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Timeline of hydrogen technologies
 
 
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Timeline
Timeline

A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable....
 of hydrogen technologies
Hydrogen technologies

Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy....
 A timeline of the history of hydrogen
Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
 technology.








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Timeline
Timeline

A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable....
 of hydrogen technologies
Hydrogen technologies

Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy....
 A timeline of the history of hydrogen
Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
 technology.

Timeline


1600s

  • 1625 - First description of hydrogen by Johann Baptista van Helmont
    Jan Baptist van Helmont

    Jan Baptist van Helmont was an early modern period Flemish people chemist, physiologist, and physician. He worked during the years just after Paracelsus and iatrochemistry, and is sometimes considered to be "the founder of pneumatic chemistry"....
    . First to use the word "gas".
  • 1650 - Turquet de Mayerne obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on iron a gas or "inflammable air".
  • 1662 - Boyle's law
    Boyle's law

    Boyle's law is one of several gas laws and a special case of the ideal gas law. Boyle's law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system....
     (gas law relating pressure and volume)
  • 1670 - Robert Boyle
    Robert Boyle

    Robert Boyle was an Irish People theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry....
     produced hydrogen by reacting metals with acid.
  • 1672 - "New Experiments touching the Relation between Flame and Air" by Robert Boyle
    Robert Boyle

    Robert Boyle was an Irish People theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry....
    .
  • 1679 - Denis Papin
    Denis Papin

    Denis Papin was a French people physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the steam engine....
     - safety valve
    Safety valve

    A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a substance from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits....


1700s

  • 1700 - Nicolas Lemery
    Nicolas Lemery

    Nicolas L?mery French chemist, was born at Rouen who was one of the first to develop theories on acid-base chemistry.After learning pharmacy in his native town he became a pupil of Christophe Glaser in Paris, and then went to Montpellier, where he began to lecture on chemistry....
     showed that the gas produced in the sulfuric acid/iron reaction was explosive in air
  • 1755 - Joseph Black
    Joseph Black

    Joseph Black was a Scottish physician, physicist, and chemist, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was a founder of thermochemistry who developed many pre-thermodynamics concepts, such as heat capacity, and was the mentor for James Watt....
     confirmed that different gases exist. / Latent heat
    Latent heat

    In thermochemistry, latent heat is the amount of energy in the form of heat released or absorbed by a chemical substance during a change of state of matter , or a phase transition....
  • 1766 - Henry Cavendish
    Henry Cavendish

    Henry Cavendish, Fellow of the Royal Society was a British scientist noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper "On Factitious Airs"....
     published in "On Factitious Airs" a description of "dephlogisticated
    Phlogiston theory

    The phlogiston theory , first stated in 1667 by J. J. Becher, is a defunct scientific theories that posited the existence of, in addition to the classical classical elements of the Greeks, an additional fire-like element called "phlogiston" that was contained within combustible bodies, and released during combustion....
     air" by reacting zinc metal with hydrochloric acid
    Hydrochloric acid

    Hydrochloric acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong acid mineral acid and has major industrial uses....
     and isolated a gas 7 to 11 times lighter than air.
  • 1774 - Joseph Priestley
    Joseph Priestley

    Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century British theologian, English Dissenters clergyman, Natural philosophy, educator, and Political philosophy who published over 150 works....
     isolated and categorized oxygen.
  • 1780 - Felice Fontana
    Felice Fontana

    Felice Fontana , was an Italy physicist who discovered the water gas shift reaction in 1780. He is also credited with launching modern toxicology and investigating the human eye....
     discovers the water gas shift reaction
    Water gas shift reaction

    The water-gas shift reaction is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction....
  • 1783 - Antoine Lavoisier
    Antoine Lavoisier

    Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the Fathers_of_scientific_fields#Chemistry, was a French people noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology....
     gave hydrogen its name (Gk
    Greek language

    Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
    : hydro = water, genes = born of)
  • 1783 - Jacques Charles
    Jacques Charles

    Jacques Alexandre C?sar Charles was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist.Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire, and made the first flight of a hydrogen balloon on August 271783.This balloon was destroyed by terrified peasants when it landed outside of Paris....
     made the first flight with his hydrogen balloon "La Charlière".
  • 1783 - Antoine Lavoisier
    Antoine Lavoisier

    Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the Fathers_of_scientific_fields#Chemistry, was a French people noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology....
     and Pierre Laplace measured the heat of combustion of hydrogen using an ice calorimeter
    Calorimetry

    Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat of chemical...
    .
  • 1784 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard
    Jean-Pierre Blanchard

    Jean-Pierre Blanchard was a France inventor, most remembered as a pioneer in aviation and balloon ....
    , The first trial with a dirigible hydrogen balloon.
  • 1784 - The invention of the Lavoisier
    Antoine Lavoisier

    Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the Fathers_of_scientific_fields#Chemistry, was a French people noble prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology....
     Meusnier
    Jean Baptiste Meusnier

    Jean Baptiste Marie Charles Meusnier de la Place was a France mathematician, engineer and French Revolution general. He is best known for Meusnier's theorem on the curvature of surfaces, which he formulated while he was at the ?cole Royale du G?nie ....
     process, generating hydrogen by passing steam through the red-hot barrel of an iron cannon .
  • 1785 - Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier built the hybrid Rozière balloon
    Rozière balloon

    The Rozi?re balloon is a type of hybrid balloon that has separate chambers for a non-heated lifting gas as well as a heated lifting gas This type of aircraft takes its name from its creator, Jean-Fran?ois Pil?tre de Rozier....
    .
  • 1787 - Charles's law
    Charles's law

    In thermodynamics and physical chemistry, Charles's law is a gas laws and specific instance of the ideal gas law, which states that:At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature increases or decreases....
     (Gas law, relating volume and temperature)


1800s

  • 1800 - William Nicholson
    William Nicholson (chemist)

    William Nicholson was a renowned English chemist who was also a writer on natural philosophy and chemistry as well as a translator, journalist, publisher, scientist, and inventor....
     and Johann Ritter decomposed water
    Water

    Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
     into hydrogen
    Hydrogen

    Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
     and oxygen
    Oxygen

    Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
     by electrolysis
    Electrolysis

    In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating Chemical bond chemical compound by passing an electric current through them....
    .
  • 1806 - François Isaac de Rivaz
    François Isaac de Rivaz

    Fran?ois Isaac de Rivaz was an inventor from Switzerland. He is credited with the construction in 1806 of the first internal combustion engine, powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen....
     build the first internal combustion engine
    Internal combustion engine

    The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs in a combustion chamber inside and integral to the engine. In an internal combustion engine it is always the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases that are produced by the combustion which apply force to the movable component of the engine, such as...
     powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.
  • 1809 - Thomas Foster
    Thomas Foster

    Thomas Foster may refer to:* Thomas Foster , Canadian politician and mayor of Toronto* Thomas Foster , physician and mayor of Los Angeles* Thomas Flournoy Foster , American Congressman from the state of Georgia...
     observed with a theodolite
    Theodolite

    A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in Triangulation. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology....
     the drift of small free pilot balloon
    Ceiling balloon

    A ceiling balloon is used by meteorologists to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours.The principle behind the ceiling balloon is a balloon with a known ascent rate and determining how long the balloon rises until it disappears into the cloud....
    s filled with "inflammable gas"
  • 1809 - Gay-Lussac's law
    Gay-Lussac's law

    The expression Gay-Lussac's law is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and which concern the properties of gases....
     (Gas law, relating temperature and pressure)
  • 1811 - Amedeo Avogadro
    Amedeo Avogadro

    Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto was an Italian savant. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law....
     - Avogadro's law
    Avogadro's law

    Avogadro's law is a gas law named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1811, hypothesized that:Thus, the number of molecules in a specific volume of gas is independent of the size or mass of the gas molecules....
     a gas law
  • 1819 - Edward Daniel Clarke
    Edward Daniel Clarke

    Edward Daniel Clarke , England mineralogist and traveller, was born at Willingdon and Jevington, Sussex, and educated first at Tonbridge.In 1786 he obtained the office of chapel clerk at Jesus College, Cambridge, but the loss of his father at this time involved him in difficulties....
     invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe
    Blowpipe (tool)

    The Blowpipe is a narrow tube by means of which a stream or jet of air or a specific gas or gas mix can be directed onto a flame to concentrate or increase heat....
    .
  • 1820 - W. Cecil wrote a letter "On the application of hydrogen gas to produce a moving power in machinery"
  • 1823 - Goldsworthy Gurney
    Goldsworthy Gurney

    Sir Goldsworthy Gurney was a surgeon, chemist, lecturer, consultant, architect, Construction and prototypical British gentleman scientist and inventor of the Victorian era period....
     demonstrated Limelight
    Limelight

    Limelight is a type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls. An intense illumination is created when an Oxyhydrogen is directed at a cylinder of lime , which can be raised to 2572?C before melting....
    .
  • 1823 - Döbereiner's Lamp
    Döbereiner's lamp

    D?bereiner's Lamp is a lighter invented in 1823 by the Germany Chemistry Johann Wolfgang D?bereiner, the lighter is based on the Johannes F?rstenberg lighter and was in production until ca....
     a lighter
    Lighter

    A lighter is a portable device used to create a flame. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with lighter fluid , as well as a means of Combustion and some provision for extinguishing the flame, by depriving it of either air or fuel....
     invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
    Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner

    Johann Wolfgang D?bereiner was a Germany Chemistry who is best known for work that foreshadowed the periodic law for the chemical elements....
    .
  • 1823 - Goldsworthy Gurney
    Goldsworthy Gurney

