainic acid

Kainic acid

Kainic acid is a natural marine acid present in some seaweed. It is a specific agonist for the kainate receptor used as an ionotropic glutamate receptor which mimics the effect of glutamate...

 --- lincomycin

Lincomycin

Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It has been structurally modified by thionyl chloride to its more commonly known 7-chloro-7-deoxy derivative, clindamycin...

 --- clindamycin

Clindamycin

Clindamycin rINN is a lincosamide antibiotic. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria...

 --- nafoxidine

Nafoxidine

Nafoxidine is a non-steroidal antiestrogenic drug that has been investigated to treat advanced breast cancer. It is structurally related to tamoxifen.The drug is one of a series of similar structures invented by Dan Lednicer at Upjohn....

 --- nitromifene --- n-nitrosopyrrolidine --- pentolinium tartrate --- procyclidine --- pyrrolidinones

Pyrrolidinones

Pyrrolidinones are derivatives 2-pyrrolidone, also known as pyrrolidinone.Examples include:* Cotinine* Doxapram* Piracetam* Povidone* Ethosuximide...

 --- cotinine

Cotinine

Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also a metabolite of nicotine. The word "cotinine" is an anagram of "nicotine". Cotinine is used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke and has also been sold as an antidepressant under the brand name Scotine.Similarly to nicotine, cotinine...

 --- doxapram

Doxapram

Doxapram hydrochloride is a respiratory stimulant. Administered intravenously, doxapram stimulates an increase in tidal volume, and respiratory rate.-Mode of action:...

 --- oxotremorine

Oxotremorine

Oxotremorine is a cholinomimetic that acts as a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.Oxotremorine produces ataxia, tremor and spasticity, similar to those symptoms seen in Parkinsonism, and has thus become a research tool in experimental studies aimed at determining more...

 --- piracetam

Piracetam

Piracetam is a nootropic drug. Piracetam's chemical name is 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide; it shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with 2-oxo-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid . Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA. It is one of the group of racetams...

 --- povidone --- povidone-iodine --- pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid --- rolipram

Rolipram

Rolipram is a PDE4-inhibitor. Like most PDE4-inhibitors, it is an anti-inflammatory drug. Rolipram is being studied as a possible alternative to current antidepressants. Recent studies show that rolipram may have antipsychotic effects...

 --- succinimides --- bromosuccinimide --- ethosuximide

Ethosuximide

Ethosuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant, used mainly in absence seizures.-Approved:It is approved for absence seizures. Ethosuximide is considered the first choice drug for treating absence seizures in part because it lacks the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of the alternative anti-absence...

 --- tenuazonic acid

Tenuazonic acid

Tenuazonic acid is a mycotoxin. It is a toxic secondary metabolite, produced by Alternaria and Phoma species...

 --- tremorine

--- thiazines

--- chlormezanone

Chlormezanone

Chlormezanone is a drug used as an anxiolytic and a muscle relaxant.Its use was discontinued in many countries in 1996, due to rare but serious cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis.- Chemistry :...

 --- nifurtimox

Nifurtimox

Nifurtimox is a 5-nitrofuran and is used to treat diseases caused by trypanosomes including Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. It is given by mouth and not by injection.-Indications:...

 --- piroxicam

Piroxicam

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class used to relieve the symptoms of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, postoperative pain; and act as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component...

 --- thiadiazines --- xylazine

Xylazine

Xylazine is a drug that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non-human mammals. An analogue of clonidine, it is an agonist at the α2 class of adrenergic receptor....

--- thiophenes

--- carticaine --- ketotifen

Ketotifen

Ketotifen is a second-generation H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold in as a salt of Fumaric Acid, Ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis, or the itchy red eyes caused by allergies. In...

 --- morantel --- pizotyline --- pyrantel

Pyrantel

Pyrantel is an antinematodal thiophene. It is often prescribed by veterinarians to treat and prevent the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small animal pets.-Mechanism of Action:Pyrantel is a nicotinic receptor agonist...

 --- pyrantel pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate or Pyrantel Embonate , is used as a deworming agent in the treatment of hookworms and roundworms in domesticated animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and many other species. It is a combination of pyrantel and pamoic acid...

 --- pyrantel tartrate --- thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, C8H5F3O2S, is a chemical compound used pharmacologically as a chelating agent. It is an inhibitor of cellular respiration by blocking the respiratory chain at complex II....

 --- ticlopidine

Ticlopidine

Ticlopidine is an antiplatelet drug in the thienopyridine family. Like clopidogrel, it is an adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor. It is used in patients in whom aspirin is not tolerated, or in whom dual antiplatelet therapy is desirable...

 --- ticrynafen

Ticrynafen

Tienilic acid or ticrynafen is a diuretic drug with uric acid-lowering action, formerly marketed for the treatment of hypertension...

 --- tiletamine

Tiletamine

Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related chemically and pharmacologically to other anesthetics in this family such as ketamine and phencyclidine...

--- triazines

--- almitrine

Almitrine

Almitrine is a diphenylmethylpiperazine derivative classified as a respiratory stimulant by the ATC. It enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies...

 --- altretamine

Altretamine

Altretamine is an antineoplastic agent. It was approved by the FDA in 1990.-Uses:It is used to treat refractory ovarian cancer.It is not considered a first-line treatment, but it can be useful as salvage therapy...

 --- apazone --- atrazine

Atrazine

Atrazine, 2-chloro-4--6--s-triazine, an organic compound consisting of an s-triazine-ring is a widely used herbicide. Its use is controversial due to widespread contamination in drinking water and its associations with birth defects and menstrual problems when consumed by humans at concentrations...

 --- ferrozine --- oxonic acid --- prometryne --- simazine

Simazine

Simazine is a herbicide of the triazine class. The compound is used to control broad-leaved weeds and annual grasses.-Physical properties:* Water solubility: 5 mg/L at 20 °C...

 --- triethylenemelamine

Triethylenemelamine

Triethylenemelamine is a drug used in chemotherapy.It can cause chromatid aberrations....

--- benzazepines

Benzazepines

Benzazepines are heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring. Examples include fenoldopam....

--- benzodiazepines --- alprazolam

Alprazolam

Alprazolam is a short-acting anxiolytic of the benzodiazepine class of psychoactive drugs. Alprazolam, like other benzodiazepines, binds to specific sites on the GABAA gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor...

 --- benzodiazepinones --- anthramycin

Anthramycin

Anthramycin is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotic with antitumour activity....

 --- bromazepam

Bromazepam

Bromazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug, patented by Roche in the 1963 and developed clinically in the 1970s...

 --- clonazepam

Clonazepam

Clonazepamis a benzodiazepine drug having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic properties. It is marketed by Roche under the trade name Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Australia, Brazil, Canada and Europe...

 --- devazepide

Devazepide

Devazepide is a drug which is structurally derived from the benzodiazepine family, but with quite different actions from most benzodiazepines, lacking affinity for GABAA receptors and instead acting as a cholecystokinin antagonist selective for the CCKA subtype...

 --- diazepam

Diazepam

Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...

 --- nordazepam

Nordazepam

Nordazepam , also known as desoxydemoxepam, nordiazepam and desmethyldiazepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties...

 --- flumazenil

Flumazenil

Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist available for injection only, and the only benzodiazepine receptor antagonist on the market today.It was first introduced in 1987 by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Anexate, but only approved by...

 --- flunitrazepam

Flunitrazepam

Flunitrazepam is marketed as a potent hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, amnestic, and skeletal muscle relaxant drug most commonly known as Rohypnol...

 --- flurazepam

Flurazepam

Flurazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a very long half-life , which may stay in the bloodstream for up to four days...

 --- lorazepam

Lorazepam

Lorazepam is a high-potency short-to-intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug that has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and muscle relaxant...

 --- nitrazepam

Nitrazepam

Nitrazepam is a type of benzodiazepine drug and is marketed in English-speaking countries under the following brand names: Alodorm, Arem, Insoma, Mogadon, Nitrados, Nitrazadon, Ormodon, Paxadorm, Remnos, and Somnite...

 --- oxazepam

Oxazepam

Oxazepam , is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative...

 --- pirenzepine

Pirenzepine

Pirenzepine is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm. It is in a class of drugs known as muscarinic receptor antagonists - acetylcholine being the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system which initiates the...

 --- prazepam

Prazepam

Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is an active metabolite of prazepam...

 --- temazepam

Temazepam

Temazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...

 --- chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide, is a sedative/hypnotic drug and benzodiazepine. It is marketed under the trade names Angirex, Klopoxid, Librax , Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen and Tropium.Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesised and...

 --- clorazepate dipotassium --- estazolam

Estazolam

Estazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Upjohn in the 1970s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties...

 --- medazepam

Medazepam

Medazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....

 --- midazolam

Midazolam

Midazolam is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s. The drug is used for treatment of acute seizures, moderate to severe insomnia, and for inducing sedation and amnesia before medical procedures. It possesses profoundly potent anxiolytic,...

 --- triazolam

Triazolam

Triazolam is a benzodiazepine drug. It possesses pharmacological properties similar to that of other benzodiazepines, but it is generally only used as a sedative to treat severe insomnia...

 --- diltiazem

Diltiazem

Diltiazem is a non-dihydropyridine member of the class of drugs known as calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia....

 --- fenoldopam

Fenoldopam

Fenoldopam is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a peripheral selective D1 receptor weak partial agonist/antagonist and is used as an antihypertensive. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in September 1997...

 --- galantamine

Galantamine

Galantamine is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and various other memory impairments, in particular those of vascular origin...

 --- harringtonines --- (r)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol --- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepine

--- benzimidazoles

--- albendazole

Albendazole

Albendazole, marketed as Albenza, Eskazole, Zentel and Andazol, is a member of the benzimidazole compounds used as a drug indicated for the treatment of a variety of worm infestations. Although this use is widespread in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved...

 --- astemizole

Astemizole

Astemizole was a second generation antihistamine drug which has a long duration of action. Astemizole was discovered by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1977...

 --- benomyl

Benomyl

Benomyl is a fungicide which was introduced in 1968 by DuPont. It is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide that is selectively toxic to microorganisms and to invertebrates, especially earthworms. Benomyl binds to microtubules, interfering with cell functions such as meiosis and intracellular...

 --- bisbenzimide

Bisbenzimide

BisbenzimideFormulaC25H24N6OMolecular mass533.88 amuBisbenzimide is an organic compound used as a fluorescent stain for DNA in molecular biology applications. It is an intercalating agent between Adenine-Thymine base pairs...

