Gauls

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Gauls

The Gauls were a Continental Celtic people of Classical Antiquity

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome....
, the inhabitants of Gaul

Gaul

Gaul is the name used for the region of Western Europe comprising part of present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the River Rhine....
(roughly corresponding to modern France

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, Belgium

Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
, Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
and northern Italy

Northern Italy

Northern Italy comprises two areas belonging to Italian NUTS level 1 regions:*North-West : Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria;*North-East : Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/S?dtirol, Emilia-Romagna....
), and speakers of the Gaulish language

Gaulish language

The Gaulish language is the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became dominant in Roman Gaul....
.

Archaeologically, they were the bearers of the La Tène culture

La Tène culture

The La T?ne culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La T?ne, Marin-Epagnier on the north side of Lake Neuch?tel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857....
(5th to 1st centuries BCE). In the 3rd century BCE, the Gauls expanded towards the southeast in a series of invasions, including the Gallic Invasion of Greece, settling as far east as Anatolia

Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
, as the Galatia

Galatia

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The Gauls were a Continental Celtic people of Classical Antiquity

Classical antiquity

Gaul

France

Belgium

Switzerland

Northern Italy

Gaulish language

La Tène culture

Anatolia

Galatia

Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia, an ancient region of Asia Minor, was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace , who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC....
ns. The ancient Gauls (according to Pliny the Elder) invented soap.The ancient world was generally innocent of soap; the Romans built baths, but did not often use soap in them. The ancient Gauls did not use soap for washing, though; they used it as a pomade to keep their hair shiny.

They were conquered by Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

Gallic Wars

The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman Republic proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gaul, lasting from 58 BC to 51 BC....
in the 50s BCE, and during the Roman Empire

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
period became assimilated into a Gallo-Roman culture

Gallo-Roman culture

The term Galo-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire. This was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman mores and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context....
. During the crisis of the third century

Crisis of the Third Century

Crisis of the Third Century was the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by invasion, civil war, Plague of Cyprian, and economic collapse....
, there was briefly a breakaway Gallic Empire

Gallic Empire

The Gallic Empire is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century....
under Postumus

Postumus

Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus was a Roman emperor of Batavi origin. He usurped power from Gallienus in 260 and formed the so called Gallic Empire....
, Marcus Aurelius Marius

Marcus Aurelius Marius

Marcus Aurelius Marius was emperor of the Gallic Empire in 268.According to later tradition, he was a blacksmith by trade who rose through the ranks of the Roman army to become an officer....
and Tetricus I

Tetricus I

Caius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was Emperor of the Gallic Empire from 270/271 to 273, following the murder of Victorinus. Tetricus, who ruled with his son, Tetricus II, was the last of the Gallic emperors....
.

By the arrival of the Franks

Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
during the Migration period

Migration Period

The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or V?lkerwanderung , was a period of human migration which occurred within the period of roughly 300?700 Common Era in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages....
(5th century), the Gaulish language had been replaced by Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin is a blanket term covering the popular dialects and sociolects of the Latin which diverged from each other in the early Middle Ages, evolving into the Romance languages by the 9th century....
.

Social structure

The Druid

Druid

A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celts societies of Western Europe, Great Britain and Ireland. They were suppressed by the Ancient Rome and disappeared from the written record by the second century CE....
s were not the only political force in Gaul, however, and the early political system was complex, though ultimately fatal to the society as a whole. The fundamental unit of Gallic politics was the tribe, which itself consisted of one or more of what Caesar called "pagi." Each tribe had a council of elders, and initially a king. Later, the executive was an annually-elected magistrate. Among the Aedui, a tribe of Gaul, the executive held the title of "Vergobret," a position much like a king, but its powers were held in check by rules laid down by the council.

The tribal groups, or pagi as the Romans called them (singular: pagus; the French word pays, "region", comes from this term) were organised into larger super-tribal groups that the Romans called civitates. These administrative groupings would be taken over by the Romans in their system of local control, and these civitates would also be the basis of France's eventual division into ecclesiastical bishoprics and dioceses

List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France

French Ancien R?gime Roman Catholic dioceses and ecclesiastical provinces were heirs of Late Roman civitates and provinces....
, which would remain in place — with slight changes — until the French Revolution

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
.

