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(Gascon
Gascon language

Gascon is a dialect of the Occitan language. Gascon is mostly spoken in Gascony and B?arn . It has about 250,000 speakers worldwide.Only Aranese language, a southern Gascon variety, is spoken in Spain....
: Bordèu) is a port
Port

||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|}A port is a facility for receiving ships and transferring cargo. They are usually found at the edge of an ocean, sea, river, or lake....
 city on the Garonne River
Garonne

The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
 in southwest France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area
Aire urbaine

The aire urbaine is an INSEE statistical region comprising a couronne p?riurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous p?le urbain . As it is specifically defined by statistical criteria, it is similar--though not identical--to the more general term of "metropolitan area" used in English....
 at a 2008 estimate. It is the capital of the Aquitaine
Aquitaine

Aquitaine , archaic Guyenne/Guienne , is one of the 26 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain....
 region
Régions of France

France is divided into 26 regions or r?gions , of which 21 are in continental metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, and four lie overseas....
, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde
Gironde

Gironde is a common name for the Gironde Estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a Departments of France in the Aquitaine Regions of France situated in southwest France....
 department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.

The Bordeaux-Arcachon
Arcachon

Arcachon is a communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in southwestern France. It is a popular bathing location on the Atlantic Ocean coast 34 miles southwest of Bordeaux in the Landes forest....
-Libourne
Libourne

Libourne is a Communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department....
 metropolitan area, with a population of 1,010,000, is the seventh largest metropolitan area in France. The city is among the world's major wine industry centres.






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(Gascon
Gascon language

Gascon is a dialect of the Occitan language. Gascon is mostly spoken in Gascony and B?arn . It has about 250,000 speakers worldwide.Only Aranese language, a southern Gascon variety, is spoken in Spain....
: Bordèu) is a port
Port

||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|}A port is a facility for receiving ships and transferring cargo. They are usually found at the edge of an ocean, sea, river, or lake....
 city on the Garonne River
Garonne

The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
 in southwest France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area
Aire urbaine

The aire urbaine is an INSEE statistical region comprising a couronne p?riurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous p?le urbain . As it is specifically defined by statistical criteria, it is similar--though not identical--to the more general term of "metropolitan area" used in English....
 at a 2008 estimate. It is the capital of the Aquitaine
Aquitaine

Aquitaine , archaic Guyenne/Guienne , is one of the 26 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain....
 region
Régions of France

France is divided into 26 regions or r?gions , of which 21 are in continental metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, and four lie overseas....
, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde
Gironde

Gironde is a common name for the Gironde Estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a Departments of France in the Aquitaine Regions of France situated in southwest France....
 department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.

The Bordeaux-Arcachon
Arcachon

Arcachon is a communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in southwestern France. It is a popular bathing location on the Atlantic Ocean coast 34 miles southwest of Bordeaux in the Landes forest....
-Libourne
Libourne

Libourne is a Communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department....
 metropolitan area, with a population of 1,010,000, is the seventh largest metropolitan area in France. The city is among the world's major wine industry centres. Bordeaux wine
Bordeaux wine

A Bordeaux wine is any wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France. Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of Bordeaux wine, although in good vintages, this total can exceed over 900 million, ranging from large quantities of everyday table wine, to some of the most expensive and prestigious wines in the world....
 has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List
World Heritage Site

A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site that is on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 Sovereign state which are elected by their General Assembly for a four-year term....
 as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.

History

Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal Man
Neanderthal

The Neanderthal , or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia....
, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux.

In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe
List of Celtic tribes

This is a list of Celtic tribes and associated Celts with their geographical localization....
, the Bituriges Vivisci
Bituriges Vivisci

The Bituriges Vivisci was one of the tribes of Gaul. The tribe's capital was at Burdigala, modern day BordeauxBituriges is often taken to mean Kings of the World but whether there was any link to the Bituriges of the Berry region is not known....
, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city. The city fell under Roman
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of Tin
Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide, SnO2....
 and Lead
Lead

Lead is a main-group Chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metal ....
 towards Rome. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine
Gallia Aquitania

Gallia Aquitania was a province of the Roman Empire, bordered by the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, and Hispania Tarraconensis....
, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty
Severan dynasty

The Severan dynasty was a Ancient Rome imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the African general Septimius Severus, who rose to power during the civil war of 193, known as the Year of the Five Emperors....
 (3rd century). In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals
Vandals

The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Goths Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I....
. Further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks
Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
 in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city.

In the late sixth century, the city reemerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian
Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingians were a Salian Franks dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the fifth century....
 kingdom of the Franks. The city fell into obscurity as royal power waned in southern Gaul in the late seventh century. The city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman
Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , also known as Abd er Rahman, Abdderrahman, Abderame, and Abd el-Rahman, led the Andalusian Islam into battle against the forces of Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours on October 10, 732 A.D....
 in 732, after he had defeated Duke Eudes and before he was killed during the Battle of Tours
Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours , also called the Battle of Poitiers and in Battle of Court of The Martyrs, was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille about north of Poitiers....
 on October 10. Under the Carolingians were appointed a series of Counts of Bordeaux
Count of Bordeaux

The Count of Bordeaux or comes Burdagalensis was the ruler of the city of Bordeaux and its environs in the Merovingian and Carolingian periods....
 who served to defend the mouth of the Garonne
Garonne

The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
 from the Vikings. Eventually, the city was inherited by the Dukes of Gascony
Duke of Gascony

The Duchy of Vasconia , later known as Gascony, was a Merovingian creation: a Marches on the Garonne, in the border with the rebel Basque people tribes....
 in the late tenth century.

From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux regained importance following the marriage of Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine

Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages.Eleanor succeeded her father as suo jure Duchess of Aquitaine and Countess of Poitiers at the age of fifteen, and thus became the most eligible bride in Europe....
 with the French-speaking Count Henri Plantagenet, born in Le Mans
Le Mans

Le Mans is a commune in France in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine , it is now the pr?fecture of the Sarthe D?partement in France, and is furthermore the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans....
, who became, within months of their wedding, King Henry II of England
Henry II of England

Henry II, called Curtmantle ruled as King of England , Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France....
. The city flourished, primarily due to wine trade, and the cathedral of St. André was built. It was also the capital of an independent state under Edward, the Black Prince
Edward, the Black Prince

Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, Order of the Garter , popularly known as The Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault, and father to King Richard II of England....
 (1362-1372), but in the end, after the Battle of Castillon
Battle of Castillon

The Battle of Castillon of 1453 was the last battle fought between the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War. This was the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle....
 (1453) it was annexed by France which extended its territory. The Château Trompette (Trumpet Castle) and the Fort du Hâ, built by Charles VII of France
Charles VII of France

File:Charles VII Franc a cheval 1422 1423.jpgCharles VII , called the Victorious or the Well-Served , was List of French monarchs from 1422 to his death, though he was initially opposed by Henry VI of England, whose Regent ruled much of France from Paris....
, were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city of its richness by halting the wine commerce with England. In 1462 Bordeaux obtained a parliament, but regained importance only in the 16th century when it became the center of the distribution of sugar and slaves from the West Indies along with the traditional wine.

Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde
Fronde

The Fronde was a civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War , which had begun in 1635. The word fronde means sling , with which the windows of supporters of Jules Cardinal Mazarin were broken with stones by Parisian Crowds....
, being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653 when Louis XIV
Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV ruled as List of French monarchs and of King of Navarre. He ascended the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister , the Italians Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661....
 entered in the city.

The 18th century was the golden age of Bordeaux. Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period. Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo

Victor-Marie Hugo was a France poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romanticism movement in France....
 found the town so beautiful he once said: "take Versailles
Versailles

Versailles , formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important administrative and judicial centre....
, add Antwerp
Antwerp

||-||-||-||}Antwerp is a city and municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Antwerp in Flanders, one of Belgium's three regions....
, and you have Bordeaux". Baron Haussmann
Baron Haussmann

Georges-Eug?ne Haussmann , who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a France civic planner whose name is associated with the Haussmann's renovation of Paris....
, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III
Napoleon III of France

Napol?on III, also known as Louis-Napol?on Bonaparte was the first President of the French Republic and the only emperor of the Second French Empire....
 to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud.

The French government was relocated from Paris to this city during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands.

Geography

Bordeaux is located close to the European Atlantic
Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions; with a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometres . It covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface....
 coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne
Garonne

The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
, and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the East and left bank in the West. Historically, the left bank is more developed. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River
Garonne

The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
 is accessible to ocean liners. The left bank of the Garonne
Garonne

The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
 is a low-lying, often marshy plain.

Climate

Bordeaux has an oceanic climate
Oceanic climate

An oceanic climate is the climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, and in southeastern Australia....
. Winters are mild because of the prevalence of westerly winds from the Atlantic. Summers are warm and long due to the influence from the Bay of Biscay (surface temperature reaches 21-22 °C or 70-72 °F). The average seasonal winter temperature is , recent winters tend to be much higher than this. The average summer seasonal temperature is , but every summer in the decade beginning 2001 has been above this, including the summer of 2003 the world's hottest summer ever recorded at .

Economy


Wine

Bordeaux has about of vineyard
Vineyard

A vineyard is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture....
s, 57 appellations, 10,000 wine-producing châteaux and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of over 700 million bottles, Bordeaux produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five 'premier cru' (first growth
First Growth

First Growth status refers to a classification of wines primarily from the Bordeaux region of France....
) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Chateau Haut-Brion, from Graves), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855

For the Exposition Universelle , Emperor Napoleon III of France requested a classification system for France's best Bordeaux wines which were to be on display for visitors from around the world....
: The first growths are:

  • Château Lafite-Rothschild
  • Château Margaux
    Château Margaux

    Ch?teau Margaux, archaically La Mothe de Margaux, is a wine estate of Bordeaux wine, and was one of four wines to achieve First Growth status in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855....
  • Château Latour
    Château Latour

    Ch?teau Latour is a French wine estate, rated as a First Growth under the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. Latour lies at the very southeastern tip of the commune of Pauillac in the M?doc region to the north-west of Bordeaux, at its border with Saint-Julien-Beychevelle, and only a few hundred metres from the banks of the Girond...
  • Château Haut-Brion
    Château Haut-Brion

    Ch?teau Haut-Brion is a Bordeaux wine estate, rated a First Growth in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, the only estate from outside M?doc to be included....
  • Château Mouton-Rothschild
    Château Mouton Rothschild

    Ch?teau Mouton Rothschild is a wine estate located in the village of Pauillac in the M?doc, 50 km north-west of the city of Bordeaux, France....
    *


*In 1855 Mouton-Rothschild was ranked a Second Growth. In 1976 it was elevated to First Growth status.

Both red and white wines are made in Bordeaux. Red Bordeaux is called claret
Claret

Claret is a name used in English language, primarily in United Kingdom, for red wine from the Bordeaux wine region of France....
 in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon

Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red wine List of grape varieties. It is grown in nearly every major List of wine-producing countries among a diverse spectrum of climates from Canadian wine Okanagan Valley to Lebanese wine Beqaa Valley....
, Merlot
Merlot

Merlot is a red wine grape that is used as both a blending grape and for varietal wines. Merlot-based wines usually have body with hints of berry, plum, and Zante currant....
, Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Franc

Cabernet Franc is one of the major red grape varieties of the world. It is mostly grown for blending with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in the Bordeaux style, but can also be vinified alone, such as the Chinon wine from the Loire ....
, Petit Verdot
Petit verdot

Petit verdot is a variety of red wine grape, principally used in classic Bordeaux blends. It ripens much later than the other varieties in Bordeaux, often too late, so it fell out of favour in its home region....
, Malbec
Malbec

Malbec is a variety of grape used in winemaking red wine. The grapes tend to have an inky dark colour and robust tannins. Long known as one of the six grapes allowed in the blend of red Bordeaux wine, the French plantations of Malbec are now found primarily in Cahors in the South West France region....
, and, less commonly in recent years, Carmenere
Carmenère

The Carm?n?re grape is a wine grape variety originally planted in the M?doc region of Bordeaux, France, where it was used to produce deep red wines and occasionally used for blending purposes in the same manner as Petit Verdot....
. White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon blanc

Sauvignon blanc is a green-skinned grape variety which originates from the Bordeaux region of France. The grape gets its name from the French word sauvage and blanc due to its early origins as an indigenous grape in South West France ....
, Semillon
Sémillon

S?millon is a golden-skinned grape used to make dry and sweet white wines, most notably in France and Australia....
, and Muscadelle
Muscadelle

Muscadelle is a white wine grape. It has a simple aroma of grape juice and raisins like grapes of the Muscat grape family of grapes, but it is unrelated....
. Sauternes
Sauternes

Sauternes is a Communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.It is also a List of wine-producing regions within the Graves portion of Bordeaux that produces sweet white dessert wines, named "Sauternes " after the commune, as well as some dry white wine....
 is a subregion of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wine
Dessert wine

Dessert wines are sweet wines typically served with dessert, such as Sauternes and Tokaji. Despite the name, they are often best appreciated alone, or with fruit or bakery sweets....
s such as Château d'Yquem
Château d'Yquem

Ch?teau d'Yquem is a First Growth wine from the Sauternes region in the southern part of the Bordeaux vineyards known as Graves.In the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, Ch?teau d'Yquem was the only Sauternes given this rating, indicating its perceived superiority and higher prices over all other wines of its type....
.

Because of the wine glut (wine lake
Wine lake

The wine lake refers to the continuing surplus of wine over demand produced in the European Union. A major contributor to that glut is the Languedoc-Roussillon, which produces over one-third of the grapes grown in France....
), the price squeeze caused by increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes
Vine pull schemes

Vine pull schemes are programs whereby grape growers receive a financial incentive to pull up their grape vines, a process known as arrachage in French....
, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly.

Others

The Laser Mégajoule
Laser Mégajoule

Laser M?gajoule is an experimental inertial confinement fusion device being built in France by the French nuclear science directorate, Commissariat ? l'?nergie Atomique....
 will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the lasers and plasmas technologies. This project, carried by the French Ministry of Defence, involves an investment of 2 billion euros. In 2009, the 600 experiments programmed each year with the Laser Mégajoule will begin. The "Road of the lasers", a major project of regional planning for the optical and lasers industries, will be born. Therefore, the area of Bordeaux will shelter the most important concentration of optical and laser experts in Europe.