 --- cambendazole --- domperidone

Domperidone

Domperidone is an antidopaminergic drug, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, and used orally, rectally or intravenously, generally to suppress nausea and vomiting, or as a prokinetic agent...

 --- droperidol

Droperidol

Droperidol is an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic and antipsychotic...

 --- fenbendazole

Fenbendazole

Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal parasites including roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, the taenia species of tapeworms, pinworms, aelurostrongylus, paragonimiasis, strongyles and strongyloides and can be administered to sheep, cattle,...

 --- mebendazole

Mebendazole

Mebendazole or MBZ is a benzimidazole drug developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica and marketed as Vermox, Ovex, Antiox, and Pripsen...

 --- mibefradil

Mibefradil

Mibefradil is a drug for the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris. It belongs to a group known as calcium channel blockers.It is nonselective....

 --- nocodazole

Nocodazole

Nocodazole is an anti-neoplastic agent which exerts its effect in cells by interfering with the polymerization of microtubules. Microtubules are one type of fibre which constitutes the cytoskeleton, and the dynamic microtubule network has several important roles in the cell, including vesicular...

 --- omeprazole

Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease , laryngopharyngeal reflux and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome...

 --- pimozide

Pimozide

Pimozide is an antipsychotic drug of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1963. It has a high potency compared to chlorpromazine . On a weight basis it is even more potent than haloperidol. It also has special neurologic indications for Tourette syndrome...

 --- thiabendazole

Thiabendazole

Tiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide.-Fungicide:...

--- benzodioxoles

--- piperonyl butoxide

Piperonyl butoxide

Piperonyl butoxide is an organic compound used as pesticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. It does not by itself have pesticidal properties. However, when added to insecticide mixtures, typically pyrethrin, pyrethroid, and carbamate insecticides, their potency is increased...

 --- safrole

Safrole

Safrole, also known as shikimol, is a phenylpropene. It is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is typically extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of sassafras plants in the form of sassafras oil , or synthesized from other related methylenedioxy...

--- benzofurans

--- amiodarone

Amiodarone

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent used for various types of tachyarrhythmias , both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Discovered in 1961, it was not approved for use in the United States until 1985...

 --- benzbromarone

Benzbromarone

Benzbromarone is a uricosuric agent used in the treatment of gout, especially when allopurinol, a first-line treatment, fails or produces intolerable adverse effects...

 --- cantharidin

Cantharidin

Cantharidin, a type of terpenoid, is a poisonous chemical compound secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. The false blister beetles and cardinal beetles also have cantharidin.-History:...

 --- citalopram

Citalopram

Citalopram brand names: Celexa, Cipramil) is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It has U.S...

 --- fura-2

Fura-2

Fura-2, a polyamino carboxylic acid, is a ratiometric fluorescent dye which binds to free intracellular calcium. It was the first widely-used dye for calcium imaging, and remains very popular. Fura-2 is excited at 340 nm and 380 nm of light, and the ratio of the emissions at those...

 --- griseofulvin

Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug that is administered orally. It is used both in animals and in humans, to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails...

 --- pterocarpans

--- benzopyrans

--- aflatoxins --- aflatoxin b1 --- aflatoxin m1 --- chromans --- catechin

Catechin

Catechin is a natural phenol antioxidant plant secondary metabolite. The term catechins is also commonly used to refer to the related family of flavonoids and the subgroup flavan-3-ols ....

 --- centchroman

Centchroman

Ormeloxifene is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators, or SERMs, a class of medication which acts on the estrogen receptor. It is best known as a non-hormonal, non-steroidal oral contraceptive which is taken once per week...

 --- chromones --- cromolyn sodium --- flavonoids --- anthocyanins --- benzoflavones --- beta-naphthoflavone

Beta-Naphthoflavone

beta-Naphthoflavone, also known as 5,6-benzoflavone, is a potent agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and as such is an inducer of such detoxification enzymes as cytochromes P450 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases . β-Naphthoflavone is a putative chemopreventive agent....

 --- biflavonoids --- catechin

Catechin

Catechin is a natural phenol antioxidant plant secondary metabolite. The term catechins is also commonly used to refer to the related family of flavonoids and the subgroup flavan-3-ols ....

 --- chalcones --- chalcone

Chalcone

Chalcone is an aromatic ketone and an enone that forms the central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are known collectively as chalcones or chalconoids.-Chemical synthesis:...

 --- flavanones --- hesperidin

Hesperidin

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperetin. Its name is derived from the Hesperides nymphs of Greek mythology. Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense. It acts as an antioxidant according to in vitro studies...

 --- flavones

Flavones

Flavones , are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one shown on the right....

 --- apigenin

Apigenin

Apigenin is a flavone that is the aglycone of several glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Apigenin may contribute to the chemopreventive action of vegetables and fruits...

 --- diosmin

Diosmin

Diosmin is a semisynthetic phlebotropic drug , a member of the flavonoid family. It is an oral phlebotropic drug used in the treatment of venous disease, i.e., chronic venous insufficiency and hemorrhoidal disease , in acute or chronic hemorrhoids, in place of rubber-band ligation, in combination...

 --- flavoxate

Flavoxate

Flavoxate is an anticholinergic with antimuscarinic effects. Its muscle relaxant properties may be due to a direct action on the smooth muscle rather than by antagonizing muscarinic receptors.- Clinical uses :...

 --- luteolin

Luteolin

Luteolin is a yellow crystalline compound. It is a flavonoid; to be specific, it is one of the more common flavones. From preliminary research, it is thought to play a role in the human body possibly as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, a promoter of carbohydrate metabolism, or an immune...

 --- flavonolignans --- silymarin --- flavonols

Flavonols

Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone . Their diversity stems from the different positions the phenolic -OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols , another class of flavonoids.Flavonols are present in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables...

 --- kaempferols --- quercetin

Quercetin

Quercetin , a flavonol, is a plant-derived flavonoid found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains. It also may be used as an ingredient in supplements, beverages or foods.-Occurrence:...

 --- rutin

Rutin

Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin, is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in buckwheat, the leaves and petioles of Rheum species, and asparagus...

 --- hydroxyethylrutoside

Hydroxyethylrutoside

Hydroxyethylrutosides are hydroxyethyl acetylations of rutoside. It may refer to :* Monoxerutin* Dihydroxyethylrutoside* Troxerutin* Tetrahydroxyethylrutoside...

 --- isoflavones --- coumestrol

Coumestrol

Coumestrol is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as coumestans. It has garnered research interest because of its estrogenic activity and its prevalence in some foods, such as soybeans....

 --- genistein

Genistein

Genistein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are found in a number of plants including lupin, fava beans, soybeans, kudzu, and psoralea being the primary food source, also in the medicinal plant, Flemingia vestita and coffee Besides functioning as...

 --- pterocarpans --- rotenone

Rotenone

Rotenone is an odorless chemical that is used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide. It occurs naturally in the roots and stems of several plants such as the jicama vine plant...

 --- proanthocyanidins --- citrinin

Citrinin

Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are used in the production of human foods such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments...

 --- coumarins --- aminocoumarins --- novobiocin

Novobiocin

Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides a member of the order Actinobacteria . Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include...

 --- chromonar --- coumestrol

Coumestrol

Coumestrol is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as coumestans. It has garnered research interest because of its estrogenic activity and its prevalence in some foods, such as soybeans....

 --- esculin --- 4-hydroxycoumarins

4-Hydroxycoumarins

4-Hydroxycoumarins are a class of vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant drug molecules derived from coumarin by adding a hydroxy group at the 4 position to obtain "4-hydroxycoumarin" , then adding a large aromatic substituent at the 3-position 4-Hydroxycoumarins are a class of vitamin K antagonist...

 --- acenocoumarol

Acenocoumarol

Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist . It is a derivative of coumarin and is marketed under the brand names Sintrom and Sinthrome.- Dosage :...

 --- dicumarol

Dicumarol

Dicoumarol or dicumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist . It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases....

 --- ethyl biscoumacetate

Ethyl biscoumacetate

Ethyl biscoumacetate is a vitamin K antagonist.- References :* The Merck Index, 12th Edition. 3818...

 --- phenprocoumon

Phenprocoumon

Phenprocoumon is an anticoagulant drug, a derivative of coumarin. It is a vitamin K antagonist that inhibits coagulation by blocking synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X...

 --- warfarin

Warfarin

Warfarin is an anticoagulant. It is most likely to be the drug popularly referred to as a "blood thinner," yet this is a misnomer, since it does not affect the thickness or viscosity of blood...

 --- isocoumarins --- ochratoxins --- psoralens --- ficusin --- khellin

Khellin

Khellin is a furanochromone, an organic compound which is derivative of chromone and furan. It has lipophilic properties and causes vasodilation . It is found in the plant Ammi visnaga which has been used in Egyptian folk medicine.In Egypt, the plant "Khella" was used for renal colic...

 --- methoxsalen

Methoxsalen

Methoxsalen is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen is extracted from Ammi majus, a plant of the family Apiaceae...

 --- trioxsalen

Trioxsalen

Trioxsalen is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin...

 --- pyranocoumarins --- umbelliferones --- coumaphos

Coumaphos

Coumaphos is a non-volatile, fat-soluble phosphorothioate with ectoparasiticide properties: it kills insects and mites. It is well known under manufacturer brand-names as a dip or wash, used on farm and domestic animals to control ticks, mites, flies and fleas...

 --- hymecromone

Hymecromone

Hymecromone is a drug used in bile therapy. It is used as choleretic and antispasmodic drugs and as a standard for the fluorometric determination of enzyme activity....

 --- scopoletin

Scopoletin

Scopoletin is a coumarin found in the root of plants in the genus Scopolia like Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica, in chicory, in Artemisia scoparia, in the passion flower, in Brunfelsia, in Viburnum prunifolium or Kleinhovia hospita...

 --- cromakalim

Cromakalim

Cromakalim is a potassium channel-opening vasodilator. The active isomer is levcromakalim. It acts on ATP-sensitive potassium channels and so causes membrane hyperpolarization. It can be used to treat hypertension as it will relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure...

 --- ellagic acid

Ellagic acid

Ellagic acid is a natural phenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables including blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, walnuts, pecans, pomegranates, wolfberry and other plant foods...

 --- hematoxylin --- vitamin e

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is used to refer to a group of fat-soluble compounds that include both tocopherols and tocotrienols. There are many different forms of vitamin E, of which γ-tocopherol is the most common in the North American diet. γ-Tocopherol can be found in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine and dressings...

