Paper mill

Paper Mill

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Paper mill

A paper mill is a factory

Factory

A factory or manufacturing plant is an industry building where workers manufacturing Good or supervise machines Process Manufacturing one product into another....
devoted to making paper

Paper

Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets....
from wood pulp

Wood pulp

Pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating fibers from wood or fiber crops.Pulp can be either fluffy or formed into thick sheets....
and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier Machine

Fourdrinier machine

The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking, and it has been used in some variation since its conception. The Fourdrinier accomplishes all the steps needed to transform a source of wood pulp into a final paper product....
or similar apparatus. It is a common misconception that paper mills are sources of odors. Pulp mill

Pulp mill

A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other Fiber crop into a thick fiber board which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing....
s, not paper mills can be a source of malodorous air emissions.

History
In 105 AD, the first papermaking

Papermaking

Papermaking is the process of making paper, a substance which is used ubiquitously today for writing and packaging.In papermaking a dilute suspension of fibers in water is drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibers is laid down....
process was innovated in China

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, by the Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty was ruled by the family known as the Liu clan who had peasant origins....
Chinese court eunuch Tsai Lun in the early 2nd century AD.

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Encyclopedia

A paper mill is a factory

Factory

A factory or manufacturing plant is an industry building where workers manufacturing Good or supervise machines Process Manufacturing one product into another....
devoted to making paper

Paper

Wood pulp

Fourdrinier machine

Pulp mill

History

In 105 AD, the first papermaking

Papermaking

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, by the Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty

East Asia

East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either Geography or cultural terms. Geography and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km?, or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe, though some categorize Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia as Central Asia....
to the Islamic world

Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age, also sometimes known as the Islamic Renaissance, was traditionally dated from the 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.Common Era, but has been extended to the 15th and 16th centuries by some scholars....
after the Battle of Talas

Battle of Talas

The Battle of Talas in 751 AD was a conflict between the Arab Empire Abbasid and the China Tang Dynasty for control of the Syr Darya. The Chinese army was defeated following the routing of their troops by the Abbasids on the bank of the Talas River ....
.

The earliest known paper mill is known to have operated in Baghdad

Baghdad

Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World....
, modern-day Iraq

Iraq

Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros Mountains, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, as early as 794. After Baghdad, the paper-making process spread to Damascus, Egypt, and Morocco, and by the 10th century, it had replaced papyrus

Papyrus

Papyrus is a thick paper material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland Cyperaceae that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt....
, wood

Wood

Wood is an organic material; in the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs, etc....
, silk

Silk

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be weaving into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from Pupa#Cocoons made by the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity ....
and parchment

Parchment

Parchment is a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or Goatskin . Its most common use is as the pages of a book, codex or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in that parchment is not tanned, but stretched, scraped, and dried under tension, creating a stiff white, yellowish or translucent animal skin....
as the cheapest and most widespread writing medium in the Islamic world.

In Europe, the first mention of rag-paper is in the tract of Peter

Peter the Venerable

Peter the Venerable , also known as Peter of Montboissier, Abbot of Cluny of the Rule of Saint Benedict abbey of Cluny, born to Blessed Raingarde in Auvergne , France....
, abbot of Cluny

Abbot of Cluny

The Abbot of Cluny was the head of the powerful monastery of Cluny Abbey in medieval France. The following is a list.List of abbots...
(1112 - 1150 AD), while the oldest recorded document on paper in Christian Europe is the 11th century Missal of Silos, whose paper was probably made in Islamic Spain

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
. One of the first known paper mills in Europe was in Xativa

Xàtiva

X?tiva is a town of eastern Spain, in the province of Valencia , on the right bank of the river Albaida and at the junction of the Valencia, Spain–Murcia and Valencia Albacete railways....
near Valencia, Catalan Countries

Catalan Countries

The Catalan language term Pa?sos Catalans refers to the territories of Catalan language. A political side to this concept sprung out simultaneously to its cultural dimension, and what had remained as a cultural term for connaisseurs then rose to prominence and became highly controversial during the Spanish Transition period, most acr...
, established around 1151 AD by the Muslim Moors

Moors

In the Spanish language, the term for Moors is Moro; in Portuguese language the word is mouro. There seems to have been some confusion about the relationship of the word moro/mouro to the word moreno , both from Greek language ma?ros, i.e....
.