20,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux. The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault
Dassault Aviation

Dassault Aviation is a France Aerospace manufacturer of military aircraft, regional jet and business jet jet aircraft, a subsidiary of Dassault Group....
, EADS Sogerma
EADS Sogerma

EADS Sogerma is a part of the division Airbus of EADS. It is engaged in the manufacture and development of aerostructures, cabin interior layout, airline seats....
, Snecma
Snecma

Snecma is a major France manufacturer of engines for commercial and military aircraft, and for space vehicles. The name is an acronym for Soci?t? Nationale d'?tude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation ....
, Thales
Thales Group

The Thales Group is a French electronics company delivering information technology and services for the Aerospace, defence , and Security markets....
, SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon
Dassault Aviation

Dassault Aviation is a France Aerospace manufacturer of military aircraft, regional jet and business jet jet aircraft, a subsidiary of Dassault Group....
 private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale
Dassault Rafale

The Dassault Rafale is a France twin-engined delta-wing highly agile multi-role fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. The Rafale is being produced both for land-based use with the French Air Force and for aircraft carrier-based naval operations with the French Navy....
 and Mirage 2000, the Airbus A380
Airbus A380

The Airbus A380 is a Double-deck aircraft, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by the European corporation Airbus, a subsidiary of EADS....
 cockpit, the boosters of Ariane 5
Ariane 5

Ariane 5 is a European expendable launch system designed to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit or low Earth orbit.It is manufactured under the authority of the European Space Agency and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales , with EADS Astrium Space Transportation as prime contractor, leading a consortium of sub-contracto...
, and the M51 SLBM missile.

Tourism is a major industry, especially concerning wine-making.

The port lies on the Atlantic ocean and the Gironde estuary
Gironde estuary

The Gironde is a navigable estuary , in southwest France and is formed from the meeting of the rivers Dordogne River and Garonne just below the centre of Bordeaux....
. Almost 9 million tons of goods arrive and leave each year. The Port is a nice area to sit and relax, a good place to tour if ever visiting.

List of major companies in Bordeaux

This list includes both companies based in Bordeaux and outside companies with major operations in the city.
  • Arena
    Arena (swimwear)

    Arena is a brand of competitive swimwear created in 1973 at Adidas France, by its president Horst Dassler. Sold by Adidas in 1990, the brand now represents two unrelated product lines....
  • CDiscount
  • Dassault
    Dassault Group

    Dassault Group, is a France group of companies led by Serge Dassault.Managing directors are Claude Dassault and Olivier Costa De Beauregard....
  • EADS
    EADS

    The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V. is a large European aerospace corporation, formed by the merger on 10 July 2000 of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace of Germany, A?rospatiale-Matra of France, and Construcciones Aeron?uticas SA of Spain....
     composites
  • EADS Sogerma
  • EADS Space Transportation
  • Ford
    Ford Motor Company

    The Ford Motor Company is an United States multinational corporation and the world's List of automobile manufacturers#World Motor Vehicle Production by Manufacturer based on worldwide vehicle sales, following Toyota, General Motors, and Volkswagen Group....
  • Lectra
  • LU
  • Marie Brizard
  • McKesson Corporation
  • Oxbow
  • Ricard
    Pernod Ricard

    Pernod Ricard is a France company that produces alcoholic beverages. The company's most famous products, Pernod Anise and Ricard Pastis, are both pastis, and often referred to as simply Ricard or Pernod....
  • Sanofi Aventis
    Sanofi-Aventis

    Sanofi-Aventis , headquartered in Paris, France, is a multinational pharmaceutical company. The company is the world's fourth largest List of pharmaceutical companies....
  • SMURFIT
  • SNECMA
    Snecma

    Snecma is a major France manufacturer of engines for commercial and military aircraft, and for space vehicles. The name is an acronym for Soci?t? Nationale d'?tude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation ....
  • SNPE
  • Solectron
    Solectron

    Solectron Corporation was a global electronics manufacturing company for original equipment manufacturers . It pioneered the electronics manufacturing services industry in 1977 and is a leader in the field....
  • Thales Group
    Thales Group

    The Thales Group is a French electronics company delivering information technology and services for the Aerospace, defence , and Security markets....
  • William Pitters


    • Demographics

    In the 1999 census, there were 215,363 inhabitants in the city (commune
    Communes of France

    The commune is the lowest level of administrative divisions in the France. The French word commune appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin Medieval commune, meaning a small gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin communis, things held in common....
    ) of Bordeaux. The 2005 census showed a significant increase, as this figure reached 230,600 inhabitants. In 2007, there were 660,000 inhabitants in the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux
    Urban Community of Bordeaux

    The Urban Community of Bordeaux , also known by its French initials CUB, is the Communes in France#Intercommunality structure gathering the Commune in France of Bordeaux and some of its suburbs....
    . Much of the population is French, but there are sizeable groups of Italians, Spaniards
    Spanish people

    Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
    , Portuguese
    Portuguese people

    The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
    , Germans
    Germans

    The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue....
     and North Africans. The built-up area has grown swiftly in recent years and urban sprawl is now a problem.

    Education


    University

    The university was created by the archbishop Pey Berland
    Pey Berland

    Blessed Pey Berland was the Archbishop of Bordeaux from 1430 until his abdication, during a pivotal time in the history of the city and of Gascony....
     and was abolished in 1793, during the French Revolution, before reappearing in 1808 with Napoleon I
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
    . Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235 ha) The University of Bordeaux is divided into four:

    • The University Bordeaux 1 (Physical sciences and Technologies), 10,693 students in 2002
    • The University Bordeaux 2 (Medicine and Life sciences), 15,038 students in 2002
    • The University Bordeaux 3 (Liberal Arts, Humanities, Languages), 14,785 students in 2002
    • The University Bordeaux 4 (Law, Economy and Management). 12,556 students in 2002


    Schools

    Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

    Engineering schools:
    • École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers
      École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers

      The ?cole Nationale Sup?rieure d'Arts et M?tiers or ENSAM is a France Engineering institute and grand ?tablissement and a prominent member of ParisTech ....
    • École d'ingénieurs en modélisation mathématique et mécanique
    • École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux
    • École nationale d'ingénieurs des travaux agricoles de Bordeaux
    • École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux
    • Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux
    • Institut de cognitique
      Institut de cognitique

      In Bordeaux, the Cognitique Institute is a public education institution, founded by the University of Bordeaux 2, that includes a cognitive engineering training program, two Masters programs and a PhD program in cognitive science....
    • École supérieure d'informatique
    • École privée des sciences informatiques


    Business and management schools:
    • IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux (Business School)
    • Bordeaux école de management (Bordeaux Management school)
    • EBP International
    • Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales
    • École de commerce européenne


    Other:
    • Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux
      Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux

      Sciences Po Bordeaux, or Institut d'?tudes politiques de Bordeaux, is a French political science grande ?cole situated on the university campus of Pessac, 8 km from the centre of Bordeaux and is attached to the University Montesquieu Bordeaux-IV....
       (Institute of political sciences)
    • École nationale de la magistrature (National school for Magistrate)
    • École du service de santé des armées
    • École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux
    • École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux
    • École française des attachés de presse et des professionels de la communication (EFAP)
    • Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine (CNAM)


    Edouard Manet 026

    Main sights

    Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List
    World Heritage Site

    A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site that is on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 Sovereign state which are elected by their General Assembly for a four-year term....
     as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble".

    Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after Nancy
    Nancy

    Nancy is a city in the Meurthe-et-Moselle Departments of France in northeastern France.The city is the capital of the department. The metropolitan area of Nancy had a population of 410,509 inhabitants at the 1999 census, 103,602 of whom lived in the city of Nancy proper ....
    , to have entered an era of urbanism and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King Louis XV
    Louis XV of France

    Louis XV ruled as List of French monarchs and of List of Navarrese monarchs from 1 September 1715 until his death on 10 May 1774. Coming to the throne at the age of five, Louis reigned until 15 February 1723, the date of his thirteenth birthday, with the aid of the R?gence, Philippe II, Duke of Orl?ans, his Cousin, thereafter taking formal p...
    , under the supervision of 2 intendants (Governors), first Mr. Dupre de Saint Maur then the Marquis (Marquess) de Tourny.

    Buildings

    Main sights include:
    • Esplanade des Quinconces
    • Colonnes des Girondins
    • Grand Théâtre
      Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux

      Grand Th??tre de Bordeaux, is a Theatre in Bordeaux, France, first inaugurated on 17 April, 1780. It was in this theatre that the ballet La Fille Mal Gard?e premiered in 1789, and where a young Marius Petipa staged some of his first ballets....
    • Allées de Tourny
    • Cours de l'Intendance
    • Place du Chapelet
    • Pont de Pierre
    • Saint-André Cathedral, consecrated by Pope Urban II
      Pope Urban II

      Pope Urban II , born Otho de Lagery , was Pope from March 12, 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church....
       in 1096. Of the Original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remain. The Royal Gate is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th-15th centuries.
    • Tour Pey Berland
      Pey Berland

      Blessed Pey Berland was the Archbishop of Bordeaux from 1430 until his abdication, during a pivotal time in the history of the city and of Gascony....
       (1440-1450), a massive, quadrangular tower annexed to the cathedral.
    • Sainte-Croix Church
      Église Sainte-Croix

      The ?glise Sainte-Croix is an abbey church in Bordeaux, southern France.It is annexed to a Rule of St. Benedict abbey founded in the 7th century, and was built in the late 11th-early 12th centuries....
       (Church of the Holy Cross). It lies on the site of a 7th century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. It is annexed to a Benedictine abbey founded in the 7th century, and was built in the late 11th-early 12th centuries. The façade is in Romanesque style
    • The Gothic
      Gothic architecture

      Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
       basilica of       Saint-Michel, constructed in the late 14th-15th centuries.
    • Basilica of Saint-Seurin, the most ancient church in Bordeaux. It was built in the early 6th century on the site of a palaeochristian necropolis. It has an 11th century portico
      Portico

      A portico is a porch that is leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls....
      , while the apse
      Apse

      In architecture, the apse is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical Vault . In Romanesque architecture, Byzantine architecture and Gothic architecture Christian abbey, cathedral and church architecture, the term is applied to the semi-circular or polygonal section of the sanctuary at the liturgical east end beyond the altar....
       and transept
      Transept

      Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram.'For the periodical go to The Transept....
       are from the following century. The 13th century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses sepulchres of the Merovingian
      Merovingian dynasty

      The Merovingians were a Salian Franks dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the fifth century....
       family.
    • Palais Rohan (Exterior: )
    • Palais Gallien, the remains of a late 2nd century Roman
      Ancient Rome

      Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
       amphitheatre
      Amphitheatre

      An amphitheatre is an open-air venue for spectator sports, concerts, rallies, or theatrical performances. There are two similar, but distinct types of amphitheatres: Ancient amphitheatres, built by the ancient Rome, were large central performance spaces surrounded by ascending seating, and were commonly used for spectator sports; these comp...
    • Porte Cailhau
    • La Grosse Cloche (15th century) is the second remaining gate of the Medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two 40 m-high circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell
      Bell (instrument)

      A bell is a simple sound-making device. The bell is a percussion instrument and an idiophone. Its form is usually an open-ended hollow drum which resonates upon being struck....
       weighing . The watch is from 1759.
    • Eglise Saint-Eloi
    • Place de la Bourse (1730-1775), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Ange Gabriel
      Ange-Jacques Gabriel

      Ange-Jacques Gabriel was the most prominent French architect of his generation.Born to a Parisian family of architects and initially trained by the royal architect Robert de Cotte and his father , whom he assisted in the creation of the Place Royale at Bordeaux , the younger Gabriel was made a member of the Acad?mie d'architecture in 172...
       as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV.
    • Place du Parlement
    • Place Saint-Pierre
    • Rue Sainte-Catherine


    Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
    World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France

    In 1998, several sites in France were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the description: Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France....
    .

    Museums

    • Musée des Beaux Arts
    • Musée d'Aquitaine
    • Musée des Arts Décoratifs
    • Musée D'Histoire Naturelle
    • CAPC
    • Musée National des Doines
    • French Cruiser Colbert
      Colbert (C 611)

      Colbert was an anti-air cruiser, later transformed into a missile cruiser, of the French Navy. She was the sixth ship of the French Navy to be named after Jean-Baptiste Colbert ....
    • Vinorama
    • Musée Goupil
    • Casa de Goya
      Francisco Goya

      Francisco Jos? de Goya y Lucientes was a Spanish Painting and Printmaking. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history....
    • Cap Sciences
    • Centre Jean Moulin


    Parks and gardens

    • Jardin botanique de Bordeaux
      Jardin botanique de Bordeaux

      The Jardin botanique de Bordeaux is a municipal botanical garden located at Place Bardineau, Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France; it is open daily without charge....
    • Jardin botanique de la Bastide
      Jardin botanique de la Bastide

      File:Bordeaux jardin botanique 02.jpgThe Jardin botanique de la Bastide is a municipal botanical garden located along the right bank of the Garonne along the All?e Jean Giono in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France; it is open daily without charge....


    Shopping

    Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is Rue Sainte-Catherine. This pedestrian only shopping street has of shops, restaurants and cafes; it is also the longest shopping street in Europe. Rue Sainte-Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comedie by the opera house. The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards Place de la Comedie and the nearby Cours de l'Intendance is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques.

    Culture


    Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research centre, Arc en rêve, still the most prestigious in France besides Paris IFA. Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres and is the home of the National Opera of Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year.

    Music

    • Bands
      • Noir Désir
        Noir Désir

        Noir D?sir is a France Rock and roll band....
      • Leisure
        Leisure

        Leisure or free time, is a period of time spent out of employment and essential domestic activity. It is also the period of recreational and discretionary time before or after compulsory activities such as eating and sleeping, employment or running a business, education and doing homework, household chores, and day-to-day Stress ....
      • Calc
      • Les Hurlements d'Léo
        Les Hurlements d'Léo

        Les Hurlements d'L?o is an alternative rock band from Bordeaux in France. Currently an eight-piece, they have been influenced by the likes of les N?gresses Vertes and combine traditional French sounds with sounds of gypsy, Latin, ska, punk and energetic rock....
      • The Deans
        Pride (comics)

        The Pride is a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain team of twelve people, a criminal organization that controlled the Los Angeles, California area of the Marvel Universe....
      • Luke
        Luke (French band)

        BiographyThe group was formed in Paris in 1998 when Thomas Boulard joined the group Spring, consisting of Christophe Plantier and Fran?ois Jug?....
      • Smocks
      • Gojira
        Gojira (band)

        Gojira is a death metal/progressive metal band formed in 1996 in Bayonne, France. The band was known as Godzilla until 2001. The band comprises Joe Duplantier on vocals and guitar, his brother Mario Duplantier on drums, Christian Andreu on guitar and Jean-Michel Labadie on bass....
      • Les Nubians
        Les Nubians

        Les Nubians is an R&B Grammy-nominated duo composed of sisters H?l?ne and C?lia Faussart from Paris, France. In 1985 the sisters moved with their parents to Chad....