 --- tocopherols --- alpha-tocopherol

Alpha-tocopherol

α-Tocopherol is a type of tocopherol with formula C29H50O2. It has E number "E307".α-Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans...

 --- beta-tocopherol

Beta-tocopherol

beta-Tocopherol is a type of tocopherol with formula C28H48O2....

 --- gamma-tocopherol

Gamma-tocopherol

γ-Tocopherol is one of the chemical compounds that is considered vitamin E. As a food additive, it has E number E308.See the main article tocopherol for more information.-See also:* alpha-Tocopherol* beta-Tocopherol* delta-Tocopherol...

 --- tocotrienols

--- benzothiadiazines

--- bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide

Bendroflumethiazide , formerly bendrofluazide , is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension.It is also a fairly cheap drug, made cheap through mass production...

 --- chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide sodium is a diuretic used within the hospital setting or for personal use to manage excess fluid associated with congestive heart failure. It is also used as an antihypertensive....

 --- hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide, abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT, is a first-line diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is...

 --- trichlormethiazide

Trichlormethiazide

Trichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema and hypertension...

 --- cyclopenthiazide

Cyclopenthiazide

Cyclopenthiazide is a diuretic....

 --- diazoxide

Diazoxide

Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions...

 --- hydroflumethiazide

Hydroflumethiazide

Hydroflumethiazide is a diuretic....

 --- methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide is a diuretic....

 --- polythiazide

Polythiazide

Polythiazide is a thiazide diuretic....

--- benzothiazoles

--- dithiazanine --- ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic...

 --- riluzole

Riluzole

Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in selected patients and may increase survival by approximately 3–5 months....

 --- saccharin

Saccharin

Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations...

 --- thiabendazole

Thiabendazole

Tiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide.-Fungicide:...

--- benzoxazoles

--- calcimycin --- chlorzoxazone --- cialit --- zoxazolamine

--- bicyclo compounds, heterocyclic

--- penicillins --- amdinocillin --- amdinocillin pivoxil --- cyclacillin --- methicillin

Methicillin

Meticillin or methicillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It should not be confused with the antibiotic metacycline.-History:Methicillin was developed by Beecham in 1959...

 --- nafcillin --- oxacillin

Oxacillin

Oxacillin sodium is a narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.It was developed by Beecham.-Uses:...

 --- cloxacillin

Cloxacillin

Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham. It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin....

 --- dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. It is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most...

 --- floxacillin --- penicillanic acid --- penicillin g --- ampicillin

Ampicillin

Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci...

 --- amoxicillin

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin , formerly amoxycillin , and abbreviated amox, is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral...

 --- amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination --- azlocillin

Azlocillin

Azlocillin is an acylampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater in vitro potency than the carboxy penicillins.Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin...

 --- mezlocillin

Mezlocillin

Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. It is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other extended spectrum penicillins, it is excreted by the liver, therefore it is useful for biliary tract infections, such as ascending colangitis.-Mechanism...

 --- piperacillin

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is an extended spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class.It is normally used together with a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as tazobactam. The combination drug piperacillin/tazobactam is commercially available as e.g. Tazocin, Zosyn, Brodactam, Piptaz and as Trezora...

 --- pivampicillin

Pivampicillin

Pivampicillin is a pivaloyloxymethylester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug, which is thought to enhance the oral bioavailability of ampicillin because of its greater lipophilicity compared to that of ampicillin.-Adverse effects:...

 --- talampicillin

Talampicillin

Talampicillin is a beta lactam antibiotic from the penicillin family.prodgug,oral use,ampicilin + 3-oksoftalidstable in acidic...

 --- carbenicillin

Carbenicillin

Carbenicillin is a bacteriolytic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It was discovered by scientists at Beecham and marketed as Pyopen. It has Gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited Gram-positive coverage...

 --- carfecillin

Carfecillin

Carfecillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is a phenyl derivative of carbenicillin, acting as a prodrug....

 --- penicillin g, benzathine --- penicillin g, procaine --- sulbenicillin

Sulbenicillin

Sulbenicillin is a penicillin antibiotic.It has been used in combination with dibekacin....

 --- penicillin v --- sulbactam

Sulbactam

Sulbactam is a molecule that is given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to inhibit beta-lactamase, an enzyme produced by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics...

 --- ticarcillin

Ticarcillin

Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It is almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of...

--- indazoles

--- benzydamine --- granisetron

Granisetron

Granisetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its main effect is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. It does not have much effect...

--- indoles

--- adrenochrome

Adrenochrome

Adrenochrome, chemical formula C9H9NO3, is a pigment obtained by the oxidation of adrenaline . The derivative carbazochrome is a hemostatic medication.-Chemistry:...

 --- alcian blue

Alcian blue

Alcian blue , also called Alcian blue 8GX, Ingrain blue 1, and C.I. 74240, is a phthalocyanine . The dye stains acid mucopolysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans, for which it is one of the most widely used cationic dyes; the stained parts are blue to bluish-green...

 --- captan

Captan

Captan is the name of a general use pesticide that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. Though it can be applied on its own, Captan is often added as a component of other pesticide mixtures. It is used to control diseases on a number of fruits and vegetables as well as ornamental plants...

 --- carbolines --- chlorisondamine

Chlorisondamine

Chlorisondamine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that produces both neuronal and ganglionic blockade.Chlorisondamine has been shown to form noncovalent complexes with various biomolecules including sphingomyelin and other associated glycolipids....

 --- cytochalasins --- cytochalasin b

Cytochalasin B

Cytochalasin B is a cell-permeable mycotoxin. It inhibits cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. It inhibits cell movement and induces nuclear extrusion. Cytochalasin B shortens actin filaments by blocking monomer addition at the fast-growing end of polymers....

 --- cytochalasin d

Cytochalasin D

Cytochalasin D is a member of the class of mycotoxins known as cytochalasins. Cytochalasin D is an alkaloid produced by Helminthosporium and other molds....

 --- delavirdine

Delavirdine

Delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor marketed by ViiV Healthcare. It is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. It is presented as the mesylate...

 --- gliotoxin

Gliotoxin

Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi, some of which are pathogens of humans such as Aspergillus, and also by species of Trichoderma, and Penicillium...

 --- hydroxytryptophol --- ibogaine

Ibogaine

Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...

 --- indapamide

Indapamide

Indapamide is a thiazide diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure. The US trade name for indapamide is Lozol. Indapamide is marketed as Natrilix outside of the US, as Insig in Australia...

 --- indican

Indican

Indican is a colourless organic compound, soluble in water, naturally occurring in Indigofera plants. It is a precursor of indigo dye.-Chemical reactions:Common and significant reactions involving indican are as follows:...

 --- indigotindisulfonate sodium --- indocyanine green

Indocyanine green

Indocyanine green is a cyanine dye used in medical diagnostics. It is used for determining cardiac output, hepatic function, and liver blood flow, and for ophthalmic angiography. It has a peak spectral absorption at about 800 nm. These infrared frequencies penetrate retinal layers, allowing ICG...

 --- indole alkaloids

Indole alkaloids

Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups. Containing more than 4100 known different compounds, it is one of the largest classes of alkaloids. Many of them possess significant physiological activity and...

 --- curare

Curare

Curare is a common name for various arrow poisons originating from South America. The three main types of curare are:* tubocurare...

 --- toxiferine

Toxiferine

Toxiferine is a curare toxin. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist....

 --- alcuronium

Alcuronium

Alcuronium is a peripherally acting muscle relaxant in the curare alkaloid family. It is a semi-synthetic substance derived from toxiferine.- Effects :...

 --- tubocurarine

Tubocurarine

Tubocurarine is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation...

 --- harmaline

Harmaline

Harmaline is a fluorescent psychoactive indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the reduced hydrogenated form of harmine.-Occurrence in nature:...

 --- harmine

Harmine

Harmine is a fluorescent harmala alkaloid belonging to the beta-carboline family of compounds. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Middle Eastern plant harmal or Syrian rue and the South American vine Banisteriopsis caapi...

 --- lyngbya toxins --- physostigmine

Physostigmine

Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean....

 --- psilocybine --- secologanin tryptamine alkaloids --- ajmaline

Ajmaline

Ajmaline is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent. It is often used to bring out typical findings of ST elevations in patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome....

 --- prajmaline

Prajmaline

Prajmaline is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent which has been available since the 1970’s. Class Ia drugs increase the time one action potential lasts in the heart. Prajmaline is a semi-synthetic propyl derivative of ajmaline, with a higher bioavailability than its predecessor...

 --- ellipticines --- ibogaine

Ibogaine

Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...

 --- strychnine

Strychnine

Strychnine is a highly toxic , colorless crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine causes muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia or sheer exhaustion...

 --- vinca alkaloids

Vinca alkaloids

Vinca alkaloids are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule agents which were originally derived from the Periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus.Vinca alkaloids are used in the treatment of cancer...

 --- vinblastine

Vinblastine

Vinblastine is an antimicrotubule drug used to treat certain kinds of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and testicular cancer. It is also used to treat Langerhan cell histiocytosis....

 --- vincamine

Vincamine

Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain . Generic drugs containing vincamine exist in specific regions. Most common drug preparations are in the sustained release forms...

 --- vincristine

Vincristine

Vincristine , formally known as leurocristine, sometimes abbreviated "VCR", is a vinca alkaloid from the Catharanthus roseus , formerly Vinca rosea and hence its name. It is a mitotic inhibitor, and is used in cancer chemotherapy.-Mechanism:Tubulin is a structural protein that polymerizes to...

 --- vindesine

Vindesine

Vindesine is an anti-mitotic vinca alkaloid used in chemotherapy. It is used to treat many different types of cancer, including leukaemia, lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer....

 --- yohimbine

Yohimbine

Yohimbine is an alkaloid with stimulant and aphrodisiac effects found naturally in Pausinystalia yohimbe . It is also found naturally in Rauwolfia serpentina , Alchornea floribunda , along with several other active alkaloids...

 --- reserpine

Reserpine

Reserpine is an indole alkaloid antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic symptoms, although because of the development of better drugs for these purposes and because of its numerous side-effects, it is rarely...

 --- staurosporine

Staurosporine

Staurosporine is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure...

 --- indoleacetic acids --- etodolac

Etodolac

Etodolac: Etodolac belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . Other members of this class include aspirin, ibuprofen , naproxen , indomethacin , nabumetone and numerous others. These drugs are used for the management of mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation...

