Ancient inventions

Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus

North Caucasus

The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian Seas and within European Russia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus economic region of Russia....

 and Siberia

Siberia

Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

 from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age.

• ...
• Oldest preserved:
• Wooden bridge
  Bridge
  A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle...
  
   It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.
• Wooden sculpture
  Sculpture
  Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials—typically stone such as marble—or metal, glass, or wood. Softer materials can also be used, such as clay, textiles, plastics, polymers and softer metals...
  
   (Shigir Idol
  Shigir Idol
  The Shigir Idol , is the most ancient wooden sculpture in the world, made during the Mesolithic period, around 7,500 BCE.It is displayed in the "Historic Exhibition" Museum in Yekaterinburg, Russia.- Discovery :...
  
  )

Agriculture and biotechnology

• Sokha
  Sokha
  In the region of Russia, a sokha was a light wooden plough which could be pulled by one horse. The historic sources show that it was in use in Russia at least since the 13th century. Its origin was in north Russia, for example Novgorod...
  
  
• Grow light
  Grow light
  A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally an electric light, designed to stimulate plant growth by emitting an electromagnetic spectrum appropriate for photosynthesis. Grow lights are used in applications where there is either no naturally occurring light, or where...
  
   (by Andrei Famintsyn
  Andrei Famintsyn
  Andrei Sergeyevich Famintsyn was a Russian botanist, public figure, and academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences ....
  
  )
• Beehive frame
• Raphanobrassica
  Raphanobrassica
  Brassicoraphanus is the name for all the intergeneric hybrids between the genera Brassica and Raphanus . The name comes from the combination of the genus names...
  
  
• Winogradsky column
  Winogradsky column
  The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper blackened marshmallows or egg-shells and a sulfur source such as gypsum or...
  
  
• Sunflower oil industry
  Sunflower oil
  Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. Sunflower oil was first industrially produced in 1835 in the Russian Empire.- Composition :Sunflower oil is mainly a...
  
    (by Daniil Bokarev (Russian wikipedia article))
• Caterpillar farm tractor

Arts and music

• Montage
• Theremin
  Theremin
  The theremin , originally known as the aetherphone/etherophone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without discernible physical contact from the player. It is named after its Russian inventor, Professor Léon Theremin, who patented the device...
  
  
• Bone watch
• Birch bark art
• Constructivism
  Constructivism (art)
  Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1919, which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. Constructivism had a great effect on modern art movements of the 20th...
  
  
• Drum machine
  Drum machine
  A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums or other percussion instruments. They are used in a variety of musical genres, not just purely electronic music...
  
   (Rhythmicon
  Rhythmicon
  The Rhythmicon—also known as the Polyrhythmophone—was the world's first electronic drum machine .-Development:...
  
  )
• Wooden watch (by Semyon Bronnikov)
• Kuleshov Effect
  Kuleshov Effect
  The Kuleshov Effect is a film editing effect demonstrated by Russian filmmaker Lev Kuleshov in the 1910s and 1920s.-Specifics of the Kuleshov effect:...
  
  
• Musical carriage (by Yegor Kuznetsov)
• Socialist realism
  Socialist realism
  Socialist realism is a style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other communist countries. Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style having its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism...
  
  
• Pure abstract art
  Abstract art
  Abstract art uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an...
  
  
• ANS synthesizer
  ANS synthesizer
  The ANS synthesizer is a photoelectronic musical instrument created by Russian engineer Evgeny Murzin from 1937 to 1957. The technological basis of his invention was the method of graphical sound recording used in cinematography , which made it possible to obtain a visible image of a sound wave, as...
  
  
• Optophonic piano
  Optophonic Piano
  The Optophonic Piano is an electronic optical instrument created by the Russian Futurist painter Vladimir Baranoff Rossiné.Vladimir Baranoff Rossiné started working on the instrument in 1916. He performed with it at many events and places, including the Bolshoi Theatre...
  
  
• Welded sculpture
  Welded sculpture
  Welded sculpture is an art form in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. Welding was increasingly used in sculpture from the 1930s as new industrial processes such as arc welding were adapted to aesthetic purposes...
  
  
• Puppet animation
• Stanislavsky's system

Chemistry

• Pobedit
  Pobedit
  Pobedit is a sintered carbide alloy of about 90 % tungsten carbide as a hard phase, and about 10 % cobalt as a binder phase, with a small amount of additional carbon. Invented in the Soviet Union in 1929, it is described as a material from which cutting tools are made...
  
  
• Periodic table
  Periodic table
  The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular display of the 118 known chemical elements organized by selected properties of their atomic structures. Elements are presented by increasing atomic number, the number of protons in an atom's atomic nucleus...
  
  
• Chromatography
  Chromatography
  Chromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures....
  
  
• Synthetic rubber
  Synthetic rubber
  Synthetic rubber is is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation...
  
   (first commercially viable form of production)
• Fire fighting foam
• Nuclear desalination
  Desalination
  Desalination, desalinization, or desalinisation refers to any of several processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water...
  
   (BN-350 reactor
  BN-350 reactor
  The BN-350 was a sodium-cooled fast reactor nuclear power plant located at Aktau , Kazakhstan, situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Construction of the BN-350 Fast breeder reactor began in 1964, and the plant first produced electricity in 1973...
  
  )

Communications

• Thing
  Thing (listening device)
  The Thing, also known as the Great Seal bug, was one of the first covert listening devices to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal...
  
   (precursor to modern RFID technology)
• Interlace
• Crystodine
• Pocket phone
  Mobile phone
  A mobile phone is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator...
  
   (by Leonid Kupriyanovich
  Leonid Kupriyanovich
  Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich was a Soviet engineer who is credited for early development of a mobile phone device. In 1957 he created and patented a mobile phone, called LK - 1. His device consisted of a base station and a portable handset.. , bigthink.com- Further reading :* Борноволоков Э. П.,...
  
  )
• Radio receiver
• CRT television
• Optical telegraph (with searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin
  Ivan Kulibin
  Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was a Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a trader. From childhood, Kulibin displayed an interest in constructing mechanical tools. Soon, clock mechanisms became a special interest of his...
  
  )
• Flip-flop (electronics)
  Flip-flop (electronics)
  In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic...
  
   (by Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich
  Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich
  Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich , sometimes spelled Bonch-Bruyevich, was a Russian engineer, scientist, and professor. Generally considered the leading authority on radio in Russia in the first decades of the 20th century, he greatly influenced the pre-radar development of radio-location in...
  
  , independently from William Henry Eccles and Frank Jordan
  F. W. Jordan
  Frank Wilfred Jordan was a British physicist who together with William Henry Eccles invented the so-called "flip-flop" circuit in 1918. This circuit became the basis of electronic memory in computers....
  
  )
• Portable mobile phone
  Mobile phone
  A mobile phone is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator...
  
   (by Leonid Kupriyanovich
  Leonid Kupriyanovich
  Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich was a Soviet engineer who is credited for early development of a mobile phone device. In 1957 he created and patented a mobile phone, called LK - 1. His device consisted of a base station and a portable handset.. , bigthink.com- Further reading :* Борноволоков Э. П.,...
  
  )

Computing and information technology

• TRIZ
  TRIZ
  TRIZ is "a problem-solving, analysis and forecasting tool derived from the study of patterns of invention in the global patent literature". It was developed by the Soviet inventor and science fiction author Genrich Altshuller and his colleagues, beginning in 1946...
  
  
• RAR
• Integraph
  Integraph
  An Integraph is an instrument used in mathematics for plotting the integral of a graphically defined function.It was invented independently about 1880 by the British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys and by Bruno Abakanowicz, a Polish-Lithuanian mathematician from the Russian Empire.An integraph...
  
  
• Acmeology (Russian wikipedia article)
• Russian abacus
• Personal computer
  Personal computer
  A personal computer is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator...
  
   (MIR
  Mir (computer)
  MIR is the name of a series of early Soviet computers, developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov. It stands for «Машина для Инженерных Расчётов» . It was designed as a relatively small-scale computer for use in engineering and scientific applications...
  
  )
• Unit record equipment
  Unit record equipment
  Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines or tabulating machines. Unit record machines were as ubiquitous in industry and government in the first half of the twentieth century...
  
   (by Semyon Korsakov
  Semen Korsakov
  Semen Nikolaevich Korsakov was a Russian government official, noted both as a homeopath and an inventor who was involved with an early version of information technology.-Biography:...
  
  )
• AVL tree datastructure
  AVL tree
  In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, and it was the first such data structure to be invented. In an AVL tree, the heights of the two child subtrees of any node differ by at most one. Lookup, insertion, and deletion all take O time in both the average and worst...
  
  
• Abstract state machine
• Modern ternary computer
  Ternary computer
  A ternary computer is a computer that uses ternary logic instead of the more common binary logic in its calculations.-History:...
  
   (Setun
  Setun
  Setun was a balanced ternary computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. The device was built under the lead of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the only modern ternary computer, using three-valued ternary logic instead of two-valued binary logic prevalent in computers...
  
  )
• Topological quantum computer
  Topological quantum computer
  A topological quantum computer is a theoretical quantum computer that employs two-dimensional quasiparticles called anyons, whose world lines cross over one another to form braids in a three-dimensional spacetime . These braids form the logic gates that make up the computer...
  
  
• Randomized webcam chatroom (Chatroulette
  Chatroulette
  Chatroulette is a website that pairs strangers from around the world together for webcam-based conversations. Visitors to the website begin an online chat with another visitor who is chosen at random...
  
  )
• Computer for operations with functions
  Computer for operations with functions
  Computer for operations with mathematical functions operates with functions at the hardware level .- History :...
  
  

Cuisine

• Soups

Botvinya ¹Kalya ²Malosol ³Okroshka

Okroshka

Okróshka is a cold soup of Russian origin that is also found in Ukraine. The name probably originates from "kroshit'" , which means to crumble into small pieces....

Rassolnik

Rassolnik

Rassolnik is a traditional Russian soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley and pork or beef kidneys. A vegetarian variant of rassolnik also exists...

Shchi

Shchi

Shchi is a Russian soup with cabbage as the primary ingredient. Its primary distinction is its sour taste, which usually originates from cabbage. When sauerkraut is used instead, the soup is called sour shchi, and soups based on sorrel, spinach, nettle, and similar plants are called green shchi...

Solyanka

Solyanka

Solyanka is a thick, spicy and sour soup in Russian and Ukrainian cuisine.There are three basic types of solyanka, with the main ingredient being either meat, fish, or mushrooms. All of them contain pickled cucumbers with brine, and often cabbage, salted mushrooms, smetana , and dill...

Tyurya ⁴Ukha

Ukha

Ukha is a clear Russian soup, made from various types of fish such as sturgeon, salmon, or cod. It usually contains root vegetables, parsley root, leek, potato, bay leaf, dill, tarragon, and green parsley, and is spiced with black pepper, saffron, nutmeg, and fennel seed...

• Meat, fish, dairy products

Aibat-nyarhul ⁵Balyk

Balyk

Balyk is salted and dried soft parts of fish of large valuable species: acipenseridae or salmonidae . The word means "fish" in Turkic languages ....

Chopsy Shomoh ⁶Khinkal ⁷SmetanaStroganina ⁸

• Pies, wraps, pancakes

BliniKhingalsh ⁹Khychin ¹⁰Kulebyaka

Coulibiac

A coulibiac is a loaf of fish, meat, or vegetables, baked in a pastry shell. The traditional Russian version is made with salmon or sturgeon, hard-boiled eggs, mushrooms, and dill....

Litsuklibzhe ¹¹Ochpochmak

Öçpoçmaq

Öçpoçmaq is a Tatar national dish, an essential food in Tatar culture. Usually, öçpoçmaq is a triangular pastry, filled with minced beef, onion and potatoes. Öçpoçmaq is eaten with bouillon or with tea....

Peremech ¹²Pirog

Pirog

thumb|right|A fish pyrih .Pirog is a large Russian pie that can have either a sweet or savoury filling....

Pirozhki

Pirozhki

Pirozhki , sometimes transliterated as piroshki , is a generic word for individual-sized baked or fried buns stuffed with a variety of fillings. The stress in pirozhki is properly placed on the last syllable: . Pirozhok is the diminutive form of the Russian cognate pirog , which refers to a...

Qabartma ¹³Qistibi

Qistibi

Qistibi is a popular traditional dish in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. Qistibi is made from the roasted flat cake with various fillings inside. The dough should be non-fermented. The most popular filling is mashed potato but it may also be ragout or couscous. Filling is being placed on the one half...

Syrniki

Syrniki

In Russian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Ukrainian cuisines, syrniki are fried quark pancakes, garnished with sour cream, jam, honey, or apple sauce. The cheese mixture may contain raisins for extra flavor...

Vatrushka

Vatrushka

Vatrushka is an Eastern European pastry with a ring of dough and cottage cheese in the middle, often with raisins or bits of fruit, from about five inches to two and a half feet in diameter, analogous with the Western European pastry known in the English world as the Danish.The name vatrushka...

• Drinks, alcoholic beverages

Baked milk

Baked milk

Baked milk is a variety of boiled milk that has been particularly popular in Russia and Ukraine. It is made by simmering milk on low heat for eight hours or longer....

 Kefir

Kefir

Kefir is a fermented milk drink that originated with shepherds of the North Caucasus region, who discovered that fresh milk carried in leather pouches would occasionally ferment into an effervescent beverage...

Kissel

Kissel

Kissel or kisel is a fruit soup, popular as a dessert in Eastern and Northern Europe. It consists of sweetened juice, thickened with arrowroot, cornstarch or potato starch, and sometimes red wine or fresh or dried fruits are added...

