The term
fiddle may refer to any
bowedIn music, a bow is moved across some part of a musical instrument, causing vibration which the instrument emits as sound. The vast majority of bows are used with string instruments, although some bows are used with musical saws and other bowed idiophones....
string
musical instrumentA musical instrument is an object constructed or used for the purpose of making the sounds of music. In principle, anything that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture...
, including the
violinThe violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings usually tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello....
. It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music.
Fiddle playing, or
fiddling, refers to various styles of music.
The fiddle
Any
bowedIn music, a bow is moved across some part of a musical instrument, causing vibration which the instrument emits as sound. The vast majority of bows are used with string instruments, although some bows are used with musical saws and other bowed idiophones....
string
musical instrumentA musical instrument is an object constructed or used for the purpose of making the sounds of music. In principle, anything that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture...
may be informally called a fiddle, regardless of the kind of music being played with it.
ViolinThe violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings usually tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello....
s or other members of the
violin familyThe Violin family of musical instruments was developed in Italy in the sixteenth century...
are often affectionately referred to by their players as "my fiddle".
History
The bowed string instrument first appeared in India circa 3000 BCE, and is described in Hindu myth as
RavanahathaThe Ravanahatha or the Ravana hasta veena is a popular fiddle of western India. The bowl is made of cut coconut shell, the mouth of which is covered with goat hide. A dandi, made of bamboo is attached to this shell. The principal strings are two: one of steel and the other of a set of horsehair...
. From India, the technology traveled out both to China, and through Central Asia to Europe.
The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira (Greek:
λύρα, Latin:
lira, English:
lyre), a bowed string instrument of the
Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct and de jure succession to the ancient Roman Emperors...
and ancestor of most European bowed instruments. The first recorded reference to the bowed lira was in the 9th century by the
PersianThe Persian people are the majority ethnic group in Iran. However, there are sub-groups who speak the Persian language as their mother tongue throughout the Iranian plateau. The term Persian has also a supra-ethnic significance and has been historically referred to a part of Iranian peoples...
geographer
Ibn KhurradadhbihAbu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh , author of the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative geography, was a Persian geographer and bureaucrat of the 9th century...
(d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments he cited the lira (lūrā) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb played in the Islamic Empires. Lira spread widely westward to Europe; in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms
fiddle and
lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments (Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009).
Over the centuries, Europe continued to have two distinct types of fiddles: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, became known as the lira da braccio (
arm viol) family and evolved into the violin; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, was the lira da gamba (
leg viol) group. During the
RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe...
the gambas were important and elegant instruments; they eventually lost ground to the louder (and originally less aristocratic)
lira da braccio family.
The fiddle or violin
Fiddle has a more generalized meaning than
violin. Whereas
violin refers to a specific instrument,
fiddle may be used to refer to a violin or any member of a general category of similar stringed instruments played with a horsehair bow, such as the Hardanger fiddle, the Byzantine lira, the Chinese
erhuThe erhu , also called nanhu , and sometimes known in the West as the "Chinese violin" or "Chinese two-string fiddle," is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument, used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras...
, the Welsh
crwthThe crwth is an archaic stringed musical instrument, associated particularly with Welsh music, although once played widely in Europe.-Nomenclature:...
, the
ApacheApache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the American Southwest. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, and are related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
Tzii'edo' a 'tl, the
celloThe cello is a bowed string instrument. The word derives from the Italian violoncello. A person who plays a cello is called a cellist. The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and as a member of the string section of an orchestra...
in the context of a Scottish violin/cello duo ("wee fiddle and big fiddle"), the
double bassThe double bass, also called the upright bass or contrabass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. The name, "double bass," derives from the early use of the instrument to double—an octave lower where possible—the bass part written...
("bull fiddle" or "bass fiddle"), and so on.
Etymology
The
etymologyEtymology is the study of the history of words and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages, and texts about the languages, to gather knowledge about how words were used at earlier stages, and...
of
fiddle is uncertain: the
GermanicThe Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe...
fiddle may derive from the same early
RomanceThe Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of ancient Rome...
word as does
violin, or it may be natively Germanic. A native Germanic ancestor of
fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of
violin. Historically,
fiddle also referred to a predecessor of today's violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, but came in a variety of shapes and sizes. Another family of instruments which contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the
violThe viol is any one of a family of bowed, fretted, stringed musical instruments developed in the mid-late 1400s and used primarily in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The family is related to and descends primarily from the Spanish vihuela...
s, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards.