 --- hydroxyindoleacetic acid --- indolequinones

Indolequinones

Indolequinones are molecules which are based upon an indole but have two additional ketone groups attached to the ring structure.This simple indolequinone indole-5,6-quinone is produced during the ripening of some fruit....

 --- mitomycins --- mitomycin

Mitomycin

The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. One of these compounds, mitomycin C, finds use as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour antibiotic activity. It is given intravenously to treat...

 --- porfiromycin --- pyrroloiminoquinones --- indomethacin --- ketorolac

Ketorolac

Ketorolac or ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivative, often used as an analgesic...

 --- ketorolac tromethamine --- indoramin

Indoramin

Indoramin is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.It is an alpha-1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist. with direct myocardial depression action,therefore,it results in no reflex tachycardiaIt is commonly synthesized from tryptophol...

 --- iprindole

Iprindole

Iprindole , formerly known as pramindole, is a tricyclic antidepressant used in Europe for the treatment of depression. It was introduced by Wyeth and has been used clinically since 1967...

 --- isatin

Isatin

Isatin or 1H-indole-2,3-dione is an indole derivative. The compound was first obtained by Erdman and Laurent in 1841 as a product from the oxidation of indigo dye by nitric acid and chromic acids...

 --- mazindol

Mazindol

Mazindol is a stimulant drug of the tetracyclic chemical class which is used as an anorectic. It was developed by Sandoz-Wander in the 1960s- Indications :...

 --- methisazone

Methisazone

Methisazone is an antiviral drug that works by inhibiting mRNA and protein synthesis, especially in pox viruses. It has been used in the past to treat smallpox.Methisazone has been described as being used in prophylaxis since at least 1965....

 --- molindone

Molindone

Molindone is a therapeutic antipsychotic, used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It works by blocking the effects of dopamine in the brain, leading to diminished psychoses...

 --- oxyphenisatin acetate --- perindopril

Perindopril

Perindopril, or perindopril arginine, is a long-acting ACE inhibitor. Perindopril is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure or stable coronary artery disease. It is also available in a generic form, perindopril erbumine...

 --- skatole

Skatole

Skatole or 3-methylindole is a mildly toxic white crystalline organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in feces and coal tar, and has a strong fecal odor...

 --- sporidesmins --- tryptamines --- dihydroxytryptamines --- 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine --- 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine is a neurotoxin used to selectively kill serotonergic neurons in scientific research, in the same way that 6-hydroxydopamine is used to kill dopaminergic cells.- See also :* 6-Hydroxydopamine...

 --- n,n-dimethyltryptamine --- bufotenin

Bufotenin

Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...

 --- methoxydimethyltryptamines --- melatonin

Melatonin

Melatonin , also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a naturally occurring compound found in animals, plants, and microbes...

 --- psilocybine --- serotonin

Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...

 --- bufotenin

Bufotenin

Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...

 --- methoxydimethyltryptamines --- 5-methoxytryptamine

5-Methoxytryptamine

5-Methoxytryptamine , also known as mexamine, is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin. 5-MT has been shown to occur naturally in the body in low levels. It is biosynthesized via the deacetylation of melatonin in the pineal gland.5-MT acts as a...

 --- sumatriptan

Sumatriptan

Sumatriptan is a triptan sulfa drug containing a sulfonamide group. It is used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Sumatriptan is produced and marketed by various drug manufacturers with many different trade names such as Sumatriptan, Imitrex, Imigran, Imigran recovery.-Approval and...

--- isoquinolines

--- benzylisoquinolines --- atracurium

Atracurium

Atracurium besylate is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical...

 --- bicuculline

Bicuculline

Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Since it blocks the inhibitory action of GABA...

 --- papaverine

Papaverine

Papaverine is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasm, vasospasm , and occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction...

 --- tetrahydropapaveroline --- tretoquinol

Tretoquinol

Tretoquinol is a beta-adrenergic agonist.- Notes and references :Tretoquinol is a beta-adrenergic agonist.- Notes and references :Tretoquinol is a beta-adrenergic agonist....

 --- debrisoquin --- emetine

Emetine

Emetine is a drug used as both an anti-protozoal and to induce vomiting. It is produced from the ipecac root.-Early emetine-based preparations:Early use of emetine was in the form of oral administration of the extract of ipecac root, or ipecacuanha...

 --- 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine --- nelfinavir

Nelfinavir

Nelfinavir is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus . Nelfinavir belongs to the class of drugs known as protease inhibitors and like other PIs is generally used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs.Nelfinavir mesylate is a potent and orally...

 --- nomifensine

Nomifensine

Nomifensine is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor developed by a team at Hoechst AG in the 1960s.. The drug was test-marketed in the United States by Hoechst AG , i.e. a drug that increases the amount of synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine available to receptors by blocking the dopamine...

 --- noscapine

Noscapine

Noscapine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the Papaveraceae family, without significant painkilling properties. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive effects. It has also been shown to have anticancer activity...

 --- praziquantel

Praziquantel

Praziquantel is an anthelmintic effective against flatworms. Praziquantel is not licensed for use in humans in the UK; it is, however, available as a veterinary anthelmintic, and is available for use in humans on a named-patient basis....

 --- saquinavir

Saquinavir

Saquinavir is an antiretroviral drug used in HIV therapy. It falls in the protease inhibitor class. Two formulations have been marketed:*a hard-gel capsule formulation of the mesylate, with trade name Invirase, which requires combination with ritonavir to increase the saquinavir bioavailability;*a...

 --- tetrahydroisoquinolines --- salsoline alkaloids

--- pteridines

--- flavins --- riboflavin

Riboflavin

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 or additive E101, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. As such, vitamin B2 is required for a...

 --- flavin-adenine dinucleotide --- flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors...

 --- pterins --- aminopterin

Aminopterin

Aminopterin , a 4-amino analog of folic acid, is an antineoplastic drug with immunosuppressive properties used in chemotherapy. Aminopterin is a synthetic derivative of pterin. Aminopterin works as an enzyme inhibitor by competing for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase...

 --- methotrexate

Methotrexate

Methotrexate , abbreviated MTX and formerly known as amethopterin, is an antimetabolite and antifolate drug. It is used in treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, ectopic pregnancy, and for the induction of medical abortions. It acts by inhibiting the metabolism of folic acid. Methotrexate...

 --- biopterin

Biopterin

Biopterin is a coenzyme that is produced within the body.It is an oxidized degradation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.Defects in biopterin synthesis or regeneration can cause a form of hyperphenylalaninemia ....

 --- neopterin

Neopterin

Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate , a purine nucleotide.Neopterin belongs to the chemical group known as pteridines. It is synthesised by macrophages upon stimulation with the cytokine interferon-gamma and is indicative of a pro-inflammatory immune status...

 --- folic acid

Folic acid

Folic acid and folate , as well as pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamate, and pteroylmonoglutamic acid are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9...

 --- pteroylpolyglutamic acids --- tetrahydrofolates --- formyltetrahydrofolates --- leucovorin --- xanthopterin

Xanthopterin

Xanthopterin is a yellow, crystalline solid, that occurs mainly in the wings of butterflies and in the urine of mammals. Small microorganisms convert it into folic acid. It is the end product of a non-conjugated pteridine compound, and inhibits the growth of lymphocytes produced by concanovalin...

 --- triamterene

--- purines

--- adenine

Adenine

Adenine is a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide , and protein synthesis, as a chemical component of DNA...

 --- 2-aminopurine

2-Aminopurine

2-Aminopurine, an analog of guanine and adenine, is a fluorescent molecular marker used in nucleic acid research. It most commonly pairs with thymine as an adenine-analogue, but can also pair with cytosine as a guanine-analogue;. For this reason it is sometimes used in the laboratory for...

 --- cytokinins --- isopentenyladenosine --- kinetin

Kinetin

Kinetin is a kind of cytokinin, a class of plant hormone that promotes cell division. Kinetin was originally isolated by Miller and Skoog et al. as a compound from autoclaved herring sperm DNA that had cell division-promoting activity. It was given the name kinetin because of its ability to induce...

 --- zeatin

Zeatin

Zeatin is a plant hormone derived from the purine adenine. It is a member of the plant growth hormone family known as cytokinins. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea...

 --- allopurinol

Allopurinol

Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat hyperuricemia and its complications, including chronic gout.- Mechanism of action :...

 --- 6-mercaptopurine --- azathioprine

Azathioprine

Azathioprine is a purine analogue immunosuppressive drug. It is used to prevent organ rejection following organ transplantation and to treat a vast array of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, pemphigus, inflammatory bowel disease , multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, atopic...

 --- purinones

Purinones

Purinones are derivatives of purine which have a substituted keto group.Most are divided into two families:* Hypoxanthines* Xanthines...

 --- hypoxanthines --- guanine

Guanine

Guanine is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine . In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with...

 --- acyclovir --- ganciclovir

Ganciclovir

Ganciclovir INN is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus infections.Ganciclovir sodium is marketed under the trade names Cytovene and Cymevene . Ganciclovir for ocular use is marketed under the trade name Vitrasert...

 --- azaguanine --- hypoxanthine

Hypoxanthine

Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative. It is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. It has a tautomer known as 6-Hydroxypurine. Hypoxanthine is a necessary additive in certain cell,...

 --- xanthines --- caffeine

Caffeine

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug. Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants...

 --- theobromine

Theobromine

Theobromine , also known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula C7H8N4O2. It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, including the leaves of the tea plant, and the kola nut...

 --- pentoxifylline --- theophylline

Theophylline

Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD and asthma under a variety of brand names. Because of its numerous side-effects, the drug is now rarely administered for clinical use. As a member of the xanthine family, it...

 --- aminophylline

Aminophylline

Aminophylline is a bronchodilator. It is a compound of the bronchodilator theophylline with ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as a dihydrate-Properties:...

 --- dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate is an over-the-counter drug used to prevent nausea and motion sickness...

 --- dyphylline --- 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine --- xanthinol niacinate --- uric acid

Uric acid

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is created when the body breaks down purine nucleotides. High blood concentrations of uric acid...

 --- xanthine

Xanthine

Xanthine , is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids and in other organisms. A number of stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine and theobromine....

 --- saxitoxin

Saxitoxin

Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates (Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.) and cyanobacteria Saxitoxin (STX) is a...