    Sir Goldsworthy Gurney was a surgeon, chemist, lecturer, consultant, architect, Construction and prototypical British gentleman scientist and inventor of the Victorian era period....
     devised an oxy-hydrogen blowpipe
    Blowpipe (tool)

    The Blowpipe is a narrow tube by means of which a stream or jet of air or a specific gas or gas mix can be directed onto a flame to concentrate or increase heat....
    .
  • 1824 - Michael Faraday
    Michael Faraday

    Michael Faraday, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry....
     invented the rubber balloon
    Balloon

    A balloon is a flexible bag filled with a type of gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide or Earth's atmosphere. Modern balloons can be made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, while some early balloons were sometimes made of dried animal urinary bladders....
    .
  • 1826 - Thomas Drummond
    Thomas Drummond

    Captain Thomas Drummond was a Scotland civil engineer, born in Edinburgh. Drummond used the Drummond light which was employed in the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ordnance Survey Ireland....
     built the Drummond Light
    Limelight

    Limelight is a type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls. An intense illumination is created when an Oxyhydrogen is directed at a cylinder of lime , which can be raised to 2572?C before melting....
    .
  • 1826 - Samuel Brown
    Samuel Brown (engineer)

    This article is about the English engineer and inventor. See Samuel Brown for other persons of the same name.Samuel Brown was an England engineer and inventor credited with developing one of the earliest examples of an internal combustion engine, during the early 19th century....
     tested his internal combustion engine
    Internal combustion engine

    The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs in a combustion chamber inside and integral to the engine. In an internal combustion engine it is always the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases that are produced by the combustion which apply force to the movable component of the engine, such as...
     by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill
    Shooter's Hill

    Shooter's Hill is a place, and an Wards of the United Kingdom in the London Borough of Greenwich in south-east London. It lies east of Blackheath, London and west of Welling, south of Woolwich and north of Eltham, London....
  • 1834 - Michael Faraday
    Michael Faraday

    Michael Faraday, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry....
     published Faraday's laws of electrolysis
    Faraday's laws of electrolysis

    Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical researches published by Michael Faraday in 1834....
    .
  • 1834 - Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron
    Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron

    Beno?t Paul ?mile Clapeyron was a France engineer and physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics....
     - Ideal gas law
    Ideal gas law

    The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas, first stated by Beno?t Paul ?mile Clapeyron in 1834. The law is derived from the fact that in the ideal state of any gas a given number of its "particles" occupy the same volume, and that volume changes are inverse to pressure changes and linear to temperature changes....
  • 1836 - John Frederic Daniell
    John Frederic Daniell

    John Frederic Daniell was an England chemist and physicist.Daniell was born in London, and in 1831 became the first professor of chemistry at the newly founded King's College London....
     invented a primary cell
    Primary cell

    A primary cell is any kind of electrochemical cell in which the electrochemistry chemical reaction of interest is not reversible, so used in disposable battery ....
     in which hydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.
  • 1839 - Christian Friedrich Schönbein
    Christian Friedrich Schönbein

    Christian Friedrich Sch?nbein was a German-Swiss chemist who is best known for inventing the fuel cell and his discoveries of guncotton and ozone....
     published the principle of the fuel cell
    Fuel cell

    A fuel cell is an Electrochemistry conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel and an Oxidizing agent , which react in the presence of an electrolyte....
     in the "Philosophical Magazine
    Philosophical Magazine

    The Philosophical Magazine is arguably the world?s oldest commercially published scientific journal. Initiated by Richard Taylor in 1798 and published continuously by Taylor & Francis ever since, it was the journal of choice for such luminaries as Faraday, Joule, Maxwell, J.J....
    ".
  • 1839 - William Robert Grove
    William Robert Grove

    Sir William Robert Grove Privy Councillor QC Fellow of the Royal Society was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland lawyer, judge and Welsh physical scientist who anticipated the general theory of the conservation of energy and was a pioneer of fuel cell technology....
     developed the Grove cell
    Grove cell

    The Grove cell was an early electric primary cell named after its inventor, United Kingdom chemist William Robert Grove, and consisted of a zinc anode in concentrated sulfuric acid and a platinum cathode in concentrated nitric acid, the two separated by a porous ceramic pot....
    .
  • 1842 - William Robert Grove
    William Robert Grove

    Sir William Robert Grove Privy Councillor QC Fellow of the Royal Society was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland lawyer, judge and Welsh physical scientist who anticipated the general theory of the conservation of energy and was a pioneer of fuel cell technology....
     developed the first fuel cell (which he called the gas voltaic battery)
  • 1849 - Eugene Bourdon
    Eugene Bourdon

    Eug?ne Bourdon was a watchmaker and engineer who in 1849 invented the Bourdon gauge a pressure measuring instrument still in use today. It could measure pressures up to 100,000 pound-force per square inch , something that had previously been impossible....
     - Bourdon_gauge (manometer)
  • 1863 - Etienne Lenoir
    Etienne Lenoir

