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Nuremberg

Nuremberg is a city City

A city is an urban area [i] that is differentiated from a town [i], village [i], or hamlet [i] ... 

 in the German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 state of Bavaria Bavaria

The Free State [i] of Bavaria  , with an area of 70,553 km and 12.4 million inhab ... 

, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia Middle Franconia

colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#ffc0c0">Statistics ... 

. It is situated on the Pegnitz Pegnitz River

The Pegnitz is a small river in Franconia [i] in the German [i] federal state [i] of Bavaria [i] ... 

 river and the Main-Danube Canal Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal connects the Main [i] and Danube [i] from Bamberg [i] by Nuremberg [i] to Regensburg [i] ... 

. It is located about 105 miles north of Munich Munich

colspan="2" bgcolor="BBDDFF" | Munich ... 

, at 49.27 N 11.5 E. Population is 500,132.

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Timeline

1274   The diet at Nuremberg orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

[i] to the title of [[King of the Romans]... 

 be restored to Rudolph I of Germany Rudolph I of Germany

King Rudolph I, also well known as Rudolph of Habsburg was a king of the Holy Roman Empire [i] ... 

; almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King Otakar II of Bohemia, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.

1276   King Rudolph I of Germany Rudolph I of Germany

King Rudolph I, also well known as Rudolph of Habsburg was a king of the Holy Roman Empire [i] ... 

 declares war on King Otakar II of Bohemia, a political rival; by November, Otakar II is forced to cede four important territories as demanded by the diet of Nuremberg in 1274.

1415   Friedrich I Hohenzollern House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern is a family dynasty [i] of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia [i], Germany [i] ... 

 (b. 1372; d. 20 Sep 1440) becomes Burgrave of Nuremberg

1417   Friedrich I Hohenzollern House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern is a family dynasty [i] of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia [i], Germany [i] ... 

 (b. 1372; d. 20 Sep 1440) burgrave of Nuremberg begins to rule as margrave and elector of Brandenburg Brandenburg

Brandenburg is one of Germany [i]'s sixteen Bundeslnder [i] . ... 

1543   Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer [i] who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric [i] ... 

 publishes ''De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg [i], is the seminal work on ... 

'' in Nuremberg

1543   Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer [i] who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric [i] ... 

 publishes ''De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg [i], is the seminal work on ... 

'' in Nuremberg

1650   Three-wheeled wheelchair Wheelchair

A wheelchair is a wheeled mobility device in which the user sits.... 

s used in Nuremberg.

1690   The clarinet Clarinet

The clarinet is a musical instrument [i] in the woodwind [i] family. ... 

 is invented in Nuremberg, Germany Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

.

1828   Feral child Feral child

A feral child is a human child [i] who, from a very young age, has lived in isolation [i] from human con ... 

: Kaspar Hauser Kaspar Hauser

[i] in [[19th century]... 

 is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

.

1945   The first German war crimes War crime

In the context of war [i], a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law [i], for violatio ... 

 trial begins in Nuremberg.

   More Events >>



Encyclopedia

Nuremberg is a city City

A city is an urban area [i] that is differentiated from a town [i], village [i], or hamlet [i] ... 

 in the German Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

 state of Bavaria Bavaria

The Free State [i] of Bavaria  , with an area of 70,553 km and 12.4 million inhab... 

, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia Middle Franconia

colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#ffc0c0">Statistics
... 

. It is situated on the Pegnitz Pegnitz River

The Pegnitz is a small river in Franconia [i] in the German [i] federal state [i] of Bavaria [i] ... 

 river and the Main-Danube Canal Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal connects the Main [i] and Danube [i] from Bamberg [i] by Nuremberg [i] to Regensburg [i] ... 

. It is located about 105 miles north of Munich Munich

colspan="2" bgcolor="BBDDFF" | Munich
... 

, at 49.27° N 11.5° E. Population is 500,132.

History


Middle Ages


From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes. It is often referred to as having been the 'unofficial capital Capital

In politics [i], a capital is the principal city [i] or town [i] associated with a country's government [i] ... 

' of the Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Central Europe [i]an conglomeration of lands [i] in the Middle Ages [i] ... 

, particularly because Reichstage and courts met at Nuremberg Castle Nuremberg Castle

Nuremberg Castle is located on a sandstone [i] rock in the north of the historical city of Nuremberg [i] ... 

. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219 Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

[i] to the title of [[King of the Romans]... 

. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg Augsburg

Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany [i]. ... 

, one of the two great trade centers on the route from Italy Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic , is a Southern European [i] country. ... 

 to Northern Europe. Nuremberg is known as the home of the Iron Maiden Iron Maiden

band_name= | image = | caption = From left to right : Adrian Smith, Steve Harris, Bruce Dic... 

