Bromazepam
Encyclopedia
Bromazepam is a benzodiazepine
derivative drug, patented by Roche in the 1963 and developed clinically in the 1970s. It has mainly anxiolytic
properties and at higher doses also sedative
, hypnotic
and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
.
Bromazepam 3 times 6 mg daily for 2 weeks taken alone impaired learning capacities significantly in humans in an experiment. In combination with alcohol the impairments of learning capacity became even more pronounced. Impairments to memory functions are common with bromazepam and include a reduced working memory
and reduced ability to process environmental information. Impaired memory, visual information processing and sensory data and impaired psychomotor performance. Deterioration of cognition including attention capacity and impaired co-ordinative skills. Unsteadiness after taking bromazepam is however less pronounced than other benzodiazepines such as lorazepam
. Impaired reactive and attention performance, which may impair driving skills.
Drowsiness and decrease in libido
.
Occasionally benzodiazepines can induce extreme alterations in memory such as anterograde amnesia
and amnesic automatism which may have medico-legal consequences. Such reactions usually only occur at the higher dose end of the prescribing spectrum.
Very rarely dystonia
can develop.
Up to 30% treated on a long-term basis develop a form of dependence, i.e. these patients cannot stop the medication without experiencing physical and/or psychological benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms.
Leukopenia and liver-damage of the cholostatic type with or without jaundice (icterus) have additionally been seen; the original manufacturer Roche
recommends regular laboratory examinations to be performed routinely.
Ambulatory patients should be warned that Bromazepam may impair the ability to drive vehicles and to operate machinery. The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act as central nervous system depressants. During the course of therapy, tolerance to the sedative effect usually develops.
and/or physical dependence
. A withdrawal study demonstrated both psychological dependence and physical dependence on bromazepam including marked rebound anxiety after 4 weeks chronic use. Those whose dose was gradually reduced experienced no withdrawal.
Patients treated with bromazepam for generalised anxiety disorder were found to experience withdrawal symptoms such as a worsening of anxiety, as well as the development of physical withdrawal symptoms when abruptly withdrawn from bromazepam. Abrupt or over rapid withdrawal from bromazepam after chronic use even at therapeutic prescribed doses may lead to a severe withdrawal syndrome including status epilepticus
and a condition resembling delerium tremens.
Animal studies have shown that chronic administration of diazepam
or bromazepam causes a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity and the turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine and serotonin, decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased levels of the catecholamines. During withdrawal of bromazepam or diazepam a fall in tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine levels occurs as part of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
.
significantly lowered in elderly subjects. The clinical consequence is that the elderly should be treated with lower doses than younger patients.
D, a classification which means that bromazepam has been shown to cause harm to the unborn child. The Hoffman LaRoche product information leaflet warns against breast feeding while taking bromazepam. There has been at least one report of sudden infant death syndrome
linked to breast feeding while consuming bromazepam.
, fluvoxamine
and propranolol causes a marked increase in the half-life
of bromazepam leading to increased accumulation of bromazepam.
, clonazepam
, oxazepam
, lorazepam
, nitrazepam
, flurazepam
and clorazepate
. Its molecular structure is composed of a diazepine
connected to a benzene
ring and a pyridine
ring, the benzene ring having a bromine
atom attached to it. It is a 1,4-benzodiazepine
, which means that the nitrogens on the seven-sided diazepine ring are in the 1 and 4 positions.
Bromazepam binds to the GABA
receptor GABAA
, causing a conformational change and increasing inhibitory effects of GABA. Other neurotransmitters are not influenced. Bromazepam is intermediate-short acting benzodiazepine and is lipophilic
, is metabolised hepatically via oxidative pathways. It does not possess any antidepressant or antipsychotic qualities.
After night time administration of bromazepam a highly significant reduction of gastric acid secretion occurs during sleep followed by a highly significant rebound in gastric acid production the following day.
Bromazepam alters electrical status of the brain causing an increased beta activity and a decrease in alpha activity in the EEG recordings.
was not the responsible enzyme, seeing as itraconazole
, a known inhibitor of CYP3A4
, did not effect its metabolism. In 1995, J. van Harten at Solvay Duphar B.V.'s Department of Clinical Pharmacology in Weesp
reported that fluvoxamine
, which is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, a less potent CYP3A4
inhibitor, and a negligible inhibitor of CYP2D6
, does inhibit its metabolism.