Kvas

Kvås

Kvås is a village and a former municipality in Vest-Agder county in Norway. It is located in the Lyngdalen valley in the northern part of the present-day municipality of Lyngdal. The village of Kvås is located along the river Lygna...

 First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle

Primary Chronicle

The Primary Chronicle , Ruthenian Primary Chronicle or Russian Primary Chronicle, is a history of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113.- Three editions :...

. By the XVth century Russians already knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.Mors ¹⁴Medovukha

Medovukha

Medovukha is an Old Balto-Slavic honey-based alcoholic beverage very similar to mead. These two words are related and go back to the Proto-Indo-European meddhe...

Russian vodkaSbiten

Sbiten

Sbiten, also sbiten' is a hot winter Russian traditional drink.- History :First mentioned in Slavonic chronicles in 1128, it remained popular with all strata of Russian society until the 19th century when it was replaced by coffee and tea...

• Snacks

Chakchak

Çäkçäk

Çäkçäk ), frequently anglicized as chak-chak , is a Tatar sweet. It is particularly popular in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, and is recognized as Tatarstan's national sweet in Russia....

Kozuli ¹⁵Tetyory ¹⁶Tula gingerbread

Tula gingerbread

Tula gingerbread is a type of printed gingerbread from the city of Tula, the most famous kind of Russian gingerbreads.Usually the Tula gingerbread look like a rectangular tile or a flat figure. Modern Tula gingerbreads usually contain jam or condensed milk, while in the old times they were made...

Urbech ¹⁷

• Other

Borodinsky

Borodinsky bread

Borodinsky bread is a Rye Bread of Russian origin.Apocryphally, Borodinsky bread is said to have been named by a general's wife who sought to inspire the...

 (bread)Khrenovina

Spicy radish sauce

Khrenovina sauce is a spicy horseradish sauce served with a main course, which is very popular in Siberia. It is prepared by homogenizing fresh ingredients in a grinder: tomatoes, horseradish, garlic and salt. Ground black pepper, ground paprika, sweet bell pepper, vinegar, and sugar may also be...

 (sauce)Pelmeni

Pelmeni

Pelmeni are dumplings consisting of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough that originated in Siberia and is a dish of Russian cuisine. Pelmeni are common in Russia and have similar names in other languages: , pyal’meni; pilmän; , pel’meni; ; .- Ingredients :The dough is made from flour and...

 (dumpling) Vareniki

Vareniki

thumb|right|Varenyks with [[curd]]Varenyky are a kind of stuffed dumpling associated with Ukrainian cuisine. Variants are also found in Moldovan, Mennonite, Belarusian, Russian, Lithuanian, and Polish cooking. They are believed to originate from Chinese and Siberian influences, although sometimes...

 (dumpling)

Russian wikipedia articles:

1 - Ботвинья　2 - Калья　4 - Тюря　7 - Хинкал　8 - Строганина　10 - Хычин　12 - Перемяч　14 - Морс　15 - Козули　16 - Тетёры　17 - Урбеч　

Art

• Khokhloma
  Khokhloma
  Khokhloma or Khokhloma painting is the name of a Russian wood painting handicraft style, known for its vivid flower patterns, red and gold colors over a black background, and the distinctive effect it has when applied to cheap and light wooden tableware or furniture, making it look heavier,...
  
  
• Vologda lace (Russian wikipedia article)
• Kargopol toys
  Kargopol toys
  Kargopol toys are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals. It is one of the old Russian folk art handicrafts, which is produced in and around the town of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of Russia. It started in 19th century in the areas west of Kargopol. The potters were not...
  
  
• Borok drawing (Russian wikipedia article)
• Dymkovo toys
  Dymkovo toys
  Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals . It is one of the old Russian folk art handicrafts, which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov...
  
  
• Mezen drawing (Russian wikipedia article)
• Matryoshka doll
  Matryoshka doll
  A matryoshka doll is a Russian nesting doll which is a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside the other. The first Russian nested doll set was carved in 1890 by Vasily Zvyozdochkin from a design by Sergey Malyutin, who was a folk crafts painter at Abramtsevo...
  
  
• Miniature painting:
• Kholuy miniature
  Kholuy miniature
  A Kholuy miniature is a Russian folk handicraft of miniature painting, made with tempera on a varnished box of papier-mâché. This form of Russian lacquer art is produced exclusively by students of the Kholuy school, a rural settlement in Ivanovo Oblast....
  
  
• Palekh miniature
  Palekh miniature
  Palekh miniature is a Russian folk handicraft of miniature painting, which is done with tempera paints on varnished articles made of papier-mâché ....
  
  
• Mstyora miniature
  Mstyora miniature
  Mstyora miniature is a Russian folk handicraft of miniature painting, which is done with tempera paints on varnished articles mostly made of papier-mâché....
  
  
• Fedoskino miniature
  Fedoskino miniature
  Fedoskino miniature is a traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting on papier-mache, named after its original center Fedoskino , an old village near Moscow widely known from the late 18th century...
  
  
• Zhostovo painting
  Zhostovo painting
  Zhostovo painting is an old Russian folk handicraft of painting on metal trays, which still exists in a village of Zhostovo in the Moscow Oblast. It appeared in the early 19th century mainly under the influence of the Ural handicraft of flower painting on metal...
  
  
• Bird of Happiness
  Bird of Happiness (toy)
  Bird of Happiness is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird. It was invented by Pomors, the inhabitants of the coasts of the White and Barents Seas...
  
  
• Gorodets painting
  Gorodets painting
  Gorodets painting is one of the folk arts and crafts of Russia, and a phenomenon of the so-called naive art....
  
  

Architecture

• Vysotka
• Zvonnitsa
  Zvonnitsa
  Zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple archs or beams that carry bells, where bell ringers stand on its base level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant musical instrument...
  
  
• Kokoshnik
  Kokoshnik (architecture)
  Kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel zakomara . Unlike zakomara that continues the curvature of the vault behind and carries a part of the vault's weight, kokoshnik is pure decoration and doesn't carry any...
  
  
• Bochka roof
  Bochka roof
  Bochka roof or simply bochka is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-cylinder with elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik...
  
  
• Onion dome
  Onion dome
  An onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles the onion, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width...
  
  
• Native styles:
• Neo-Russian
• Constructivism
  Constructivist architecture
  Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose. Although it was divided into several competing factions, the movement produced...
  
  
• Neo-Byzantine
  Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire
  Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia , replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon...
  
   (developed)
• Late Muscovite
• Russian Revival
• Stalinist Empire
  Stalinist architecture
  Stalinist architecture , also referred to as Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union between 1933, when Boris Iofan's draft for Palace of the Soviets was officially approved, and 1955, when Nikita Khrushchev condemned "excesses" of the past...
  
  
• Siberian Baroque (Russian wikipedia article)
• Middle Muscovite
• Naryshkin Baroque
  Naryshkin Baroque
  Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.-Style:...
  
  
• Postconstructivism
  Postconstructivism
  Postconstructivism was a transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II. The term postconstructivism was coined by Selim Khan-Magomedov, a historian of architecture, to describe the product of avant-garde...
  
  
• Early Russian architecture
• North Caucasus architecture
• Russian wooden architecture (Russian wikipedia article)
• Multidomed church
• Tented roof masonry
  Tented roof
  A tented roof is a type of roof widely used in 16th and 17th century Russian architecture for churches. It is like a polygonal spire but differs in purpose in that it is typically used to roof the main internal space of a church, rather than an auxiliary structure...
  
  

Music

• Gusli
• Bayan
  Bayan (accordion)
  The bayan is a type of chromatic button accordion developed in Russia in the early 20th century and named after 11th-century bard Boyan.-Characteristics:The bayan differs from western chromatic button accordions in some details of construction:...
  
  
• Gudok
  Gudok
  The gudok or hudok is an ancient Eastern Slavic string musical instrument, played with a bow.A gudok usually had three strings, two of them tuned in unison and played as a drone, the third tuned a fifth higher. All three strings were in the same plane at the bridge, so that a bow could make them...
  
  
• Zhaleika
  Zhaleika
  The zhaleika is a Russian single-reed hornpipe. It is the most popular Russian folk wind instrument.-External links:*...
  
  
• Balalaika
  Balalaika
  The balalaika is a stringed musical instrument popular in Russia, with a characteristic triangular body and three strings.The balalaika family of instruments includes instruments of various sizes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest, the prima balalaika, secunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass...
  
  
• Szopelka
  Szopelka
  A szopelka is a Russian musical instrument similar to the oboe, with a brass mouthpiece....
  
  
• Treshchotka
  Treshchotka
  Treshchotka [singular] sometimes referred as Treshchotki [plural] is an Russian folk music idiophone instrument which is used to imitate hand clapping.-Treshchotka :...
  
  
• Russian guitar
  Russian guitar
  The Russian guitar is a seven-string acoustic guitar that arrived in Russia toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, most probably as an evolution of the cittern, kobza, and torban...
  
  
• Vladimirsky rozhok

Clothing

• Lapti
• Kalfak (Russian wikipedia article)
• Sarafan
  Sarafan
  A Sarafan is a traditional Russian long, shapeless jumper dress worn as Russian folk costume by women and girls.Chronicles first mention it under the year 1376, and since that time it was worn well until the 20th century. It is now worn as folk costume for performing Russian folk songs and folk...
  
  
• Valenki
  Valenki
  Valenki are traditional Russian winter footwear, essentially felt boots: the name valenok literally means "made by felting". Valenki are made of wool felt. They are not water-resistant, and are often worn with galoshes to keep water out and protect the soles from wear and tear...
  
  
• Ushanka
  Ushanka
  An ushanka , also known as a trooper, is a Russian fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect the ears, jaw and lower chin from the cold. The thick dense fur also offers some protection against blunt impacts to the head...
  
  
• Boyar hat
  Boyar hat
  The boyar hat was a fur hat worn by Russian nobility between the 15th and 17th centuries, most notably by boyars, for whom it was a sign of their social status...
  
  
• Kokoshnik
  Kokoshnik
  The kokoshnik is a traditional Russian head-dress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan. It is patterned to match the style of the sarafan and can be pointed or round. It is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The forehead is sometimes decorated with...
  
  
• Kosovorotka
  Kosovorotka
  A kosovorotka is a Russian, skewed-collared shirt. The word is derived from koso - askew, and vorot collar.-Description:A kosovorotka is a traditional Russian shirt, long sleeved and reaching down to the mid-thigh...
  
  
• Orenburg shawl
  Orenburg shawl
  The Orenburg Shawl is one of the classic symbols of Russian handicraft, along with along with Tula Samovar, Matrioshka, Khohloma painting, Gzhel, Palekh, Vologda lace, Dymkovo toys, Rostov finift , and Ural malachite...
  
  

Earth studies

• Radiosonde
  Radiosonde
  A radiosonde is a unit for use in weather balloons that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver. Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz and both types may be adjusted slightly higher or lower as required...
  
   (by Pavel Molchanov
  Pavel Molchanov
  Pavel Alexandrovich Molchanov was a Soviet Russian meteorologist, who invented and launched for the first time radiosonde.He graduated from Petersburg University in 1914, worked in the Main Physical Observatory in Pavlovsk between 1917 and 1939 and then at the institute of civil air fleet in...
  
  , independently from Robert Bureau)
• Lightning detector
  Lightning detector
  A lightning detector is a device that detects lightning produced by thunderstorms. There are three primary types of detectors: ground-based systems using multiple antennas, mobile systems using a direction and a sense antenna in the same location , and space-based systems.The device was invented in...
  
  
• Electric seismometer
  Seismometer
  Seismometers are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources...
  
  
• Sounding weight probe
• Manned drifting ice station

Energy

• Kalina cycle
  Kalina cycle
  The Kalina cycle is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power.It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid. Since the solution boils over a range of temperatures as in distillation, more of the heat can be extracted...
  
   (by Aleksandr Kalina)
• Photoelectric cell (first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect (by Aleksandr Stoletov
  Aleksandr Stoletov
  Aleksandr Grigorievich Stoletov was a Russian physicist, founder of electrical engineering, and professor in Moscow University. He was the brother of general Nikolai Stoletov.-Biography:...
  
  ))
• Coal cutter-loader (Russian wikipedia article)
• Straight-flow boiler
  Boiler
  A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.-Materials:...
  
   (Ramzin boiler)
• Mobile floating power station (by Nikolai Kukhto (Russian wikipedia article))
• Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis
  Hydrogen economy
  The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen. The term hydrogen economy was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors Technical Center....
  
   (by Dmitry Lachinov
  Dmitry Lachinov
  Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov was a Russian physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist.Dmitry Lachinov studied in the St. Petersburg University, where he was a pupil of Heinrich Lenz, Pafnuty Chebyshev and Feodor Petrushevsky...
  
  )

Oil and gas

• Gas lift
  Gas lift
  Gas lift is one of a number of processes used to artificially lift oil or water from wells where there is insufficient reservoir pressure to produce the well. The process involves injecting gas through the tubing-casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to reduce its density; the formation...
  
   (by Mikhail Tikhvinsky, 1914)
• Turbodrill
  Turbodrill
  A turbodrill is a tool used mostly by petrochemical companies to dig wells for crude oil and natural gas reserves.-History of turbodrilling:*In 1924 the first US Patent was issued to a company called Scharpenberg for the first multi-staged turbodrill....
  
   (by Matvei Kapelyushnikov
  Matvei Kapelyushnikov
  Matvei Alkunovich Kapelyushnikov was a Russian/Soviet mechanical engineer, inventor, and Hero of Socialist Labor....
  
  , 1922)
• Modern oil well
  Oil well
  An oil well is a general term for any boring through the earth's surface that is designed to find and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons. Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed a gas well.-History:The earliest...
  