Musical style
Common distinctions between violins and fiddles reflect the differences in the instruments used to play classical and folk music. However, it is not uncommon for classically trained violinists to try to play fiddle music, and today many fiddle players have some classical training. A lot of traditional (folk) styles are oral traditions, so are taught 'by ear' rather than with written music. Most experienced fiddlers are able to pick up a tune in a matter of minutes, knowing the key instantly.
Construction and setup
In construction, fiddles and violins are essentially identical (with the
NorwegianNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
Hardanger fiddle excepted as a special case). The medieval fiddle had rear tuning pegs set in a flat
headstockHeadstock or peghead is a part of guitar or similar stringed instrument. The main function of a headstock is holding the instrument's strings. Strings go from the bridge past the nut and are usually fixed on machine heads on headstock...
similarly to the
Byzantine lyraThe Byzantine lyra , or Byzantine lira was a medieval bowed string musical instrument in the Byzantine Empire and is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including the violin...
and unlike the rabāb and
rebecThe rebec is a bowed string musical instrument. In its most common form, it has narrowboat shaped body, three strings and is played on the arm or under the chin, like a violin.- Origins :...
.
Bridge
Some (folk) fiddle traditions fit the instrument with a flatter
bridgeA bridge is a device for supporting the strings on a stringed instrument and transmitting the vibration of those strings to some other structural component of the instrument in order to transfer the sound to the surrounding air.- Explanation :...
than classical violinists use. The difference between "round" and "flat" is not more than about a quarter or half a millimeter variation in the height of one or two
stringsA string is the vibrating element that is the source of vibration in string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, and members of the violin family. They are lengths of a flexible material kept under tension so that they may freely vibrate...
, but is sufficient to reduce the range of right-arm motion required for the rapid string-crossings found in some styles, and those who use flatter bridges say it makes playing
double stopA double stop, in music terminology, is the act of playing two notes simultaneously on a melodic percussion instrument or stringed instrument...
s and shuffles (
bariolageThe bowed instrument musical technique known as bariolage involves quick alternation between a static note and changing notes, that form a melody either above or below the static note. This technique is common to Baroque violin music, where the static note is usually an open string note...
) easier. It can also make triple stops possible, allowing one to play
chordIn music and music theory a chord is a set of three or more different notes from a specific key that sound simultaneously. Chords constructed of three notes are described as triads and consist of two intervals. The technical name for triad chords is tertian sonorities and is understood to be chords...
s. In
bluegrassBluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of country music. It has roots in Irish, West African, Scottish, Welsh and English traditional music. Bluegrass was inspired by the music of immigrants from the United Kingdom and Ireland , and African-Americans, particularly...
and
old-time musicOld-time music is a form of North American folk music, with roots in the folk musics of many countries, including England, Scotland, Ireland and countries in Africa. This musical form developed along with various North American folk dances, such as square dance, buck dance, and clogging. The genre...
, for example, the top of the bridge is sometimes cut so that it is very slightly flattened; the Hardanger fiddle uses an even flatter bridge, and the bridge of the
kontra or
bracsa (a three-string viola used in
HungarianHungarian folk music includes a broad array of styles, including the recruitment dance verbunkos, the csárdás and nóta.During the 20th century, Hungarian composers were influenced by the traditional music of their nation which may be considered as a repeat of the early "nationalist" movement of the...
and
TransylvaniaTransylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term frequently encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...
n folk music) is flat enough that all three strings can easily be played simultaneously.
Most classical violinists prefer a more rounded curve to the top of the bridge, feeling that this allows them to articulate each note more easily and clearly. Many fiddle players use the same top curve as well; most fiddles are fitted with a standard classical bridge, regardless of the style of music played on the instrument. Since the bridge may be changed, it does not permanently define an instrument as fiddle or violin.
Soundpost
Since some genres of fiddling favor different
toneNot to be confused with timber.In music, timbre is the quality of a musical note or sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as voices or musical instruments. The physical characteristics of sound that mediate the perception of timbre include spectrum and envelope...
than what most violinists might prefer, soundpost position and tension will vary according to the use of the instrument.