, a notorious fake of a torture device of the middle ages. In 1298, the Jew Jew

Jews are followers of Judaism [i] or, more generally, members of the Jewish people , an ethno [i]... 

s of the town were accused of having desecrated Host desecration

Host desecration is a sacrilegious [i] act committed against a consecrated host [i]. ... 

 the host and 698 were slain in one of the many Rindfleisch massacres History of anti-Semitism

This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jew [i]s as a religious or e ... 

. Behind the massacre in 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the river Pegnitz going through the middle. Jews were forced to settle in that flood prone area. But, as the city leaders realized this center of town is very crucial to the future development of the town, they were thrown out and killed. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus .

Early modern age


The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the center of the German Renaissance.

In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Reformation Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation, also referred to as the Protestant Revolution, was a movement in the 1... 

, and in 1532, the religious Peace of Nuremberg, by which the Lutheran Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a movement within Christianity [i] that began with the theological [i] insights ... 

s gained important concessions, was signed there. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 [i] and 1648 [i], principally on the territory of today's ... 

, the Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein

Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, September 24 [i], 1583 [i] – February 25 [i], 1634 [i]) ... 

 besieged King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Gustav II Adolf , widely known by the Latin [i]ized name Gustavus Adolphus and referred to by Pr ... 

 in the Siege of Nuremberg. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial center. At the beginning of the 19th century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 with the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Central Europe [i]an conglomeration of lands [i] in the Middle Ages [i] ... 

 formally being dissolved, Nuremberg passed to Bavaria. The Bavarian state took over the debts of Nuremberg and did guarantee their amortization. The first German railway, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth Fürth

The city of Frth is located in northern Bavaria [i], Germany [i] in the district of Middle Franconia [i] ... 

, was opened in 1835.

20th century




Because of its relevance to the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Central Europe [i]an conglomeration of lands [i] in the Middle Ages [i] ... 

, in line with the connotations raised by the term Third Reich Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, refers to Germany in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governe... 

, the Nazis Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, refers to Germany in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governe... 

 chose the city as the site of their large NSDAP National Socialist German Workers Party

The National Socialist German Workers Party , generally known in English [i] as the ... 

 party conventions Nuremberg Rally

The Nuremberg Rally was the annual rally of the NSDAP [i] in the ... 

. A number of premises were specially constructed for these assemblies, as well as other buildings, some of which were not finished. To this date, many examples of Nazi architecture Nazi architecture

Nazi architecture was an integral part of the Nazi party [i]'s plans to create a cultural [i] and spiritual [i] ... 

 can be seen in the city, making it an interesting visit for those interested in the History of Germany History of Germany

This article gives an overview of the History of Germany.... 

 overall.

After Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was Chancellor of Germany [i] from 1933, and Fhrer [i] of Germany [i] from 1934 until h ... 

 came to power, Nuremberg was made a national shrine by the National Socialists, who held their annual party congresses nearby from 1933 through 1938. The city was the home of the Nazi leader Julius Streicher Julius Streicher

Julius Streicher was a prominent Nazi [i] prior to and during World War II [i]. ... 

 and became a center of anti-Semitic Anti-Semitism

Anti-Semitism is hostility toward or prejudice [i] against Jew [i]s as a religious, ethnic, or racial g ... 

 propaganda Propaganda

Propaganda is a specific type of message [i] presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinion [i]s ... 

, as well as the famous Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Rally

The Nuremberg Rally was the annual rally of the NSDAP [i] in the ... 

 captured in Leni Riefenstahl Leni Riefenstahl

Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl was a German [i] dancer, actor [i], and film director [i]... 

's 1934 film Triumph of the Will Triumph of the Will

Triumph of the Will is a documentary [i] and propaganda film [i] by the German [i] ... 

.

During World War II World War II

World War II, or the Second World War, was a worldwide [i] conflict [i] fought betwe ... 

, Nuremberg was the Headquarters of Military District Military district

Military districts are territorial entities used for the purposes of military planning and strategizing.... 

  XIII, and an important site for the production of airplane, submarine, and tank engines. The industrial areas of the city were severely damaged in air raids . On January 2nd, 1945, the medieval city center was systematically bombed by the British and Americans and was largely destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 left homeless. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. All in all, 6,000 residents of Nuremberg are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, down to the replication of some of its medieval Middle Ages

The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history [i] ... 

 buildings. However, the pre-war splendour of the city seems to be lost.