 --- thioguanine

--- pyrrolizidine alkaloids

--- monocrotaline

--- quinazolines

--- ketanserin

Ketanserin

Ketanserin is a drug with affinity for multiple G protein-coupled receptors . Initially it was believed to be a highly selective antagonist for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, however this is not true. Ketanserin only has moderate selectivity for 5-HT2A receptors over 5-HT2C receptors...

 --- methaqualone

Methaqualone

Methaqualone is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central nervous system depressant. The sedative-hypnotic activity was first noted by Indian researchers in the 1950s and in 1962 methaqualone itself was patented in the US by Wallace and Tiernan...

 --- metolazone

Metolazone

Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox. It is primarily used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. Metolazone indirectly decreases the amount of water reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the kidney,...

 --- prazosin

Prazosin

Prazosin, trade names Minipress, Vasoflex, Pressin and Hypovase, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and Anxiety, PTSD and Panic Disorder. It belongs to the class of alpha-adrenergic blockers. Specifically, prazosin is selective for the alpha-1 receptors on vascular smooth...

 --- doxazosin

Doxazosin

Doxazosin mesylate, a quinazoline compound sold by Pfizer under the brand names Cardura and Carduran, is an α1a-selective alpha blocker used to treat high blood pressure and urinary retention associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia ....

 --- tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin, also known as "tetrodox" and frequently abbreviated as TTX, sometimes colloquially referred to as "zombie powder" by those who practice Vodou, is a potent neurotoxin with no known antidote. There have been successful tests of a possible antidote in mice, but further tests must be...

 --- trimetrexate

Trimetrexate

Trimetrexate is a quinazoline derivative. It is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.-Uses:It has been used with leucovorin in treating pneumocystis pneumonia.It has been investigated for use in treating leiomyosarcoma....

--- quinolines

--- aminoquinolines --- amodiaquine

Amodiaquine

Amodiaquine is a 4-aminoquinoline compound related to chloroquine, used as an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent....

 --- chloroquine

Chloroquine

Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline drug used in the treatment or prevention of malaria.-History:Chloroquine , N'--N,N-diethyl-pentane-1,4-diamine, was discovered in 1934 by Hans Andersag and co-workers at the Bayer laboratories who named it "Resochin". It was ignored for a decade because it was...

 --- hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug, sold under the trade names Plaquenil,Axemal, Dolquine, and Quensyl, also used to reduce inflammation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus...

 --- 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide --- primaquine

Primaquine

Primaquine is a medication used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. It is a member of the 8-aminoquinoline group of drugs that includes tafenoquine and pamaquine.-Radical cure:...

 --- dibucaine --- ethoxyquin --- hydroxyquinolines --- decoquinate

Decoquinate

Decoquinate is a coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine....

 --- kynurenic acid

Kynurenic acid

Kynurenic acid is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan. It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive activity. It acts as an antiexcitotoxic and anticonvulsant, most likely through acting as an antagonist at excitatory amino acid receptors...

 --- oxamniquine

Oxamniquine

Oxamniquine is an anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine is a potent single-dose agent for treatment of S...

 --- oxyquinoline --- chloroquinolinols --- chlorquinaldol

Chlorquinaldol

Chlorquinaldol is an antimicrobial.-References:...

 --- clioquinol

Clioquinol

Clioquinol is an antifungal drug and antiprotozoal drug. It is neurotoxic in large doses. It is a member of a family of drugs called hydroxyquinolines which inhibit certain enzymes related to DNA replication...

 --- iodoquinol --- procaterol

Procaterol

Procaterol, applied as procaterol hydrochloride , is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma. It has never been filed for FDA evaluation in the United States, where it is not marketed. The drug is readily oxidated in the presence of moisture and air, making it...

 --- mefloquine

Mefloquine

Mefloquine hydrochloride is an orally administered medication used in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Mefloquine was developed in the 1970s at the United States Department of Defense's Walter Reed Army Institute of Research as a synthetic analogue of quinine...

 --- nitroquinolines --- 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide --- oxamniquine

Oxamniquine

Oxamniquine is an anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine is a potent single-dose agent for treatment of S...

 --- pyrroloiminoquinones --- quinaldines --- quinidine

Quinidine

Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent in the heart. It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.-Mechanism:...

 --- quinine

Quinine

Quinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic , antimalarial, analgesic , anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an anti-arrhythmic...

 --- quinolinium compounds --- dequalinium

Dequalinium

Dequalinium is a quaternary ammonium cation commonly available as the dichloride salt. The bromide, iodide, acetate, and undecenoate salts are known as well. Dequalinium chloride is the active ingredient of several medications:...

 --- pyrvinium compounds --- quinolones --- 4-quinolones --- nalidixic acid

Nalidixic acid

Nalidixic acid is the first of the synthetic quinolone antibiotics...

 --- nedocromil

Nedocromil

Nedocromil sodium is a medication used to prevent wheezing, shortness of breath, and other breathing problems caused by asthma. It is administered by an inhaler under the brand name Tilade and as an eye drop under the brand name Alocril...

 --- oxolinic acid

Oxolinic acid

Oxolinic acid is a quinolone antibiotic developed in Japan in the 1970s. Dosages 12-20mg/kg orally administered for five to ten days. The antibiotic works by inhibiting the enzyme DNA gyrase. It also acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and has stimulant effects in mice....

 --- carteolol

Carteolol

Carteolol is a non-selective beta blocker used to treat glaucoma....

 --- fluoroquinolones --- ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class.It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial. It kills bacteria by interfering with the enzymes that cause DNA to rewind after being copied, which stops synthesis of DNA and of...

 --- fleroxacin

Fleroxacin

Fleroxacin is a quinolone. It is sold under the brand names Quinodis and Megalocin....

 --- enoxacin

Enoxacin

Enoxacin is an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and gonorrhea...

 --- norfloxacin

Norfloxacin

Norfloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterial agent occasionally used to treat common as well as complicated urinary tract infections. It is sold under various brand names with the most common being Noroxin. In form of ophthalmic solutions it is known as Chibroxin...

 --- ofloxacin

Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class considered to be a second-generation fluoroquinolone. The original brand, Floxin, has been discontinued by the manufacturer in the United States on 18 June 2009, though generic equivalents continue to be...

 --- pefloxacin

Pefloxacin

Pefloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life threatening bacterial infections. Pefloxacin is commonly referred to as a fluoroquinolone drug and is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterials. It is an analog of norfloxacin. It is a synthetic...

 --- pqq cofactor --- quinpirole

Quinpirole

Quinpirole is a psychoactive drug and research chemical which acts as a selective D2 and D3 receptor agonist. It is used in scientific research. Quinpirole has been shown to increase locomotion and sniffing behavior in mice treated with it....

 --- quipazine

Quipazine

Quipazine is a piperazine drug used in scientific research. It is a moderately selective serotonin receptor antagonist, binding to a range of different serotonin receptors, but particularly to the 5-HT2A and 5-HT3....

 --- saquinavir

Saquinavir

Saquinavir is an antiretroviral drug used in HIV therapy. It falls in the protease inhibitor class. Two formulations have been marketed:*a hard-gel capsule formulation of the mesylate, with trade name Invirase, which requires combination with ritonavir to increase the saquinavir bioavailability;*a...

--- quinolizines

--- 2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- --- sparteine

Sparteine

Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is an alkaloid and can be extracted from scotch broom. It is the predominant alkaloid in Lupinus mutabilis, and is thought to chelate the bivalents calcium and magnesium...

 --- tetrabenazine

Tetrabenazine

Tetrabenazine is a drug for the symptomatic treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorder and is marketed under the trade names Nitoman in Canada and Xenazine in New Zealand and some parts of Europe, and is also available in the USA as an orphan drug. On August 15, 2008 the U.S...

--- quinoxalines

--- carbadox

Carbadox

Carbadox is a drug that combats bacterial infection in swine, particularly swine dysentary. In early 2004 it was banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive and for human consumption. The European Union also forbids the use of Carbadox at any level...

 --- 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione --- echinomycin

Echinomycin

Echinomycin is a peptide antibiotic. It intercalates into DNA at two specific sites, thereby blocking the binding of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha ....

 --- tyrphostins

Tyrphostins

A tyrosine-kinase inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits tyrosine kinases, enzymes responsible for the activation of signal transduction cascades...

--- acridines

--- acronine --- aminoacridines --- acridine orange

Acridine orange

Acridine orange is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein, with an...

 --- acriflavine

Acriflavine

Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. It is a dye and it stains the skin and may irritate. Commercial preparations are often mixtures with proflavine...

 --- aminacrine --- amsacrine

Amsacrine

Amsacrine is an antineoplastic agent.It has been used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.-Mechanism:Its planar fused ring system can intercalate into the DNA of tumor cells, thereby altering the major and minor groove proportions...

 --- ethacridine --- nitracrine --- proflavine

Proflavine

Proflavine , also called proflavin and diaminoacridine, is an acriflavine derivative, a disinfectant bacteriostatic against many gram-positive bacteria...

 --- quinacrine

Quinacrine

Quinacrine is a drug with a number of different medical applications. It is related to mefloquine.-Uses:Its main effects are as an antiprotozoal, antirheumatic and an intrapleural sclerosing agent....

 --- quinacrine mustard --- tacrine

Tacrine

Tacrine is a centrally acting anticholinesterase and indirect cholinergic agonist . It was the first centrally-acting cholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and was marketed under the trade name Cognex. Tacrine was first synthesised by Adrien Albert at the...

--- carbazoles

--- ellipticines --- ondansetron

Ondansetron

Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as an antiemetic , often following chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves...

 --- staurosporine

Staurosporine

Staurosporine is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus.It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure...

--- dibenzazepines

--- carbamazepine

Carbamazepine

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, as well as trigeminal neuralgia...

 --- clomipramine

Clomipramine

Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant . It was developed in the 1960s by the Swiss drug manufacturer Geigy and has been in clinical use worldwide ever since.- Indications :...

 --- clozapine

Clozapine

Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia, and is also used off-label in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Wyatt. R and Chew...

 --- desipramine

Desipramine

Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant . It inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and to a lesser extent serotonin. It is used to treat depression, but not considered a first line treatment since the introduction of SSRI antidepressants...

 --- imipramine

Imipramine

Imipramine , also known as melipramine, is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group...

 --- lofepramine

Lofepramine

Lofepramine is a third Generation tricyclic antidepressant which was introduced in 1983 for the treatment of depressive disorders. It is partially converted to its active metabolite desipramine in vivo...

 --- mianserin

Mianserin

Mianserin is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant chemical class which is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant and has antidepressant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, antiemetic, orexigenic, and antihistamine effects...