    Media


    Radio stations

    These are the radio stations in Bordeaux.
    • Wit FM: (pop
      Pop music

      Pop music is a music genre that features a noticeable rhythmic element, melodies and hook , a mainstream style and a conventional structure.The term "pop music" was first used in 1926 in the sense of "having popular appeal" , but since the 1950s it has been used in the sense of a musical genre, originally characterized as a lighter alternat...
      , rock
      Rock music

      Rock music is a loosely defined genre of popular music that entered the mainstream in the mid 1950's. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rhythm and blues, country music and other influences....
      , dance music)
    • Black Box: (Hip-Hop
      Hip hop music

      Hip hop music is a music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rapping which is accompanied with backing beats. Hip hop music is part of hip hop culture, which began in the Bronx, in New York City in the 1970s, predominantly among African Americans and Latino Americans....
      , R&B, Ragga, Funk, Soul, Disco)
    • Radio Nova Sauvagine: (alternative music
      Alternative rock

      Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. Alternative rock consists of various subgenres that have emerged from the independent music scene since the 1980s, such as Grunge music, Britpop, gothic rock, and indie pop....
      )
    • Campus FM: (Alternative Music)
    • RIG: (world music
      World music

      The term world music includes Traditional music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians or that are "closely informed or guided by indigenous music of the regions of their origin," including Western World music ....
      )
    • La Clé des Ondes: (world music)
    • TRG: (pop music)
    • ARL: (world music)


    Newspaper
    • Sud Ouest
      Sud-Ouest (newspaper)

      Sud-Ouest is the third regional daily in France in terms of diffusion. It was created in Bordeaux, on August 29, 1944 by Jacques Lemoine, as a successor to La Petite Gironde....
      , regional French daily in tabloid format
    • Bordeaux 7, free daily
    • 20 Minutes
      20 minutes (France)

      20 minutes is a free, daily newspaper distributed to commuters in France. It is published by Schibsted and Ouest France Group. 20 minutos, the Spanish language version, is distributed by Schibsted and Zeta in Spain....
      , Bordeaux edition
    • Metro, owned by Metro International
      Metro International

      Metro International is a Sweden media company based in Luxembourg that publishes the Metro newspapers. Metro International's advertising sales have grown at a compound annual growth rate of 41% since launch of the first newspaper edition in 1995....
       with a Bordeaux edition


    TV
    • TV 7
      TV7 Bordeaux

      TV7 Bordeaux is a local television channel in Bordeaux....
    • France 3 Aquitaine www.france3.fr

    Nightclubs
    • Le 4Sans
    • People
    • Austin Club
    • Mega Macumba
    • Blush
      Blushing

      To blush is to display redness in one's face; the term is usually used when the redness is a result of an emotional response, which could reflect embarrassment, shame, or modesty....
    • O7
    • La Plage
    • Dream Beach
    • King Palace
    • Quai Sud
    • La Suite
    • Nieuw Amsterdam
    • Calle Ocho
    • Pachanga
      Pachanga

      Pachanga is a type of Latin American music and dance originating from New York in the 1950s and 1960s. Pachanga and Boogaloo are closely related....
    • Monseigneur
      Monseigneur

      Monseigneur is an honorific in the French language. It has occasional English use as well, as it may be a title before the name of a French prelate, a member of a royal family or other dignitary....
    • Le Pacha
      Le Pacha

      Le Pacha was a Champion France Thoroughbred horse racing. Bred by Andre Schwob, his dam was Advertencia, a daughter of two-time Arc winner, Ksar ....
    • VIP Garden
    • Lusi Klub...


    Concerts Room

    • Rock School Barbey
    • Medoquine
    • El Inca
      Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

      Garcilaso de la Vega, was a Peruvian historian and writer who is recognized primarily for his contributions to Inca history, culture, and society....
    • Le 4Sans
    • Nieuw Amsterdam
    • Patinoire Meriadeck
    • La Coupole
      La Coupole

      La Coupole is a V-2 rocket assembly and launch bunker constructed in a former limestone quarry....
    • Salle du Vigean
    • Krakatoa
      Krakatoa

      Krakatoa , also spelled Krakatao, is a Island#Oceanic islands in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole....
    • Son'Art ...


    Transport


    Road

    Bordeaux is an important road and motorway junction. The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway, with Lyon by the A89, with Toulouse by the A62, and with Spain by the A63. There is a ring road called the "Rocade" which is often very busy. The building of another ring road is under consideration.

    Bordeaux Pont De Pierre
    Bordeaux has 4 road bridges that cross the Garonne
    Garonne

    The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 575 km ....
    , the Pont-de-Pierre built in the 1820s and 3 modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de Pierre (both located downtown), the Pont d'Aquitaine, a suspended bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These 2 bridges are part of the ring road around Bordeaux. There is also a steel railway bridge, built in the 1850s by Gustave Eiffel, and used daily by 100s, including the TGV, a very high speed train.

    Rail

    The main railway station
    Train station

    |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which passengers may board and alight from trains and/or rail-transported freight may be loaded or unloaded....
    , Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean
    Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean

    Bordeaux-Saint-Jean or Bordeaux-Midi is a mainline and main Train station in the France city of Bordeaux.The station was on the line of the Chemin de Fer du Midi....
    , near the centre of the city, has 4 million passengers a year. It is served by the French national (SNCF
    SNCF

    SNCF is a France public enterprise. Its functions include operation of rail services for passengers and freight, and maintenance as well as signalling of rail infrastructure owned by R?seau Ferr? de France ....
    ) railway's high speed train, the TGV
    TGV

    The TGV is France's high-speed rail service. It was developed during the 1970s by GEC-Alsthom and SNCF, the French national rail transport operations, and is now operated primarily by SNCF....
    , that gets to Paris
    Paris

    Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
     in 3 hours, with connections to major European centres such as Lille
    Lille

    Lille is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Urban Community of Lille M?tropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille....
    , Brussels
    Brussels

    Brussels , officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium....
    , Amsterdam
    Amsterdam

    Amsterdam is the Capital of the Netherlands and List of cities in the Netherlands with over 100,000 people of the Netherlands, located in the Provinces of the Netherlands of North Holland in the west of the country....
    , Cologne
    Cologne

    Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants....
    , Geneva
    Geneva

    Geneva is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie . Situated where the Rh?ne River exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Canton of Geneva....
     and London
    London

    London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
    . The TGV
    TGV

    The TGV is France's high-speed rail service. It was developed during the 1970s by GEC-Alsthom and SNCF, the French national rail transport operations, and is now operated primarily by SNCF....
     also serves Toulouse
    Toulouse