The active metabolite of bromazepam is hydroxybromazepam, which has half-life approximately equal to bromazepam.
may result in a alpha pattern coma type. The toxicity of bromazepam in overdosage increases when combined with other CNS depressant drugs such as alcohol
or sedative hypnotic drugs. Bromazepam is the most common benzodiazepine involved in intentional overdoses in France
.
. In France
car accidents involving psychotropic drugs in combination found benzodiazepines, mainly diazepam
, nordiazepam, and bromazepam, to be the most common drug, almost twice that of the next most common drug cannabis
. Bromazepam has also been used for serious criminal offences including, robbery
, homicide
and to carry out sexual assaults.
.
Benzodiazepine
A benzodiazepine is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring...
derivative drug, patented by Roche in the 1963 and developed clinically in the 1970s. It has mainly anxiolytic
Anxiolytic
An anxiolytic is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms...
properties and at higher doses also sedative
Sedative
A sedative or tranquilizer is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement....
, hypnotic
Hypnotic
Hypnotic drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia...
and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
Indications
- Short-term treatment of anxietyAnxietyAnxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness,...
or panic attackPanic attackPanic attacks are periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of relatively brief duration. Panic attacks usually begin abruptly, reach a peak within 10 minutes, and subside over the next several hours...
s, if a benzodiazepine is required. - PremedicationPremedicationPremedication refer to a drug treatment given to a patient before a medical procedure. These drugs are typically sedative or analgesic....
to alleviate anxiety before surgery.
Side-effects
All common side-effects of benzodiazepines have been noted. Consult the article under diazepamDiazepam
Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...
.
Bromazepam 3 times 6 mg daily for 2 weeks taken alone impaired learning capacities significantly in humans in an experiment. In combination with alcohol the impairments of learning capacity became even more pronounced. Impairments to memory functions are common with bromazepam and include a reduced working memory
Working memory
Working memory has been defined as the system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for further information processing...
and reduced ability to process environmental information. Impaired memory, visual information processing and sensory data and impaired psychomotor performance. Deterioration of cognition including attention capacity and impaired co-ordinative skills. Unsteadiness after taking bromazepam is however less pronounced than other benzodiazepines such as lorazepam
Lorazepam
Lorazepam is a high-potency short-to-intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug that has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and muscle relaxant...
. Impaired reactive and attention performance, which may impair driving skills.
Drowsiness and decrease in libido
Libido
Libido refers to a person's sex drive or desire for sexual activity. The desire for sex is an aspect of a person's sexuality, but varies enormously from one person to another, and it also varies depending on circumstances at a particular time. A person who has extremely frequent or a suddenly...
.
Occasionally benzodiazepines can induce extreme alterations in memory such as anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. This is in contrast to retrograde amnesia, where memories...
and amnesic automatism which may have medico-legal consequences. Such reactions usually only occur at the higher dose end of the prescribing spectrum.
Very rarely dystonia
Dystonia
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder, in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning or reaction to...
can develop.
Up to 30% treated on a long-term basis develop a form of dependence, i.e. these patients cannot stop the medication without experiencing physical and/or psychological benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms.
Leukopenia and liver-damage of the cholostatic type with or without jaundice (icterus) have additionally been seen; the original manufacturer Roche
Hoffmann-La Roche
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. is a Swiss global health-care company that operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. Its holding company, Roche Holding AG, has shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange....
recommends regular laboratory examinations to be performed routinely.
Ambulatory patients should be warned that Bromazepam may impair the ability to drive vehicles and to operate machinery. The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act as central nervous system depressants. During the course of therapy, tolerance to the sedative effect usually develops.
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Bromazepam shares with other benzodiazepines the risk of abuse, misuse, psychological dependenceSubstance dependence
The section about substance dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not use the word addiction at all. It explains:...
and/or physical dependence
Physical dependence
Physical dependence refers to a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction...
. A withdrawal study demonstrated both psychological dependence and physical dependence on bromazepam including marked rebound anxiety after 4 weeks chronic use. Those whose dose was gradually reduced experienced no withdrawal.
Patients treated with bromazepam for generalised anxiety disorder were found to experience withdrawal symptoms such as a worsening of anxiety, as well as the development of physical withdrawal symptoms when abruptly withdrawn from bromazepam. Abrupt or over rapid withdrawal from bromazepam after chronic use even at therapeutic prescribed doses may lead to a severe withdrawal syndrome including status epilepticus
Status epilepticus
Status epilepticus is a life-threatening condition in which the brain is in a state of persistent seizure. Definitions vary, but traditionally it is defined as one continuous unremitting seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes, or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures...
and a condition resembling delerium tremens.