  
• Thermal cracking
• Pipeline transport
  Pipeline transport
  Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquids and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air are also used....
  
  
• Cylindric oil depot
  Oil depot
  An oil depot is an industrial facility for the storage of oil and/or petrochemical products and from which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities...
  
  

Nuclear energy

• Nuclear power plant
  Nuclear power plant
  A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power plants are usually...
  
  
• Fast-neutron reactor
• Lead-cooled fast reactor
• Pressurized water reactor
  Pressurized water reactor
  Pressurized water reactors constitute a large majority of all western nuclear power plants and are one of three types of light water reactor , the other types being boiling water reactors and supercritical water reactors...
  
  
• Nuclear power station barge (mass-produced)

Everyday life

• Banya
  Banya
  Banya may refer to:* Banya , a traditional Russian steam bath* BanYa, a South Korean musical group* Banya: The Explosive Delivery Man, a comic by Kim Young-ohIn places:* Banya, Plovdiv Province, a town in southern Bulgaria...
  
  
• Heating:
• Russian oven
  Russian oven
  .A Russian oven or Russian stove is a unique type of oven/furnace that first appeared in the 15th century. It is used both for cooking and domestic heating. The Russian oven burns firewood or wood manufacturing waste....
  
  
• Water based central heating
  Central heating
  A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building from one point to multiple rooms. When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the whole system may be a HVAC system.Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation...
  
  
• Anbur script
  Old Permic script
  The Old Permic script, sometimes called Abur or Anbur, is an original ancient Permic writing system.-History:The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur...
  
  
• Burglar alarm
  Burglar alarm
  Burglar , alarms are systems designed to detect unauthorized entry into a building or area. They consist of an array of sensors, a control panel and alerting system, and interconnections...
  
  
• AC transformer
• Decimal currency
• Light-emitting diode
  Light-emitting diode
  A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting...
  
  
• Synthetic detergent
  Detergent
  A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions." In common usage, "detergent" refers to alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water...
  
   (by Grigory Petrov)
• Electric street lights (Yablochkov candle
  Yablochkov candle
  A Yablochkov candle is a type of electric carbon arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov.-Design:A Yablochkov candle consists of a sandwich of two long carbon blocks, approximately 6 by 12 millimetres in cross-section, separated by a block of inert material such as plaster of paris or kaolin...
  
  )
• Multicolored printing press
  Printing press
  A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium , thereby transferring the ink...
  
   (Orlov Stamp)

Housing and structural engineering

• Izba
  Izba
  An izba is a traditional Russian countryside dwelling. A type of log house, it forms the living quarters of a conventional Russian farmstead. It is generally built close to the road and inside a yard, which also encloses a kitchen garden, hayshed, and barn within a simple woven stick fence...
  
  
• Rebar
  Rebar
  A rebar , also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, rerod, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures holding the concrete in compression...
  
  
• Gridshell
  Gridshell
  A gridshell is a structure which derives its strength from its double curvature , but is constructed of a grid or lattice....
  
  
• Lightning rod
  Lightning rod
  A lightning rod or lightning conductor is a metal rod or conductor mounted on top of a building and electrically connected to the ground through a wire, to protect the building in the event of lightning...
  
  
• Tensile structure
  Tensile structure
  A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression elements....
  
  
• Foamed concrete (Russian wikipedia article)
• Thin-shell structure
  Thin-shell structure
  Thin-shell structures are light weight constructions using shell elements. These elements are typically curved and are assembled to large structures...
  
  
• Screw drive elevator
• Hyperboloid structure
  Hyperboloid structure
  Hyperboloid structures are architectural structures designed with hyperboloid geometry. Often these are tall structures such as towers where the hyperboloid geometry's structural strength is used to support an object high off the ground, but hyperboloid geometry is also often used for decorative...
  
  

Food preparation, kitchenware

• Table-glass
  Table-glass
  Table-glass or granyonyi stakan or granchak is a type of drinkware made from especially hard and thick glass and having a faceted form. It is a very widespread form of drinking glass in Russia and the former Soviet Union. Granyonyi stakan has certain advantages over the other drinkware, since due...
  
  
• Glass-holder
• Russian samovar
  Samovar
  A samovar is a heated metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water in and around Russia, as well as in other Central, South-Eastern, Eastern European countries,Kashmir and in the Middle-East...
  
  
• Modern powdered milk
  Powdered milk
  Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk powder has a far longer shelf life than liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated, due to its low moisture content. Another purpose is to reduce its bulk for...
  
  

Mechanical engineering

• Lever press (by Ivan Nevedomsky, 1813)
• Welding:
• Arc welding
  Arc welding
  Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point. They can use either direct or alternating current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes...
  
  
• MMA welding
• Carbon arc welding
  Carbon arc welding
  Carbon arc welding is a process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a nonconsumable carbon electrode and the work-piece. It was the first arc-welding process ever developed but is not used for many applications today, having been replaced by twin-carbon-arc...
  
  
• Underwater welding
• Automatic arc welding
• Centrifugal fan
  Centrifugal fan
  A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases. It has a fan wheel composed of a number of fan blades, or ribs, mounted around a hub. As shown in Figure 1, the hub turns on a driveshaft that passes through the fan housing...
  
  
• Mechanic slide rest
• Two-cylinder engine

Medicine

• Air ioniser
  Air ioniser
  An air ioniser is a device that uses high voltage to ionise air molecules. Negative ions, or anions, are particles with one or more extra electrons, conferring a net negative charge to the particle. Cations are positive ions missing one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge...
  
  
• Blood bank
  Blood bank
  A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a hospital laboratory where the storage of blood product occurs and where proper...
  
  
• EHF therapy (by Nikolai Devyatkov
  Nikolay Devyatkov
  Nikolay Devyatkov — was a Soviet/Russian scientist and inventor of microwave vacuum tubes and medical equipment. Full Member of the USSR/Russian Academy of Sciences . Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.Most Devyatkov's scientific papers apply to a microwave vacuum tubes...
  
  , Mikhail Golant
  Mikhail Golant
  Mikhail Borisovich Golant was a Soviet and Russian scientist and engineer. Best known as a leader of Soviet design of backward-wave tubes, he was awarded the Lenin Prize, the USSR State Prize, and the State Prize of the Russian Federation...
  
   and others)
• Turpentine bath
• Head transplant
  Head transplant
  A head transplant is a surgical operation involving the grafting of an organism's head onto the body of another. It should not be confused with another, hypothetical, surgical operation, the brain transplant. Head transplantation involves decapitating the patient...
  
   (first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov
  Vladimir Demikhov
  Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov was a Soviet scientist and organ transplant pioneer, who did several transplantations in the 1930s and 1950s, such as the transplantation of a heart into an animal and a lung-heart replacement in an animal. He is also well-known for his transplantation of the heads of...
  
  ))
• External fixation
  External Fixation
  External fixation is a surgical treatment used to set bone fractures in which a cast would not allow proper alignment of the fracture.-Method:...
  
  
• Plasmapheresis
  Plasmapheresis
  Plasmapheresis is the removal, treatment, and return of blood plasma from blood circulation. It is thus an extracorporeal therapy...
  
   (by Vadim Yurevich)
• Coding (therapy)
  Coding (therapy)
  Coding is a catch-all term for various Russian alternative therapeutic methods used to treat addictions, in which the therapist attempts to scare patients into abstinence from a substance they are addicted to by convincing them that they will be harmed or killed if they use it again...
  
  
• Oxygen cocktail
  Oxygen cocktail
  The oxygen cocktail is a foamy substance containing a beverage drink enriched in gaseous oxygen. The drink is used as part of oxygen therapy by a number of Russian medical institutions; their research suggest that the drink, by supplying oxygen, reduces chronic fatigue syndrome and hypoxia and...
  
  
• Field anesthesia
  Anesthesia
  Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , traditionally meant the condition of having sensation blocked or temporarily taken away...
  
  
• Ilizarov apparatus
  Ilizarov apparatus
  The Ilizarov apparatus is named after the orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov from the Soviet Union, who pioneered the technique. It is used in surgical procedures to lengthen or reshape limb bones; to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected non-unions of bones...
  
  
• MM-wave therapy
• Ultrasonic testing (by Sergei Sokolov (Russian wikipedia article))
• Radial keratotomy
  Radial keratotomy
  Radial keratotomy is a refractive surgical procedure to correct myopia.- Discovery :The procedure was discovered by Svyatoslav Fyodorov who removed glass from the eye of one of his patients who had been in an accident. A boy, who wore eyeglasses, fell off his bicycle and his glasses shattered on...
  
  
• Bekhterev's Mixture
• Acoustic microscope (by Sergei Sokolov)
• Classical conditioning
  Classical conditioning
  Classical conditioning is a form of conditioning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov...
  
  
• Distraction osteogenesis
  Distraction osteogenesis
  Distraction osteogenesis, also called callus distraction, callotasis and osteodistraction is a surgical process used to reconstruct skeletal deformities and lengthen the long bones of the body...
  
  
• Cadaveric blood transfusion
• Anthropometric cosmetology
  Anthropometric cosmetology
  -Anthropometric cosmetology:Anthropometric cosmetology -Anthropometric cosmetology:Anthropometric cosmetology -Anthropometric cosmetology:Anthropometric cosmetology (Anthropometry (Gr. Ανθρωπος, "a man") and (Gr. μετρεω - "to measure") is the science of correction of congenital or acquired...
  
  
• Magnetic resonance imaging
  Magnetic resonance imaging
  Magnetic resonance imaging , nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , or magnetic resonance tomography is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures...
  
   (by Vladislav Ivanov
  Vladislav Ivanov (physicist)
  Vladislav Ivanov is a Soviet physicist who in 1960 filed a document with the USSR State Committee for Inventions and Discovery at Leningrad for a Magnetic Resonance Imaging device, although this was not approved until the 1970s....
  
  )
• Auscultatory blood pressure measurement

Metallurgy

• Bulat steel
  Bulat steel
  Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times and regularly mentioned in Russian legends as material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word پولاد , meaning steel...
  
  
• Aluminothermy
• Weldable titanium alloys (by Igor Gorynin
  Igor Gorynin
  Igor Vasilievich Gorynin is a Russian metallurgist, creator of many new titanium andaluminium alloys, and reactor steels. He is the director of the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials Prometey -Biography:...
  
  )
• Modern powder metallurgy
  Powder metallurgy
  Powder metallurgy is the process of blending fine powdered materials, pressing them into a desired shape , and then heating the compressed material in a controlled atmosphere to bond the material . The powder metallurgy process generally consists of four basic steps: powder manufacture, powder...
  
   (by Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky)
• Metallographic microscopy
  Metallography
  Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, typically using microscopy.Ceramic and polymeric materials may also be prepared using metallographic techniques, hence the terms ceramography, plastography and, collectively, materialography.-Preparing metallographic...
  
  

Military

Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.

• Systema
  Systema
  Systema is a Russian martial art. Training includes: hand to hand combat, grappling, knife fighting and fire arms training as well. Training involves drills and sparring without set kata. It focuses mainly on controlling the six body levers through pressure point application, striking and weapon...
  
  
• Flamethrower
  Flamethrower
  A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of fire.Some flamethrowers project a stream of ignited flammable liquid; some project a long gas flame. Most military flamethrowers use liquids, but commercial flamethrowers tend to use high-pressure propane and...
  
   (first use in modern era (Vasily Korchmin))
• Bistatic radar
  Bistatic radar
  Bistatic radar is the name given to a radar system which comprises a transmitter and receiver which are separated by a distance that is comparable to the expected target distance. Conversely, a radar in which the transmitter and receiver are collocated is called a monostatic radar...
  
  
• Railway troops (Russian wikipedia article)
• Radio rangefinder (Russian wikipedia article)
• Modern field kitchen
  Field kitchen
  Field kitchen is a mobile kitchen, mobile canteens or food truck used primarily by military services to provide warm food to the troops near the frontline or in temporary encampments.-Form:...
  
  (Anton Turchanovich)
• Modern field surgery
  Battlefield medicine
  Battlefield medicine, also called field surgery and later combat casualty care, is the treatment of wounded soldiers in or near an area of combat. Civilian medicine has been greatly advanced by procedures that were first developed to treat the wounds inflicted during combat...
  
  (theoretical and practical foundations (Nikolai Pirogov))
• Explosively pumped flux compression generator
  Explosively pumped flux compression generator
  An explosively pumped flux compression generator is a device used to generate a high-power electromagnetic pulse by compressing magnetic flux using high explosive....
  
  

Air Force

• Aerobatics
  Aerobatics
  Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight. Aerobatics are performed in airplanes and gliders for training, recreation, entertainment and sport...
  
  (theoretical and practical foundations (Pyotr Nesterov
  Pyotr Nesterov
  Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov was a Russian pilot, an aircraft technical designer and an aerobatics pioneer.-Life and career:The son of a military academy teacher, Pyotr Nesterov decided to choose a military career. In August 1904 he left the military school in Nizhny Novgorod and went to the...
  
  ))
• Drag chute
  Drogue parachute
  A drogue parachute is a parachute designed to be deployed from a rapidly moving object in order to slow the object, or to provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute...
  
  
• Rocket fighter
  Rocket-powered aircraft
  A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typically for at most a few minutes of powered operation, followed by a...
  
   (Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
  Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
  Soviet research and development of rocket-powered aircraft began with Sergey Korolev's GIRD-6 project in 1932. His interest in stratospheric flight was also shared by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky who supported this early work...
  
  )
• Pressure suit
  Pressure suit
  A pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure. Such suits may be either full-pressure or partial-pressure...
  