Between 1945 and 1949, German officials involved in the Holocaust The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also known as Ha-Shoah and the Porajmos [i] or Samudaripen in Romani [i] ... 

 and other war crimes were taken in front of a tribunal in the Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg Trials

The Nuremberg Trials were the trial [i]s of the Nazi [i] officials involved in the Holocaust [i]... 

.

Economy

Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread products, sausages and handmade toys. The first pocket watches Pocket watch

A pocket watch is a strapless personal timepiece [i] that is carried in a pocket. ... 

, the Nürnberg eggs, were made here in the 16th century. In the 19th century, however, Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria Bavaria

The Free State [i] of Bavaria  , with an area of 70,553 km and 12.4 million inhab... 

. Companies like Siemens Siemens AG

Siemens AG [i] is the world's largest conglomerate [i] company [i] ... 

 and MAN had their roots in this town. Nuremberg is still an important industrial center with a strong position towards markets in Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles and printed materials. To the economic profile add strong activities in the automation, energy and medical technology sector. There are many "hidden champions" with a leading role in the world markets which have their seats in Nuremberg. The biggest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region still is the Siemens company. A third of the German consumer research companies are located in Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Toy Fair is the biggest worldwide, and several specialized high-technology fairs attract experts from all over the world every year.

Nuremberg has an airport with flights to major German cities and selected European destinations as well as connecting flights worldwide via e.g. Frankfurt Frankfurt International Airport

Frankfurt International Airport , known in German [i] as Rhein-Main-Flughafen, ... 

 or Vienna. The city's location next to numerous highways, railways and a waterway has contributed to its rising importance for trade with Eastern Europe. It is connected by a 300 km/h high speed railway line via Ingolstadt Ingolstadt

Ingolstadt is a city in the Federal State of Bavaria [i], Germany [i]. ... 

 to Munich.

Culture


Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention.

The city contributed much to the science of astronomy Astronomy

Astronomy is the science [i] of celestial objects and phenomena [i] that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere [i] ... 

. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg , later called Regiomontanus Regiomontanus

Johannes Mller von Knigsberg , known by his Latin [i] pseudonym [i] Regiomontanus, was an importan ... 

, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Drer was a German [i] painter [i], wood carver [i], engraver [i], and mathematician [i] ... 

, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective reproduction of the terrestrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer [i] who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric [i] ... 

' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543.

Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by mapmaking. Two of these were navigator and geographer Martin Behaim Martin Behaim

Martin Behaim, or Behem, was a navigator [i] and geographer [i] of great pretensions.
... 

, who made the first world globe, and Hartmann Schedel, who wrote his World Chronicles in the local Franconian dialect.

Sculptors like Veit Stoss Veit Stoss

Veit Stoss was a famous German sculptor [i] who came to Krakw [i], Poland [i] from Nuremberg [i] ... 

 and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg.

Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner was an influential German [i] composer [i], conductor [i], music theorist [i] ... 

 made their most famous member, Hans Sachs Hans Sachs

Hans Sachs was a German [i] meistersinger [i], poet [i], playwright [i] and shoemaker. ... 

, the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg

Die Meistersinger von Nrnberg is an opera [i] in three acts, written and composed by Richard Wagner [i] ... 

. Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel Johann Pachelbel

Johann Pachelbel was an acclaimed Baroque [i] composer [i], organist [i] and teacher who ... 

 was born here and was organist of St. Sebald church.

Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws thousands of tourists each year.


Main sights

The following churches are located inside the city walls: St. Sebald, St. Lorenz, Frauenkirche , St. Klara, St. Martha, St. Jakob, St. Egidien, and St. Elisabeth. The church of the previous Katharienkloster is preserved as a ruin, the Cartause is integrated in the building of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Germanisches Nationalmuseum

The Germanisches Nationalmuseum, founded in Nuremberg [i], Germany [i] in 1852, houses a significant co ... 

 and the choir of the previous Franzikanerkirche is part of a modern building. The Walburga Chapel and the romanic "Doppelkapelle" are part of Nuremberg Castle.

[Frauenkirche:]

[St. Lorenz Church:,]

[St. Elisabeth Church:]

The "Johannisfriedhof" containing many old graves and the "Rochusfriedhof", or the Wöhrder Kirchhof, are near the Old Town.

There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling hand crafted goods.


Transport


Sister cities

Worldwide, Nuremberg is twinned Town twinning

Town twinning or sister cities is a concept whereby town [i]s or cities [i] from geographical ... 

 with the following cities:

- Nice Nice

Nice is a city in southern [i] France [i] located on the Mediterranean [i] ... 

, France France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country [i] whose metropolitan territory [i] ... 

 since 1954
- Kraków Kraków

Krakw see also Names of European cities in different languages [i]) is one of the oldest and larges ... 