Characteristics

Paper mills can be fully-integrated mills or non-integrated mills. Integrated mills consist of a pulp mill and a paper mill on the same site. Such mills receive logs or wood chips and produce paper. It is the pulping section of the mill, particularly if it uses the kraft process

Kraft process

The kraft process describes a technology for conversion of wood into wood pulp consisting of almost pure cellulose fibers. The process entails treatment of wood chips with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide that break the bonds that link lignin to the cellulose....
, which is responsible for the odor commonly associated with these mills. Non-integrated mills purchase wood pulp, usually as dried baled, known as market pulp and produce little, if any, odor.

The modern paper mill uses large amounts of energy

Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....
, water

Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
, and wood pulp

Wood pulp

Pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating fibers from wood or fiber crops.Pulp can be either fluffy or formed into thick sheets....
in a highly efficient and extremely complex series of processes, using modern and sophisticated controls technology

Technology

Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its Natural environment....
to produce a sheet of paper that can be used in incredibly diverse ways. Modern paper machines are very large and can be 500 feet (~150 m) in length, produce a sheet 400 inches (~10 m) wide, and operate at speeds of over 60 mph (100 km/h). The two main suppliers of paper machines are Metso

Metso

Metso Corporation was created in 1999 through the merger of Valmet and Rauma Oy and is headquartered in Helsinki, Finland. Metso is a global supplier of process industry machinery and systems as well as know-how and aftermarket services....
and Voith

Voith

The Voith AG which is headquartered in Germany, is a family-run corporation in the mechanical engineering sector with worldwide operations.The Voith Corporate Group is led by the Voith AG Headquarters in Heidenheim, located in the German state of Baden-W?rttemberg....
.

Mills

Braviken Paper Mill
Braviken Paper Mill

Braviken Paper Mill is a paper mill located outside Br?viken, Norrk?ping, in Sweden. It is owned by Holmen Paper, which in turn is a subsidiary of Holmen....
, Norrköping
Norrköping

'Norrk?ping' [n?r???p??] is a Urban areas in Sweden in the provinces of Sweden of ?sterg?tland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrk?ping Municipality, ?sterg?tland County....
, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
Crane Paper Company
Crane Paper Company

Crane & Co., based in Dalton, Massachusetts, is a manufacturer of principally cotton-based paper products used in the printing of national currencies, passports and banknotes as well as in social, business, industrial and technical applications....
, Dalton, Massachusetts
Dalton, Massachusetts

Dalton is a New England town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, United States. Dalton is considered by some to be a suburb of the nearby city of Pittsfield, Massachusetts....
(A large supplier of paper for the U.S. dollar)
Curtis Paper Mill
Curtis Paper Mill

The Curtis Paper Mill was a factory located near White Clay Creek in Newark, Delaware. Although a mill had existed on the site since the late eighteenth century, the final structure was built in 1870....
, Newark, Delaware
Newark, Delaware

Newark is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, Delaware, USA, 12 miles west-southwest of Wilmington, Delaware. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 30,060....
(closed paper mill also known as the Nonantum Mill)
Sartell Paper Mill
Sartell Paper Mill

The Sartell Paper Mill, officially the Verso Paper Sartell Mill, is a paper mill located in the city of Sartell, Minnesota in the U.S. state of Minnesota....
, Sartell
Sartell, Minnesota

Sartell is a city in Benton County, Minnesota and Stearns County, Minnesota counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is part of the St. Cloud, Minnesota St....
, Minnesota
Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with just over five million residents....
Södra Cell Folla
Södra Cell Folla

S?dra Cell Folla is a paper mill located in Follafoss, Norway. The mill produces 100 000 tonnes of CTMP per year, and is owned by the Sweden company S?dra Skogs?garna....
, Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
UPM Kymmene, Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
Portucel Soporcel
Portucel Soporcel

The Portucel Soporcel Group is a Portugal pulp and paper company, which has resulted from the union of Portucel and Soporcel. It is one of the five largest Europe producers of uncoated woodfree paper....
, Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
Norske Skog Tasman, New Zealand
New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous Islands of New Zealand, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands....

Paper mill

History

Characteristics

Mills

See also

External links