  
• Stealth aircraft
  Stealth aircraft
  Stealth aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to avoid detection by employing a combination of features to interfere with radar as well as reduce visibility in the infrared, visual, audio, and radio frequency spectrum. Development of stealth technology likely began in Germany during...
  
  (theory of modern stealth technology (Pyotr Ufimtsev
  Pyotr Ufimtsev
  Pyotr Yakovlevich Ufimtsev is a Soviet/Russian physicist and mathematician, considered the seminal force behind modern stealth aircraft technology...
  
  ))
• Thrust vectoring
  Thrust vectoring
  Thrust vectoring, also thrust vector control or TVC, is the ability of an aircraft, rocket or other vehicle to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine or motor in order to control the attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle....
  
   (by Nikolai Kibalchich
  Nikolai Kibalchich
  Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich was a Russian revolutionary, taking part in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II as the main explosive expert for Narodnaya Volya , and also a rocket pioneer...
  
   (proposal, 1881))
• Drogue parachute
  Drogue parachute
  A drogue parachute is a parachute designed to be deployed from a rapidly moving object in order to slow the object, or to provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute...
  
   (first application (Gleb Kotelnikov
  Gleb Kotelnikov
  Gleb Yevgeniyevich Kotelnikov , was the Russian-Soviet inventor of the knapsack parachute , and braking parachute....
  
  ))
• Flying boat fighter
  Flying boat
  A flying boat is a fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water. It differs from a float plane as it uses a purpose-designed fuselage which can float, granting the aircraft buoyancy. Flying boats may be stabilized by under-wing floats or by wing-like projections from the fuselage...
  
   (Grigorovich M-11
  Grigorovich M-11
  |-See also:...
  
  )
• 3D thrust vectoring
  Thrust vectoring
  Thrust vectoring, also thrust vector control or TVC, is the ability of an aircraft, rocket or other vehicle to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine or motor in order to control the attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle....
  
   (Sukhoi Su-37
  Sukhoi Su-37
  The Sukhoi Su-37 is an experimental single-seat, supermaneuverable multirole jet fighter, designed by Sukhoi. A further development of the original Su-27 'Flanker', it was modified from the first-generation Su-35 prototypes...
  
  )
• Strategic bomber
  Strategic bomber
  A strategic bomber is a heavy bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of ordnance onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating an enemy's capacity to wage war. Unlike tactical bombers, which are used in the battle zone to attack troops and military equipment, strategic bombers are...
  
  (Ilya Muromets
  Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
  The Ilya Muromets refers to a class of Russian pre-World War I large four-engine commercial airliners and heavy military bombing aircraft used during World War I by the Russian Empire. The aircraft series was named after Ilya Muromets, a hero from Russian mythology...
  
  )
• Backpack parachute
  Parachute
  A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag, or in the case of ram-air parachutes, aerodynamic lift. Parachutes are usually made out of light, strong cloth, originally silk, now most commonly nylon...
  
  
• Helicopter ejection seat (first production helicopter (Kamov Ka-50
  Kamov Ka-50
  The Kamov Ka-50 "Black Shark" is a single-seat Russian attack helicopter with the distinctive coaxial rotor system of the Kamov design bureau. It was designed in the 1980s and adopted for service in the Russian army in 1995...
  
  ))
• Helmet-mounted sight (Mikoyan MiG-29
  Mikoyan MiG-29
  The Mikoyan MiG-29 is a fourth-generation jet fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union for an air superiority role. Developed in the 1970s by the Mikoyan design bureau, it entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1983, and remains in use by the Russian Air Force as well as in many other...
  
  )
• Supermaneuverability
  Supermaneuverability
  Supermaneuverability is the quality of aircraft defined as a threshold of attitude control exceeding that which is possible by pure aerodynamic maneuverability; in other words, a controlled loss of control beyond normal abilities...
  
  (Sukhoi Su-27
  Sukhoi Su-27
  The Sukhoi Su-27 is a twin-engine supermanoeuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large United States fourth generation fighters, with range, heavy armament, sophisticated avionics and high manoeuvrability...
  
  )

Artillery

• Licorne
  Licorne
  Licorne was an 18th and 19th century Russian cannon, a type of muzzle-loading howitzer, devised in 1757 by M.W. Danilov and S.A...
  
  
• Railway gun
  Railway gun
  A railway gun, also called a railroad gun, is a large artillery piece, often surplus naval ordnance, mounted on, transported by, and fired from a specially designed railway wagon. Many countries have built railway guns, but the best known are the large Krupp-built pieces used by Germany in World...
  
  
• Battery tower
• Quick-firing gun
  Quick-firing gun
  A quick-firing gun is an artillery piece, typically a gun or howitzer, which has several characteristics which taken together mean the weapon can fire at a fast rate...
  
   (precursor (Russian wikipedia article))
• Telescopic sight
  Telescopic sight
  A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope, is a sighting device that is based on an optical refracting telescope. They are equipped with some form of graphic image pattern mounted in an optically appropriate position in their optical system to give an accurate aiming point...
  
   (by Andrei Nartov)
• Multibarreled mortar
  Mortar (weapon)
  A mortar is an indirect fire weapon that fires explosive projectiles known as bombs at low velocities, short ranges, and high-arcing ballistic trajectories. It is typically muzzle-loading and has a barrel length less than 15 times its caliber....
  
   (modular multibarreled mortar (by Ivan Fyodorov))
• Modern quick-firing gun
  Quick-firing gun
  A quick-firing gun is an artillery piece, typically a gun or howitzer, which has several characteristics which taken together mean the weapon can fire at a fast rate...
  
  (Baranovsky cannon (Russian wikipedia article))

Cold weaponry

• Sovnya
• Pernach
  Pernach
  Pernach was a type of flanged mace developed since the 12th century in the region of Kievan Rus' and later widely used throughout Europe. The name comes from the Russian word перо meaning feather, reflecting the form of pernach that resembled an arrow with feathering.The most popular variety of...
  
  
• Bardiche
  Bardiche
  A bardiche or berdiche is a type of glaive polearm known in the 16th and 17th centuries in Eastern Europe and Russia. Ultimately a descendant of the medieval sparth , the bardiche proper appears after 1500, but there are numerous medieval manuscripts that depict very similar weapons beginning ca....
  
  
• Shashka
• Boot knife
  Boot knife
  A boot knife or a gambler's dagger is a small fixed-blade knife that is designed to be carried in or on a boot. Typically, such a knife is worn on a belt or under a pant leg. If worn around the neck they become a neck knife. Boot knives generally come with a sheath that includes some form of a...
  
   First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar
  Kitab al-I'tibar
  Kitab al-I'tibar is the autobiography of Usāmah ibn-Munqidh, an Arab Syrian diplomat and soldier of the 12th century.Usāmah's autobiography is part of the literary genre known as adab which aims at "pleasing, diverting and titilating" its readers, as well as instructing them. Philip K...
  
  , carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.
• Bear spear
  Bear spear
  Bear spear was a medieval type of spear used in hunting for bears and other large animals. The sharpened head of a bear spear was enlarged and usually had a form of a bay leaf. Right under the head there was a short crosspiece that helped fixing the spear in the body of an animal.Basically, the...
  
  

Firearms

• Laser pistol
  Soviet laser pistol
  The Soviet laser pistol was a prototype weapon designed for Cosmonauts. The weapon was magazine fed and used pyrotechnic flashbulb technology to project its beam. Another example was a Laser revolver....
  
  
• Assault rifle
  Assault rifle
  An assault rifle is a selective fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles are the standard infantry weapons in most modern armies...
  
  (Fedorov Avtomat
  Fedorov Avtomat
  The Fedorov Avtomat was an early assault rifle designed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov and produced in Russia in 1916. It was the first practical assault rifle to be adopted, and this concept would later become the basis for the first assault rifle to incorporate a modern layout, the StG 44...
  
  ) Cei-Rigotti
  Cei-Rigotti
  The Cei-Rigotti is an early automatic rifle created by Amerigo Cei-Rigotti, an officer in the Italian Army, in 1890, and extensively modified until its final form circa 1900....
  
   was the first automatic battle rifle for standard infantry ammunition. Fedorov Avtomat
  Fedorov Avtomat
  The Fedorov Avtomat was an early assault rifle designed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov and produced in Russia in 1916. It was the first practical assault rifle to be adopted, and this concept would later become the basis for the first assault rifle to incorporate a modern layout, the StG 44...
  
   was specifically designed for a lower-energy ammunition. Vladimir Fyodorov
  Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov
  Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov was a Russian and Soviet scientist, weapons designer, professor , lieutenant general of a corps of military engineers , founder of the Soviet school of automatic small arms, and a Hero of Socialist Labor .In 1900 Vladimir Fyodorov graduated from Mikhailovskaya...
  
   was first to reach conclusion that battle rifles must have full auto capability and cartridge of lower energy and caliber. Sturmgewehrs were first assault rifles of modern type.
• Modern mortar
  Mortar (weapon)
  A mortar is an indirect fire weapon that fires explosive projectiles known as bombs at low velocities, short ranges, and high-arcing ballistic trajectories. It is typically muzzle-loading and has a barrel length less than 15 times its caliber....
  
  (by Leonid Gobyato
  Leonid Gobyato
  Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato was a lieutenant-general in the Imperial Russian Army and designer of the modern, man-portable mortar.-Biography:...
  
   (co-inventor Roman Kondratenko
  Roman Kondratenko
  Roman Isidorovich Kondratenko was a general in the Imperial Russian Army famous for his devout defense of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.- Biography :...
  
  ))
• Noiseless firearm  (Russian wikipedia article)
• Underwater assault rifle
  Underwater firearm
  An underwater firearm is a firearm specially designed for use underwater by frogmen.Underwater firearms were first conceived during the Cold War during the 1960s and 1970s as a way to arm frogmen, and remain in arms inventories today.-Design:...
  
   (APS)
• Amphibious assault rifle (ASM-DT)
• Unification of firearms (by Vladimir Fyodorov
  Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov
  Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov was a Russian and Soviet scientist, weapons designer, professor , lieutenant general of a corps of military engineers , founder of the Soviet school of automatic small arms, and a Hero of Socialist Labor .In 1900 Vladimir Fyodorov graduated from Mikhailovskaya...
  
  )
• Noiseless grenade launcher (Device D)
• Squad automatic weapon
  Squad automatic weapon
  A squad automatic weapon is a weapon used to give infantry squads or sections a portable source of automatic firepower. Weapons used in this role are selective-fire rifles, usually fitted with a bipod and heavier barrel to perform as Light machine guns...
  
  (RPD
  RPD
  The RPD is a 7.62mm light machine gun developed in the Soviet Union by Vasily Degtyaryov for the intermediate 7.62x39mm M43 cartridge. It was created as a replacement for the DP machine gun chambered for the 7.62x54mmR Mosin rifle round...
  
  )
• Automatic grenade launcher
  Automatic grenade launcher
  An automatic grenade launcher or grenade machine gun is a grenade launcher firing rounds in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine. They can be attached to a tripod. Automatic launchers include the Vektor Y3, AGS-17, and the HK GMG, which all fire at a higher velocity...
  
  (by Yakov Taubin (Russian wikipedia article))
• General purpose machine gun
  General purpose machine gun
  A general-purpose machine gun is a multi-purpose weapon: it is a machine gun firing a full-power rifle cartridge and which can be used in a variety of roles, from a bipod- or tripod-mounted infantry support weapon to a helicopter door gun or a vehicle-mounted support weapon...
  
  (by Vladimir Fyodorov
  Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov
  Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov was a Russian and Soviet scientist, weapons designer, professor , lieutenant general of a corps of military engineers , founder of the Soviet school of automatic small arms, and a Hero of Socialist Labor .In 1900 Vladimir Fyodorov graduated from Mikhailovskaya...
  
  )

Gear

• Yuft (Russian wikipedia article)
• Kirza
  Kirza
  Kirza is a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrana-like substances, produced mainly in the Soviet Union and Russia. The surface of kirza imitates the pig leather....
  
  
• Gazyr (Russian wikipedia article)
• Sailor cap
  Sailor cap
  A sailor cap is a round, flat visorless hat worn by sailors in many of the world's navies. A tally, an inscribed black silk ribbon, is tied around the base which usually bears the name of a ship or a navy. The cap may be further embellished with a badge, cockade or other accessory...
  
  
• Budyonovka
• Peaked cap
  Peaked cap
  A peaked cap, forage cap, barracks cover, or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as law enforcement agencies...
  
  
• Gimnastyorka
  Gymnasterka
  Gymnasterka was a Russian military shirt-tunic comprising a pullover style garment with a standing collar having double button closure. In addition two upper chest pockets, with or without flaps may have been worn. It had provision for shoulder boards and sometimes reinforced elbows and cuffs...
  
  
• Pointillist camouflage
  Pointillism
  Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. The term Pointillism was first coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works...
  
   (by Vladimir Baranov-Rossine)
• Activated charcoal gas mask
  Gas mask
  A gas mask is a mask put on over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Some gas masks are also respirators, though the word...
  
  (by Nikolai Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner
  James Bert Garner
  James Bert Garner was a chemical engineer and professor at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research from 1914 until his retirement in 1957. He is credited with the invention of a World War I gas mask in 1915....
  
  )

Rocketry

• Mobile ICBM
• Rocket warfare
  Rocket
  A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engine. In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction...
  
   (contributions to theory and tactics by Aleksandr Zasyadko
  Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko
  Oleksandr Dmytrovych or Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko , was a Russian-Ukrainian gunner and specialist in rocketry, Lieutenant General ....
  