, Poland Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country located in Central Europe [i]. ... 

 since 1979
- Skopje Skopje

Skopje is the capital [i] and by far the largest city of the Republic of Macedonia [i], with more than a ... 

, Macedonia Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia , often referred to as Macedonia, is a landlocked [i] country on the Balkan peninsula [i] ... 

 since 1982
- Glasgow Glasgow

The city was formerly a royal burgh [i], and was known as the "Second City [i] of the British Empire [i] ... 

, Scotland Scotland

Scotland is a nation [i] in northwest Europe [i] and one of the constituent [i] countries [i] ... 

 since 1985
- San Carlos, Nicaragua Nicaragua

Nicaragua is a republic in Central America [i]. ... 

 since 1985
- Gera, Thuringia Thuringia

The Republic of Thuringia lies in central Germany [i] and is among the smaller of the country's sixteen ... 

 , since 1988, renewed 1997
- Prague Prague

Prague is the capital [i] and largest city of the Czech Republic [i]. ... 

, Czech Republic Czech Republic

The Czech Republic , a member state of the European Union [i] , is a landlocked [i] country in Central Europe [i] ... 

 since 1990
- Kharkov Kharkiv


Kharkiv is the second largest city in Ukraine [i]. ... 

, Ukraine Ukraine

Ukraine is a country [i] in Eastern Europe [i]. ... 

 since 1990
- Hadera Hadera

Hadera is a city in the Haifa District [i] in Israel [i]. ... 

, Israel Israel

Israel , officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia [i] on the so ... 

 since 1995
- Shenzhen Shenzhen

Shenzhen is a sub-provincial city [i] of Guangdong [i] province in southern China [i], located at the bo ... 

, China People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China , is a country [i] in East Asia [i]. ... 

 since 1997
- Antalya Antalya

Antalya is the capital city of the Antalya [i] Province [i], locate... 

, Turkey Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a Eurasia [i]n country that stretches across the Anatolia [i] ... 

 since 1997
- Kavala Kavala

Kavala... 

, Greece Greece

Greece
Greece lies at the juncture of Europe [i], Asia [i], and Africa [i]. ... 

 since 1998
- Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia

Atlanta is the capital and most populous city of the state [i] of Georgia [i] in th ... 

, USA United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

 since 1998
- Venice Venice

Venice is the capital [i] of the region [i] of Veneto [i] and the province of the same name [i] ... 

, Italy Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic , is a Southern European [i] country. ... 

 since 1999

Nuremberg districts

Several old villages now belong to the city of Nuremberg, for example Großgründlach, Kraftshof, and Neunhof in the north-west; Altenfurt and Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang and Kornburg in the south. Langwasser is a modern suburb Suburb

Suburbs are inhabited districts located either inside a town or city [i]'s outer rim or just outside its ... 

.

Famous denizens

Other famous denizens of the city include: Albrecht Dürer Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Drer was a German [i] painter [i], wood carver [i], engraver [i], and mathematician [i] ... 

, Adam Kraft Adam Kraft

Adam Kraft or Krafft was a German [i] sculptor [i] of the late Gothic [i] ... 

, Hans Behaim the Elder , Hartmann Schedel, Anton Koberger, Conrad Paumann, Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer

Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer was a German [i] astronomer [i]. ... 

, Hans Sachs Hans Sachs

Hans Sachs was a German [i] meistersinger [i], poet [i], playwright [i] and shoemaker. ... 

, Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach

Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach was a German [i] philosopher [i] and anthropologist [i], the fourth... 

 and Max Morlock.

See also

  • Christkindlesmarkt Christmas Market

    In many towns in Germany [i] and in Austria [i], Advent [i] is usually ushered in with the opening of the town ... 

  • Nürnberger Bratwürste Bratwurst

    A bratwurst is a sausage [i] composed of pork [i], beef [i], and sometimes veal [i].

... 


  • Lebkuchen Lebkuchen

    Lebkuchen are traditional German [i] Christmas [i] cookies [i] similar to gingerbread [i], which... 

  • Leni Riefenstahl Leni Riefenstahl

    Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl was a German [i] dancer, actor [i], and film director [i]... 

  • Nuremberg Toy Museum


  • Labour Exchange Headquarters
  • Norisring Racetrack, where Pedro Rodriguez died in 1971
  • List of mayors of Nuremberg
  • Nuremberg U-Bahn Nuremberg U-Bahn

    The Nuremberg [i] U-Bahn is a metro [i] run by the VAG Nrnberg, which itself is a member of the VGN. ... 



External links

  • - Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
  • - Attractions in Nuremberg