Strings and tuners
Fiddle is more likely to be used than
violin if the instrument's strings are
steelPiano wire is a specialized type of wire made for use in piano and other musical instrument strings, as well as many other purposes. It is made from tempered high-carbon steel, also known as spring steel. Music wire is another name for piano wire: it is used for the cores of strings, which may be...
rather than
gutCatgut is a type of cord that is prepared from the natural fiber in the walls of animal intestines. Usually sheep or goat intestines are used, but it is occasionally made from the intestines of a hog, horse, mule, pig or donkey...
or synthetic, as the sound of steel strings better suits some fiddling styles. Tuning steel strings is easier with fine tuners (small screw mechanisms attached or built into the
tailpieceThe tailpiece, found on many musical instruments of the string instrument family, anchors the tail end of the strings, the end opposite the scroll or headstock.- Function and construction :...
) so fiddlers may favor instruments with fine tuners on all four strings; it is very uncommon to see four fine tuners on full-size instruments played by classical musicians. Strings are subject to regular replacement, fine tuners may be added or removed, and tailpieces may be changed, so, like flattened bridges, they do not make an irreversible difference.
Clichés
Various clichés describe the difference between fiddle and violin: "When you are buying it, it's a fiddle. When you are selling it, it's a violin." "What's the difference between a violin and a fiddle? About $10,000." "The difference is in the nut that holds the bow." "The violin sings, the fiddle dances." "A fiddle is a violin with attitude." "No one cries when they spill beer on a fiddle." "The difference between a violinist and a fiddle player is $100 a night, and a tux."According to the performer
Shoji TabuchiShoji Tabuchi is an Japanese country music fiddler and singer who currently performs at his theatre, the Shoji Tabuchi Theatre in Branson, Missouri.-Growing Up:...
, the difference lies "in how you fiddle around with it."
Fiddling
In performance, a solo fiddler, or one fiddler or two with a group of other instrumentalists, is the norm, though twin fiddling is represented in some North American, Scandinavian, Scottish and Irish styles. Violins, on the other hand, are commonly grouped in sections. These contrasting traditions may be vestiges of historical performance settings: large concert halls in which violins were played required more instruments, before electronic amplification, than did more intimate dance halls and houses fiddles were played in. The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music and fiddle music. Historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness which fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, did not always follow - in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler (as long as they kept the beat) could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. (Different fiddle traditions had different values, as detailed below; these explanations are meant to present the differences between fiddle music and violin music generally.)
Following the folk revivals of the second half of the 20th century, however, it has become common for less formal situations to find large groups of fiddlers playing together -- see for example the
SwedishSweden shares the tradition of Nordic folk dance music with its neighbouring countries, including polka, schottische, waltz, polska and mazurka. The accordion, clarinet, fiddle and nyckelharpa are among the most common Swedish folk instruments. This instrumental genre is the biggest one in Swedish...
SpelmanslagThe spelmanslag is an amateur organization of Swedish folk musicians, usually dominated by fiddles, who play tunes together. Often these groups play tunes from the specific area of Sweden with which they are affiliated...
folk-musician clubs, and the world-wide phenomenon of
Irish sessionsA pub session refers to playing music and/or singing in the relaxed social setting of a local pub, in which the music-making is intermingled with the consumption of ale, stout, and beer and conversation...
.
In the very late 20th century, a few artists have successfully attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and "big fiddle," or cello. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hanson's
Bonnie Lasses and
Alasdair FraserAlasdair Fraser is a Scottish fiddler.Fraser operates Culburnie Records, and is also one of the leading artists featured on the label. He has founded three summer fiddling programs - the fiddle camp in California , a week-long course on the Isle of Skye and the more recent in California...
and
Natalie HaasNatalie Haas is a cellist and a graduate from the Juilliard School.Haas has toured extensively with master Scottish fiddler Alasdair Fraser, and together they have produced several albums...
'
Fire and Grace.
Bows used in fiddling
Most fiddling styles that use the standard violin also use the standard violin
bowIn music, a bow is moved across some part of a musical instrument, causing vibration which the instrument emits as sound. The vast majority of bows are used with string instruments, although some bows are used with musical saws and other bowed idiophones....