    Jean Joseph ?tienne Lenoir was a Belgium engineer.Born in Mussy-la-Ville, then Luxembourg, as of 1839 Belgium, by the early 1850s he had emigrated to France, taking up residence in Paris, where he developed an interest in electroplating....
     made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont with the 1-cylinder, 2-stroke Hippomobile
    Hippomobile (car)

    The Hippomobile is an automobile invented by ?tienne Lenoir in 1863 which carried its own internal combustion engine. It was based on his 1860 invention the Lenoir gas engine....
    .
  • 1866 - August Wilhelm von Hofmann invents the Hofmann voltameter
    Hofmann voltameter

    A Hofmann voltameter is an apparatus for electrolysis of water, invented by August Wilhelm von Hofmann . It consists of three joined upright cylinders, usually glass....
     for the electrolysis of water
    Electrolysis of water

    Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to an electricity being passed through the water. This electrolysis is used in some industrial applications when hydrogen is needed....
    .
  • 1873 - Thaddeus S. C. Lowe
    Thaddeus S. C. Lowe

    Thaddeus Sobieski Coulincourt Lowe , also known as Professor T. S. C. Lowe, was an American Civil War aeronaut, scientist and inventor. Lowe lived a life that was full of claims to fame....
     - Water gas
    Water gas

    Water gas is a Syngas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is an useful product but requires careful handling because of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning....
    , the process used the water gas shift reaction
    Water gas shift reaction

    The water-gas shift reaction is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction....
    .
  • 1874 - Jules Verne
    Jules Verne

    Jules Gabriel Verne was a France author who helped pioneer the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Journey to the Center of the Earth , From the Earth to the Moon , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and Around the World in Eighty Days ....
     - The Mysterious Island
    The Mysterious Island

    The Mysterious Island is a novel by Jules Verne, published in 1874 in literature. The original edition, published by Pierre-Jules Hetzel, contains a number of illustrations by Jules F?rat....
    , "water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen of which it is constituted will be used"
  • 1884 - Charles Renard
    Charles Renard

    Charles Renard , French military engineer, started to work after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 on the design of air ships at the French army aeronautical department....
     and Arthur Constantin Krebs launch the airship
    Airship

    An airship or dirigible is a aerostat that can be steered and propelled through the air using rudders and propellers or other thrust. Unlike other aerodynamics aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, which produce lift by moving a wing, or airfoil, through the air, aerostatic aircraft, such as airships and Balloon , stay...
     La France
    La France (airship)

    The La France was a French Army airship launched by Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs in 1884. Collaborating with Charles Renard, Arthur Constantin Krebs piloted Timeline of aviation - 19th century with the La France....
    .
  • 1885 - Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski
    Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski

    Zygmunt Florenty Wr?blewski was a Poland chemist and physicist.Wr?blewski was born in Grodno . He studied at the Kiev University and after a six-year exile for participating in the January Uprising , he studied in Berlin and Heidelberg....
     published hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.
  • 1889 - Ludwig Mond
    Ludwig Mond

    Dr Ludwig Mond , was a Germany-born chemist and Business magnate who took United Kingdom nationality....
     and Carl Langer coined the name fuel cell
    Fuel cell

    A fuel cell is an Electrochemistry conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel and an Oxidizing agent , which react in the presence of an electrolyte....
     and tried to build one running on air and Mond gas
    Mond gas

    Mond gas is a Gasification-coal gas that was used for the production of ammonia and as fuel gas. The gas is named after its inventor Ludwig Mond....
    .
  • 1893 - Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald experimentally determined the interconnected roles of the various components of the fuel cell.
  • 1896 - Jackson D.D. and Ellms J.W., hydrogen production
    Hydrogen production

    Hydrogen is commonly produced by extraction from hydrocarbon fossil fuels via a chemical path. Hydrogen may also be extracted from water via Biological hydrogen production in an algae bioreactor, or using electricity , chemicals or heat ; these methods are less developed for bulk generation in comparison to chemical paths derived from hydroc...
     by microalgae (anabaena
    Anabaena

    Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, found as plankton. It is known for its nitrogen fixing abilities, and they form symbiosis relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern....
    )
  • 1896 - Leon Teisserenc de Bort
    Léon Teisserenc de Bort

    L?on Philippe Teisserenc de Bort was a France meteorology who became famous for his discovery of the stratosphere....
     carries out experiments with high flying instrumental weather balloon
    Weather balloon

    A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon which carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde....
    s.
  • 1897 - Paul Sabatier
    Paul Sabatier (chemist)

    Paul Sabatier was a French chemist, born at Carcassonne. He taught science classes most of his life before he became Dean of the Faculty of Science in 1905....
     facilitated the use of hydrogenation
    Hydrogenation