Although the tribes were moderately stable political entities, Gaul as a whole tended to be politically divided, there being virtually no unity among the various tribes. Only during particularly trying times, such as the invasion

Invasion

An invasion is a Offensive consisting of all, or large parts of the armed forces of one geopolitics entity aggressively entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering, liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory, altering the established government or gaining c...
of Caesar, could the Gauls unite under a single leader like Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix , born around 82 BC, died 46 BC, was tribal chief of the Arverni, originating from the Arvernian city of Gergovia and known as the man who led the Gauls in their ultimately unsuccessful war against Roman republic rule under Julius Caesar....
. Even then, however, the faction lines were clear.

The Romans divided Gaul broadly into Provincia (the conquered area around the Mediterranean), and the northern Gallia Comata ("free Gaul" or "wooded Gaul"). Caesar divided the people of Gaulia Comata into three broad groups: the Aquitani; Galli (who in their own language were called Celtae); and Belgae. In the modern sense, Gaulish tribes are defined linguistically, as speakers of dialects of the Gaulish language. While the Aquitani

Aquitani

The Aquitani were a people living in what is now Aquitaine, France, in the region between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Julius Caesar, who defeated them in his campaign in Gaul, describes them as not being Celtic but "Iberians"....
were probably Vascons, the Belgae

Belgae

The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC, and later also in Roman Britain. They gave their name to the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and later, to the modern country of Belgium, where they are colloquially known as the "Old Belgians"....
would thus probably be counted among the Gaulish tribes, perhaps with Germanic elements.

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
, in his book, Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Commentarii de Bello Gallico

Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of his nine years of Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. The Latin title, literally Commentaries about the Gallic War, is often retained in English translations of the book, and the title is also translated to About the Gallic War, Of the Ga...
, comments:

Language

Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celt

Celt

Celts , is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic languages. The term is also used in a wider sense to describe the Modern Celts of those peoples, notably those who participate in a Celtic culture....
ic language that was spoken in Gaul

Gaul

Vulgar Latin

Roman Empire

Roman Gaul

Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and western Germany. Roman control of the area lasted for 600 years....
. According to Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars

Commentarii de Bello Gallico

Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of his nine years of Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. The Latin title, literally Commentaries about the Gallic War, is often retained in English translations of the book, and the title is also translated to About the Gallic War, Of the Ga...
it was one of three languages in Gaul, the others being Aquitanian

Aquitanian language

The Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Novempopulania before the Roman conquest and, probably much later, until the Early Middle Ages....
and Germanic

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European languages language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Pre-Roman Iron Age....
. Gaulish is paraphyletically grouped with Celtiberian

Celtiberian language

Celtiberian is an extinct language Indo-European language of the Celtic languages branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula lying...
, Lepontic

Lepontic language

Lepontic is an extinct Celtic languages language that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul between 700 BC and 400 BC. Sometimes called Cisalpine Celtic, it is considered a dialect of the Gaulish language and thus a Continental Celtic language ....
, and Galatian

Galatian language

Galatian is an extinct Celtic languages once spoken in Galatia in Asia Minor from the 3rd century BC up to the 4th century AD.Of the language only a few glosses and brief comments in classical writers and scattered names on inscriptions survive....
as Continental Celtic. The Lepontic language is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Gaulish. Gaulish is a P-Celtic language.

Religion

The Gauls practiced a form of animism

Animism

Animism is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans and animals but also in plants, rock s, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment, a proposition also known as hylozoism in philosophy....
, ascribing human characteristics to lakes, streams, mountains, and other natural features and granting them a quasi-divine status. Also, worship of animals was not uncommon; the animal most sacred to the Gauls was the boar

Boar

The wild boar , or colloquially simply called the boar, is an omnivorous, wikt:gregarious mammal of the family Suidae. It is native across much of Central Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and much of Asia as far south as Indonesia, and has been introduced elsewhere....
, which can be found on many Gallic military standards, much like the Roman eagle.

Their system of gods and goddesses was loose, there being certain deities which virtually every Gallic person worshiped, as well as tribal and household gods. Many of the major gods were related to Greek gods; the primary god worshiped at the time of the arrival of Caesar was Teutates

Toutatis

Toutatis or Teutates was a Celtic polytheism worshipped in ancient Gaul and Roman Britain. On the basis of his name's etymology, he has been widely interpreted to be a tribal protector....
, the Gallic equivalent of Mercury

Mercury (mythology)

In Roman mythology, Mercury was a messenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce, the son of Maia Maiestas, also known as Ops, the Roman version of Cronus, and Jupiter ....
. The "father god" in Gallic worship was "Dis Pater," who could be assigned the Roman name "Jupiter

Jupiter (mythology)

In Roman mythology, Jupiter or Jove was the king of the gods,and the god of sky and thunder. He is the equivalent of Zeus in the Greek pantheon....
." However there was no real theology, just a set of related and evolving traditions of worship.