  )
• Air-augmented rocket
  Air-augmented rocket
  Air-augmented rockets use the supersonic exhaust of some kind of rocket engine to further compress air collected by ram effect during flight to use as additional working mass, leading to greater effective thrust for any given amount of fuel than either the rocket or a ramjet...
  
  
• Anti-ballistic missile
  Anti-ballistic missile
  An anti-ballistic missile is a missile designed to counter ballistic missiles .A ballistic missile is used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" describes any antimissile system designed to counter...
  
  
• Railcar-launched ICBM
• Intercontinental ballistic missile
  Intercontinental ballistic missile
  An intercontinental ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a long range typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery...
  
  (world's first true ICBM (R-7 Semyorka
  R-7 Semyorka
  The R-7 was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961, but was never deployed operationally. A derivative, the R-7A, was deployed from 1960 to 1968...
  
  ))
• Modern multiple rocket launcher
  Multiple rocket launcher
  A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided rocket artillery system. Like other rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower rate of fire than batteries of traditional artillery guns...
  
  (BM-13 Katyusha)
• Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
  Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
  The Fractional Orbital Bombardment System was a Soviet ICBM program in the 1960s that after launch would go into a low Earth orbit and would then de-orbit for an attack. It had no range limit and the orbital flight path would not reveal the target location...
  
  

Military vehicles

• Aerosani
• Tachanka
  Tachanka
  The tachanka was a horse-drawn machine gun platform, usually a cart or an open wagon with a heavy machine gun installed in the back. A tachanka could be pulled by two to four horses and required a crew of two or three...
  
  
• Flame tank
  Flame tank
  A flame tank is a type of tank equipped with a flamethrower, most commonly used to supplement combined arms attacks against fortifications, confined spaces, or other obstacles...
  
   (first practical design (KhT-26
  T-26 variants
  Main article: T-26 tankMore than 50 different modifications and experimental vehicles based on the T-26 light infantry tank chassis were developed in the USSR in the 1930s, with 23 modifications going into series production...
  
  ))
• Mobile banya
• Gulyay-gorod
  Gulyay-gorod
  Gulyay-gorod, also guliai-gorod, gulay-gorod, literally: "wandering town"), was a mobile fortification used by the Russian army between the 15th and the 17th centuries....
  
   (modular wagon fort
  Wagon fort
  A Laager, also known as a wagon fort, is a mobile fortification made of wagons arranged into a rectangle, a circle or other shape and possibly joined with each other, an improvised military camp....
  
  )
• Military robot
  Military robot
  Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices designed for military applications.Such systems are currently being researched by a number of militaries.-History:...
  
  (Teletank
  Teletank
  Teletanks were a series of wireless remotely controlled unmanned robotic tanks produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and early 1940s. They saw their first combat use in the Winter war, at the start of World War II. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of...
  
  )
• Main battle tank
  Main battle tank
  A main battle tank , also known as a battle tank or universal tank, is a tank that fills the heavy direct fire role of many modern armies. They were originally conceived to replace the light, medium, heavy and super-heavy tanks. Development was spurred onwards in the Cold War with the development...
  
   (1911-1916 contributions to modern tank design by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov
  Aleksandr Porokhovschikov
  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Porokhovschikov was Russian military engineer, tank and aircraft inventor, known mostly for the development of Vezdekhod, the first tank in 1914-1915. Vezdekhod means: "He who goes anywhere" or "all-terrain vehicle". Vezdekhod was also the first caterpillar amphibious ATV...
  
   and Vasily Mendeleyev (Russian wikipedia article))
• Reactive armor
• Infantry fighting vehicle
  Infantry fighting vehicle
  An infantry fighting vehicle , also known as a mechanized infantry combat vehicle , is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry infantry into battle and provide fire support for them...
  
  (BMP-1
  BMP-1
  The BMP-1 is a Soviet amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle. BMP stands for Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty 1 , meaning "infantry fighting vehicle". The BMP-1 was the world's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle...
  
  ) BMP-1
  BMP-1
  The BMP-1 is a Soviet amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle. BMP stands for Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty 1 , meaning "infantry fighting vehicle". The BMP-1 was the world's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle...
  
   was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3
  Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30
  The Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30 was a German infantry fighting vehicle developed during the 1950s. It was a Swiss Hispano-Suiza design, with a Rolls-Royce engine. After some early mechanical problems only some 2000 were built of the 10,000 planned...
  
   is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.
• Active protection system
  Active protection system
  An active protection system is a system designed to prevent sensor-based weapons from acquiring and/or destroying a target....
  
  
• Self-propelled laser system (Stilet (Russian wikipedia article))
• Tank support fighting vehicle
  BMPT
  The BMPT "Ramka" is a new Russian armored vehicle designed to support tank and infantry operations, primarily in urban areas.This vehicle is sometimes nicknamed the "Terminator"...
  
  
• Mobile rocket launcher system
  Multiple rocket launcher
  A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided rocket artillery system. Like other rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower rate of fire than batteries of traditional artillery guns...
  
  (BM-13 Katyusha)

Navy

• Minelayer
  Minelayer
  Minelaying is the act of deploying explosive mines. Historically this has been carried out by ships, submarines and aircraft. Additionally, since World War I the term minelayer refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines...
  
   (Amur class minelayer (1898)
  Amur class minelayer (1898)
  The Amur-class minelayers were the first purpose-built, ocean-going minelayers in the world. Both ships were constructed for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1890s. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 they were assigned to the Pacific Fleet. Yenisei struck one of her own mines two days...
  
  )
• Degaussing
  Degaussing
  Degaussing is the process of decreasing or eliminating an unwanted magnetic field. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, an early researcher in the field of magnetism...
  
   (by Anatoly Aleksandrov
  Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov
  Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov was a Russian physicist, director of the Kurchatov Institute, academician and the President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences...
  
  , independently from Charles F. Goodeve
  Charles F. Goodeve
  Sir Charles Frederick Goodeve, OBE, FRS, was a Canadian chemist and pioneer in operations research for the British. During World War II, he was instrumental in developing the "hedgehog" antisubmarine warfare weapon and the degaussing method for protecting ships from naval mines.- Biography...
  
  )
• Minesweeper
  Minesweeper (ship)
  A minesweeper is a small naval warship designed to counter the threat posed by naval mines. Minesweepers generally detect then neutralize mines in advance of other naval operations.-History:...
  
   (first use of minesweepers as part of regular force)
• Missile boat
  Missile boat
  A Missile Boat is a small craft armed with anti-ship missiles. Being a small craft, missile boats are popular with nations interested in forming an inexpensive navy...
  
  
• Rangefinder
  Rangefinder
  A rangefinder is a device that measures distance from the observer to a target, for the purposes of surveying, determining focus in photography, or accurately aiming a weapon. Some devices use active methods to measure ; others measure distance using trigonometry...
  
  (by Vasily Petrushevsky)
• Armored cruiser
  Armored cruiser
  The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Like other types of cruiser, the armored cruiser was a long-range, independent warship, capable of defeating any ship apart from a battleship, and fast enough to outrun any battleships it encountered.The first...
  
   (Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873)
  Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873)
  General-Admiral was the lead ship of the armored cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the early 1870s. She is generally considered as the first true armored cruiser.-Design and description:...
  
  )
• Torpedo boat tender
  Torpedo boat tender
  The torpedo boat tender was a type of warship developed at the end of the 19th century to help bring small torpedo boat to the high seas, and launch them for attack....
  
  
• Submarine minelayer
  Minelayer
  Minelaying is the act of deploying explosive mines. Historically this has been carried out by ships, submarines and aircraft. Additionally, since World War I the term minelayer refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines...
  
   (Russian submarine Krab (1912))
• Ballistic missile submarine
  Ballistic missile submarine
  A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine equipped to launch ballistic missiles .-Description:Ballistic missile submarines are larger than any other type of submarine, in order to accommodate SLBMs such as the Russian R-29 or the American Trident...
  
  (Project 611)

Physics

• Laser
  Laser
  A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation...
  
   (by Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov (co-inventors))
• Maser
  Maser
  A maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission. Historically, “maser” derives from the original, upper-case acronym MASER, which stands for "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation"...
  
   (by Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov (co-inventors))
• Graser
• Collider
  Collider
  A collider is a type of a particle accelerator involving directed beams of particles.Colliders may either be ring accelerators or linear accelerators.-Explanation:...
  
   (by Gersh Budker
  Gersh Budker
  Gersh Itskovich Budker , also named Alexander Mikhailovich Budker, was a Soviet nuclear physicist....
  
   (co-inventor))
• Orbitrap
  Orbitrap
  An orbitrap is a type of mass spectrometer invented by Alexander Makarov. It consists of an outer barrel-like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that form an electrostatic field with quadro-logarithmic potential distribution....
  
  
• Tokamak
  Tokamak
  A tokamak is a device using a magnetic field to confine a plasma in the shape of a torus . Achieving a stable plasma equilibrium requires magnetic field lines that move around the torus in a helical shape...
  
  
• Microtron
  Microtron
  A microtron is a cyclotron in which the kinetic energy of electrons is increased by a constant amount per field change . They are designed to operate at constant field frequency and magnetic field strength despite notable relativistic effects at higher energies...
  
  
• Nuclotron
  Nuclotron
  Nuclotron is the world's first superconductive syncrotron, exploited by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. This particle accelerator is based on a miniature iron-shaped field superconductive magnets, and has a particle energy up to 7 GeV...
  
  
• Reflectron
  Reflectron
  A reflectron is a type of time-of-flight mass spectrometer that comprises a pulsed ion source, field-free region, ion mirror, and ion detector and uses a static or time dependent electric field in the ion mirror to reverse the direction of travel of the ions entering it...
  
  
• Electric arc
  Electric arc
  An electric arc is an electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive media such as air. A synonym is arc discharge. An arc discharge is characterized by a lower voltage than a glow discharge, and relies on...
  
  
• Synchrotron
  Synchrotron
  A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator in which the magnetic field and the electric field are carefully synchronised with the travelling particle beam. The proton synchrotron was originally conceived by Sir Marcus Oliphant...
  
   (by Vladimir Veksler
  Vladimir Veksler
  Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler was a prominent Soviet experimental physicist....
  
   (co-inventor))
• Reflex klystron (by Nikolai Devyatkov
  Nikolay Devyatkov
  Nikolay Devyatkov — was a Soviet/Russian scientist and inventor of microwave vacuum tubes and medical equipment. Full Member of the USSR/Russian Academy of Sciences . Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.Most Devyatkov's scientific papers apply to a microwave vacuum tubes...
  
  , 1939)
• Photomultiplier
  Photomultiplier
  Photomultiplier tubes , members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum...
  
   (by Leonid Kubetsky)
• Electron cooling
  Electron cooling
  Electron cooling is a process to shrink the size, divergence, and energy spread of charged particle beams without removing particles from the beam. Since the number of particles remains unchanged and the space coordinates and their derivatives are reduced, this means that the phase space occupied...
  
  
• Heterotransistor (by Zhores Alfyorov (with Herbert Kroemer
  Herbert Kroemer
  Herbert Kroemer , a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage...
  
  ))
• Magnetotellurics
  Magnetotellurics
  Magnetotellurics is an electromagnetic geophysical method of imaging the earth's subsurface by measuring natural variations of electrical and magnetic fields at the Earth's surface. Investigation depth ranges from 300m below ground by recording higher frequencies down to 10,000m or deeper with...
  
  
• Synchrophasotron
  Synchrophasotron
  A synchrophasotron is a type of the synchrotron that accelerates protons to several GeVs . It has fixed-orbit radius, magnetic field that increases with time and variable frequency of accelerating voltage....
  
  
• Shashlik (physics)
  Shashlik (physics)
  In high energy physics detectors, shashlik refers to a pile of alternating slices of absorber and scintillator materials used in calorimetry. The absorber has a small interaction length, so that a particle radiates energy in a short track. The scintillator material produces visible light when...
  
  
• EPR spectroscopy
• Cherenkov detector
  Cherenkov detector
  A Cherenkov detector is a particle detector using the mass-dependent threshold energy of Cherenkov radiation. This allows a discrimination between a lighter particle and a heavier particle ....
  
  
• NMR spectroscopy
  NMR spectroscopy
  Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained...
  
   (by Yevgeny Zavoisky
  Yevgeny Zavoisky
  Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky was a Soviet physicist known for discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944. He likely observed nuclear magnetic resonance in 1941, well before Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, but dismissed the results as not reproducible...
  
   (co-developer))
• Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
  Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
  The superconducting nanowire single-photon detector is a type of near-infrared and optical single-photon detector based on a current-biased superconducting nanowire. It was first developed by scientists at Moscow State Pedagogical University in 2001....
  
  

Recording

• 3D holography

Audio

• Graphical sound
  Graphical sound
  Graphical sound or drawn sound techniques are a consequence of the sound-on-film technology and based on the creation of artificial optical polyphonic sound tracks on transparent film. The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, USA and Germany...
  
   (Pavel Tager (1926) and Aleksandr Shorin (1927))
• Laser microphone
  Laser microphone
  The main type of laser microphone is a surveillance device that uses a laser beam to detect sound vibrations in a distant object. The object is typically inside a room where a conversation is taking place, and can be anything that can vibrate in response to the pressure waves created by noises...
  
  
• Piezoelectric microphone (Sergei Rzhevkin, 1925)

Photography

• Stereo camera
  Stereo camera
  A stereo camera is a type of camera with two or more lenses with a separate image sensor or film frame for each lens. This allows the camera to simulate human binocular vision, and therefore gives it the ability to capture three-dimensional images, a process known as stereo photography. Stereo...
  
   (Ivan Aleksandrovsky, 1852)
• Wide-angle lens
  Wide-angle lens
  From a design perspective, a wide angle lens is one that projects a substantially larger image circle than would be typical for a standard design lens of the same focal length; this enables either large tilt & shift movements with a view camera, or lenses with wide fields of view.More informally,...
  