    Hydrogenation is the chemical reaction that results from the addition of hydrogen . The process is usually employed to a redox or Saturation organic compounds....
     with the discovery of the Sabatier reaction
    Sabatier reaction

    The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process involves the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a nickel catalyst to produce methane and water....
    .
  • 1898 - James Dewar
    James Dewar

    Sir James Dewar Fellow of the Royal Society was a Scottish chemist and physicist. He is probably best-known today for his invention of the Dewar flask, which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases....
     liquefied hydrogen
    Liquid hydrogen

    Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecule H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized and cooled to a very low temperature, 20.28 K ....
     by using regenerative cooling
    Regenerative cooling

    Regenerative cooling in rockets is where some or all of the propellant is passed through tubes, channels or otherwise in a jacket around the combustion chamber or nozzle to cool the engine because the fuel in particular and sometimes the oxidiser are good coolants....
     and his invention, the vacuum flask
    Vacuum flask

    A vacuum flask is a storage vessel or insulated shipping container which keeps its contents hotter or cooler than their environment without the need to modify the pressure, by interposing an evacuated region to provide thermal insulation between the contents and the environment....
     at the Royal Institute of London.
  • 1899 - James Dewar
    James Dewar

    Sir James Dewar Fellow of the Royal Society was a Scottish chemist and physicist. He is probably best-known today for his invention of the Dewar flask, which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases....
     collected solid hydrogen
    Solid hydrogen

    Solid hydrogen is the solid state of the element hydrogen, achieved by decreasing the temperature below hydrogen's melting point of 14.01 kelvin ....
     for the first time.


1900s

  • 1900 - Count
    Count

    A count is a nobleman in European countries; The word count comes from French language comte, itself from Latin comes?in its Accusative case comitem?meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor"....
     Ferdinand von Zeppelin
    Ferdinand von Zeppelin

    Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin also called Count Zeppelin) was a German aircraft manufacturer, the founder of the Zeppelin Airship company....
     launched the first hydrogen-filled Zeppelin LZ1
    Zeppelin LZ1

    The Zeppelin LZ1 was the first truly successful experimental rigid airship, first flown from a floating hangar on Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen in southern Germany, at 20:03 on 2 July 1900....
     airship
    Airship

    An airship or dirigible is a aerostat that can be steered and propelled through the air using rudders and propellers or other thrust. Unlike other aerodynamics aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, which produce lift by moving a wing, or airfoil, through the air, aerostatic aircraft, such as airships and Balloon , stay...
    .
  • 1901 - Wilhelm Normann
    Wilhelm Normann

    Wilhelm Normann was a Germany chemist who introduced the hydrogenation of fats in 1901, creating what later became known as trans fatty acids....
     introduced the hydrogenation
    Hydrogenation

    Hydrogenation is the chemical reaction that results from the addition of hydrogen . The process is usually employed to a redox or Saturation organic compounds....
     of fats.
  • 1903 - Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii published "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices"
  • 1909 - Ferdinand Adolf August von Zeppelin made the first long distance flight with the Zeppelin LZ5.
  • 1910 - The first Zeppelin passenger flight with the Zeppelin LZ7.
  • 1910 - Fritz Haber
    Fritz Haber

    Fritz Haber was a German chemistry, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for Haber process, important for fertilizers and explosives....
     patented the Haber process
    Haber process

    The Haber process, also called the Haber?Bosch process, is the nitrogen fixation reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen, over an enriched iron Catalysis, to produce ammonia....
    .
  • 1912 - The first scheduled international Zeppelin passenger flights with the Zeppelin LZ13
    Zeppelin LZ13

    The Zeppelin LZ 13 Hansa was a German civilian rigid airship first flown in 1912 with a volume of 18,700 cubic metres. It was first operated by DELAG to carry passengers and Mail and flew the first scheduled international passenger flights ....
    .
  • 1919 - The first Atlantic crossing by airship with the Beardmore
    William Beardmore and Company

    William Beardmore and Company was a Scotland engineering and shipbuilding company based in Glasgow and the surrounding Clydeside area. It was active between about 1890 and 1930 and at its peak employed about 40,000 people....
     HMA R34.
  • 1920 - Hydrocracking, a plant for the commercial hydrogenation of brown coal is commissioned at Leuna
    Leuna

    Leuna is a town in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, eastern Germany. It is the center of the German synthetic chemical industry. In 1960, the town's population was nearly 10,000, but poor living conditions, including pollution from nearby industries, has caused significant outward migration....
     in Germany.
  • 1923 - Steam reforming
    Steam reforming

    Steam reforming , hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons. On an industrial scale, it is the dominant method for producing hydrogen....
    , the first synthetic methanol is produced by BASF in Leuna
    Leuna