Perhaps the most intriguing facet of Gallic religion is the practice of the Druids. There is no certainty concerning their origin, but it is clear that they vehemently guarded the secrets of their order and held sway over the people of Gaul. Indeed they claimed the right to determine questions of war and peace, and thereby held an "international" status. In addition, the Druids monitored the religion of ordinary Gauls and were in charge of educating the aristocracy. They also practiced a form of excommunication from the assembly of worshippers, which in ancient Gaul meant a separation from secular society as well. Thus the Druids were an important part of Gallic society.

List of Gaulish tribes

After completing the conquest of Gaul, Rome converted most of these tribes into civitates, making for the administrative map of the Roman provinces of Gaul. This was then perpetuated by the early church, whose geographical subdivisions were based on those of late Roman Gaul, and lasted into the areas of French dioceses

List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France

French Ancien R?gime Roman Catholic dioceses and ecclesiastical provinces were heirs of Late Roman civitates and provinces....
prior to the French Revolution.

Tribe	Capital
Aedui Aedui Aedui, Haedui or Hedui , are Gallic people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who inhabited the country between the Arar and Liger , in today's France....	Bibracte Bibracte Bibracte, a Gaulish oppidum or fortified city, was the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. It was situated near modern Autun in Bourgogne, France....
Allobroges Allobroges The Allobroges were a warlike Celts tribe in Gaul located between the Rh?ne River and the Lake of Geneva in what later became Savoy, Dauphin?, and Vivarais....	Vienne Vienne, Isère Vienne is a Communes of France in southeastern France, located 20 miles south of Lyon, on the Rh?ne River. It is the second largest city after Grenoble in the Is?re department in France, of which it is a Subprefectures in France....
Ambarri Ambarri The Ambarri were a Gaul people, whom Julius Caesar calls close allies and kinsmen of the Aedui. If the reading Aedui Ambarri in the passage referred to is correct, the Ambarri were Aedui....	near junction of Rhône Rhône River The Rhone, or the Rh?ne is one of the major rivers of Europe, originating in Switzerland and running from there through the south-eastern corner of France.... & Saône Saône The Sa?ne is a river of eastern France. It is a right tributary of the River Rh?ne River . Rising at Viom?nil in the Vosges department, it joins the Rh?ne in Lyon .... rivers
Ambiani Ambiani The Ambiani were a Belgic people, who were said to be able to muster 10,000 armed men, in 57 BCE, the year of Julius Caesar's Belgic campaign....	Amiens Amiens Amiens is a city and Communes of France in northern France, north of Paris. It is the capital of the Somme Departments of France in Picardie....
Andecavi	Angers Angers Angers is a city in the Maine-et-Loire Departments of France in northwestern France about south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins....
Aquitani Aquitani The Aquitani were a people living in what is now Aquitaine, France, in the region between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Julius Caesar, who defeated them in his campaign in Gaul, describes them as not being Celtic but "Iberians"....	Bordeaux Bordeaux is a Port city on the Garonne in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its aire urbaine at a 2008 estimate. It is the Capital of the Aquitaine regions of France, as well as the Prefectures in France of the Gironde Departments of France....
Atrebates Atrebates The Atrebates were a Belgae tribe of Gaul and Great Britain before the Roman conquests. According to Alexander MacBain, the name Attrebates is related to the Irish language aitreibh, ?building,? Old Irish aittreb, ?building,? and Welsh language adref, ?homewards,? going on to state that the Celtic languages root treb cor...	Arras Arras Arras is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais Departments of France in northern France. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard language dialect....
Arverni Arverni Category:Tribes involved in Caesar's Gallic WarsThe Arverni were a Gallic tribe that inhabited the present-day region of Clermont-Ferrand, France....	Gergovia Gergovia Gergovia was a Gaul town in modern Auvergne, near present-day Clermont-Ferrand and Gergovie. It was the chief town of the Arverni and the site of the Battle of Gergovia, in 52Before Christ The battle was fought between a Roman Republic army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar and Gallic forces led by Vercingetorix....