   (Ivan Boldyrev, 1878)
• Kirlian photography
  Kirlian photography
  Kirlian photography refers to a form of photogram made with voltage. It is named after Semyon Kirlian, who in 1939 accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a source of voltage an image is produced on the photographic plate.Kirlian's work, from 1939 onward,...
  
  
• Instant focal-plane shutter
  Focal-plane shutter
  In camera design, a focal-plane shutter is a type of photographic shutter that is positioned immediately in front of the focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front of the photographic film or image sensor.-Two-curtain shutters:...
  
   (Sigizmund Yurkovsky, 1882)
• Electroplated daguerreotype
  Daguerreotype
  The daguerreotype was the first commercially successful photographic process. The image is a direct positive made in the camera on a silvered copper plate....
  
   (Aleksei Grekov, 1840)
• By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (Russian wikipedia article), a prolific inventor in the field of photography :
• Aerial camera
  Aerial photography
  Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. The term usually refers to images in which the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Cameras may be hand held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by a photographer, triggered remotely or...
  
   and photographic plates (1886)
• Camera for solar eclipses (1887)
• Expeditional photocamera  (1882)
• Watertight marine camera
  Waterproofing
  Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or under water to specified depths...
  
   (1886)
• Mobile photographic studio
  Photographic studio
  A photographic studio is both a workspace and a corporate body. As a workspace it is much like an artist’s studio, but providing space to take, develop, print and duplicate photographs. Photographic training and the display of finished photographs may also be accommodated in a photographic studio...
  
   (1875)

Space exploration

Dates in green - inventions made before Space Era

Space Age

The Space Age is a time period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik...

.

• ¹⁷⁵⁶ - Night vision telescope
• ¹⁷⁶² - Off-axis reflecting telescope (by Mikhail Lomonosov
  Mikhail Lomonosov
  Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries was the atmosphere of Venus. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art,...
  
   (not published until 1827))
• ¹⁸⁹⁵ - Space elevator
  Space elevator
  A space elevator, also known as a geostationary orbital tether or a beanstalk, is a proposed non-rocket spacelaunch structure...
  
   (proposal)
• ¹⁹⁰³ - Theoretical foundations of spaceflight
  Spaceflight
  Spaceflight is the act of travelling into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft which may, or may not, have humans on board. Examples of human spaceflight include the Russian Soyuz program, the U.S. Space shuttle program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station...
  
   (by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
  Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
  Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was an Imperial Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory. Along with his followers the German Hermann Oberth and the American Robert H. Goddard, he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics...
  
  )
• ¹⁹¹⁹ - Gravity assist (proposal, first application (1959))
• ¹⁹³⁰ - Radiosonde
  Radiosonde
  A radiosonde is a unit for use in weather balloons that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver. Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz and both types may be adjusted slightly higher or lower as required...
  
   (by Pavel Molchanov
  Pavel Molchanov
  Pavel Alexandrovich Molchanov was a Soviet Russian meteorologist, who invented and launched for the first time radiosonde.He graduated from Petersburg University in 1914, worked in the Main Physical Observatory in Pavlovsk between 1917 and 1939 and then at the institute of civil air fleet in...
  
  , independently from Robert Bureau)
• ¹⁹³¹ - Hypergolic propellant
• ¹⁹³¹ - Space suit
  Space suit
  A space suit is a garment worn to keep an astronaut alive in the harsh environment of outer space. Space suits are often worn inside spacecraft as a safety precaution in case of loss of cabin pressure, and are necessary for extra-vehicular activity , work done outside spacecraft...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁴¹ - Maksutov telescope
  Maksutov telescope
  The Maksutov is a catadioptric telescope design that combines a spherical mirror with a weakly negative meniscus lens in a design that takes advantage of all the surfaces being nearly "spherically symmetrical". The negative lens is usually full diameter and placed at the entrance pupil of the...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁴⁷ - Modern multistage rocket
  Multistage rocket
  A multistage rocket is a rocket that usestwo or more stages, each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A tandem or serial stage is mounted on top of another stage; a parallel stage is attached alongside another stage. The result is effectively two or more rockets stacked on top of or...
  
   (by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky)
• ¹⁹⁴⁹ - Staged combustion cycle
  Staged combustion cycle (rocket)
  The staged combustion cycle, also called topping cycle or pre-burner cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle of bipropellant rocket engines. Some of the propellant is burned in a pre-burner and the resulting hot gas is used to power the engine's turbines and pumps...
  
   (proposal, first application (1963))
• ^???? - Feathering spectrograph
  Spectrograph
  A spectrograph is an instrument that separates an incoming wave into a frequency spectrum. There are several kinds of machines referred to as spectrographs, depending on the precise nature of the waves...
  
   (by Gavriil Tikhov
  Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov
  Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov was a Belarusian astronomer.He worked as observer at the Pulkovo Observatory from 1906 until 1941...
  
  )
• ^???? - Electric propulsion (first application) 
• ¹⁹⁵⁷ - Spaceport
  Spaceport
  A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching spacecraft, by analogy with seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. The word spaceport, and even more so cosmodrome, has traditionally been used for sites capable of launching spacecraft into orbit around Earth or on interplanetary trajectories...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁵⁷ - Orbital space rocket
  Orbital spaceflight
  An orbital spaceflight is a spaceflight in which a spacecraft is placed on a trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free trajectory which has an altitude at perigee above...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁵⁷ - Satellite
  Satellite
  In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon....
  
  
• ¹⁹⁵⁷ - Space capsule
  Space capsule
  A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry....
  
  
• ¹⁹⁵⁸ - Air-augmented rocket
  Air-augmented rocket
  Air-augmented rockets use the supersonic exhaust of some kind of rocket engine to further compress air collected by ram effect during flight to use as additional working mass, leading to greater effective thrust for any given amount of fuel than either the rocket or a ramjet...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶¹ - Space food
  Space food
  Space food is food products, specially created and processed for consumption by astronauts in outer space. The food has specific requirements of providing balanced nutrition for the health of individuals working in space, while being easy and safe to store, prepare and consume in the machinery...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶¹ - Human spaceflight
  Human spaceflight
  Human spaceflight is spaceflight with humans on the spacecraft. When a spacecraft is manned, it can be piloted directly, as opposed to machine or robotic space probes and remotely-controlled satellites....
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶¹ - Reentry capsule
  Reentry capsule
  A reentry capsule is the portion of a spacecraft which returns to Earth following a space flight. The shape is determined partly by aerodynamics; a capsule is aerodynamically stable falling blunt end first, which allows only the blunt end to require a heat shield for atmospheric reentry. Its shape...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶² - Automated space docking
• ¹⁹⁶³ - Plasma propulsion engine
  Plasma propulsion engine
  A plasma propulsion engine is a type of Ion thruster which uses plasma in some or all parts of the thrust generation process. Though far less powerful than conventional rocket engines, plasma engines are able to operate at higher efficiencies and for longer periods of time...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶⁴ - Pulsed plasma thruster
  Pulsed plasma thruster
  Pulsed plasma thrusters are a method of spacecraft propulsion also known as Plasma Jet Engines in general. They use an arc of electric current adjacent to a solid propellant, to produce a quick and repeatable burst of impulse...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶⁵ - Extra-vehicular activity
  Extra-vehicular activity
  Extra-vehicular activity is work done by an astronaut away from the Earth, and outside of a spacecraft. The term most commonly applies to an EVA made outside a craft orbiting Earth , but also applies to an EVA made on the surface of the Moon...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶⁵ - Molniya orbit satellite
  Molniya orbit
  Molniya orbit is a type of highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of -90 degree and an orbital period of one half of a sidereal day...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶⁶ - Lander spacecraft
  Lander (spacecraft)
  A lander is a spacecraft which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. For bodies with atmospheres, the landing is called atmospheric reentry and the lander descends as a re-entry vehicle...
  
   (Luna 9
  Luna 9
  Luna 9 was an unmanned space mission of the Soviet Union's Luna program. On February 3, 1966 the Luna 9 spacecraft was the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on any planetary body other than Earth and to transmit photographic data to Earth.The automatic lunar station that achieved the...
  
  )
• ¹⁹⁶⁶ - Orbiter
  Orbiter
  An orbiter is a space probe that orbits a planet.-Asteroids:*NEAR Shoemaker...
  
   (Luna 10
  Luna 10
  Luna 10 was a Luna program, robotic spacecraft mission, also called Lunik 10.The Luna 10 spacecraft was launched towards the Moon from an Earth orbiting platform on March 31, 1966. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon...
  
  )
• ¹⁹⁶⁶ - Orbital module
  Orbital module
  The orbital module is a portion of spacecraft used only in orbit. These have developed from the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft.-Soyuz orbit module:The orbit module is a spherical part of Soviet-Russian Soyuz space ship series...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁶⁷ - Space toilet
  Space toilet
  A space toilet, or zero gravity toilet, is a toilet that can be used in a weightless environment. In the absence of weight the collection and retention of liquid and solid waste is directed by use of air flow. Since the air used to direct the waste is returned to the cabin, it is filtered...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷⁰ - Space probe
  Space probe
  A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe. Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷⁰ - Robotic sample return
  Sample return mission
  A sample return mission is a spacecraft mission with the goal of returning tangible samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis. Sample return missions may bring back merely atoms and molecules or a deposit of complex compounds such as dirt and rocks...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷⁰ - Space rover
  Rover (space exploration)
  A rover is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other astronomical body. Some rovers have been designed to transport members of a human spaceflight crew; others have been partially or fully autonomous robots...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷¹ - Space station
  Space station
  A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a crew which is designed to remain in space for an extended period of time, and to which other spacecraft can dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by its lack of major propulsion or landing...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷¹ - Hall effect thruster
  Hall effect thruster
  In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall thruster is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall thrusters trap electrons in a magnetic field and then use the electrons to ionize propellant, efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust, and neutralize the...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷⁵ - Venus lander
  Venera 9
  Venera 9 was a USSR unmanned space mission to Venus. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 8, 1975 02:38:00 UTC and weighed 4,936 kg...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷⁵ - Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
  Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
  The Androgynous Peripheral Attach System, or Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System, is a spacecraft docking mechanism used on the International Space Station. It is used to dock the Space Shuttle orbiter and to connect the Functional Cargo Block to Pressurized Mating Adapter-1...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁷⁸ - Unmanned resupply spacecraft
  Unmanned resupply spacecraft
  Unmanned resupply spacecraft are a special kind of robotic spacecraft that operate autonomously without a human crew, designed to support space station operation...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁸² - Modular space station
• ¹⁹⁹² - Space mirror
  Space mirror
  Can refer to:*Znamya, an orbital space mirror*Space mirror *Space Mirror Memorial, an astronaut memorial at the Kennedy Space Center...
  
  
• ¹⁹⁹⁵ - Submarine-launched spacecraft
• ¹⁹⁹⁹ - Sea Launch
  Sea Launch
  Sea Launch is a spacecraft launch service that uses a mobile sea platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit 3SL rockets...
  
   (multinational cooperation)
• ²⁰⁰¹ - Space tourism
  Space tourism
  Space Tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, hoping to create a space tourism industry...
  
  
• ²⁰¹⁵ - Space cleaner (planned)

Sports and games

• Tetris
  Tetris
  Tetris is a puzzle video game originally designed and programmed by Alexey Pajitnov in the Soviet Union. It was released on June 6, 1984, while he was working for the Dorodnicyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic...
  
  
• Lapta
  Lapta (game)
  Lapta is a Russian bat and ball game first known to be played in the 14th century. Mentions of lapta have been found in medieval manuscripts, and balls and bats were found in the 14th-century layers during excavations in Novgorod...
  
  
• Bandy
  Bandy
  Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal.The rules of the game have many similarities to those of association football: the game is played on a rectangle of ice the same size as a football field. Each team has 11 players,...
  
  
• Sambo
  Sambo (martial art)
  Sambo is a Russian martial art and combat sport. The word "SAMBO" is an acronym for SAMooborona Bez Oruzhiya, which literally translates as "self-defense without weapons". Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the early 1920s by the Soviet Red Army to improve their hand to hand...
  
  
• Gorodki
  Gorodki
  Gorodki is an ancient Russian folk sport whose popularity has spread to Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Ingria, Lithuania, and Estonia. Similar in concept to bowling and also somewhat to horseshoes, the aim of the game is to knock out groups of skittles arranged in various patterns by throwing a bat at...
  
  
• Preferans
  Preferans
  Preferans is an Eastern European 10-card plain-trick game with bidding, played by three players with a 32-card Piquet deck. It is a sophisticated variant of the Austrian game Préférence, which in turn descends from Spanish Ombre and French Boston....
  
  
• Spirograph
  Spirograph
  Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The term has also been used to describe a variety of software applications that display similar curves, and applied to the class of curves that can be produced...
  
  
• Yacht club
  Yacht club
  A yacht club is a sports club specifically related to sailing and yachting.-Description:Yacht Clubs are mostly located by the sea, although there are some that have been established at a lake or riverside locations...
  
   (Neva Yacht Club
  Neva Yacht Club
  The Neva Yacht Club, is a sailing club located in Saint Petersburg, close to the Neva River, originally founded in 1718...
  
  )
• Orlov Trotter
  Orlov Trotter
  The Orlov Trotter is a horse breed with a hereditary fast trot, noted for its outstanding speed and stamina. It is the most famous Russian horse. The breed was developed in Russia in the late 18th century by Count Alexei Orlov at his Khrenovskoy Stud farm near the town of Bobrov...
  