    Leuna is a town in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, eastern Germany. It is the center of the German synthetic chemical industry. In 1960, the town's population was nearly 10,000, but poor living conditions, including pollution from nearby industries, has caused significant outward migration....
  • 1923 - J. B. S. Haldane
    J. B. S. Haldane

    John Burdon Sanderson Haldane Royal Society#Fellowship , known as Jack , was a UK-born geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He was one of the founders of population genetics....
     envisioned in Daedalus; or, Science and the Future
    Daedalus; or, Science and the Future

    Daedalus; or, Science and the Future is a book by the British scientist J.B.S. Haldane, published in England in 1924. It was the text of a lecture read to the 'Heretics', an intellectual club at Cambridge University on 4 February 1923....
     "great power stations where during windy weather the surplus power will be used for the electrolytic decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen."
  • 1926 - Partial oxidation
    Partial oxidation

    In chemistry, a partial oxidation reaction occurs when a stoichiometry fuel-air mixture is partially combustion in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas, which can then be put to further use, for example in a fuel cell....
    , Vandeveer en Parr at the University of Illinois used oxygen in the place of air for the production of syngas
    Syngas

    Syngas is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Examples of production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal and in some types of waste-to-energy gasification facilities....
    .
  • 1926 - Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
    Cyril Norman Hinshelwood

    Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Order of Merit President of the Royal Society was an England physical chemist.Born in London, his parents were Norman Macmillan Hinshelwood, a chartered accountant, and Ethe Frances n?e Smith....
     described the phenomenon of chain reaction
    Chain reaction

    A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events....
    .
  • 1926 - Umberto Nobile
    Umberto Nobile

    Umberto Nobile was an Italy aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer. Nobile was a developer and promoter of semi-rigid airships during the Golden Age of Aviation between the two World Wars....
     made the first flight over the north pole
    North Pole

    The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface....
     with the hydrogen airship Norge
    Norge (airship)

    The Norge was a semi-rigid airship Italy-built airship that carried out what many consider the first verified overflight of the North Pole on May 12, 1926....
  • 1929 - Paul Harteck
    Paul Harteck

    Paul Karl Maria Harteck was a Germany physical chemist. He was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation Epsilon....
     and Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer
    Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer

    Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer was a German chemist....
     achieve the first synthesis of pure parahydrogen
    Spin isomers of hydrogen

    Each hydrogen molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms linked by a covalent bond. If we neglect the traces of deuterium and tritium which could be present, each hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron....
    .
  • 1930 - Rudolf Erren - Erren engine - GB patent GB364180 - Improvements in and relating to internal combustion engines using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen as fuel
  • 1935 - Eugene Wigner and H.B. Huntington predicted metallic hydrogen
    Metallic hydrogen

    Metallic hydrogen results when hydrogen is sufficiently compressed and undergoes a Phases of matter change; it is an example of degenerate matter....
    .
  • 1937 - The Zeppelin LZ 129 Hindenburg
    LZ 129 Hindenburg

    LZ 129 Hindenburg was a large Germany commercial passenger-carrying rigid airship, the lead ship of the Hindenburg class airship, the largest flying machines of any kind ever built....
     was destroyed by fire
    Hindenburg disaster

    The Hindenburg disaster took place on May 6 1937 as the German rigid airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed within one minute while attempting to dock with its mooring mast at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station which is located adjacent to the Lakehurst, New Jersey in Manchester, New Jersey....
    .
  • 1937 - The Heinkel HeS 1
    Heinkel HeS 1

    The Heinkel HeS 1 was the first jet engine, which was a stationary test item that ran on hydrogen....
     experimental gaseous hydrogen
    Hydrogen

    Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
     fueled centrifugal jet engine is tested at Hirth in March- the first working jet engine
  • 1937 - The first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator
    Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator

    A hydrogen-cooled turbo generator is a turbo generator with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant. Hydrogen-cooled turbo generators are designed to provide a low-drag atmosphere and cooling for single-shaft and combined-cycle applications in combination with steam turbines, because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas this is the most common...
     went into service at Dayton
    Dayton, Ohio

    Dayton is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Ohio, Ohio, United States, in the southwestern part of the state. The population was 166,179 at the United States Census, 2000....
    , Ohio.
  • 1938 - The first 240 km hydrogen pipeline
    Hydrogen pipeline transport

    Hydrogen pipeline transport is a transportation of hydrogen through a Pipe as part of the hydrogen infrastructure....
     Rhine-Ruhr
    Rhine-Ruhr

    The Rhine-Ruhr Area in Germany is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe, with about 11,800,000 inhabitants. It lies completely within the federal state North Rhine-Westphalia and spreads from the Dortmund-Essen-Duisburg Megalopolis in the north, to the urban areas of the cities of M?nchengladbach, D?sseldorf , Wuppertal, Cologn...
     .
  • 1938 - Igor Sikorsky
    Igor Sikorsky