Baiocasses Baiocasses The people known to us by the Latin languageized name as Baiocasses were a tribe in ancient Gaul....	Bayeux Bayeux Bayeux is a Communes of France in the Calvados Departments of France in Normandy in northwestern France.Bayeux is the home of the Bayeux Tapestry, one of the oldest surviving complete tapestries in the world....
Belgae Belgae The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC, and later also in Roman Britain. They gave their name to the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and later, to the modern country of Belgium, where they are colloquially known as the "Old Belgians"....	Gallia Belgica Gallia Belgica Gallia Belgica was a Roman province located in what is now the southern part of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northeastern France, and western Germany....
Boii Boii Boii is the Ancient Rome name of an ancient Celtic tribes, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul , as well as in Pannonia , Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia....	Boii Boii Boii is the Ancient Rome name of an ancient Celtic tribes, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul , as well as in Pannonia , Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia.... (Boui near Entrain)
Boii Boates	Boates (La Tête de Buch)
Boii Boii Boii is the Ancient Rome name of an ancient Celtic tribes, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul , as well as in Pannonia , Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia....	Bologna Bologna Bologna is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Po Valley , between the Po River and the Apennine Mountains, exactly between the Reno River and the S?vena River....
Bellovaci Bellovaci Category:Tribes involved in Caesar's Gallic WarsThe Bellovaci were among the most powerful and numerous of the Belgae tribes of north-eastern Gaul conquered by Julius Caesar in 57 BC....	Beauvais Beauvais Beauvais is a town and commune in France and capital of the Oise Departments of France in northern France. Population : city: 57,355; city and suburbs: 59,003; metropolitan area: 100,733....
Bituriges Bituriges The Bituriges was a tribe with its capital at Bourges .Early in the first century BCE, they had been one of the main tribes, especially in terms of Druids and their political influence....	Bourges Bourges Bourges is a commune in France in central France on the Y?vre river. It is the capital of the Departments of France of Cher and also was the capital of the former provinces of France of Berry ....
Brannovices Brannovices The Brannovices or Brannovi were a Gallic people mentioned by Julius Caesar . D'Anville conjectures that they may have been in the canton of Brionnois, near M?con, Sa?ne-et-Loire, France....	near Mâcon Macon Macon may refer to:... ?
Cadurci	Uxellodunum (Issoudun)
Carnutes Carnutes The Carnutes , a powerful Celtic people in the heart of independent Gaul, dwelled in a particularly extensive territory between the Sequana and the Liger rivers....	Chartres Chartres Chartres is a town and Communes of France and capital of the Eure-et-Loir Departments of France in north-central France It is located southwest of Paris in central France....
Catalauni	Châlons-en-Champagne Châlons-en-Champagne Ch?lons-en-Champagne is a city in France. It is the capital of both the Departments of France of Marne and the r?gion in France of Champagne-Ardenne, despite being only a quarter the size of the city of Reims....
Cenomani Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul) The Cenomani , was an ancient tribe of the Cisalpine Gauls, who occupied the tract north of the Padus , between the Insubres on the west and the Veneti on the east....	Brescia Brescia Brescia is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 190,000....
Cenomani Cenomani The Cenomani or Aulerci Cenomani were a Gaul people, a branch of the Aulerci in Gallia Celtica, whose territory corresponded generally to Maine in the modern d?partment of Sarthe, west of the Carnutes between the Seine and the Loire....	Le Mans Le Mans Le Mans is a commune in France in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine , it is now the pr?fecture of the Sarthe D?partement in France, and is furthermore the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans....
Ceutrones	Moûtiers Moutiers Moutiers and Les Moutiers is the name or part of the name of several commune in France in France:*Moutiers, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir d?partement in France...
Curiosolitae Curiosolitae The Curiosolites or Curiosolitae, were a people of Gaul who are mentioned by Julius Caesar several times .The name only occurs in the accusative form, and as there are variations in the manuscripts, the nominative is not quite certain....	Corseul Corseul Corseul is a Communes of France in the C?tes-d'Armor Departments of France in Bretagne in northwestern France....