Animal studies have shown that chronic administration of diazepam
Diazepam
Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...
or bromazepam causes a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity and the turnover of noradrenaline and dopamine and serotonin, decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased levels of the catecholamines. During withdrawal of bromazepam or diazepam a fall in tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine levels occurs as part of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome—often abbreviated to benzo withdrawal—is the cluster of symptoms which appear when a person who has taken benzodiazepines long term and has developed benzodiazepine dependence stops taking benzodiazepine drug or during dosage reductions...
.
Contraindications and special precautions
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, pregnancy, children, alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.Elderly
In 1987, a team of scientists led by Ochs reported that the elimination half-life, peak serum concentration, and serum free fraction are significantly elevated and the oral clearance and volume of distributionVolume of distribution
The volume of distribution , also known as apparent volume of distribution, is a pharmacological term used to quantify the distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body after oral or parenteral dosing...
significantly lowered in elderly subjects. The clinical consequence is that the elderly should be treated with lower doses than younger patients.
Pregnancy and breast feeding
Bromazepam is pregnancy categoryPregnancy category
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites that are present in breast...
D, a classification which means that bromazepam has been shown to cause harm to the unborn child. The Hoffman LaRoche product information leaflet warns against breast feeding while taking bromazepam. There has been at least one report of sudden infant death syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome is marked by the sudden death of an infant that is unexpected by medical history, and remains unexplained after a thorough forensic autopsy and a detailed death scene investigation. An infant is at the highest risk for SIDS during sleep, which is why it is sometimes...
linked to breast feeding while consuming bromazepam.
Interactions
CimetidineCimetidine
Cimetidine INN is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in the stomach. It is largely used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Tagamet...
, fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor . Fluvoxamine was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1993 for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder . Fluvoxamine CR is approved to treat social anxiety disorder...
and propranolol causes a marked increase in the half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
of bromazepam leading to increased accumulation of bromazepam.
Pharmacology
Bromazepam is a "classical" benzodiazepine; other classical benzodiazepines include; diazepamDiazepam
Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...
, clonazepam
Clonazepam
Clonazepamis a benzodiazepine drug having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic properties. It is marketed by Roche under the trade name Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Australia, Brazil, Canada and Europe...
, oxazepam
Oxazepam
Oxazepam , is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative...
, lorazepam
Lorazepam
Lorazepam is a high-potency short-to-intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug that has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and muscle relaxant...
, nitrazepam
Nitrazepam
Nitrazepam is a type of benzodiazepine drug and is marketed in English-speaking countries under the following brand names: Alodorm, Arem, Insoma, Mogadon, Nitrados, Nitrazadon, Ormodon, Paxadorm, Remnos, and Somnite...
, flurazepam
Flurazepam
Flurazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a very long half-life , which may stay in the bloodstream for up to four days...
and clorazepate
Clorazepate
Clorazepate , also known as clorazepate dipotassium, is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Clorazepate is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam, which is rapidly produced as an active metabolite...
. Its molecular structure is composed of a diazepine
Diazepine
1,2-Diazepine is a seven-membered heterocyclic compound with two nitrogen atoms and three double bonds.-External links:*...
connected to a benzene
Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound. It is composed of 6 carbon atoms in a ring, with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom, with the molecular formula C6H6....
ring and a pyridine
Pyridine
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one C-H group replaced by a nitrogen atom...
ring, the benzene ring having a bromine
Bromine
Bromine ") is a chemical element with the symbol Br, an atomic number of 35, and an atomic mass of 79.904. It is in the halogen element group. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826...
atom attached to it. It is a 1,4-benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine
A benzodiazepine is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring...
, which means that the nitrogens on the seven-sided diazepine ring are in the 1 and 4 positions.
Bromazepam binds to the GABA
Gabâ
Gabâ or gabaa, for the people in many parts of the Philippines), is the concept of a non-human and non-divine, imminent retribution. A sort of negative karma, it is generally seen as an evil effect on a person because of their wrongdoings or transgressions...
receptor GABAA
GABA A receptor
The GABAA receptor is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid , the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Upon activation, the GABAA receptor selectively conducts Cl- through its pore, resulting in...