    Igor Sikorsky was born Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky . Sikorsky was a Russian-American pioneer of aviation who designed and flew the world's first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, developed the first of Pan American Airways' ocean-conquering flying boats in the 1930s....
     from Sikorsky Aircraft
    Sikorsky Aircraft

    Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is an United States aircraft manufacturer....
     proposed liquid hydrogen
    Liquid hydrogen

    Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecule H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized and cooled to a very low temperature, 20.28 K ....
     as a fuel.
  • 1939 - Rudolf Erren - Erren engine - US patent 2,183,674 - Internal combustion engine using hydrogen as fuel
  • 1939 - Hans Gaffron discovered that algae
    Algae

    Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds....
     can switch between producing oxygen and hydrogen.
  • 1943 - Liquid hydrogen
    Liquid hydrogen

    Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecule H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized and cooled to a very low temperature, 20.28 K ....
     is tested as rocket fuel at Ohio State University
    Ohio State University

    The Ohio State University is a public university research university in the state of Ohio. It was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and is currently the List of largest United States universities by enrollment in the United States....
    .
  • 1943 - Arne Zetterström
    Arne Zetterström

    Arne Zetterstr?m is best known for his research with the breathing mixture Hydrox for the Swedish Navy.Zetterstr?m first described the use of hydrogen as a breathing gas in 1943....
     describes hydrox
    Hydrox (breathing gas)

    Hydrox, a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is used as a breathing gas in very deep diving. It allows divers to descend several hundred metres....
  • 1949 - Hydrodesulfurization
    Hydrodesulfurization

    Hydrodesulfurization is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur from natural gas and from oil refinery such as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils....
     (Catalytic reforming
    Catalytic reforming

    Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into high-octane liquid products called reformates which are components of high-octane gasoline ....
     is commercialized under the name Platforming process)
  • 1952 - Hydrogen maser
    Hydrogen maser

    A hydrogen maser, also known as hydrogen frequency standard, is a specific type of maser that uses the intrinsic properties of the hydrogen atom to serve as a precision frequency reference....
  • 1952 - Non-Refrigerated transport Dewar
    Refrigerated transport Dewar

    A refrigerated transport Dewar is a refrigerated transport Pressure vessel with a insulation Dewar flask design to carry cryogenic liquid. To prevent pressure build-up they are equipped with safety relief valves and/or rupture discs....
  • 1955 - W. Thomas Grubb modified the fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte.
  • 1957 - Pratt & Whitney's model 304 jet engine using liquid hydrogen as fuel tested for the first time as part of the Lockheed CL-400 Suntan project.
  • 1957 - The specifications for the U-2
    U-1 (semi-trailer)

    The U-1 was a liquid hydrogen trailer designed to carry cryogenic liquid hydrogen on roads being Towing by a powered vehicle. It was constructed by the Cambridge Corporation and had a capacity of 26 500 liters with a hydrogen loss rate of approximately 2 percent per day....
     a double axis liquid hydrogen semi-trailer
    Liquid hydrogen trailer

    A liquid hydrogen trailer is a Trailer designed to carry cryogenic liquid hydrogen on roads being Towing by a powered vehicle. The largest such vehicles are similar to railroad Tank_car#Tanktainers which are also designed to carry liquefied loads....
     were issued.
  • 1958 - Leonard Niedrach devised a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, this became known as the Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell
  • 1958 - Allis-Chalmers
    Allis-Chalmers

    The Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. of West Allis, WI was an American manufacturer with diverse interests, perhaps most famous for their bright orange farm tractors....
     demonstrated the D 12
    Allis-Chalmers D Series

    The Allis-Chalmers D Series is a series of tractors made by the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company from 1957 to 1969. All of the D Series tractors, except for the D21, had hand-operated, shift-on-the-go oil clutches, commonly refered to as a hand clutch....
    , the first 15 kW fuel cell tractor
    Tractor

    File:John Deere 3350 tractor cut.JPGA tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction....
    .
  • 1959 - Francis Thomas Bacon
    Francis Thomas Bacon

    Francis Thomas Bacon Order of the British Empire Fellow of the Royal Society , was an English engineering who developed the first practical hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell....
     built the Bacon Cell, the first practical 5 kW hydrogen-air fuel cell to power a welding machine.
  • 1960 - Allis-Chalmers
    Allis-Chalmers

    The Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. of West Allis, WI was an American manufacturer with diverse interests, perhaps most famous for their bright orange farm tractors....
     builds the first fuel cell forklift
  • 1961 - RL-10
    RL-10

    The RL-10 was USA's first liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine, and an updated version is used in several current launch vehicles. Six RL-10 engines were used in the S-IV second stage of the Saturn I rocket....
     liquid hydrogen fuelled rocket engine
    Rocket engine

    A rocket engine or simply rocket is a jet engineRocket Propulsion Elements; 7th edition- chapter 1 that uses only propellant mass for forming its high speed propulsive Jet ....
     first flight
  • 1964 - Allis-Chalmers
    Allis-Chalmers