 --- opipramol

Opipramol

Opipramol is an antidepressant and anxiolytic used in Germany and other European countries. Although it is a member of the tricyclic antidepressants, opipramol's primary mechanism of action is much different in comparison...

 --- trimipramine

Trimipramine

Trimipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant . It has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, sedative, and analgesic effects.- Indications :...

--- dibenzothiepins

--- dothiepin --- methiothepin

--- dibenzoxazepines

--- dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide --- loxapine

Loxapine

Loxapine is a typical antipsychotic medication, used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is a member of the dibenzoxazepine class and as a dibenzazepine derivative, it is structurally related to clozapine...

 --- amoxapine

Amoxapine

Amoxapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine family, though it is often classified as a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant.- Uses :...

--- flavins

--- riboflavin

Riboflavin

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 or additive E101, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. As such, vitamin B2 is required for a...

 --- flavin-adenine dinucleotide --- flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors...

--- phenanthridines

--- ethidium --- propidium

--- phenazines

--- clofazimine

Clofazimine

Clofazimine is a fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used in combination with rifampicin and dapsone as multidrug therapy for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients and...

 --- methylphenazonium methosulfate --- neutral red

Neutral red

Neutral Red is a eurhodin dye used for staining in histology. It stains lysosomes red. It is used as a general stain in histology, as a counterstain in combination with other dyes, and for many staining methods. Together with Janus Green B, it is used to stain embryonal tissues and supravital...

 --- pyocyanine

Pyocyanine

Pyocyanine is an antibiotic pigment produced by the Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a redox-active virulence factor which allows P. aeruginosa to kill cells, disrupts cilia actions, inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, and alter phagocytic function...

--- phenothiazines

--- acepromazine

Acepromazine

Acepromazine or acetylpromazine is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug. It was first used in humans in the 1950s, but is now little used in humans...

 --- azure stains --- chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic...

 --- fluphenazine

Fluphenazine

Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of psychoses such as schizophrenia and acute manic phases of bipolar disorder. It belongs to the piperazine class of phenothiazines....

 --- mesoridazine

Mesoridazine

Mesoridazine is a piperidine neuroleptic drug belonging to the class of drugs called phenothiazines, used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is a metabolite of thioridazine...

 --- methotrimeprazine --- methylene blue

Methylene blue

Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with the molecular formula C16H18N3SCl. It has many uses in a range of different fields, such as biology and chemistry. At room temperature it appears as a solid, odorless, dark green powder, that yields a blue solution when dissolved in...

 --- moricizine

Moricizine

Moricizine is a phenothiazine derivative with Vaughan Williams class Ic antiarrhythmic properties. It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, has a bioavailability of 34-38 percent, and is 95 percent bound to plasma proteins. Moricizine is extensively metabolized and may have pharmacologically...

 --- nonachlazine --- perazine

Perazine

Perazine is a moderate-potency typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. It is quite similar to chlorpromazine, and acts as a dopamine antagonist.- External links :...

 --- perphenazine

Perphenazine

Perphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug. Chemically, it is classified as a piperazinyl phenothiazine. It has been in clinical use for decades....

 --- prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine is a dopamine receptor antagonist that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotic agents that are used for the antiemetic treatment of nausea and vertigo. It is also a highly-potent typical antipsychotic, 10-20x more potent than chlorpromazine...

 --- promazine

Promazine

Promazine is a medication that belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics. An older medication used to treat schizophrenia, it is still prescribed, alongside newer agents such as olanzapine and quetiapine...

 --- promethazine

Promethazine

Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine of the phenothiazine family. The drug has anti-motion sickness, antiemetic, and anticholinergic effects, as well as a strong sedative effect and in some countries is prescribed for insomnia when benzodiazepines are contraindicated...

 --- thiethylperazine

Thiethylperazine

Thiethylperazine is an antiemetic of the phenothiazine class. Though it was never licensed or used as an antipsychotic, it may have such effects....

 --- thioridazine

Thioridazine

Thioridazine is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug group and was previously widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis...

 --- tolonium chloride

Tolonium chloride

Tolonium chloride is a blue cationic dye used in histology.- Test for lignin :Toluidine blue solution is used in testing for lignin, a complex organic molecule that bonds to cellulose fibres and strengthens and hardens the cell walls in plants. A positive toluidine blue test causes the solution...

 --- trifluoperazine

Trifluoperazine

Trifluoperazine is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine chemical class.- Uses :...

 --- triflupromazine

Triflupromazine

Triflupromazine is an antipsychotic medication of the phenothiazine class. Among different effects of triflupromazine indication for use of this drug is severe emesis...

 --- trimeprazine

--- psoralens

--- ficusin --- khellin

Khellin

Khellin is a furanochromone, an organic compound which is derivative of chromone and furan. It has lipophilic properties and causes vasodilation . It is found in the plant Ammi visnaga which has been used in Egyptian folk medicine.In Egypt, the plant "Khella" was used for renal colic...

 --- methoxsalen

Methoxsalen

Methoxsalen is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen is extracted from Ammi majus, a plant of the family Apiaceae...

 --- trioxsalen

Trioxsalen

Trioxsalen is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin...

--- xanthenes

--- fluoresceins --- eosine i bluish --- eosine yellowish-(ys) --- erythrosine

Erythrosine

Erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, is an organoiodine compound, specifically a derivative of fluorone. It is cherry-pink synthetic, primarily used for food coloring. It is the disodium salt of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein...

 --- fluorescein

Fluorescein

Fluorescein is a synthetic organic compound available as a dark orange/red powder soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications....

 --- fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate --- rose bengal

Rose bengal

Rose Bengal is a stain. Its sodium salt is commonly used in eye drops to stain damaged conjunctival and corneal cells and thereby identify damage to the eye...

 --- propantheline --- pyronine --- rhodamines --- rhodamine 123

Rhodamine 123

Rhodamine 123 is a chemical compound and a dye. It is often used as a tracer dye within water to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport. Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and inexpensively with instruments called fluorometers...

 --- thioxanthenes --- chlorprothixene

Chlorprothixene

Chlorprothixene is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class and was the first of the series to be synthesized...

 --- clopenthixol

Clopenthixol

Clopenthixol , also known as clopentixol, is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class. It was introduced by Lundbeck in 1961....

 --- flupenthixol --- hycanthone

Hycanthone

Hycanthone is a schistosomicide. It is a metabolite of lucanthone....

 --- lucanthone

Lucanthone

Lucanthone is a drug used in chemotherapy.Lucanthone is a prodrug and is converted to an active metabolite "hycanthone".-Mechanism of action:...

 --- thiothixene

Thiothixene

Thiothixene is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class used in the treatment of psychoses like schizophrenia. It was introduced on July 24, 1967 by Pfizer.-Chemistry:*Bloom, B. M.; Muren, J. F.; 1967, See also:...

 --- xanthones --- lucanthone

Lucanthone

Lucanthone is a drug used in chemotherapy.Lucanthone is a prodrug and is converted to an active metabolite "hycanthone".-Mechanism of action:...

 --- sterigmatocystin

Sterigmatocystin

Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold.-Introduction:...

--- heterocyclic compounds with 4 or more rings

--- cevanes

--- germine acetates --- protoveratrines --- veratrine --- veratridine

Veratridine

Veratridine is a steroid-derived alkaloid from the family of Liliaceae that functions as a neurotoxin by activating sodium ion channels. It is a derivative of veracevine. It is primarily obtained from the herb Veratrum and sabadilla seeds. It binds to intramembrane receptor site 2 and increases...

--- ergolines

--- bromocriptine

Bromocriptine

Bromocriptine , an ergoline derivative, is a dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease , hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.- Indications :Amenorrhea, female infertility, galactorrhea, hypogonadism, and acromegaly...

 --- ergonovine

Ergonovine

Ergometrine , is an ergoline derivative, and one of the primary ergot and morning glory alkaloids...

 --- methylergonovine

Methylergonovine

Methylergometrine is a synthetic analogue of ergonovine, a psychedelic alkaloid found in ergot, and many species of morning glory. It is a member of the ergoline family and chemically similar to LSD, ergine, ergometrine, and lysergic acid...

 --- lisuride

Lisuride

Lisuride is an antiparkinson agent of the iso-ergoline class, chemically related to the dopaminergic ergoline Parkinson's drugs. Lisuride is described as free base and as hydrogen maleate salt.Lisuride is used to lower prolactin and, in low doses, to prevent migraine attacks...

 --- lysergic acid

Lysergic acid

Lysergic acid, also known as D-lysergic acid and -lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and some plants. Amides of lysergic acid, lysergamides, are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs...

 --- lysergic acid diethylamide --- metergoline

Metergoline

Metergoline is a psychoactive drug of the ergoline chemical class which acts as a ligand for various serotonin and dopamine receptors....

 --- methysergide

Methysergide

Methysergide is a prescription drug used for prophylaxis of migraine headaches and is sold under the brand names Sansert and Deseril in 2 mg dosages.-Pharmacology:Methysergide interacts with serotonin receptors...

 --- nicergoline

Nicergoline

Nicergoline is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins. It has been found to increase mental agility and enhance clarity and perception. It decreases vascular resistance and increases arterial blood flow in the brain, improving the utilization of...

 --- pergolide

Pergolide

Pergolide is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used in some countries for the treatment of Parkinson's disease....

--- ergotamines

--- bromocriptine

Bromocriptine

Bromocriptine , an ergoline derivative, is a dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease , hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.- Indications :Amenorrhea, female infertility, galactorrhea, hypogonadism, and acromegaly...

 --- dihydroergocornine

Dihydroergocornine

Dihydroergocornine is an ergot alkaloid. Alongside dihydroergocristine and dihydroergocryptine, it is one of the three components of ergoloid....

 --- dihydroergocristine

Dihydroergocristine

Dihydroergocristine is an ergot alkaloid. Alongside dihydroergocornine and dihydroergocryptine, it is one of the components of ergoloid....

 --- dihydroergocryptine

Dihydroergocryptine

Dihydroergocryptine is a dopamine agonist of the ergoline chemical class used as an antiparkinson agent....

 --- dihydroergotamine

Dihydroergotamine

Dihydroergotamine is an ergot alkaloid used to treat migraines. It is a derivative of ergotamine. It is administered as a nasal spray or injection and has an efficacy similar to that of sumatriptan...

 --- dihydroergotoxine --- ergoloid mesylates

Ergoloid mesylates

Ergoloid mesylates or codergocrine mesilate , trade name Hydergine, is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of three dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids ....