Diablintes Diablintes The Diablintes or Diablintres or Diablindi or Aulerci Diaulitae were an ancient people of Gaul, a division of the Aulerci. Julius Caesar mentions the Diablintes among the allies of the Veneti and other Armorica states whom Caesar attacked....	Jublains Jublains Jublains is a Communes of France in the Mayenne Departments of France in northwestern France.Jublains, formerly spelled Jubleins, is the site of ancient Noeodunum , the capital of the ancient Gaul tribe of the Diablintes, later occupied and settled by Romans and called Civitas Diablintum....
Eburones Eburones The Eburones , were a people of Germanic or Celtic descent that lived in the upper north of Gaul largely between the Rhine and the Maas, east of the Menapii....	Tongeren Tongeren Tongeren is a city and Arrondissement_of_Tongeren located in the Provinces of Belgium of Limburg , Flanders, Belgium. Tongeren is the oldest town in Belgium....
Eburovices Eburovices The Eburovices, or Eburovici, were a Gallic tribe, a branch of the Aulerci. They are mentioned by Julius Caesar with the Lexovii. Pliny the Elder speaks of the Aulerci, qui cognominantur Eburovices, et qui Cenomani. Ptolemy makes the extend from the Ligeris to the Sequana , which is not true....	Évreux Évreux ?vreux is a Communes of France in Haute-Normandie in northern France in the Eure Departments of France, of which it is the capital.Its inhabitants are called the ?bro?cienne and ?bro?ciens ....
Helvetii Helvetii The Helvetii were a Celts tribe and the main occupants of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC. They are prominently featured in Julius Caesar Commentarii de Bello Gallico....	La Tène
Insubres Insubres The Insubres or Insubri were a population settled in Insubria, in what is now Lombardy. They were the founders of Milan . Though Celtic at the time of Roman republic conquest, they were most likely the result of the fusion of pre-existing Ligurian and Ancient_Italic_peoples population strata with Gaulish tribes who had come from what is...	Milan Milan Milan is the second largest city of Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. It is the capital in the Province of Milan, as well as the Regions of Italy capital of Lombardy....
Lemovices Lemovices The Lemovices were a Gaulish tribe of Central Europe who established themselves in Limousin and Poitou between 700 and 400 BC. Their capital was Durotincum and in the era of Roman occupation, it was Augustoritum ....	Limoges Limoges Limoges is a city and Communes of France in France, the Prefectures in France of the Haute-Vienne Departments of France, and the administrative capital of the Limousin Regions of France....
Lexovii Lexovii The Lexovii , were a Celtic people, on the coast of Gaul, immediately west of the mouth of the Seine. When the Veneti and their neighbors were preparing for Julius Caesar's attack , they applied for aid to the Osismii, Lexovii, Namnetes, and others....	Lisieux Lisieux Lisieux is a Communes of the Calvados d?partement in the Calvados D?partement in France in the Basse-Normandie r?gion in France of France....
Mediomatrici Mediomatrici The Mediomatrici were an ancient Celtic people of Gaul, who belong to the division of Belgica. Julius Caesar shows their position in a general way when he says that the Rhine flows along the territories of the Sequani, Mediomatrici, Triboci or Tribocci, and Treviri....	Metz Metz Metz is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine R?gion in France and prefecture of the Moselle Departments of France.It is located at the confluence of the Moselle River and the Seille rivers....
Medulli Medulli A List of peoples of Gaul, the Medulli belonged to the group of mountain tribes controlling access to high Alps passes, along with the Centrones in Tarentaise Valley and the Salassi in Aosta Valley, especially for the trade of metals ....	Médoc Médoc The M?doc is a region of France, well-known as a wine growing region, located in the d?partement in France of Gironde, on the left bank of the Gironde estuary, north of Bordeaux....
Medulli Medulli A List of peoples of Gaul, the Medulli belonged to the group of mountain tribes controlling access to high Alps passes, along with the Centrones in Tarentaise Valley and the Salassi in Aosta Valley, especially for the trade of metals ....	Vienne Vienne Vienne is a d?partement of France, named after the Vienne River....
Menapii Menapii Category:Tribes involved in Caesar's Gallic WarsThe Menapii were a Belgae tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman Empire times....	Cassel
Morini Morini The Morini were a Belgic tribe in the time of the Roman Empire. We know little about their language but one of their cities, Boulogne-sur-Mer was called Bononia by Zosimus and Bonen in the Middle Ages....	Boulogne sur Mer Boulogne Sur Mer Boulogne Sur Mer is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is in San Isidro Partido and forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation, 16 km north of Buenos Aires....