    Toulouse is a commune of France in southwest France on the banks of the Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea....
     and Irun
    Irun

    Irun is a town of the Bidasoa-Txingudi region in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country Autonomous Community, Spain. Nowadays it is widely accepted by the historic researcher community that Irun is the ancient Vascones Roman town of Oiasso on account of the vestiges disclosed lately in the historic nucleus of Irun, whi...
     from Bordeaux. A regular train service is provided to Nantes
    Nantes

    Nantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants , while its aire urbaine is the eighth with 804,833 inhabitants at a 2008 estimate....
    , Nice
    Nice

    Nice is a city in Southern France France located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, between Marseille, France, and Genoa, Italy, with 1,197,751 inhabitants in the 2007 estimate....
    , Marseille
    Marseille

    "Marseille" is the second-largest city of France and forms the third-largest aire urbaine, after those of Paris and Lyon, with a population recorded to be 1,516,340 at the 1999 census and estimated to be 1,605,000 in 2007....
     and Lyon
    Lyon

    ||-||}Lyon, also known as Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France. Its name is pronounced in French language and Franco-Proven?al language, and or in English language....
    . The Gare St-Jean is the major hub for regional trains (TER) operated by the SNCF
    SNCF

    SNCF is a France public enterprise. Its functions include operation of rail services for passengers and freight, and maintenance as well as signalling of rail infrastructure owned by R?seau Ferr? de France ....
     to Arcachon
    Arcachon

    Arcachon is a communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in southwestern France. It is a popular bathing location on the Atlantic Ocean coast 34 miles southwest of Bordeaux in the Landes forest....
    , Limoges
    Limoges

    Limoges is a city and Communes of France in France, the Prefectures in France of the Haute-Vienne Departments of France, and the administrative capital of the Limousin Regions of France....
    , Agen
    Agen

    Agen is a communes of France in the Lot-et-Garonne Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France. It lies on the river Garonne 84 miles southeast of Bordeaux....
    , Périgueux
    Périgueux

    P?rigueux is a Communes of France in the Dordogne Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.P?rigueux is the Prefectures in France of the department and the capital of the region....
    , Pau and Bayonne
    Bayonne

    name= BayonneFile:Bayonne.jpgView of Grand Bayonne across the Adour|r?gion=Aquitaine|d?partement=Pyr?n?es-Atlantiques...
    .

    Air

    Bordeaux is served by an international airport, Aéroport de Bordeaux Mérignac, located from the city centre in the suburban city of Mérignac
    Mérignac, Gironde

    M?rignac is a Communes of France in the Gironde Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.It is the largest suburb of the city of Bordeaux, and is adjacent to it on the west....
    .

    Trams, buses and boats

    Bordeaux has an important public transport system called Tram et Bus de la CUB
    Tram et Bus de la CUB

    Tram et bus de la CUB is a public transport system for the 27 Communes of France of the Urban Community of Bordeaux . It also provides service to part of the commune of Cadaujac....
     (TBC). This company is run by the Connex group. The network consists of:
    • 3 tram lines
      Tramway de Bordeaux

      The Bordeaux tramway network consists of three lines serving the city of Bordeaux in southwestern France. The first line was opened on 21 December 2003; further extensions have increased the route length to ....
       (A
      Bordeaux Tramway Line A

      The A line of the Tramway de Bordeaux is operated by the Tram et Bus de la CUB, and connects Lormont and Floirac, Gironde to M?rignac, Gironde. It connects the left and right banks of the Garonne, passing by the Pierre bridge and the center of Bordeaux....
      , B
      Bordeaux Tramway Line B

      The B line of the Tramway de Bordeaux is operated by the Tram et Bus de la CUB, and connects Station Pessac Centre in Pessac to Station Claveau in north Bordeaux....
       and C
      Bordeaux Tramway Line C

      The C line of the Tramway de Bordeaux is operated by the Tram et Bus de la CUB, and connects Station Les Aubiers to Station Terres Neuves .Being connected to the Bordeaux Tramway Line A and Bordeaux Tramway Line B, it will link Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean to different Commune in France of the Communaut? urbaine de Bordeaux....
      )
    • 75 bus routes
      Bus lines in Bordeaux

      The Tram et bus de la CUB manages 88 regular bus lines in Bordeaux and the Communaut? urbaine de Bordeaux:* 69 normal lines ,* 6 express lines ,...
      , all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
    • 12 night bus routes (from S1 to S12)
    • An electric bus shuttle in the city centre
    • A boat shuttle on the Garonne river
    This network is operated from 5am to 1am

    There have been several plans for a subway network to be set up but they were given up for both geological and financial reasons. The tramway
    Tramway de Bordeaux

    The Bordeaux tramway network consists of three lines serving the city of Bordeaux in southwestern France. The first line was opened on 21 December 2003; further extensions have increased the route length to ....
     system was started in the autumn of 2000 and commenced service in December 2003, connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas. It uses the APS
    Ground-level power supply

    Ground-level power supply, also known as surface current collection and Alimentation par Sol is a modern method of third rail electrical pick-up for street trams....
     technology, a brand new and exclusive cableless technology developed by French company Alstom
    Alstom

    Alstom is a large France multinational company list of conglomerates which holds interests in the electricity generation and transport markets....
     and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment the tramway is surrounded by (although very controversial for its considerable cost of installation and maintenance, but also for the numerous technical problems that paralyzed the network for an unusually long time even if those problems have been resolved). At the same time many downtown streets and squares along the tramway lines became pedestrian areas, with limited access by cars.

    Sport

    The Stade Chaban-Delmas
    Stade Chaban-Delmas

    Stade Chaban-Delmas is a sporting stadium located in the city of Bordeaux, France. It is the home ground of FC Girondins de Bordeaux.Until 2001, the stadium's name was the Stade du Parc Lescure....
     is the largest stadium. It can host 35000 spectators. There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux:
    • Girondins de Bordeaux
      FC Girondins de Bordeaux

      FC Girondins de Bordeaux is a France football team, playing in the city of Bordeaux. Outside of France it is more commonly referred to as just Bordeaux....
       is the football team. It is part of the Ligue 1
      Ligue 1

      Ligue 1 is the top division of French and Monegasque football , one of two divisions making up the Ligue de Football Professionnel, the other being Ligue 2....
       in the French football championship.
    • The USB-CABBG
      Bordeaux Rugby Métropole

      USB-CABBG is a France rugby union team that currently takes part in Rugby Pro D2, the second level of the country's professional league system....
       (Union de Stade Bordelais - Club Athlétique Bordeaux-Bègles) team is part of the Pro D2
      Rugby Pro D2

      Rugby Pro D2, also known as Pro D2 is the second level of domestic club rugby union in France, below the first division, Top 14. The competition was introduced in 2000....
       (Second Division) of the Rugby Union
      Rugby union

      Rugby union is a competitive outdoor contact sport, played with an oval ball, by two teams of 15 players. It is one of the two main codes of rugby football, the other being rugby league....
       Ligue Nationale de Rugby
      Ligue Nationale de Rugby

      The Top 14 is a rugby union club competition which is played in France. The Top 14 is at the top of the national league system of Ligue nationale de rugby....
      .
    • Bordeaux is the home of one of the strongest cricket
      Cricket

      Cricket is a Bat-and-ball games team sport that originated in southern England. The earliest definite reference is dated 1598, and it is now played in more than 100 countries....
       teams in France and are the current champions of the South West League.