 --- ergotamine

--- morphinans

--- buprenorphine

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is used...

 --- butorphanol

Butorphanol

Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic opioid analgesic developed by Bristol-Myers. Brand name Stadol was recently discontinued by the manufacturer. It is now only available in its generic formulations, manufactured by Novex, Mylan, Apotex and Ben Venue Laboratories. Butorphanol is most...

 --- dextrorphan

Dextrorphan

Dextrorphan is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. It is the dextro-stereoisomer of racemorphan, the levo-half being levorphanol. Dextrorphan is produced by O-demethylation of dextromethorphan by CYP2D6...

 --- diprenorphine

Diprenorphine

Diprenorphine is an opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of the super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals in veterinary medicine....

 --- etorphine

Etorphine

Etorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 200 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather in "poppy straw" and in related plants, Papaver orientale and Papaver...

 --- levallorphan

Levallorphan

Levallorphan is a drug of the morphinan family which is used as an opioid antidote or antagonist. It acts as an antagonist on μ-opioid receptor and agonist on kappa receptors [hence called [partial agonist]], Levallorphan (Lorfan, Naloxiphan) is a drug of the morphinan family which is used as an...

 --- levorphanol

Levorphanol

Levorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the synthetic morphinan and a pure opioid agonist, first described in Germany in 1948 as an orally active morphine-like analgesic...

 --- dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan is an antitussive drug. It is one of the active ingredients in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines, such as Robitussin, NyQuil, Dimetapp, Vicks, Coricidin, Delsym, and others, including generic labels. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging...

 --- morphine

Morphine

Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...

 --- morphine derivatives --- codeine

Codeine

Codeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...

 --- hydrocodone

Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from either of two naturally occurring opiates: codeine and thebaine. It is an orally active narcotic analgesic and antitussive...

 --- oxycodone

Oxycodone

Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...

 --- dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in 1900. In structure, it is very similar to morphine, the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond...

 --- ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...

 --- heroin --- hydromorphone

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...

 --- oxymorphone

Oxymorphone

Oxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...

 --- thebaine

Thebaine

Thebaine , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai, an ancient city in Upper Egypt, is an opiate alkaloid. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing convulsions similar to strychnine...

 --- nalbuphine

Nalbuphine

Nalbuphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used commercially as an analgesic under a variety of trade names, including Nubain. It is noteworthy in part for the fact that at low dosages, it is found much more effective by women than by men, and may even increase pain in men, leading to its...

 --- nalorphine

Nalorphine

Nalorphine trade names Lethidrone and Nalline. Nalorphine acts at two opioid receptors, at the mu receptor it has antagonistic effects and at the kappa receptors it exerts agonistic characteristics. It is used to reverse opioid overdose and in a challenge test to determine opioid dependence....

 --- naloxone

Naloxone

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug developed by Sankyo in the 1960s. Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose, for example heroin or morphine overdose. Naloxone is specifically used to counteract life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory...

 --- naltrexone

Naltrexone

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is marketed in generic form as its hydrochloride salt, naltrexone hydrochloride, and marketed under the trade names Revia and Depade...

--- rifamycins

--- rifabutin

Rifabutin

Rifabutin is a bactericidal antibiotic drug primarily used in the treatment of tuberculosis. The drug is a semi-synthetic derivative of rifamycin S. Its effect is based on blocking the DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase of the bacteria. It is effective against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative...

 --- streptovaricin

Streptovaricin

Streptovaricins are a group of structurally-related macrolide antibiotics. They belong to the larger class of antibiotics known as ansamycins....

 --- rifampin

--- tetrapyrroles

--- bile pigments --- bilirubin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases...

 --- biliverdine --- urobilin

Urobilin

Urobilin is a yellow linear tetrapyrrole, resulting from the breakdown of heme, a cyclic tetrapyrrole.Urobilin is produced when Urobilinogen is oxidized by intestinal bacteria; it can also be...

 --- urobilinogen

Urobilinogen

Urobilinogen is a colourless product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, taken up into the circulation and excreted by the kidney. This constitutes the normal "enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle".Increased amounts of bilirubin...

 --- chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...

 --- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- pheophytins --- protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide, or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow red if irradiated with blue light...

 --- corrinoids

Corrinoids

Corrinoids are a group of compounds based on the skeleton of corrin, a cyclic system containing four pyrrole rings similar to porphyrins. These include compounds based on octadehydrocorrin, which has the trivial name corrole....

 --- vitamin b 12 --- cobamides --- hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin is a natural form, or vitamer, of vitamin B12, a basic member of the cobalamin family of compounds. Hydroxocobalamin is the form of vitamin B12 produced by many bacteria which are used to produce the vitamin commercially. Like other forms of vitamin B12, hydroxocobalamin has an...

 --- porphyrins --- coproporphyrins --- deuteroporphyrins --- etioporphyrins --- hematoporphyrins --- hematoporphyrin derivative --- dihematoporphyrin ether --- mesoporphyrins --- metalloporphyrins --- chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...

 --- bacteriochlorophylls --- chlorophyllides --- protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide, or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll a that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll. Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow red if irradiated with blue light...

 --- heme

Heme

A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are...

 --- hemin

Hemin

Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. More specifically, it is Protoporphyrin IX containing a ferric iron ion with a chloride ligand....

 --- porphyrinogens --- coproporphyrinogens

Coproporphyrinogens

Coproporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and an equal number of substituted methyls.Coproporphyrinogen III is the most common variance...

 --- uroporphyrinogens

Uroporphyrinogens

Uroporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and four acetic acid groups .There are four forms, which vary based upon the arrangements of the "P" and "A" groups :...

 --- protoporphyrins

Protoporphyrins

Protoporphyrins are tetrapyrroles containing the following side chains:* methyl * propionic acid * vinyl Protoporphyrin IX is a biochemically widely used carrier molecule for divalent cations. Together with iron the body of the heme- group of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many other heme-containing...

 --- uroporphyrins

--- heterocyclic compounds, bridged-ring

--- bicyclo compounds, heterocyclic

--- penicillins --- amdinocillin --- amdinocillin pivoxil --- cyclacillin --- methicillin

Methicillin

Meticillin or methicillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It should not be confused with the antibiotic metacycline.-History:Methicillin was developed by Beecham in 1959...

 --- nafcillin --- oxacillin

Oxacillin

Oxacillin sodium is a narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.It was developed by Beecham.-Uses:...

 --- cloxacillin

Cloxacillin

Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham. It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin....

 --- dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. It is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most...

 --- floxacillin --- penicillanic acid --- penicillin g --- ampicillin

Ampicillin

Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci...

 --- amoxicillin

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin , formerly amoxycillin , and abbreviated amox, is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral...

 --- amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination --- azlocillin

Azlocillin

Azlocillin is an acylampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater in vitro potency than the carboxy penicillins.Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin...

 --- mezlocillin

Mezlocillin

Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. It is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other extended spectrum penicillins, it is excreted by the liver, therefore it is useful for biliary tract infections, such as ascending colangitis.-Mechanism...

 --- piperacillin

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is an extended spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class.It is normally used together with a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as tazobactam. The combination drug piperacillin/tazobactam is commercially available as e.g. Tazocin, Zosyn, Brodactam, Piptaz and as Trezora...

 --- pivampicillin

Pivampicillin

Pivampicillin is a pivaloyloxymethylester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug, which is thought to enhance the oral bioavailability of ampicillin because of its greater lipophilicity compared to that of ampicillin.-Adverse effects:...

 --- talampicillin

Talampicillin

Talampicillin is a beta lactam antibiotic from the penicillin family.prodgug,oral use,ampicilin + 3-oksoftalidstable in acidic...

 --- carbenicillin

Carbenicillin

Carbenicillin is a bacteriolytic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It was discovered by scientists at Beecham and marketed as Pyopen. It has Gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited Gram-positive coverage...

 --- carfecillin

Carfecillin

Carfecillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is a phenyl derivative of carbenicillin, acting as a prodrug....

 --- penicillin g, benzathine --- penicillin g, procaine --- sulbenicillin

Sulbenicillin

Sulbenicillin is a penicillin antibiotic.It has been used in combination with dibekacin....

 --- penicillin v --- sulbactam

Sulbactam

Sulbactam is a molecule that is given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to inhibit beta-lactamase, an enzyme produced by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics...

 --- ticarcillin

Ticarcillin

Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It is almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of...

 --- ramipril

Ramipril

Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.-Mechanism of action:ACE inhibitors lower the...

--- morphinans

--- buprenorphine

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is used...

 --- butorphanol

Butorphanol

Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic opioid analgesic developed by Bristol-Myers. Brand name Stadol was recently discontinued by the manufacturer. It is now only available in its generic formulations, manufactured by Novex, Mylan, Apotex and Ben Venue Laboratories. Butorphanol is most...

 --- dextrorphan

Dextrorphan

Dextrorphan is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. It is the dextro-stereoisomer of racemorphan, the levo-half being levorphanol. Dextrorphan is produced by O-demethylation of dextromethorphan by CYP2D6...

 --- diprenorphine

Diprenorphine

Diprenorphine is an opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of the super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals in veterinary medicine....

 --- etorphine

Etorphine

Etorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 200 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather in "poppy straw" and in related plants, Papaver orientale and Papaver...

 --- levallorphan

Levallorphan

Levallorphan is a drug of the morphinan family which is used as an opioid antidote or antagonist. It acts as an antagonist on μ-opioid receptor and agonist on kappa receptors [hence called [partial agonist]], Levallorphan (Lorfan, Naloxiphan) is a drug of the morphinan family which is used as an...

 --- levorphanol

Levorphanol

Levorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the synthetic morphinan and a pure opioid agonist, first described in Germany in 1948 as an orally active morphine-like analgesic...

 --- dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan is an antitussive drug. It is one of the active ingredients in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines, such as Robitussin, NyQuil, Dimetapp, Vicks, Coricidin, Delsym, and others, including generic labels. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging...

 --- morphine

Morphine

Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...

 --- morphine derivatives --- codeine

Codeine

Codeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...

 --- hydrocodone

Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from either of two naturally occurring opiates: codeine and thebaine. It is an orally active narcotic analgesic and antitussive...

 --- oxycodone

Oxycodone

Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...

 --- dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine

Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in 1900. In structure, it is very similar to morphine, the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond...

 --- ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine

Ethylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...

 --- heroin --- hydromorphone

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...