    The Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. of West Allis, WI was an American manufacturer with diverse interests, perhaps most famous for their bright orange farm tractors....
     built a 750-watt fuel cell to power a one-man underwater research vessel.
  • 1965 - The first commercial use of a fuel cell in Project Gemini
    Project Gemini

    Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It operated between Projects Project Mercury and Project Apollo, with 10 manned flights occurring in 1965 and 1966....
    .
  • 1965 - Allis-Chalmers
    Allis-Chalmers

    The Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. of West Allis, WI was an American manufacturer with diverse interests, perhaps most famous for their bright orange farm tractors....
     builds the first fuel cell golf carts.
  • 1966 - Slush hydrogen
    Slush hydrogen

    Slush hydrogen is a combination of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen at the triple point with a lower temperature and a higher density than liquid hydrogen....
  • 1966 - J-2 (rocket engine)
    J-2 (rocket engine)

    Rocketdyne's J-2 was America's largest production liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine before the Space Shuttle main engines , and is being revived in support of Project Constellation....
     liquid hydrogen rocket engine flies
  • 1967 - Akira Fujishima
    Akira Fujishima

    is a Japanese chemist, professor emeritus, University of Tokyo.He is known for his significant contributions in discovery and research of photocatalytic and superhydrophilic properties of titanium dioxide....
     discovers the Honda-Fujishima effect which is used for hydrolysis
    Hydrolysis

    Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
     in the photoelectrochemical cell
    Photoelectrochemical cell

    Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells which generate electrical energy from light, including visible light. Each cell consists of a semiconducting photoanode and a metal cathode immersed in an electrolyte....
    .
  • 1970 - Nickel hydrogen battery
    Nickel hydrogen battery

    A nickel hydrogen battery is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen. The difference with a nickel-metal hydride battery is the use of hydrogen in a pressurized cell of up to 1200 Pounds per square inch ....
     
  • 1970 - John Bockris
    John Bockris

    John O'Mara Bockris is a former professor of Chemistry at Texas A&M University whose unorthodox views have provoked controversy. He has authored or edited more than 600 papers and 15 books in the field of electrochemistry, some of them commonly used in college....
     or Lawrence W. Jones coined the term hydrogen economy
    Hydrogen economy

    The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of meeting energy needs by using hydrogen as a fuel source that could be generated from alternative fuels or other energy sources that don't give off greenhouse gases....
     
  • 1973 - The 30 km hydrogen pipeline
    Hydrogen pipeline transport

    Hydrogen pipeline transport is a transportation of hydrogen through a Pipe as part of the hydrogen infrastructure....
     in Isbergues
    Isbergues

    Isbergues is a Communes of France in the Pas-de-Calais Departments of France in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France....
  • 1975 - John Bockris
    John Bockris

    John O'Mara Bockris is a former professor of Chemistry at Texas A&M University whose unorthodox views have provoked controversy. He has authored or edited more than 600 papers and 15 books in the field of electrochemistry, some of them commonly used in college....
     - Energy The Solar-Hydrogen Alternative - ISBN 0470084294
  • 1979 - HM7B
    HM7B

    The HM7B is a European Space Agency cryogenic rocket engine which currently powers the upper stage of the Ariane 5 ECA, ESC-A....
     rocket engine
  • 1981 - Space Shuttle main engine
    Space Shuttle main engine

    The Space Shuttle Main Engines are the three main engines on the Space Shuttle orbiter. They are constructed by Pratt & Whitney's Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Division....
     first flight
  • 1990 - The first solar-powered hydrogen production plant Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern became operational.
  • 1996 - Vulcain rocket engine
  • 1997 - Anastasios Melis
    Anastasios Melis

    Anastasios Melis is a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley who is researching the possibility of creating Biological hydrogen production ....
     discovered that the deprivation of sulfur
    Sulfur

    Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant Valence non-metal....
     will cause algae
    Algae

    Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds....
     to switch from producing oxygen to producing hydrogen
    Biological hydrogen production

    Biological hydrogen production is done in a bioreactor based on the Hydrogen production by algae. Algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions....
  • 1998 - Type 212 submarine
    Type 212 submarine

    The Germany Type 212 is a highly advanced design of non-nuclear submarine developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG for the German Navy. It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion system using Siemens AG proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cells....


2000s

  • 2000 - Peter Toennies demonstrates superfluidity of hydrogen at 0.15 K
  • 2002 - Type 214 submarine
    Type 214 submarine

    The Type 214 is a diesel-electric submarine developed by Howaldtswerk. It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion system using Siemens AG polymer electrolyte module hydrogen fuel cells....
  • 2004 - DeepC
    DeepC

    The DeepC is a hydrogen Autonomous Underwater Vehicle , power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. It debuted in 2004....


See also