  
• Rocket boots
  Rocket boots
  Rocket boots are a patented Russian invention to speed up walking. Created by scientist Viktor Gordeyev, the "boots" are actually a mechanical construction strapped on the legs and are powered by small internal combustion engines that add energy to every step....
  
  
• Roller coaster
  Roller coaster
  The roller coaster is a popular amusement ride developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the first coasters on January 20, 1885...
  
   (precursor (Russian Mountains
  Russian Mountains
  Russian rollercoaster were a predecessor to the roller coaster.The earliest roller coasters were descended from Russian winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, sometimes up to 200 feet tall...
  
  ))
• Harness racing
  Harness racing
  Harness racing is a form of horse racing in which the horses race at a specific gait . They usually pull a two-wheeled cart called a sulky, although racing under saddle is also conducted in Europe.-Breeds:...
  
   (first conducted by Grigory Orlov in 1776)
• Abalakov thread
  Abalakov thread
  The Abalakov thread, or V-Thread, is an ice protection device named after its inventor, Soviet climber Vitaly Abalakov. The Abalakov thread is a common method of protecting oneself while ice climbing because it is easy to create, doesn't require the sacrifice of expensive gear, and can be very...
  
  
• Russian pyramid
• Chapayev (game)
  Chapayev (game)
  Chapayev is a game played on a checkerboard, a unique hybrid of checkers and billiards which is played throughout the territory of the former USSR. The aim is to knock the opponent's pieces off the board. The game is named after the Russian Civil War hero, Vasily Chapayev...
  
  
• Fire-fighting sport
  Fire-fighting sport
  Fire-fighting sport is a sport discipline developed in the Soviet Union in 1937. It includes a competition between various fire fighting teams in fire fighting-related exercises, such as climbing stairs in a mock-up house, unfolding a water hose, and extinguishing a fire using hoses or extinguishers...
  
  
• Parachuting sport
  Parachuting
  Parachuting, also known as skydiving, is the action of exiting an aircraft and returning to earth with the aid of a parachute. It may or may not involve a certain amount of free-fall, a time during which the parachute has not been deployed and the body gradually accelerates to terminal...
  
  
• Aviamodelling sport
• Russian fist fighting
• Spring-loaded camming device
• Competitive rhythmic gymnastics
  Rhythmic gymnastics
  Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which individuals or teams of competitors manipulate one or two pieces of apparatus: rope, clubs, hoop, ball, ribbon and Free . An individual athlete only manipulates 1 apparatus at a time...
  
  

Transportation

• Troika
  Troika (driving)
  A troika is a traditional Russian harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. The middle horse is usually harnessed in a horse collar and shaft bow; the side horses...
  
  
• Gyrocar
  Gyrocar
  A gyrocar is a two-wheeled automobile. The difference between a bicycle or motorcycle and a gyrocar is that in a bike, dynamic balance is provided by the rider, and in some cases by the geometry and mass distribution of the bike itself...
  
  
• Droshky
  Droshky
  A droshky or drosky is a term used for several types of carriage, including:* A low, four-wheeled open carriage used especially in Russia...
  
  
• Bolotokhod (amphibious ATV specially for swamp terrain (Russian wikipedia article))
• Electric bus
  Electric bus
  An electric bus is a bus powered by electricity.There are two main electric bus categories:* Non-autonomous electric buses:**The trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered by two overhead electric wires, with electricity being drawn from one wire and returned via the other wire, using two...
  
   (by Ippolit Romanov)
• Snowmobile
  Snowmobile
  A snowmobile, also known in some places as a snowmachine, or sled,is a land vehicle for winter travel on snow. Designed to be operated on snow and ice, they require no road or trail. Design variations enable some machines to operate in deep snow or forests; most are used on open terrain, including...
  
   (Aerosani)
• Snegobolotokhod (bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain)
• Self-propelling carriage (precursors to bicycle and automobile (by Leonty Shamshurenkov
  Leonty Shamshurenkov
  Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov was a self-taught Russian inventor of peasant origin, who designed a device for lifting the Tsar Bell onto a bell-tower, constructed in 1752 the first self-propelling or self-running carriage and proposed projects of an original odometer and self-propelling...
  
  , 1752 and Ivan Kulibin
  Ivan Kulibin
  Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was a Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a trader. From childhood, Kulibin displayed an interest in constructing mechanical tools. Soon, clock mechanisms became a special interest of his...
  
  , 1780s))
• Modern bascule bridge
  Bascule bridge
  A bascule bridge is a moveable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances the span, or "leaf," throughout the entire upward swing in providing clearance for boat traffic....
  
  

Maritime

• Horse-boat (Russian wikipedia article)
• Icebreakers:
• Icebreaker
  Icebreaker
  An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels .For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most...
  
   (Koch
  Koch (boat)
  The Koch was a special type of small one or two mast wooden sailing ships designed and used in Russia for transpolar voyages in ice conditions of the Arctic seas, popular among the Pomors....
  
  )
• Polar icebreaker
• Modern icebreaker
  Icebreaker
  An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels .For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most...
  
  
• Nuclear icebreaker
• Resonance method of ice destruction
  Resonance method of ice destruction
  The Resonance method of ice destruction can be used by any vehicle capable of traveling on ice cover with sufficient speed and imposing sufficient load. There have been cases of destruction of ice by flexural gravity waves produced by moving cars, trains on railway crossings, aircraft during...
  
  
• Insubmersibility

Rail transport

• Monorail
  Monorail
  A monorail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail, which acts as its sole support and its guideway. The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the system, or the vehicles traveling on such a beam or track...
  
   (precursor, by Ivan Elmanov
  Ivan Elmanov
  Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov was a Russian inventor. In 1820 he created a "road on pillars" , a kind of monorail located in Myachkovo village, near Moscow. That was the first known monorail in the world, however the carriages were horse-drawn, and the wheels were set on the pillar structure, not on...
  
  )
• Headlamp
  Headlamp
  A headlamp is a lamp, usually attached to the front of a vehicle such as a car or a motorcycle, with the purpose of illuminating the road ahead during periods of low visibility, such as darkness or precipitation. Headlamp performance has steadily improved throughout the automobile age, spurred by...
  
   (by Pavel Yablochkov
  Pavel Yablochkov
  Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov was a Russian electrical engineer, the inventor of the Yablochkov candle and businessman.-Biography:...
  
  )
• Aerowagon
  Aerowagon
  The Aerowagon or aeromotowagon was an experimental high-speed railcar fitted with an aircraft engine and propeller traction invented by Valerian Abakovsky, a Russian engineer and communist from Latvia...
  
   (precursor of turbojet train
  Turbojet train
  A turbojet train is a train powered by turbojet engines. Like a jet aircraft, but unlike a gas turbine locomotive, the train is propelled by the jet thrust of the engines, rather than by by its wheels....
  
  )
• Work trains ^{[ refer to for inventions listed below ]} :
• Snowplow (Russian wikipedia article)
• Track liner (Russian wikipedia article)
• Ballast cleaner
  Ballast cleaner
  A ballast cleaner is a machine that specialises in cleaning the railway track ballast of impurities....
  
  
• Ballast regulator
  Ballast regulator
  A ballast regulator is a piece of rail transport maintenance of way equipment used to shape and distribute the gravel track ballast that supports the ties in rail tracks. They are often used in conjunction with ballast tampers when maintaining track....
  
  
• Ballast compactor (Russian wikipedia article)
• Snow-removal train (Russian wikipedia article)
• Track geometry car
  Track geometry car
  A track geometry car is an automated track inspection vehicle on a rail transport system used to test several geometric parameters of the track without obstructing normal railroad operations. Some of the parameters generally measured include position, curvature, alignment of the track, smoothness,...
  
   (by Iosif Livchak, 1887)
• Ditch cleaning machine (Russian wikipedia article)
• Track cleaning machine (Russian wikipedia article)
• Electric tram
• String transport
  String transport
  String Transport or Yunitskiy String Transport is an elevated transportation system using two "strings" or tracks with a wheeled vehicle riding on them. It is proposed for both freight and passengers designed by Russian inventor Anatoly Yunitskiy....
  
  
• Children's railway
  Children's railway
  A children's railway is an extracurricular educational institution, where teenagers learn railway professions. This phenomenon originated in the USSR and was greatly developed in Soviet times. The world's first children's railway was opened Moscow, in Gorky Park in 1932...
  
  
• Diesel locomotive
  Diesel locomotive
  A diesel locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine, a reciprocating engine operating on the Diesel cycle as invented by Dr. Rudolf Diesel...
  
   (first successful mainline diesel locomotive, by Yury Lomonosov)
• Rail assembly line  (Russian wikipedia article)
• Deep column station
  Deep column station
  The deep column station is a type of subway station, consisting of a central hall with two side halls, connected by ring-like passages between a row of columns...
  
  
• Platform screen doors
  Platform screen doors
  Platform screen doors and platform edge doors at train or subway stations screen the platform from the train. They are a relatively new addition to many metro systems around the world, with some platform doors retrofitted rather than installed with the metro system itself. They are widely used in...
  
  
• Railway electrification system
  Railway electrification system
  A railway electrification system supplies electrical energy to railway locomotives and multiple units as well as trams so that they can operate without having an on-board prime mover. There are several different electrification systems in use throughout the world...
  
  

Aviation

• Airliner
  Airliner
  An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo. Such aircraft are operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers in commercial...
  
   (Ilya Muromets
  Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
  The Ilya Muromets refers to a class of Russian pre-World War I large four-engine commercial airliners and heavy military bombing aircraft used during World War I by the Russian Empire. The aircraft series was named after Ilya Muromets, a hero from Russian mythology...
  
  )
• Ekranolet (hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane (Russian wikipedia article))
• Turboprop
  Turboprop
  A turboprop engine is a type of turbine engine which drives an aircraft propeller using a reduction gear.The gas turbine is designed specifically for this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive the propeller...
  
   (by Mikhail Nikolsky, 1914)
• Ekranoplan
• Thermoplan
  Thermoplan
  The thermoplan is a disc-shaped airship of hybrid type, currently under development in Russia. The key feature of thermoplan is its two section structure. The main section of the airship is filled with helium, while the other section is filled with air that can be heated or cooled by the engines...
  
  
• Regional jet
  Regional jet
  A Regional jet , is a class of short to medium-range turbofan powered airliners.-History:The term "Regional jet" describes a range of short to medium-haul turbofan powered aircraft, whose use throughout the world expanded after the advent of Airline Deregulation in the United States in...
  
   (Yak-40
  Yakovlev Yak-40
  The Yakovlev Yak-40 is a small, three-engined airliner that is often called the first regional jet transport aircraft...
  
  )
• Coaxial rotor
  Coaxial rotor
  Coaxial rotors are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but that turn in opposite directions...
  
  
• Model helicopter
• Supersonic transport
  Supersonic transport
  A supersonic transport is a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound. The only SSTs to see regular service to date have been Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144. The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978 with its last ever...
  
   (Tu-144
  Tupolev Tu-144
  The Tupolev Tu-144 was a Soviet supersonic transport aircraft and remains one of only two SSTs to enter commercial service, the other being the Concorde...
  
  )

Other

• U-stage (a.k.a. Fyodorov's
  Yevgraf Fyodorov
  Yevgraf Stepanovich Fyodorov, sometimes spelled Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov , was a Russian mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist....
  
   table)
• Searchlight
  Searchlight
  A searchlight is an apparatus that combines a bright light source with some form of curved reflector or other optics to project a powerful beam of light of approximately parallel rays in a particular direction, usually constructed so that it can be swiveled about.-Military use:The Royal Navy used...
  
   (by Ivan Kulibin
  Ivan Kulibin
  Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was a Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a trader. From childhood, Kulibin displayed an interest in constructing mechanical tools. Soon, clock mechanisms became a special interest of his...
  
  )
• Orlov printing (by Ivan Orlov)
• Smokejumping
• Foam extinguisher
• Forensic facial reconstruction
  Forensic facial reconstruction
  Forensic facial reconstruction is the process of recreating the face of an individual from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, forensic science, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy...
  
  

Inventions by Russian emigrants

Igor Sikorsky Igor Sikorsky Igor Sikorsky , born Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was a Russian American pioneer of aviation in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft... ............................... Nikolai Florin Nicolas Florine Nicolas Florine, born Nikolay Florin , was an engineer that built the first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely in Belgium in 1933. He was born in Batoum, Georgia.-External links:*... .............................. Nikolai Obukhov Nikolai Obukhov Nikolai Borisovich Obukhov was a modernist and mystic Russian composer, active mainly in France. An avant-garde figure who took as his point of departure the late music of Scriabin, he fled Russia along with his family after the Bolshevik Revolution, settling in Paris... ......................... Dmitry Garbuzov Dmitri Z. Garbuzov Dmitri Z. Garbuzov was one of the pioneers and inventors of room temperature continuous-wave-operating diode lasers and high-power diode lasers.... ......................... Vladimir Zvorykin ....................... Aleksandr Lodygin Alexander Lodygin Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin was a Russian electrical engineer and inventor, one of inventors of the Incandescent light bulb.... ...................... Vladimir Yurkevich Vladimir Yourkevitch Vladimir Ivanovich Yourkevitch was a Russian naval engineer, developer of the modern design of ship hulls, and designer of the famous ocean liner SS Normandie. He worked in Russia, France and the United States.-Biography:... ..................... Konstantin Fahlberg Constantin Fahlberg Constantin Fahlberg ) discovered the sweet taste of anhydroorthosulphaminebenzoic acid in 1877/78 when analysing the chemical compounds in coal tar at Johns Hopkins University for Professor Ira Remsen... ................... Aleksandr Khrennikov Alexander Hrennikoff Alexander Hrennikoff was a Russian-Canadian Structural Engineer, a founder of the Finite Element Method.-Biography:... ................. Konstantin Novosyolov Konstantin Novoselov Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov FRS is a Russo-British physicist, most notably known for his works on graphene together with Andre Geim, which earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. Novoselov is currently a member of the mesoscopic physics research group at the University of Manchester as... ................ Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky ......... Aleksandr Prokofyev-Seversky .....