 --- oxymorphone

Oxymorphone

Oxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...

 --- thebaine

Thebaine

Thebaine , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai, an ancient city in Upper Egypt, is an opiate alkaloid. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing convulsions similar to strychnine...

 --- nalbuphine

Nalbuphine

Nalbuphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used commercially as an analgesic under a variety of trade names, including Nubain. It is noteworthy in part for the fact that at low dosages, it is found much more effective by women than by men, and may even increase pain in men, leading to its...

 --- nalorphine

Nalorphine

Nalorphine trade names Lethidrone and Nalline. Nalorphine acts at two opioid receptors, at the mu receptor it has antagonistic effects and at the kappa receptors it exerts agonistic characteristics. It is used to reverse opioid overdose and in a challenge test to determine opioid dependence....

 --- naloxone

Naloxone

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug developed by Sankyo in the 1960s. Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose, for example heroin or morphine overdose. Naloxone is specifically used to counteract life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory...

 --- naltrexone

Naltrexone

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is marketed in generic form as its hydrochloride salt, naltrexone hydrochloride, and marketed under the trade names Revia and Depade...

--- quinuclidines

--- quinidine

Quinidine

Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent in the heart. It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.-Mechanism:...

 --- quinine

Quinine

Quinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic , antimalarial, analgesic , anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an anti-arrhythmic...

 --- quinuclidinyl benzilate

--- tropanes

--- atropine

Atropine

Atropine is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , Jimson weed , mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects...

 --- atropine derivatives --- ipratropium

Ipratropium

Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic drug used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute asthma. It blocks the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs, opening the bronchi...

 --- benztropine

Benztropine

Benzatropine , also known as benztropine , is an anticholinergic marketed under the trade name Cogentin which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, akathisia, and dystonia.- Indications :...

 --- cocaine

Cocaine

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...

 --- crack cocaine

Crack cocaine

Crack cocaine is the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked. It may also be termed rock, hard, iron, cavvy, base, or just crack; it is the most addictive form of cocaine. Crack rocks offer a short but intense high to smokers...

 --- nortropanes --- scopolamine

Scopolamine

Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine, and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. It is among the secondary metabolites of plants from Solanaceae family of plants, such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets , and corkwood...

 --- scopolamine derivatives --- butylscopolammonium bromide --- n-methylscopolamine

--- cyclic n-oxides

--- 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide --- 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide --- triacetoneamine-n-oxyl

--- benzopyrans

--- aflatoxins --- aflatoxin b1 --- aflatoxin m1 --- chromans --- catechin

Catechin

Catechin is a natural phenol antioxidant plant secondary metabolite. The term catechins is also commonly used to refer to the related family of flavonoids and the subgroup flavan-3-ols ....

 --- centchroman

Centchroman

Ormeloxifene is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators, or SERMs, a class of medication which acts on the estrogen receptor. It is best known as a non-hormonal, non-steroidal oral contraceptive which is taken once per week...

 --- chromones --- cromolyn sodium --- flavonoids --- anthocyanins --- benzoflavones --- beta-naphthoflavone

Beta-Naphthoflavone

beta-Naphthoflavone, also known as 5,6-benzoflavone, is a potent agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and as such is an inducer of such detoxification enzymes as cytochromes P450 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases . β-Naphthoflavone is a putative chemopreventive agent....

 --- biflavonoids --- catechin

Catechin

Catechin is a natural phenol antioxidant plant secondary metabolite. The term catechins is also commonly used to refer to the related family of flavonoids and the subgroup flavan-3-ols ....

 --- chalcones --- chalcone

Chalcone

Chalcone is an aromatic ketone and an enone that forms the central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are known collectively as chalcones or chalconoids.-Chemical synthesis:...

 --- flavanones --- hesperidin

Hesperidin

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperetin. Its name is derived from the Hesperides nymphs of Greek mythology. Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense. It acts as an antioxidant according to in vitro studies...

 --- flavones

Flavones

Flavones , are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one shown on the right....

 --- apigenin

Apigenin

Apigenin is a flavone that is the aglycone of several glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Apigenin may contribute to the chemopreventive action of vegetables and fruits...

 --- diosmin

Diosmin

Diosmin is a semisynthetic phlebotropic drug , a member of the flavonoid family. It is an oral phlebotropic drug used in the treatment of venous disease, i.e., chronic venous insufficiency and hemorrhoidal disease , in acute or chronic hemorrhoids, in place of rubber-band ligation, in combination...

 --- flavoxate

Flavoxate

Flavoxate is an anticholinergic with antimuscarinic effects. Its muscle relaxant properties may be due to a direct action on the smooth muscle rather than by antagonizing muscarinic receptors.- Clinical uses :...

 --- luteolin

Luteolin

Luteolin is a yellow crystalline compound. It is a flavonoid; to be specific, it is one of the more common flavones. From preliminary research, it is thought to play a role in the human body possibly as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, a promoter of carbohydrate metabolism, or an immune...

 --- flavonolignans --- silymarin --- flavonols

Flavonols

Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone . Their diversity stems from the different positions the phenolic -OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols , another class of flavonoids.Flavonols are present in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables...

 --- kaempferols --- quercetin

Quercetin

Quercetin , a flavonol, is a plant-derived flavonoid found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains. It also may be used as an ingredient in supplements, beverages or foods.-Occurrence:...

 --- rutin

Rutin

Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin, is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in buckwheat, the leaves and petioles of Rheum species, and asparagus...

 --- hydroxyethylrutoside

Hydroxyethylrutoside

Hydroxyethylrutosides are hydroxyethyl acetylations of rutoside. It may refer to :* Monoxerutin* Dihydroxyethylrutoside* Troxerutin* Tetrahydroxyethylrutoside...

 --- isoflavones --- coumestrol

Coumestrol

Coumestrol is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as coumestans. It has garnered research interest because of its estrogenic activity and its prevalence in some foods, such as soybeans....

 --- genistein

Genistein

Genistein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are found in a number of plants including lupin, fava beans, soybeans, kudzu, and psoralea being the primary food source, also in the medicinal plant, Flemingia vestita and coffee Besides functioning as...

 --- pterocarpans --- rotenone

Rotenone

Rotenone is an odorless chemical that is used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide. It occurs naturally in the roots and stems of several plants such as the jicama vine plant...

 --- proanthocyanidins --- citrinin

Citrinin

Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are used in the production of human foods such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments...

 --- coumarins --- aminocoumarins --- novobiocin

Novobiocin

Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides a member of the order Actinobacteria . Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include...

 --- chromonar --- coumestrol

Coumestrol

Coumestrol is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as coumestans. It has garnered research interest because of its estrogenic activity and its prevalence in some foods, such as soybeans....

 --- esculin --- 4-hydroxycoumarins

4-Hydroxycoumarins

4-Hydroxycoumarins are a class of vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant drug molecules derived from coumarin by adding a hydroxy group at the 4 position to obtain "4-hydroxycoumarin" , then adding a large aromatic substituent at the 3-position 4-Hydroxycoumarins are a class of vitamin K antagonist...

 --- acenocoumarol

Acenocoumarol

Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist . It is a derivative of coumarin and is marketed under the brand names Sintrom and Sinthrome.- Dosage :...

 --- dicumarol

Dicumarol

Dicoumarol or dicumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist . It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases....

 --- ethyl biscoumacetate

Ethyl biscoumacetate

Ethyl biscoumacetate is a vitamin K antagonist.- References :* The Merck Index, 12th Edition. 3818...

 --- phenprocoumon

Phenprocoumon

Phenprocoumon is an anticoagulant drug, a derivative of coumarin. It is a vitamin K antagonist that inhibits coagulation by blocking synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X...

 --- warfarin

Warfarin

Warfarin is an anticoagulant. It is most likely to be the drug popularly referred to as a "blood thinner," yet this is a misnomer, since it does not affect the thickness or viscosity of blood...

 --- isocoumarins --- ochratoxins --- psoralens --- ficusin --- khellin

Khellin

Khellin is a furanochromone, an organic compound which is derivative of chromone and furan. It has lipophilic properties and causes vasodilation . It is found in the plant Ammi visnaga which has been used in Egyptian folk medicine.In Egypt, the plant "Khella" was used for renal colic...

 --- methoxsalen

Methoxsalen

Methoxsalen is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen is extracted from Ammi majus, a plant of the family Apiaceae...

 --- trioxsalen

Trioxsalen

Trioxsalen is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin...

 --- pyranocoumarins --- umbelliferones --- coumaphos

Coumaphos

Coumaphos is a non-volatile, fat-soluble phosphorothioate with ectoparasiticide properties: it kills insects and mites. It is well known under manufacturer brand-names as a dip or wash, used on farm and domestic animals to control ticks, mites, flies and fleas...

 --- hymecromone

Hymecromone

Hymecromone is a drug used in bile therapy. It is used as choleretic and antispasmodic drugs and as a standard for the fluorometric determination of enzyme activity....

 --- scopoletin

Scopoletin

Scopoletin is a coumarin found in the root of plants in the genus Scopolia like Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica, in chicory, in Artemisia scoparia, in the passion flower, in Brunfelsia, in Viburnum prunifolium or Kleinhovia hospita...

 --- cromakalim

Cromakalim

Cromakalim is a potassium channel-opening vasodilator. The active isomer is levcromakalim. It acts on ATP-sensitive potassium channels and so causes membrane hyperpolarization. It can be used to treat hypertension as it will relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure...

 --- ellagic acid

Ellagic acid

Ellagic acid is a natural phenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables including blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, walnuts, pecans, pomegranates, wolfberry and other plant foods...

 --- hematoxylin --- vitamin e

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is used to refer to a group of fat-soluble compounds that include both tocopherols and tocotrienols. There are many different forms of vitamin E, of which γ-tocopherol is the most common in the North American diet. γ-Tocopherol can be found in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine and dressings...

 --- tocopherols --- alpha-tocopherol

Alpha-tocopherol

α-Tocopherol is a type of tocopherol with formula C29H50O2. It has E number "E307".α-Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans...

 --- beta-tocopherol

Beta-tocopherol

beta-Tocopherol is a type of tocopherol with formula C28H48O2....

 --- gamma-tocopherol

Gamma-tocopherol

γ-Tocopherol is one of the chemical compounds that is considered vitamin E. As a food additive, it has E number E308.See the main article tocopherol for more information.-See also:* alpha-Tocopherol* beta-Tocopherol* delta-Tocopherol...

 --- tocotrienols