, the same as classical players; the bow stick may be usually made from wood, but bows made from fiberglass and other materials are becoming more common. However, there are a few styles which use other bows. One notable example is the folk music from Hungary and Transylvania used in the
táncházTáncház is a "casual" Hungarian folk dance event . It is an aspect of the Hungarian roots revival of traditional culture which began in the early 1970s, and remains an active part of the national culture across the country, especially in cities like Budapest...
tradition. While the violinist uses a standard bow, both the
kontraKontra is the fourth studio album by Basque metal band Eraso! and the first one with new member Ander Izeta. It was released on December 4, 2005...
(3-string viola) and bass are played with heavy and crude "folk bows", consisting of a stout stick, usually hand-hewn, with the hank of horsehair attached at the tip and tied around the frog. Some players tension the hair by squeezing it when playing.
Scottish fiddlers emulating 18th century playing styles sometimes use a replica of the type of bow used in that period, which is a few inches shorter, and weighs significantly more.
Fiddling styles
To a greater extent than classical
violinThe violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings usually tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello....
playing, fiddle playing is characterized by a huge variety of ethnic or
folk musicThe term folk music originated in the 19th century as a term for musical folklore. It has been defined in several ways; as music transmitted by word of mouth, music of the lower classes, music with no known composer...
traditions, each of which has its own distinctive sound, including, but not limited to:
- American fiddling, including
- Blues
Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre created within the African-American communities in the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads...
fiddling
- Bluegrass music
Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of country music. It has roots in Irish, West African, Scottish, Welsh and English traditional music. Bluegrass was inspired by the music of immigrants from the United Kingdom and Ireland , and African-Americans, particularly...
fiddling
- Cajun
Cajun music, an emblematic music of Louisiana, is rooted in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada. Cajun music is often mentioned in tandem with the Creole-based, Cajun-influenced zydeco form, both of Acadiana origin...
fiddling
- Country
Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains...
fiddling
- Rock fiddling
- Jazz
Jazz is a musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions....
fiddling
- Worldbeat
In popular music, worldbeat refers to any style of music which fuses folk music, often from non-traditional sources with Western rock or other pop influences....
fiddling
- Folk Dance fiddling, including Square Dance and Contra Dance
Contra dance refers to several partnered folk dance styles, sometimes described as New England folk dance, in which couples dance in two facing lines of indefinite length...
fiddling
- Old-time
Old-time music is a form of North American folk music, with roots in the folk musics of many countries, including England, Scotland, Ireland and countries in Africa. This musical form developed along with various North American folk dances, such as square dance, buck dance, and clogging. The genre...
fiddling
- Western Swing
Western swing is a style of popular music that evolved in the 1920s in the American Southwest among the region's popular Western string bands. Fundamentally an outgrowth of jazz, much Western swing is dance music with an up-tempo beat consisting of an eclectic combination of rural, cowboy, polka,...
style fiddling http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/westernswing/wswingframe.html
- Zydeco
Zydeco is a form of American roots or folk music. It evolved in southwest Louisiana in the early 19th century from forms of Louisiana Creole music...
style fiddling
- Balkan music, including Táncház
Táncház is a "casual" Hungarian folk dance event . It is an aspect of the Hungarian roots revival of traditional culture which began in the early 1970s, and remains an active part of the national culture across the country, especially in cities like Budapest...
(Hungarian music), Romanian music, Gypsy music http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/easterneurope/Easterneurope%20frame.html
- Canadian fiddling, including
- Cape Breton fiddling
Cape Breton fiddling is a lively regional violin style which falls within the Celtic music idiom. Cape Breton Island's fiddle music was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the Highland Clearances. These Scottish immigrants were primarily from Gaelic-speaking regions in the...
, with a distinct Scottish and Acadian influence
- French-Canadian fiddling, influenced from the Brittany
Brittany is a cultural and administrative region in the north-west of France. Brittany was previously a kingdom and then as a duchy it was a fief of the Kingdom of France. It was at one time called Less, Lesser or Little Britain...
area of northern France
- Métis
The Métis peoples of Canada are descended of marriages of Cree, Ojibway, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and other First Nations to Europeans, mainly French. Along with the First Nations and Inuit, the Métis are one of the three officially recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada...
fiddling, of central and western Canada, with French influence
- Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is a province of Canada on the country's Atlantic coast in northeastern North America. This easternmost Canadian province comprises two main parts: the island of Newfoundland off the country's eastern coast, and Labrador on the mainland to the northwest of the island.A...
fiddling, with a strong Irish Sliabh LuachraSliabh Luachra is a region in Munster, Ireland, located around the River Blackwater, on the County Cork/County Kerry borderland.This region has a unique musical style which makes heavy use of the polka and the slide....
style of playing
- Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island....