Namnetes	Nantes Nantes Nantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants , while its aire urbaine is the eighth with 804,833 inhabitants at a 2008 estimate....
Nervii Nervii The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgae tribes, living in the northeastern hinterlands of Gaul they were known to trek long distances to engage in various wars and functions....	Bavay Bavay Bavay is a Communes of France in the Nord Departments of France in northern France.It lies 15 m. ESE of Valenciennes by railway....
Orobii	Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo is a town in Lombardy, Italy, about 40km northeast of Milan. The commune is home to circa 117,000 inhabitants. It is served by the Orio al Serio Airport, which also serves the Province of Bergamo, and to a lesser extent Milan....
Osismii Osismii The Osismii were a Gaulish tribe on the western Armorican peninsula. They were first described as the Ostimioi by the Ancient Greece geographer and traveller Pytheas in the fourth century BC....	Vorgium
Parisii Parisii The tribal name Parisii was held by two Iron Age tribes:Parisii Parisii ...	Paris Paris Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
Petrocorii	Périgueux Périgueux P?rigueux is a Communes of France in the Dordogne Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.P?rigueux is the Prefectures in France of the department and the capital of the region....
Pictones Pictones The Pictones were a List of peoples of Gaul inhabiting a region along the Bay of Biscay in what is now western France. Their region extended north past the Loire River, east to the region of the Turones , and south to the border with the Lemovices and the Guirande River in the region of the Santones....	Poitiers Poitiers Poitiers is a city on the Clain in west central France. It is a commune in France and the capital of the Vienne d?partement in France and of the Poitou-Charentes r?gion in France....
Raurici	Kaiseraugst Kaiseraugst Kaiseraugst is a municipalities of Switzerland in the district of Rheinfelden in the Cantons of Switzerland of Aargau in Switzerland. It is named for the Ancient Roman city of Augusta Raurica whose ruins are situated nearby.... (Augusta Raurica)
Redones Redones The Redones or Rhedones are an ancient tribe of Gaul, in the Celtogalatia Lugdunensis of Ptolemy , placed by him west of the Senones and along the Liger ....	Rennes Rennes Rennes is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the Capital of the Bretagne Regions of France, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine Departments of France....
Remi Remi The Remi were a Belgae tribe of north-eastern Gaul in the 1st century BC. They occupied the northern Champagne plain, on the southern fringes of the Forest of Ardennes, between the rivers Mosa and Matrona , and along the river valleys of the Aisne River and its tributaries the Aire and the Vesle....	Reims Reims The city of Reims lies in the Champagne-Ardenne region in northeastern France 129 km east-northeast of Paris.Founded by the Gauls, it became a major city during the period of the Roman Empire....
Ruteni	Rodez Rodez Rodez is a city and communes of France in southern France, in the Aveyron Departments of France, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthenois....
Salassi Salassi The Salassi were an Alpine tribe whose lands lay on the Italian side of the Little St Bernard Pass across the Graian Alps to Lyons, and the Great St Bernard Pass over the Pennine Alps....	Aosta Aosta Aosta is the principal city of the bilingual Aosta Valley in the Italy Alps, 110km north-northwest of Turin. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier River and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great St Bernard Pass and Little St Bernard Pass St....
Santones Santones The Santones were a tribe of ancient Gaul located in the modern region of Saintonge and around the city of Saintes, city to which they gave they name. The Romans occupied the territory of the Santones from the 1st century BC....	Saintes Saintes Saintes is a Communes of France in western France, in the Charente-Maritime Departments of France of which it is a sous-pr?fecture....
Senones Senones The Senones were a Gaul people of Gaul, who in the time of Julius Caesar inhabited the district which now includes the departments of Seine-et-Marne, Loiret and Yonne....	Sens Sens Sens is a town and communes of France of France, in the Yonne Departments of France, of which it is a sous-pr?fecture, in the Bourgogne Regions of France....
Sequani Sequani Sequani, in ancient geography, were a Gallic people who occupied the upper basin of the Arar , their territory corresponding to Franche-Comt? and part of Burgundy ....	Besançon Besançon Besan?on , is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comt? Regions of France in eastern France, with approximately 220,000 inhabitants in the aire urbaine in 1999....