: Modern helicopter Helicopter A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine-driven rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally... : Tandem rotor helicopter Tandem rotor Tandem rotor helicopters have two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted one in front of the other. Currently this configuration is mainly used for large cargo helicopters....  (first to fly freely) : Croix Sonore Croix Sonore The Croix Sonore is an early electronic musical instrument with continuous pitch, similar to the theremin. Like the theremin, the pitch of the tone is dependent on the nearness of the player's arm to an antenna; unlike the theremin, the antenna was in the shape of a cross, and the electronics were... : Continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Zhores Alfyorov) : Kinescope Kinescope Kinescope , shortened to kine , also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program made by filming the picture from a video monitor... Iconoscope Iconoscope The Iconoscope was the name given to an early television camera tube in which a beam of high-velocity electrons scans a mosaic of photoemissive isolated granules...  (with Semyon Katayev) : Electrical filamentIncandescent light bulb Incandescent light bulb The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe makes light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. The hot filament is protected from air by a glass bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, a chemical process... : Modern ship hull design Hull (watercraft) A hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present. The line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline.The structure of the hull varies depending on the vessel type... : Saccharin Saccharin Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations... : Finite element method Finite element method The finite element method is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions of partial differential equations as well as integral equations... : Graphene Graphene Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, whose structure is one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. The term graphene was coined as a combination of graphite and the suffix -ene by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer...  (with Andrei Geim Andre Geim Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS is a Dutch-Russian-British physicist working at the University of Manchester. Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene... ) : Three-phase electric power Three-phase electric power Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads... : Ionocraft Ionocraft An ionocraft or ion-propelled aircraft, commonly known as a lifter or hexalifter, is an electrohydrodynamic device to produce thrust in the air, without requiring any combustion or moving parts. The term "Ionocraft" dates back to the 1960s, an era in which EHD experiments were at their peak... Gyroscopically stabilized bombsight Gyroscope A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum. In essence, a mechanical gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation...

Russian discoveries

• Hafnium
  Hafnium
  Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable...
  
   (claimed by Vladimir Vernadsky
  Vladimir Vernadsky
  Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was a Russian/Ukrainian and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist who is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and of radiogeology. His ideas of noosphere were an important contribution to Russian cosmism. He also worked in Ukraine where he...
  
   and Georges Urbain
  Georges Urbain
  Georges Urbain - French chemist, professor of Sorbonne. He studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris . He discovered the element Lutetium in 1907.-References:...
  
   (independently))
• Bohrium
  Bohrium
  Bohrium is a chemical element with the symbol Bh and atomic number 107 and is the heaviest member of group 7 .It is a synthetic element whose most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of 61 seconds...
  
  
• Dubnium
  Dubnium
  The Soviet team proposed the name nielsbohrium in honor of the Danish nuclear physicist Niels Bohr. The American team proposed that the new element should be named hahnium , in honor of the late German chemist Otto Hahn...
  
  
• Nobelium
  Nobelium
  Nobelium is a synthetic element with the symbol No and atomic number 102. It was first correctly identified in 1966 by scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Soviet Union...
  
  
• Ununtrium
  Ununtrium
  Ununtrium is the temporary name of a synthetic element with the temporary symbol Uut and atomic number 113.It is placed as the heaviest member of the group 13 elements although a sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time that would allow chemical experiments to confirm its position...
  
  
• Seaborgium
  Seaborgium
  Seaborgium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Sg and atomic number 106.Seaborgium is a synthetic element whose most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. A new isotope 269Sg has a potentially slightly longer half-life based on the observation of a single decay...
  
  
• Ununoctium
  Ununoctium
  Ununoctium is the temporary IUPAC name for the transactinide element having the atomic number 118 and temporary element symbol Uuo. It is also known as eka-radon or element 118, and on the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Ununoctium is...
  
  
• Ununhexium
  Ununhexium
  Ununhexium is the temporary name of a synthetic superheavy element with the temporary symbol Uuh and atomic number 116. There is no proposed name yet although moscovium has been discussed in the media.It is placed as the heaviest member of group 16 although a sufficiently stable isotope is...
  
  
• Ununseptium
  Ununseptium
  Ununseptium is the temporary name of a superheavy artificial chemical element with temporary symbol Uus and atomic number 117. Six atoms were detected by a joint Russia–US collaboration at Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, in 2009–10...
  
  
• Ununquadium
  Ununquadium
  Ununquadium is the temporary name of a radioactive chemical element with the temporary symbol Uuq and atomic number 114. There is no proposed name yet, although flerovium has been discussed in the media.About 80 decays of atoms of...
  
  
• Rutherfordium
  Rutherfordium
  Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours.In the periodic table of the elements,...
  
  
• Korotkov sounds
  Korotkoff sounds
  Korotkoff are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff, a Russian physician who described them in 1905, when he was working at the Imperial Medical Academy in St...
  
  
• Carbon nanotubes
• Detonation nanodiamond
  Detonation nanodiamond
  Detonation nanodiamond , often also called ultradispersed diamond , is diamond that originates from a detonation. When an oxygen-deficient explosive mixture of TNT/RDX is detonated in a closed chamber, diamond particles with a diameter of ca...
  
   (by Yevgeny Zababakhin
  Yevgeny Zababakhin
  Yevgeny Ivanovich Zababakhin , January 16, 1917, Moscow, USSR — December 27, 1984) was a Soviet physicist, one of the chief designers of nuclear weapons in USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Eng. Lt. Gen. of Soviet Air Force...
  
  , Vyacheslav Danilenko
  Vyacheslav Danilenko
  Dr. Vyacheslav Danilenko is a Ukrainian-born, former Soviet scientist who specializes in nanodiamonds.-Soviet Union:During the Soviet-era, he was employed at the nuclear installation known as NII-1011 located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-70...
  
   and others)

Technology records

— Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world)
— Trans-Siberian Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway

The Trans-Siberian Railway is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan. It is the longest railway in the world...

 (the longest railway in the world)
— Moscow Metro

Moscow Metro

The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow and the neighbouring town of Krasnogorsk. Opened in 1935 with one line and 13 stations, it was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union. As of 2011, the Moscow Metro has 182 stations and its route length is . The system is...

 (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system)
— Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world)
— Druzhba pipeline

Druzhba pipeline

The Druzhba pipeline is the world's longest oil pipeline and in fact one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some from the eastern part of the European Russia to points in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Germany...

 (the longest oil pipeline system in the world)
— Proton rocket

Proton rocket

Proton is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965 and the launch system is still in use as of 2011, which makes it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight...

 (the most used heavy lift launch system)
— Soyuz rocket (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world)
— The Motherland Calls

The Motherland Calls

The Motherland Calls, , also called Mother Motherland, Mother Motherland Is Calling, simply The Motherland, or The Mamayev Monument, is a statue in Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd, Russia commemorating the Battle of Stalingrad. It was designed by sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich and structural engineer...

 (the largest complex sculpture)
— Lunokhod 2

Lunokhod 2

Lunokhod 2 was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod program....

 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle)
— Arktika class icebreaker

Arktika class icebreaker

The Arktika class is a Russian class of nuclear powered icebreakers. They are owned by the federal government, but were operated by the Murmansk Shipping Company until 2008, when they were transferred to the fully government-owned operator Atomflot. Of the ten civilian nuclear powered vessels...

 (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole)
— MIR submersible

MIR (submersible)

Mir is a self-propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle. The project was initially developed by the USSR Academy of Sciences along with Design Bureau Lazurith. Later two vehicles were ordered from Finland...

 (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; developed in cooperation with Finland)
— RD-170 rocket engine

RD-170 (rocket engine)

The RD-170 is the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine, designed and produced in the USSR by NPO Energomash for use with Energia launch vehicle...

 (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine)
— An-225 (the largest fixed-wing aircraft)
— Kola Superdeep Borehole

Kola Superdeep Borehole

The Kola Superdeep Borehole is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash-4E, and later the Uralmash-15000 series drilling rig. A...

 (the deepest borehole)
— Mirny Mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation)
— NS 50 Years Since Victory

NS 50 Years Since Victory

NS 50 Let Pobedy , translated as 50 Years of Victory or Fiftieth Anniversary of Victory, is a Russian Arktika class nuclear powered icebreaker, the largest in the world ....

 (the world's largest nuclear powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general)
— Nord Stream (the longest offshore pipeline)
— Russky Island Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge)
— SP-117

Truth drug

A truth drug or truth serum is a psychoactive medication used to obtain information from subjects who are unable or unwilling to provide it otherwise. The unethical use of truth drugs is classified as a form of torture according to international law. However, they are properly and productively...

 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)

Weaponry records

— Great Abatis Line (the largest fortification line of abatis type)

— Tsar Cannon

Tsar Cannon

The Tsar Cannon is a huge cannon on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. It was cast in 1586 in Moscow, by the Russian master bronze caster Andrey Chokhov. Mostly of symbolic impact, it was never fired in war...

 (the largest-calibre bombard)

— Three-line rifle

Mosin-Nagant

The Mosin–Nagant is a bolt-action, internal magazine-fed, military rifle invented under the government commission by Russian and Belgian inventors, and used by the armed forces of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and various other nations....

 (the most produced rifle of the era)

— Polikarpov Po-2

Polikarpov Po-2

The Polikarpov Po-2 served as a general-purpose Soviet biplane, nicknamed Kukuruznik for maize; thus, 'maize duster' or 'crop duster'), NATO reporting name "Mule"...

 (world's most produced biplane)

— Ilyushin Il-2

Ilyushin Il-2

The Ilyushin Il-2 was a ground-attack aircraft in the Second World War, produced by the Soviet Union in very large numbers...

 (world's most produced combat aircraft)

— T-34

T-34

The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1940 to 1958. Although its armour and armament were surpassed by later tanks of the era, it has been often credited as the most effective, efficient and influential design of World War II...

 (the most successful tank design of World War II)

— T-54/55 (world's most produced tank)

— MiG-15 (world's most produced jet aircraft)

— AK-47

AK-47

The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, first developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known as Avtomat Kalashnikova . It is also known as a Kalashnikov, an "AK", or in Russian slang, Kalash.Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year...

 (world's most produced assault rifle; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined)

— MiG-21 (world's most produced supersonic aircraft)

— S-75 Dvina

S-75 Dvina

The S-75 Dvina is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude, command guided, surface-to-air missile system...

 (the most widely-deployed and -used air defense missile in history)

— RPG-7

RPG-7

The RPG-7 is a widely-produced, portable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher. Originally the RPG-7 and its predecessor, the RPG-2, were designed by the Soviet Union, and now manufactured by the Bazalt company...

 (world's most used anti-tank weapon)

— Mil Mi-8

Mil Mi-8

The Mil Mi-8 is a medium twin-turbine transport helicopter that can also act as a gunship. The Mi-8 is the world's most-produced helicopter, and is used by over 50 countries. Russia is the largest operator of the Mi-8/Mi-17 helicopter....

 (world's most-produced helicopter)

— Tsar Bomb (the most powerful weapon ever tested)

— TKB-022PM

TKB-022PM

TKB-022PM No. 1 , TKB-022PM No. 2 and TKB-022PM5 No. 1 were Soviet bullpup assault rifles, capable of fully automatic fire, chambered for the 7.62 x 39 mm round and the 5.6 x 39 mm round , developed by the small arms designer German A...

 (best barrel length to overall length ratio)

— KM "Caspian Monster" (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft (Russian wikipedia article))

— Mil Mi-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)

— Kirov class battlecruiser

Kirov class battlecruiser

The Kirov-class battlecruiser is a class of nuclear-powered military ships of the Russian Navy, the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world. The Russian designation is heavy nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser...

 (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)

— R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)

— Typhoon class submarine

Typhoon class submarine

The Project 941 or Akula, Russian "Акула" class submarine is a type of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine deployed by the Soviet Navy in the 1980s...

 (the largest submarine ever built)

— Tupolev Tu-160

Tupolev Tu-160

The Tupolev Tu-160 is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing heavy strategic bomber designed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. Although several civil and military transport aircraft are larger in overall dimensions, the Tu-160 is currently the world's largest combat aircraft, largest...

 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)

— Novichok agent

Novichok agent

Novichok is a series of nerve agents that were developed by the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s and allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made, with some variants possibly five to eight times more potent than VX, though this has never been proven...

 (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made)

— Beriev A-40

Beriev A-40

This article is about the amphibious jet. For Soviet tank airlift project, see Antonov A-40.This article is about the amphibious jet. For Soviet tank airlift project, see Antonov A-40.This article is about the amphibious jet...

 (the largest amphibious flying boat)

— Zubr class LCAC

Zubr class LCAC

The Zubr class is a class of air-cushioned landing craft of soviet design. This class of military hovercraft is currently, as of 2008, the world’s largest hovercraft. There are currently nine ships in active service in the world. The Zubr is used by the Russian, Ukrainian, and Greek navies...

 (world's largest hovercraft)

— Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar (Russian wikipedia article))

— Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)

See also

• List of Russian artists
• List of Russian philosophers
• List of Russian inventors
• Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy
  Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy
  This timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy includes both megaprojects, costing over $1 billion, and other large investment projects, typically costing between $100 million and $1 billion. Projects with investments below $100 million also may be included here, either as parts of larger...
  
  
• Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
  Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
  Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records encompasses the key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the modern Russian Federation....