, AcadianThe Acadians are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French colonists who settled in Acadia...
or Downeast style of fiddling which has many similarities to Cape Breton fiddlingCape Breton fiddling is a lively regional violin style which falls within the Celtic music idiom. Cape Breton Island's fiddle music was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the Highland Clearances. These Scottish immigrants were primarily from Gaelic-speaking regions in the...
- English-Canadian fiddling or Anglo-Canadian fiddling, which is a combination of English, Scottish, Irish, French, Ukrainian and German fiddling styles
- Eastern European Jewish Klezmer
Klezmer is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism...
fiddling http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/klezmer/Klezmer%20frame.html
- English Folk music
Folk music of England is a type of traditionally based music, often contrasted with courtly, classical and later commercial music, for which evidence exists from the later medieval period. It has been preserved and transmitted orally, through print and later through recordings...
fiddling
- French fiddling (including a rich Breton music
Since the early 1970s, Brittany has experienced a tremendous revival of its folk music. Along with flourishing traditional forms such as the bombard-binou pair and fest-noz ensembles incorporating other additional instruments, it has also branched out into numerous sub-genres.-Traditional Breton...
fiddling tradition)
- Irish Folk music
The folk music of Ireland is the generic term for music that has been created in various genres on the entire island of Ireland, North and South of the Border.-History:There are several collections of Irish folk music from the 18th century, but it was not until the 19th century...
fiddling including, among others,
- Clare fiddling, from the central west
- Donegal
The Donegal fiddle tradition is a type of Irish traditional music, based on a two-hundred year-old tradition of playing the fiddle in County Donegal, Ireland...
fiddling, from the northwest
- Sliabh Luachra
Sliabh Luachra is a region in Munster, Ireland, located around the River Blackwater, on the County Cork/County Kerry borderland.This region has a unique musical style which makes heavy use of the polka and the slide....
fiddling, from the southwest
- Sligo fiddling, from a bit south of the northwest
- Mexican fiddling from various regions of Mexico
- Middle Eastern and Mediterranean fiddling http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/med/Med+mid%20frame.html
- Norwegian fiddling (including Hardanger
A Hardanger fiddle is a traditional stringed instrument used originally to play the music of Norway. In modern designs, the instruments are very similar to the violin, though with eight or nine strings and thinner wood...
fiddling; see also BygdedansBygdedans, or village dance, is the term most commonly used for a variety of regional, traditional dances of Norway. These dances, and the accompanying music, are normally seen as the oldest living musical traditions in the country. These traditions have mainly survived in the more isolated...
and GammaldansGammaldans is a small set of Nordic dances that became broadly popular in the late 1800s. These were also the dances of the Nordic immigrant communities in the United States.*Sweden/Denmark: schottis, snoa, vals, mazurka, hambo...
)
- Peruvian violin
- Scottish fiddling
Scottish fiddling, even to many an untrained ear, can be distinguished from other Celtic and folk fiddling styles by its particular precision of execution and energy in the delivery. The style has a very large repertoire consisting of a great variation of rhythms and key signatures, arguably more...
- Shetland fiddling, which includes trowie tunes said to come from peerie folk.
- Slovenian fiddling
- Swedish fiddling (see Spelmanslag
The spelmanslag is an amateur organization of Swedish folk musicians, usually dominated by fiddles, who play tunes together. Often these groups play tunes from the specific area of Sweden with which they are affiliated...
)
- South Indian Carnatic fiddling
- Welsh Fiddling
Wales has a strong and distinctive link with music. The country is traditionally referred to as "the land of song". This is a modern stereotype based on 19th century conceptions of Nonconformist choral music and 20th century male voice choirs, Eisteddfodau and arena singing, such as sporting events...
(Welsh Ffidil; see Ar LogAr Log are a well-established folk band in Wales who have performed since the 1970s. They perform both instrumental music and songs in Welsh. Their name in Welsh means For Hire...
)
See also
External links