Suessiones Suessiones File:Suessiones.jpgThe Suessiones were a Belgae people of north-eastern Gaul in the 1st century BC, inhabiting the region between the Oise River and the Marne River, based around the present-day city of Soissons....	Soissons Soissons Soissons is a Communes of the Aisne department in the Aisne Departments of France in Picardie in northern France, located on the Aisne River, about 100 kilometres northeast of Paris....
Tigurini	Yverdon
Tolosates	Toulouse Toulouse Toulouse is a commune of France in southwest France on the banks of the Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea....
Treveri Treveri The Treveri or Treviri were a tribe of Gauls who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle River, within the southern fringes of the Arduenna Silva , a part of the vast Silva Carbonaria, in what are now Luxembourg, southeastern Belgium and western Germany....	Trier Trier Trier is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. It is the oldest city in Germany, founded in or before 16 BC. Trier is not the only city claiming to be Germany's oldest, but it is the only one that bases this assertion on having the longest history as a city, as opposed to a mere settlement or army camp....
Tungri Tungri The Tungri were a tribe of Gaul and Germania. In a casual aside in Germania Tacitus remarks that Germani was the original tribal name of the Tungri with whom the Gauls were in contact; among the Gauls the term Germani came to be widely applied....	Tongeren Tongeren Tongeren is a city and Arrondissement_of_Tongeren located in the Provinces of Belgium of Limburg , Flanders, Belgium. Tongeren is the oldest town in Belgium....
Turones Turones The Turones were a Celtic tribe of pre-Ancient Rome Gaul. They gave their name to the French town Tours....	Tours Tours Tours is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire Departments of France.It is located on the lower reaches of the river River Loire, between Orl?ans and the Atlantic Ocean coast....
Unelli Unelli The Unelli or Veneli were one of the Armorica or maritime states of Gaul. Julius Caesar mentions them with the Veneti , Osismi, Curiosolitae, and other maritime states....	Coutances Coutances Coutances is a Communes of France in the Manche Departments of France in Normandy in northwestern France....
Vangiones Vangiones The Vangiones appear first in history as an ancient Germanic peoples tribe of unknown provenience. They threw in their lot with Ariovistus in his bid of 58 BC to invade Gaul through the Doubs river valley and lost to Julius Caesar in a battle probably near Belfort....	Worms Worms, Germany Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.Established by the Celts who called it Borbetomagus, Worms today remains embattled with the cities Trier and Cologne over title of "Oldest City in Germany"....
Veliocassi	Rouen Rouen Rouen is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital of the Haute-Normandie r?gion in France....
Vellavi Vellavi The Vellavi were a Gaulish people in the region of Le Puy-en-Velay in the region of the Auvergne , which, at the time of Julius Caesar's campaigns against the Gaul lay on the border of Gallia Narbonensis....	Ruessium Le Puy-en-Velay Le Puy-en-Velay is a Communes of France in the Haute-Loire Departments of France in south-central France.Its inhabitants are called Ponots....
Veneti Veneti (Gaul) The Veneti were a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the Brittany peninsula , which in Roman times formed part of an area called Aremorica. They gave their name to the modern city of Vannes....	Vannes Vannes Vannes is a Communes of France in the Morbihan Departments of France in Bretagne in northwestern France.It was founded over 2000 years ago....
Viducasses Viducasses The Viducasses or Viducassii were a Celtic people in Gallia Lugdunensis. The name derives from vidu and casse . The capital of the Viducasses was at Araegenus or Araegenue of the Tabula Peutingeriana, appearing elsewhere as Aragenuae, which was the site of modern-day Vieux, Calvados....	Vieux Vieux, Calvados Vieux is a Communes of the Calvados d?partement in the Calvados d?partement in France in the Basse-Normandie r?gion in France of France. Its postal code is 14930....
Vindelici	Augusta Vindelicorum
Vocontii Vocontii The Vocontii were a Gallic people living on the east bank of the Rh?ne River....	Vaison-la-Romaine Vaison-la-Romaine Vaison-la-Romaine is a small town and former bishopric in Provence. It is part of a communes of France of the same name, in the Vaucluse Departments of France, a part of the ancient Provinces of France of Comtat Venaissin....
Volcae Arecomici	Languedoc Languedoc Languedoc is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day List of regions in France of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyr?n?es in the south of France, and whose capital city was Toulouse, now in Midi-Pyr?n?es....

Gauls

Social structure

Language

Religion

List of Gaulish tribes

See also