, causing a conformational change and increasing inhibitory effects of GABA. Other neurotransmitters are not influenced. Bromazepam is intermediate-short acting benzodiazepine and is lipophilic
Lipophilic
Lipophilicity, , refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. These non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic — the axiom that like dissolves like generally holds true...
, is metabolised hepatically via oxidative pathways. It does not possess any antidepressant or antipsychotic qualities.
After night time administration of bromazepam a highly significant reduction of gastric acid secretion occurs during sleep followed by a highly significant rebound in gastric acid production the following day.
Bromazepam alters electrical status of the brain causing an increased beta activity and a decrease in alpha activity in the EEG recordings.
Pharmacokinetics
Bromazepam is reported to be metabolized by a hepatic enzyme belonging to the Cytochrome P450 family of enzymes. In 2003, a team led by Dr. Oda Manami at Oita Medical University reported that CYP3A4CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 , a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP3A4 is involved in the oxidation of the largest range of substrates of all the CYPs. As a result, CYP3A4 is present in...
was not the responsible enzyme, seeing as itraconazole
Itraconazole
Itraconazole , invented in 1984, is a triazole antifungal agent that is prescribed to patients with fungal infections. The drug may be given orally or intravenously.-Medical uses:...
, a known inhibitor of CYP3A4
CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 , a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP3A4 is involved in the oxidation of the largest range of substrates of all the CYPs. As a result, CYP3A4 is present in...
, did not effect its metabolism. In 1995, J. van Harten at Solvay Duphar B.V.'s Department of Clinical Pharmacology in Weesp
Weesp
Weesp is a town and a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It has a population of 17,533 .Weesp lies next to the rivers de Vecht and Smal Weesp and also next to the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal. It is in an area called the "Vechtstreek"...
reported that fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor . Fluvoxamine was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1993 for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder . Fluvoxamine CR is approved to treat social anxiety disorder...
, which is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, a less potent CYP3A4
CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 , a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP3A4 is involved in the oxidation of the largest range of substrates of all the CYPs. As a result, CYP3A4 is present in...
inhibitor, and a negligible inhibitor of CYP2D6
CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6 , a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. Also, many substances are bioactivated by CYP2D6 to form their active compounds...
, does inhibit its metabolism.
The active metabolite of bromazepam is hydroxybromazepam, which has half-life approximately equal to bromazepam.
Overdose
Bromazepam is commonly involved in drug overdoses. Bromazepam is a drug sometimes used in suicide attempts. A severe bromazepam benzodiazepine overdoseBenzodiazepine overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose describes the ingestion of one of the drugs in the benzodiazepine class in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. Death as a result of benzodiazepines is uncommon but does occasionally happen. Deaths after hospital admission are considered to be low...
may result in a alpha pattern coma type. The toxicity of bromazepam in overdosage increases when combined with other CNS depressant drugs such as alcohol
Ethanol
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...
or sedative hypnotic drugs. Bromazepam is the most common benzodiazepine involved in intentional overdoses in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
.
Drug misuse
Bromazepam has a similar misuse risk as other benzodiazepines such as diazepamDiazepam
Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...
. In France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
car accidents involving psychotropic drugs in combination found benzodiazepines, mainly diazepam
Diazepam
Diazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...
, nordiazepam, and bromazepam, to be the most common drug, almost twice that of the next most common drug cannabis
Cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fibre , for seed and seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a...
. Bromazepam has also been used for serious criminal offences including, robbery
Robbery
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear....
, homicide
Homicide
Homicide refers to the act of a human killing another human. Murder, for example, is a type of homicide. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English...
and to carry out sexual assaults.
Legal Status
Bromazepam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic SubstancesConvention on Psychotropic Substances
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed at Vienna on February 21, 1971...
.
See also
- BenzodiazepineBenzodiazepineA benzodiazepine is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring...
- Benzodiazepine dependenceBenzodiazepine dependenceBenzodiazepine dependence or benzodiazepine addiction is a condition during which a person is dependent on benzodiazepine drugs. Dependence can be either a psychological dependence, physical dependence, or a combination of the two...
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromeBenzodiazepine withdrawal syndromeBenzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome—often abbreviated to benzo withdrawal—is the cluster of symptoms which appear when a person who has taken benzodiazepines long term and has developed benzodiazepine dependence stops taking benzodiazepine drug or during dosage reductions...
External links
- Bromazepam drug information from Lexi-Comp. Includes dosage information and a comprehensive list of international brand names.
- Inchem - Bromazepam
- LEXOTAN product information leaflet from Roche Pharmaceuticals