    There is a wooden velodrome
    Velodrome

    A velodrome is an arena for track cycling. Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights....
    , Vélodrome du Lac, in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling
    Cycling

    Cycling is the use of bicycles, or - less commonly - unicycles, tricycles, Quadracycle s and other similar wheeled human powered vehicles as a means of transport, a form of recreation or a sport....
     competition in the form of UCI Track Cycling World Cup
    UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics

    The UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is the elite men and women's season-long competition in track cycling, which now comprises several rounds, each held in a different country....
     events.

    Miscellaneous


    Births

    Bordeaux was the birthplace of:
    • Bertrand Andrieu
      Bertrand Andrieu

      Bertrand Andrieu was a French engraver of medals from Bordeaux. In France he was considered as the restorer of the art, which had declined after the time of Louis XIV of France, and during the last twenty years of his life the French government commissiond him to undertake several works....
       (1761-1822), engraver
    • Jean Anouilh
      Jean Anouilh

      Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh was a France dramatist....
       (1910-1987), dramatist
    • Yvonne Arnaud
      Yvonne Arnaud

      Yvonne Arnaud was a France-born pianist, singer and actress.Germaine Yvonne Arnaud was born in 1892. From 1905 to 1911 she performed with leading orchestras throughout Europe and United States....
       (1892-1958), actress
    • Decimus Magnus Ausonius
      Ausonius

      Decimus Magnus Ausonius was a Latin literature poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala ....
       (c. 310-395), Roman poet
      Poet

      A poet is a person who writes poetry....
       and rhetoric
      Rhetoric

      Rhetoric is the art of using language as a means to persuade. Along with logic and dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse....
      ian
    • François Bigot
      François Bigot

      Fran?ois Bigot was a France government official. He served as the Financial Commissary on ?le Royale and as Intendant of New France of New France....
       (1703-1788), last       Intendant
      Intendant of New France

      New France was governed by three rulers: the Governor of New France, the bishops of New France and the intendant, all appointed by the King, and sent from France....
       of New France
      New France

      The Viceroyalty of New France was the area French colonization of the Americas by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763....
    • René Clément
      René Clément

      Ren? Cl?ment was a film director and screenwriter.Cl?ment studied architecture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts where he developed an interest that led to the pursuit of a career in filmmaking....
       (1913-1996), actor, director, writer
    • Damia
      Marie-Louise Damien

      Marie-Louise Damien was a France singer and actress better known by the stage name Damia.Born in Alsace-Lorraine, France, Marie-Louise Damien was 18 years old when she met the singer/songwriter Robert Hollard who gave her lessons that led to her professional debut....
       (1899-1978), singer
    • Lili Damita
      Lili Damita

      Lili Damita was a French actress who appeared in 33 movies between 1922 and 1937....
       (1901-1994), actress
    • Danielle Darrieux
      Danielle Darrieux

      Danielle Yvonne Marie Antoinette Darrieux is a French actress and singer. Her career of eight decades is among the longest in film history....
       (born 1917), actress
    • Jacques Ellul
      Jacques Ellul

      Jacques Ellul was a France philosopher, Law professor, sociology, theology, and Christian anarchism. He wrote several books about the "technological society", and about Christianity and politics, such as Anarchy and Christianity ?arguing that anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal....
       (1912–1994), sociologist, theologian, Christian anarchist
    • Eugène Goossens
      Eugène Goossens, fils

      Eug?ne Goossens was a France conducting and violinist.He was born in Bordeaux and studied at the college or university school of music in Brussels and the Royal Academy of Music in London....
       (1867-1958) conductor, violinist
    • François Mauriac
      François Mauriac

      Fran?ois Mauriac was a France author; member of the Acad?mie fran?aise ; laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature . He was awarded the Grand Cross of the L?gion d'honneur ....
       (1885-1970), writer, Nobel laureate
      Nobel Prize

      The Nobel Prize , established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Literature, and Nobel Peace Prize in 1901....
    • Édouard Molinaro
      Édouard Molinaro

      ?douard Molinaro is an Academy Award-nominated France film director, actor, and screenwriter. He was born in Gironde, Bordeaux.He is best known for his comedies with Louis de Fun?s , My Uncle Benjamin , Dracula and Son , and the Academy Award-nominated La Cage aux Folles ....
       (born 1928), film director, producer
    • Michel de Montaigne
      Michel de Montaigne

      Michel Eyquem de Montaigne was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. Montaigne is known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre....
       (1533-1592), essayist
    • Pierre Palmade
      Pierre Palmade

      Pierre Palmade is a France actor and comedian....
       (born 1968), actor, author
    • St. Paulinus of Nola
      Paulinus of Nola

      Saint Paulinus of Nola or Pontius Meropius Anicius Paulinus was a Roman senate who converted to a severe monasticism in 394. He eventually became Bishop of Nola, helped to resolve the disputed election of Pope Boniface I, and was recognized as a saint....
       (354-431), educator, religious figure
    • Georges Antoine Pons Rayet
      Georges Rayet

      Georges Antoine Pons Rayet was a France astronomer.He was born in Bordeaux, France. He began working at the Paris Observatory in 1863. He worked on meteorology in addition to astronomy....
       (1839–1906), astronomer, discoverer of the Wolf-Rayet stars, founder of the Bordeaux Observatory
    • Richard II of England
      Richard II of England

      Richard II was the eighth King of England of the House of Plantagenet. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III of England....
       (1367- 1400)
    • Pierre Rode
      Pierre Rode

      Jacques Pierre Joseph Rode was a France violinist and composer....
       (1774-1830), violinist
    • Jean-Jacques Sempé
      Jean-Jacques Sempé

      Jean-Jacques Semp?, usually known as Semp? , is a France cartoonist.Some of his cartoons are quite striking, but most are sweet and sentimental and somehow manage to be gentle even when the topic is difficult....
       (born 1932), cartoonist
      Cartoonist

      A cartoonist is a person who specializes in drawing cartoons. Traditionally much of this work was, and still is, humorous, and is intended primarily for entertainment purposes....
    • Florent Serra
      Florent Serra

      Florent Serra is a French male tennis player. In January 2006, he won his second Association of Tennis Professionals tour title in Adelaide, Australia, at the Next Generation Adelaide International....
      , tennis player
    • Philippe Sollers
      Philippe Sollers

      Philippe Sollers is a French writer and critic. In 1960 he founded the avant garde journal Tel Quel , published by Seuil, which ran until 1982....
      , writer


    Twin towns and partnerships


    Twin towns

    Bordeaux is twinned
    Town twinning

    Town twinning, also known as sister cities, is a concept whereby towns or city in geographically and politically distinct areas are paired, with the goal of fostering human contact and cultural links between their inhabitants....
     with:
  • Bristol
    Bristol

    Bristol is a City status in the United Kingdom, unitary authority area and Ceremonial counties of England in South West England, west of London, and east of Cardiff....
     in United Kingdom
    United Kingdom

    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
     (since 1947)
  • Lima
    Lima

    Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chill?n River, R?mac River and Lur?n River rivers, on a coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean....
     in Peru
    Peru

    Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
         (since 1957)
  • Quebec City
    Quebec City

    Qu?bec or Quebec, also Quebec City or Qu?bec City , is the Capital of the Canada Provinces and territories of Canada of Quebec and is located within the Capitale-Nationale region....
     in Canada
    Canada

    Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
         (since 1962)
  • Munich
    Munich

    Munich is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Munich is located on the River Isar north of the Northern Limestone Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg....
     in Germany
    Germany

    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
         (since 1964)
  • Los Angeles
    Los Ángeles

    Los ?ngeles is the Capital of the Biob?o Province, in the municipality of the same name, in Regions of Chile VIII , in the center-south of Chile....
     in United States
    United States

    The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
         (since 1968)
  • Porto
    Porto

    Porto , also Oporto in English, is Portugal's second city and capital of the Norte, Portugal NUTS II region. The city is located in the estuary of the Douro river in northern Portugal....
     in Portugal
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
     (since 1978)
  • Fukuoka
    Fukuoka, Fukuoka

    is the capital cities of Japan of Fukuoka Prefecture and is situated on the northern shore of the island of Kyushu in Japan, across the Korea Strait from South Korea Busan....
     in Japan
    Japan

    Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
         (since 1982)
  • Bilbao
    Bilbao

    Bilbao, is the largest city in the Basque Country in northern Spain and the capital of the province of Biscay .The city has 354,145 inhabitants and is the most financially and industrially active part of Greater Bilbao, the zone in which almost half of the Basque Country?s population lives....
     in Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Madrid
    Madrid

    Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain. It is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its Madrid metropolitan area is the Largest urban areas of the European Union in the European Union after Paris aire urbaine, Greater London Urban Area, a...
     in Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
         (since 1984)
  • Ashdod
    Ashdod

    Ashdod , is the List of Israeli cities in Israel, located in the South District of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea Israeli Coastal Plain, with a population of 207,000....
     in Israel
    Israel

    Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
         (since 1984)
  • Baku
    Baku

    Baku , sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bak?, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan....
     in Azerbaijan
    Azerbaijan

    Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan , is the largest and most populous country in the South Caucasus, located partially in Eastern Europe and partially in Western Asia....
     (since 1985)
  • Casablanca
    Casablanca

    Casablanca is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Greater Casablanca region.With a population of 3.1 million ??????)...
     in Morocco
    Morocco

    Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 34 million and an area just under 447,000 km2....
         (since 1988)
  • Wuhan
    Wuhan

    is the capital of Hubei province, and is the most populous city in central People's Republic of China. It lies at the east of Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Han River ....
     in China
    People's Republic of China

    The People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the List of countries by population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately a fifth of the world's population....
         (since 1998)
  • Oran
    Oran

    Oran is a city on the Mediterranean Sea coast in northwestern Algeria. Oran marked the largest westernmost metropolitan area of the then Ottoman Empire....
     in Algeria
    Algeria

    Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
         (since 2003)
  • Zahle
    Zahle

    Zahl? is the capital of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon. With around 100,000 inhabitants, which makes it the 5th largest city in Lebanon. The population of the city is almost entirely Christian, and in particular Greek Catholic....
     in Lebanon
    Lebanon

    Lebanon , officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic , is a country in Western Asia, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea....
         (since 2006)


    • Partnerships

    Saint Petersburg
    Saint Petersburg

    Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
     in Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
     (since 1993) Kraków
    Kraków

    Krak?w , in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow , is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with a population of 756,336 in 2007 ....
     in Poland
    Poland

    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
         (since 1993)


    See also

    • Archdiocese of Bordeaux
    • Battle of Bordeaux (football)
      Battle of Bordeaux (football)

      The Battle of Bordeaux is an informal name for the FIFA World Cup football match between Brazil national football team and Czechoslovakia national football team on June 12, 1938 in the Parc Lescure in Bordeaux, France, one of the quarter-finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup....
      , an informal name for the World Cup
      1938 FIFA World Cup

      The 1938 FIFA World Cup was the third staging of the World Cup, and was held in France from 4 June to 19 June. France was chosen as FIFA World Cup hosts#1938 FIFA World Cup by FIFA in August 1936....
       football match between Brazil
      Brazil national football team

      The Brazil national football team is the national team of Brazil and is managed by the Brazilian Football Confederation that represents Brazil in international football competitions....
       and Czechoslovakia
      Czechoslovakia national football team

      The Czechoslovakia national football team was the national football team of Czechoslovakia, before the country was Dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia It was controlled by the Czechoslovak Football Association from 1922 to 1993....
       on June 12, 1938 in Bordeaux
    • Bordeaux-Paris
      Bordeaux-Paris

      The Bordeaux-Paris professional road bicycle racing was one of Europe's Classic cycle races, and one of the longest in the professional calendar, covering approximately 560km - more than twice most single-day races....
      , a former professional road bicycle racing
      Road bicycle racing

      Road bicycle racing is a popular bicycle racing sport held on Road cycling , using racing bicycles. The term 'road racing' is usually applied to events where competing riders start simultaneously with the winner being the first at the end of the course ....
    • Bordeaux wine regions
      Bordeaux wine regions

      The wine regions of Bordeaux are the area around the city of Bordeaux within the Gironde Departments of France of Aquitaine. The region is naturally divided by the Gironde River into a Left Bank area which includes the M?doc and the subregions of St-Est?phe, Pauillac, Saint-Julien-Beychevelle, and Margaux and a Right Bank area which includes...
    • Canelé
      Canelé

      A canel? is a small French pastry with a soft and tender custard center and a dark, thick caramelized crust. The dessert, which is in the shape of small, striated cylinder approximately two inches in height, is a specialty of the Bordeaux region of France but can often be found in Parisian patisseries as well....
      , a local pastry
      Pastry

      Pastry is the name given to various kinds of baking made from ingredients such as flour, butter, shortening, baking powder or Egg s. Small cakes, tarts and other sweet baked goods are called "pastries"....
    • Dogue de Bordeaux
      Dogue de Bordeaux

      The Dogue de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Mastiff or French Mastiff is one of the most ancient French breeds. The Dogue de Bordeaux is a breed of dog that is strong, powerful, and imposing....
      , a breed
      Dog breed

      Dog breeds are groups of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs, which are all of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris, having characteristic traits that are selected and maintained by humans, bred from a known foundation stock....
       of dog
      Dog

      The dog is a domesticated subspecies of the Gray Wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties....
       originally bred for dog fighting
      Dog fighting

      Dog fighting is a fight between Game dogs. This blood sport is utilized for entertainment and may also create a revenue stream from Dog breeding fees, Admission to an event or establishment fees, and gambling....
    • French wine
      French wine

      French wine is produced in several regions throughout France, in quantities between 50 and 60 million hectolitres per year . France has the world's largest wine production ahead of Italian wine and the second-largest total vineyard area ....
    • List of mayors of Bordeaux
    • Operation Frankton
      Operation Frankton

      Operation Frankton was a World War II United Kingdom Combined Operations military commando raid on Nazi German shipping in Bordeaux harbour, France, in December, 1942, by 12 men of the Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment using small two-man Cockle MK II Canoes....
      , a British
      United Kingdom

      The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
       Combined Operations raid on shipping in Bordeaux harbour, in December 1942 , during World War II
      World War II

      World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....


    External links